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CHAPTER 5: COMPLEX NUMBER

In earlier class, we have studied quadratic equation. Any equation of the form
a x2+bx + c =0 is called quadratic equation, where a,b and c are real numbers but a 0.
Nature Of roots of Quadratic equation :
Condition Nature

1. b2 - 4ac > 0 Two distinct real root

2 b2 - 4ac = 0 two equal roots

3 b2 - 4ac =<0 no roots

The roots β exists only if b2- 4ac 0 but b2- 4ac 0, if the quadratic equation has
no roots when b2- 4ac 0
For example: x2 + 4 =0
Sol: Here, a= 1, b=0, and C=4
Discriminant, D= b2- 4ac =0
=(0)2 – 4 1 4
= -16
= -16 < 0
Roots do not exist as D is negative.

So, =

=
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We can not get the solution as the value of

Let us introduce a symbol i = or i2= -1 which is called imaginary unit. Thus the
value = i

Complex number: A complex number is a number of the form a+ib where a and b are real
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numbers, and i is a imaginary number with the property i = -1 , It is denoted by Z. A set of
complex no. is denoted by c.
In a compex number, z = a + bi
The number a is called the real part of z and the number b is called the imaginary part of z and are often
denoted as,
Rez=a, Imz=b
For example: a) Z =3+4i b) Z=5-7i
Here, real part = 3 and imaginary part = 4 Here, real part =5 and imaginary part=-7

There are a couple of special cases that we need to look at before proceeding. First,
let’s take a look at a complex number that has a zero real part,
z = 0+bi = bi
In this case, we call the complex number a pure imaginary number.

Next, let’s take a look at a complex number that has a zero imaginary part,
z=a+0i=a
In this case, we call the complex number a purely real number.
Note:
1. A complex number z= 0+0i is said to be a zero complex number i.e. when its real and
imaginary parts are both zero.
2. The order relation “less than “ or “ greater than” are not defined for complex number.
The statements like i>0 or 3+2i>3 are meaningless.

Algebra of complex numbers:

1.1 Addition of two complex numbers:
Let z1= a +ib and z2=c +id be any two complex number. Then the sum z1+z2 is defined
as follows z1+z2 = ( a + bi) +(c+ di )
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=(a+c) +i( b+d) which is again complex number.

It is easy to observe that the sum of two complex numbers is a complex number
Whose real part is the sum of the real parts and whose imaginary part is the
sum of the imaginary parts of the given numbers.
For example: (3+4i) + (5+6i) = (3+5) +i( 4+6)
=8+ 10i which is a complex number
Properties concerning addition
The addition of complex numbers satisfies the following properties:
(a) Commutative law
z1+z2 = z2 +z1 for all z1.z2 ∈ C.
(b) Associative law
( z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3 )..
(c) Additive identity There is a unique complex number 0 = (0, 0) such that
z + 0 = 0 + z = z for all z = (x, y) ∈ C.
(d) Additive inverse For any complex number z = (x, y) there is a unique −z =
(−x,−y) ∈ C such that
z + (−z) = (−z) + z = 0.
2. Difference of two given complex number: Let z1= a +ib and z2=c +id be any two
complex number. Then the sum z1-z2 is defined as follows
z1-z2 = ( a + bi) -(c+di )
=(a-c) +i( b-d) which is again complex number
It is easy to observe that the difference of two complex numbers is a complex
number
whose real part is the subtraction of the real parts and whose imaginary part is
the subtraction of the imaginary parts of the given numbers.
For example: (3+5i) - (2+3i)= (3-2) +i( 5-3)
=1+ 2i which is a complex number.

3.Multiplication of two given complex number: Let z1= a + ib and z2=c + id be

any two complex number. Then the sum z1.z2 is defined as follows

z1.z2 = ( a +ib) (c +id)

= (ac-bd ) +i (ad+bc )
For example: (3+i5) (2+i6) = (3 ) + i (3 )

= (6-30) + i (18+10) =24 + i 28

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Properties concerning multiplication

The multiplication of complex numbers satisfies the following properties:
(a) Commutative law
Z1. Z2 = Z2 . Z1
(b) Associative law
(Z1. Z2) ・Z3 = Z1 ・(Z2・Z3)
(c) The existence of Multiplicative identity :There is a unique complex number
1+i0 (denoted as 1) called the multiplicative identity such that
z ・ 1 = z or 1 ・ z = z.
(d) The existence of Multiplicative inverse: For any non- zero complex
number z=a+ib there is a unique number or z-1 called the multiplicative inverse
of z such that
z ・( = )・ z = 1 ( identity)
If z= a +ib. then
z-1 = = +i
For example:
If Z= 2-i finf the value of (or z-1 )?
Sol: Here,
a=2 , b=-1
= +i or =
= +i =
= + = [ since =(a+b)(a-b)]

= + = [ ]

= =

THE POWER OF i :
We know that 1) = -1 2) = . i =-1.i =-I
= = -1.(-1) 4) .i =1. i = i
2
5) i=i.i= = -1 6) (-i) = = -1

In general for any integer k,

1) = 1 2) =i 3) =-1 4) = -i
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By using the power of i, we can find out the above values easily
a) = = 1 b) = =i c) = = -1 d) = = -i
e) = =i
Find the value of
a) b) c)