@ eee evr rovvvvd evo UUHUOUWUUOeuUee se SHARP HYDROENGINEERING PVT. LTD. DRAFT DESIGN NOTE ON MANGAN LAND SLIDE & MITIGATION MEASURES2 2 Ate ee ee Ob Y 1.0 Design Output The limit equilibrium stability analysis has been performed using the software SLOPEM, version 2007 developed by GEO-SLOPE Intemational Ltd. All type of soil and rock slopes, embankments, earth dams and retaining walls can be analysed using this software. Because the Mangan landslides consists of boulders in clay, heavy rain erode the landslides at different places which are disrupting the local approaches and Sikkim highway and monitoring of these landslides have an issue due to the erosion instability of the unstable debris during heavy rainfall in repetitive intervals. Mangan area landslides have muttfarious causative reasons but soil and rock parameters are unique therefore ‘mitigation and measured will be unique accept Ratfong khola profile section Mitigation and measure approach for Magan bazaar, Sr secondary school & Mangan bazaar Lower reach of multi-storey parking area can be treated with possible design approaches ike ‘Scaling/Removal of the debris, slope geometry (establishment of terraces & re-arranging of the contours) , Excavation, sub-surface / surface drainage system includes drainage well vertical shafts with pressure relie holes, enhancement of ground techniques such as bioengineering, piles/Stone column, support structures etc. From the above discussed mitigation-measures there may be some minor difference of approaches which are discussed below in detail in the design methodology. Soil and rock Engineering Parameters taken into consideration is as follows Taw Friction ni Angle s. Cohesion re Material Type m, | ssi Phi(9) L kNim? (C) (Kpa) ) 7 Overburden 8 10-16 5-7 20" 22 2 Highly Weathered 20 25-35 30-50 24°- 26" ‘& Crusted Bed rock mass | 3 Fresh Bed Rock 8 0-80 | 120-160 | 367-42 Mass 41 The targeted safety factors are presented below: Description — ismic ‘Overall Siope Stabiity oe 41.30 4.00Seismic Loading and pavement loading have been considered as under, Seismic Coefficient (Zone - V) with Importance = 1 Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient = 0.22 Vertical Acceleration Coeficient = 0.12 Surcharge load (building etc) = 24 KPa Pavement Loading (Live Load) = 22 KPa 4.2 Old Mangan bazaar & below SNT Complex & just adjacent to left bank of Raffong Khola Profile section * A-A’ represent the area close to the left bank of Raffong Khola towards North-East of Mangan Bazar and below SNT Complex. The factor of safety, values of this area in dry, wet and ‘surface run off hydrological conditions indicating that instability increases as wetness increases in the overburden mass along the profile section. From the previous and current studies of different relvant departments results and discussion shows that Mangan bazaar near SNT complex area is highly vulnerable to slope failure. ‘Area towards North-East of SNT building complex above El 1175 to El 1210 m along the Sikkim highway is stable and towards South-East area available buildings experienced cracks during 48" September, 2011 earth quake, specially the area. Below El. 1175 mto EL1145 mat Rinzing Namgyal Marg experienced heavy rain fall during the monsoon period i.e. 19 - 23 August of 2012. Presence of talus material and debris in the large part of the slope forming area with limited rock exposures and infitration of surface water contribute to sinking and sliding in this ‘area also a good portion of Mangan ~ Sungkalang bye pass road section washed away. The evidence of the subsidence and sinking are quite commonly seen on the surface on roads. Based on the previous studies of GSI, SSDMA, present degree of susceptibility situations and identified areas is to demarcate which are more vulnerable to landslide. ‘The thick over burden mass consists of loose fragments and debris having high tendency to fallstide during heavy rains which is always threat for the public transport particularly during monsoon season. From the limit equilibrium stability analysis which has been performed using the software SLOPE, version 2007, and slip circle of the landslide becoming as deep-seated. For the rehabilitation and upgrading the landslide area following sequence of protection works are envisaged for stability of the larea to ensure the safety of the Mangan bazaar & SNT area fotr the smooth functioning of public transport as still non functional 41) Removal of Top layer of scree and debris 2). Establishment of berms at different levels 3). Provision of catch drains 44) Consolidation grouting over highly fractured and weathered rock mass area 5) Drainage well (vertical shaft with pressure relief / Drainage holes) 6) Ground Improvement using Stone Column Technique 7) Permanent Ground anchors on Landslide of Crown and toe along with M-25 concrete protection wall 8) Pressure relief holes 9) Biotechnical stabilization / Geo-composites against erosion & weathering action3 3 3 10) Non-woven Geo-textile for filtration and Separation 5 11) Provision of road edge protection towards Valley side 3 12) Protection work of Kholas/Jhoras in or around Mangan Town 3 1) Removal of Top layer of scree and debris : a ‘As over burden layer of slide area comprising of scree and debris hence during the removal of top > layer utmost care shall be taken in terms of safety and security of the passers around the area as, 4 ‘establishment is all around. Thick over burden material from the top most area shall be removed in Ist ~ step and scree / debris material of slide area in 2nd stage. Top layer of the debris is about from El @ 1170 m to 1130 m which is acting now as active pressure and after removal material can be dumped at the downwarditoe area of the slide which will help as passive pressure. After removal ofthis highly thick band, geological appreciation! monitoring should be appraised by the expert geologist before starting the other, relevant protection works and if any higher variation experienced the same should be brought into the knowledge of consultant, for review of the design and further modification accordingly. The usual method of improving the stability of a substandard soil cut slope was by trimming back the slope to @ gentler profile The major construction activity involved is excavation and removal of seil materials from the slope. Because no special engineering techniques are needed, the construction, cost is relatively cheap and easy to implement. Vegetation can be used as the slope surface cover in order to make the slope look as natural as possible. Where there is insufficient space at the crest to accommodate the cut back profile, structural supports such as hand dug caissons and retaining walls ‘would be used to improve the stabilty of the slopes For detail refer drg no. Mangan /SiKKinvEGE-SHEPLIOO1 2) Establishment of berms at different levels : For the ease of the construction of the slope stability works, intermediate berms of suitable width and at suitable height shall be established. The width and height are variable suite to site condition which can be seen from dg no. Mangan /Sikkii/EGE-SHEPLIO01 3) Provision of Catch Drains ‘A proper drainage system has been provided for the entire area of slide zone and a catch drain of size 1 mx 1 mis provided at the crown of cut slope to drain the rain & community water towards natural slope of the road and Raffong khola. Rest on all the benches, small collection drains of size 0.6 m x 0.6 m are also provided to collect the rain water in this area. These small collection drains finally feeds its rain water to catch drain and raffong khola which further drained inthe Testa River slope. For details please refer drg no, Mangan /Sikkim/EGE-SHEPLIO01 4) Consolidation grouting over highly fractured and weathered rock mass area During the treatment of the surface a close monitoring is required from the Geological expert and wherever highly weak, fractured and weathered rock mass will observe after removal of top loose debris in the whole slide area shall be treated with consolidated grouting as per the site requirements, 5) Ground Improvement using Stone Column Technique The extensive growth for the past years many construction industry, current technology afford many ground improvement techniques to suit a variety of soil condition, structure type and performance fiteria. These ground improvement techniques can offer alternative foundation system to the conventional pile foundation system, it has substantial amount of soft soils. Moreover, owing to the economic feasibility and cheap labor, stone column technique of improving ground behavior can prove quite useful VCUHHHHSHHOKYUKLEL’YVUYEHKCHUUUHUKCHUOOS‘+ Ground improvement can be defined as “the process of enhancing the quality of so Ground improvement mainly refers to the improvement of soil layers but in some cases ital refers to the improvement of rock layers. The ground improvement techniques applied @ tools used by the geotechnical engineer for “fixing” the problems of poor ground. When poor ground existed at the project site, owen Stone Calo Fig Shawing The Grou iniproverient techniques! applied are tools used + Ground improvement techniques are basically employed to To decrease settlement. To increase the bearing capacity. To improve the drainage conditions and environment control To control the deformation and accelerate consolidation. To increase the stiffness, To increase resistance to liquefaction vvvvyy ‘+ The soil improvement methods mostly used in the current state of the practice can divided into eight main categories: > Densification > Consolidation * Ground Improvement by Densification For loose granular soils at the surface, stabilization and densification is achieved) ‘compaction with conventional rollers. Densification at depth is accomplished using following methods > Vibrocompaction Dynamic Compaction Blasting Compaction Grouting vy vy+ Vibro-compaction method ‘The two primary methods of Vibro Stone Column construction are: Wet,Top FeedMethod (Replacement arid Displacement) In this technique, jetting water is used to remove soft material, stabilize the probe hole, and ensure that the stone backfil reaches the tip of the vibrator. This is the most commonly used and most cost-efficient of the deep vibratory methods. However, handling of the spoil generated by the process may make this method more dificult to use on confined sites or in environmentally sensitive areas. Dry, Bottom Feed Method (Displacement) This technique uses the same vibrator probes as standard Vibro-Replacement Stone Columns, but with the addition of a hopper and supply tube to feed the stone backfil directly to the tip of the vibrator. Bottom Feed \Vibro-Replacement is a completely dry operation where the vibrator remains in the ground during the ‘construction process. The elimination of flushing water in turn eliminates the generation of spoil, extending the range of sites that can be treated. Treatment is possible up to a depth of 80 feet and is not inhibited by the presence of groundwater. Benefits ofthis method: . The Vibro-Replacement Stone Column Process Reduces foundation settlement Increases bearing capacity Mitigates liquefaction potential Provides slope stabilization Permits shallow footing construction Prevents earthquake-induced lateral spreading, vvvvvy ‘Typical Design calculations of Settlement parameters ‘Spacing of stone column = 2 x dia of stone column Influence zone = 4 8 times dia. Stone column dia adopted 800 mm 0 ‘Ag = 0.785 (0.8) = 0.5m? A-Ag= 324-05 =2.74 m? Qstone Let Cy = aum? gait 2 (AAS) Gat A an ¢: 750 mi? 6xC, 6x3 Qa? FS 28 F542 070) , qa = 2 As = Area of Stone = 0.6 m' = 11.80m* 2amymi9Spacing (Ac) 1.8 mole tid Ace 7 x(08)*=0.5 m* 24 m? Acts 18x18 Ag=BEx100= 16% a=5taken 8 = 008 Tearore Pei 700 mm 00. mm ‘Settlement of untreated soil Po. :: settlement in layer 1 Poy :: settlement in layer 2 S = B + Pot Pow = 0.6 x600 +100 = 460. mm, When Cu < 30 KPa should not be adopted the granular pile than angular By Provision of stone column settlement reduced about to 50% of the untreated soil as per construction industry experience and feedback. ‘According to Franki stone column are always carried down in firm bearing material. Design column load vary between 20 to 60Ton. For stone and sand angle of friction is taken up 40-45 and 40 degree| respectively 6) Permanent Ground anchors on Landslide of Crown and toe along with M-25 conere! protection wall Permanent ground anchors are reliable, but costly compared with other counter measures. Thi method has been applied increasingly to artificial landslides. Compared with the rock bolts and sal nailing , ground anchors have a relatively large resistance to sliding force and are therefore used f stabilize relatively large-scale slope fallures. Ground anchors are intended to prevent landslidef through the tensile strength of high tensile strength steel wire or bars installed across the slip surface Since the landslide top layer of material is cohesion less and slip circle failure seems as de sheeted in nature and highly vulnerable land slide area therefore according to standard practices {BS 8081:1969 Type-C anchorage is recommended which is commonly applied in cohesion less sol Design will be based on and assumptions of uniform shear along the fixed anchor. Type-C anchor consists of boreholes grouted to high pressure (typically p1 > 2000 kNim?) 20 bar via a lining tube a in-situ packer. ‘The fixed length is enlarged by hydro fracturing of the ground mass to give a grout root or fist ‘system beyond the core diameter of the hole. Often pressure is applied during a secondary inj after initial stiffening of primary grout placed as for type-B anchorages.» S s S ‘Secondary injection are usually made via either a tube a machete system or miniature grout tubes incorporated within the fixed anchor length; the former is advantageous if several injections are % envisaged. A relatively small or a sudden grout is needed. Continuous flow or a sudden drop-in inital injection pressure might indicate hydro fracture after which only relatively limited pressure can be 8S achieved. 5 « ‘On the in-situ slope rock surface to ensure slope stability a concrete gravity wall with ground anchors ~ ‘on crown of the area at El 1165 m and at toe portion of El. 1107 m of the slope near the road up to ‘ the height of 6.4 m shall be constructed. Tied-back retaining/cladding walls were used originally as a substitute for braced retaining walls. Ground anchor tie-backs were used to replace bracing struts Le that caused congestion and construction difficulty within the excavation. Design procedures evolved from those developed for braced excavations and are typically based on the so-called “apparent ‘earth pressure" diagrams of Terzaghi and Peck (1967) and Peck (1968). Concrete tie wall is consists of a 5.4 m high conerete wall with ground anchor tie-backs. The wall is J protecting a levelled dwelling platform with a 20 degree hill slope above. For the more effectiveness of the ground anchor slide surface is envisaged as steep surface, ‘The following design assumptions were made: Soil Type: ‘Top layer Cohesion less 2" layer of Highly Weathered & Crusted and 3° layer of Fresh Bed Rock Mass ‘Anchor spacing = 3m Anchor Diameter = 0.15 m Anchor inclination angle = 20 degrees: ‘Anchor design load = 342 KN/ Cos 20 = 364 KN Anchor test load = 364 x 1.33 = 484 KN ‘Anchor minimum characteristic tensile strength = 484/0.8 = 605 KN (ie. maximum test load = 0.8 x anchor characteristic tensile strength ) ‘+ Aminimum anchor length of 9.5 m would be required to achieve the desired FS > 1 ‘* Fixed ground anchor length is adopted 10 m For detail refer dg io. Mangan /SikKin/EGE-SHEPLIOO Drainage well (vertical shaft with pressure relief / Drainage holes) ‘After the major earth quack event occurred in Sept, 2011 , Mangan area landslides field investigation done by the different agencies at different time, results shows that the scope of scale of the landslides in the Old Mangan Bazar and below SNT Complex area constantly expanding. According to site investigations on the distribution of the land sliding bodies and slope failure are exceptionally extensive as shown dro, Mangal /Sikkim/EGE-SHEPLIOO The potential of sliding surface is deep-sheeted approximately of 20 to 40 m and spread in the wide area of about 100 mx 200 m . 100 m length span in the North ~ South and 200 m in the East- West directions. The overburden / debris potential above sliding surface mainly constituted by sand and indicates that soil type is cohesion less which have little tendency to stick together. However, particles in sand to develop frictional resistance as well as interlocking of the grains and presence of clay and silt which behave like as a binding material for the soil as whole to generate resistance on 7 name2038 7slope with highly permeability This affected area was devastated by the land slide during cloud burst / heavy rain fall betwe ‘September 19th to 23rd, 2012. As a result, the Rinzing — Namgyal Kazi bye pass was completa damaged at several places and remained closed for all vehicular traffic till now. ‘The area hydrological mapped forthe purpose of quick appraisal the surface indication of water sug 2 dry, wet and damp has been used for rating, Area of each of these categories was determing, ‘and area of land sinking zone in unit area of each of these sub-categories was calculated for ty purpose of determining LHEF. The value of LHEF for hydrological condition has been taken as | According to Liu & Evett (2005), cohesion less soil has high permeability. This shows that sq has high permeability which leads to increase in instability of the slope as water travels ‘wide spaces causing reduction in shear strength | ‘The mechanism of failure of all landslides from studied and during the site visit it was clear seen thg main causative factor for these landslides observed the study and site visits that increase Pore water pressure and high order saturation in the overburden material due to rainfall an Continues ingress ofuneystamatc drainage water from the Mangen town used watery Two no drill hole was done by the SSDMA where overburden material Cohesion less and 2nd la of Highly Weathered have significant water absorption in the form of slush i. about 24,0 m and 12 'm in depth from the top of the natural ground level in DH-1 and DH-2 respectively. Due to above factors contribute increase in stresses and reduction of the shear strength of the solrock strata Keeping in view all the above factors and MCT is also just passing near the project area wat management will play the major role for the stability of Old Mangan bazaar & SNT complex build ‘area which is very important from the point of view of Rinzing - Namgyal Kazi bye pass road locals and other connecting vehicular traffic. Hence for the collection / trapping of internal ingress of water we recommend multi elevati inside the Water Drainage well (vertical shaft with pressure relief / Drainage holes) essential and well proven measure globally. Such type of experiment already done in In and other country according to our knowledge in India it was established in Lok hydroelectric project, Manipur for hill slope landslide and Taiwan ‘has established it for ‘Shan landslide both are working well. Water drainage wells promote the stability of the existing subsidence roads which are situated on thé citical state and secure the safely ofthe local residency and recovery of trafic transport also. Th ‘major objective of the remediation plan is to expedite the drainage of inftrated rain water and lows the ground level. Drainage well (vertical shafts) Drainage well in Old Mangan Bazar & SNT area landslide wt consists of M-25 RCC vertical sh Confined ground water in sol strata and the method is adopted to get rd ofthe ground water situatil at large depth as illustrated in figures. Large amounts of water shall be drained from the slo trough drainage well accompanied with a consequently drop of ground water. Vertical shaft shall be constructed with a finished diameter of 2.5 m and penetration depth can be “ m to 30 m to reach the deep-seated potential sliding surfaces. During installation of vertical shaft n the upper portion cof about 5 - 6 m in level. difference uncased drainage bore holes in 2 layers wit"SCCCCECCCE FI he sine ._ Ff Cvvwsevvvvsev_vevevvueveouuvyunoUuUs 2am 209 y b ‘spacing of approx 1.25 m cic with a diameter of 75 mm and length shall be of 20 to 30 m radiating @ 20 degree trom the interior of the vertical shaft shall be drilled at different elevations their inclination shall be § to 10 degree horizontally upward into the upslope of the land slide body. Comparatively indicated a mean spacing betweén the drainage hole of 10 m is sufficient to control the temporal head fluctuation between the wells within a range of few meters. Subsequently, 50 mm diameter PVC perforated pressure relief / drainage pipe wrapped in fiter fabric which shall be fited into the drainage bore hole ( becomes horizontal drain) to intercept the downwards seepage of ground water flow by gravity. ‘A water tight concrete stiling pond with depth of 1.6 to 2.0 m and slab thickness of 0.5 m shall be ‘constructed at the bottom of the shaft to accumulate the ground water from drainage bore holes and eventually discharge to the existing drainage system at the lower elevation then the shaft base by gravity through a-PVC/HDP pipe with a diameter of 100 mm and inclination of 3 to 5 degree to horizontal. ‘+ Subsurface Drainage System Old Mangan Bazaar landslides were frequently triggered by a rise of water level accompanied with increasing pore water pressure on potential sliding surface. Accelerating and improving sub surface can stabilise a large volume of sliding body at comparatively low engineering cost which was very attractive options for many landslides remediation in the past. Has a result drainage is by far over most commonly used method for stabilising large scale unstable slopes, either alone in conjunction with other method provided in the designed method to optimize the number and spacing of horizontal drains. All methods are based on ground water flow principle and major difficuity with theoretical design methods is that the permeability is assumed to be constant throughout the ground. Natural slopes are rarely homogeneous enough to allow reliable sub surface drainage design according to simple principles of the water. The effectiveness of horizontal drain is effective in lowering the ground water table and most effective when located at the bottom zone of the slope. In ‘Such circumstances for the design of sub surface drainage system in Mangan area landslides, the installations location of drainage wells and drainage galleries accompanied with well configured drainage bore holes (or horizontal drains becomes extremely crucial to the efficiency of sub surface drainage system). Below figure showing the typical arrangement of Well shaft and drainage system introduced.FIG Showing (a) cori iration OF Vertical Shaft wit Ihre lee of crainaue borehole (or horizontal drains) in landslide, (b) Vertical shaft'assemnbled and collecting ground water through Drainage bore holes(Source Google- SWCB.2003) The drainage well vertical shaft is envisaged with the concrete lining for the following reasons, To resist the entire internal pressure or external pressure, thus it will not be taken by the surrounding lining = Reinforced concrete lining for the drainage well vertical shaft has been considered as the ‘minor or medium shear zones may require reinforcement. Load consideration . ‘The concrete lining of the drainage well vertical shaft will be considered to withstand the loads on below given parameters, + Internal water pressure it will be taken corresponding to Fuel supply level in well shaft that is for top water level which may suite to Ground Topography + External water pressure Lining shall be checked for the external water pressure which may exist during empl condition of the drainage wel vertical shaft There may be minor possibilty of area surrounding well shaft being charged due to ingris of water, therefore the design head for the external water pressure has been considered of about 18 min height,3 3 3 Allowable stresses It is proposed to use cement concrete of grade M-25 and reinforcement Fe 600 or equivalent 3 conforming to IS 456, permissible compressive and tensile stresses, whch is required as below, 3 + Concrete Stresses in direct compression, dz: = 8.0 Nimm* 3 ‘Stresses in bending compression dic = 10.0 Nimm* ‘Stress in direct tension, 6. = 3.6 Nimm* 1s Modular ratio for 10.98 + Steel ‘ Ss Yield stress, f, = 500 Nima? Allowable tensile stresses, 0,1 = 0.55" f, 0.55"500 = 275 Nimm® Reinforced concrete lining thickness Conerete lining is considered 500 mm thick of grade M-26 in entire height for the checking of concrete lining thickness, The proposed reinforced concrete lining shall be checked for the various conditions in subsequent head in elevation and maximum pressure acting on the lining, Lining Thickness Internal Pressure head External Pressure head 0.5m 20m vm ‘+ Rock Participation Reinforcement concrete lining transmits pressure to the surrounding rock under ideal conditions of no voids and infinite elastic rock mass. The load shared by the rock can be determined by the following formula, Pr = oj ((Er*Mr) (Mr+1))/((Ec*Mc?)(Mo™1)) X (( b*+a*)*(b°-a")/ (Mc)/ 2b" = Internal radius ofthe drainage wel vertical shaft 2.6 m = External radius ofthe shaft = att = 2.5+0.5 = 3.0 m {= lining thickness = 0.6 m Ec = Modulus of Etastcty of concrete = 5000"\fck = 500025 = 25000 Nimm? Er = Modulus of Elasticity of rock = by considering 30% =70°0.3 = 21 Nimm? r= Internal Pressure taken by the rock ir = Poisson's ration of surrounding material = c= Poisson's ration of concrete = 0.2 Mr = 4/ur = 10.28 = 3.57 Me= tiic= 110.2=5 CPV KOH HHMOaEHOBEVEVEH HHCY ceri‘Applying above all the parameters in given equation we can calculate the thickness of ining “The minimum permissible participation is as below, ‘Maximum internal Lining Thickness | Internal Rativs | evtemal Radius | Pressure shared by rock 0 @ © i) 05 25m 3.0m . | ‘The lining has been designed to resist the total internal pressure corresponding to maximum water level 'e- El. 191.26 m, so that the average stress in concrete due to Hoops's tension is within the ‘allowable limit and lining thickness should also be checked for the 0.2 mm crack width. Lining Thickness = 0.5 m (Assumed) Maximum Internal Pressure, Pi= 19 * 9.81 = 196.2 KNim? Pressure shared by the rock, Pr = 24.53 KNim? Internal radius of the shaft, a= 2.5 m Extemal Radius, b = 2.5 +0.5=3.0 m Maximum Tensile force, T = (Pi-Pr)"a (A). Therefore Area of required stee! = Tio. (&). Minimum reinforcement area, Asin = 0.3% of gross area Here, gross area A, = 0.5*1000"1000 = 500000 mm* Now, Asnin = 0.003*S00000 = 1500 mm? 71.67 KN "74.67°1000/275 = 624.25 mm? Crack Width check for 0.2 mm crack width lining due to Hoop's tension shall be limited to 0.2 mm. the crack width can be Calculated by the formula for direct tension as given in ACI-224-2R (Gergeley-Lutz formula) W= 1,45"10%5%5"(de*A) 40.333 ‘Where, W = crack width dc= effective reinforcement cover = 60mm ‘A= Area of concrete symmetric with bar 'S = Spacing of bar considered 100 mm dc" fs = Service stress in steel in Nimm? Therefore, 0.2 = 1.45°10°* fs (60"2"60"100)°"* fg= 153.90 Nimm? (471.67/153,90)"1000 = 1115.46 mm? 450 mm? fs Hence, Provided Area of reinforcement stee! shall be ing “The tensile Hoop’s stress inlining shall be a= TH(t*1000)+(m-1)*As) ‘m= Modular ratio = 280/30. = 280/3°6.5 = 10.98 Required steel, Avs Check for tensile stress in concreteS 3 3 now, Tensile Hoop's stress in concrete, a= 174.67 1((600*1000)+(10.98-1)"1150) S = 0.299 < 3.6 Nimm? 3 ‘+ Check for compressive Hoop stress due to external pressure Pe= 9.81" (17) = 166.77 KNim? > ce = Pel((t*1000)+(m-1)*Ax) 9 Pe = Extemal force = Pe*Re = 166.77°3.0 = 600.31 KN cc = 600.31/((500*1000)+(10.98-1)"1100) = 0.98 < 8 Nimm? ’ Hence, provided lining thickness is sufficient to take the internal and external water pressure. 9s From the past various running project experience, generally a lot of seepage is observed through Concrete in surrounding area, hence for the sake of safely and uncertainty against seepage, the R.C.G. lining is considered 700 mm thick at bottom most of 3 m height of the Drainage Well Vertical Shaft. Th grade of concrete in entire structure is envisaged as M-25. 8) Pressure relief holes Pressure reliefidrainage holes will be drilled in lower slopes to prevent bulld up ground water pressure, Pressure relief hole shall be provided with perforated PVC pipes of size 38 mm diameter. In the central part of about 100 m, length of pressure relief holes shall be 6 m long @ 3 m cic both ways. For detail refer drg rio: Mafigan /Sikkini/EGE-SHEPL/OO 9) Biotechnical stabil tion / Geo-composites against erosion & weathering action: ‘Against erosion & weathering action there are various combinations of geo-textiles, geo-grids, geo- membranes and/or other materials to serve all the primary functions with better performance. Most geo-synthetics are made from synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene, polyamide, PVC, etc. These materials are highly resistant to biological and chemical Degradation. Natural fibbers such as cotton, jute, bamboo, etc., can be used as geo-textiles and geo- Grids, especially for temporary applications. In contrast to the smooth surfaces that steel reinforcements usually have, most geo-synthetics have fabric-ke surfaces (geo-textles) or grid structures (geo-grids) that produce much better bonding between rock/soil mass and the Feinforcement & instaling of Geo-grids and growing vegetations. This application with suitable arrangement can be used with the approval of the site Engineer.in- charge with appropriate ‘construction methodology suit to site conditions. 10) Pro ion of road edge protection towards Valley side ‘As the rock mass hard and compact at road level and it's below levels toward valley side |. Therefore ‘an additional arrangement is envisaged for the protection of the road edge toe wall etc. A RCC slab of 1.5 m wide and 0.3 m in depth is provided, towards valley side all along the length of slide area. Before construction of the RCC slab foundation treatment shall be done with 26mm diameter, 6.0 m long fully grouted rock anchor @ 2.0 m CIC vertically o protect the toe of the treated slide mass area. This arrangement shall ensure the stability of the toe edge in the entire slide area. For details please refer drg no. Mangan /SikkiM/EGE-SHEPLIOO 3 . s ’ » . 3 a % 3 2 > 2 s 2 2 2 2 2 2 a a a‘The length of the rock anchor has been adopted according to IS 14448: 1997, based on RMR values. “The diameter of the rock anchor has been envisaged as 25 mm confirming to Fe 415 grade steel as per IS : 1786 . For the grouting dril hole should be 30 mm more than diameter of the anchor so that Sufficient grout cover prevents corrosion. Suitable preventive measures shall be adopted to prevent corrosion depending upon aggressive nature of rock mass. Fully grouted rock. 14) Protection work of Kholas/Jhoras in or around Mangan Town Design of jhora training work at raffaong khoka Catchment Area of the proposed Jhora Site = 3.2 Km? a. As per Hydrology para 2.4.2(h) estimated peak discharge qp = 23.81 m’/sec. 5 Keeping in view the factor of safety (FOS) under extreme circumstances ‘Adopted design flood Gp = 35.72 m? / sec. . Using Rational method Q = __APL 38 Where A = Catchment area in Sq. Km. P= %of coefficient of run off (0.01 to 0,20 for forested area ) | =Intensity of rainfall in Crvhr. in our case the maximum is 30 Cr. Q@ = 32 x 02 x 30 3 = _0.80cumecs Therefore, Design approach should be kept for extreme circumstances Allowable safe velocity for flow in concrete lined channel 2.00 m/ sec. Discharge AXV A Q 36.72 17.86 m? Vv 2 le, Cross Sectional Area Required = 17.86 m* ‘Assuming the with of water way 7.0 m of Trapezoidal section and side slopes taken as 1:1 accord! to site topography. ‘The height of water way is considered as 2.4 m. 1.6m? Hence, considered water way channel area =e iY & ‘Therefore adopted velocity, V = 1.65 m /sec. e Free board of channel is considered, 0.6 m « ‘Total height of the side walls of the channel = 3.0 m ‘+ DESIGN FOR GUIDE WALL SECTION a¢ Height of wall = “HT = 24 + 08 = 30m Top with of wall Unit weight of dry cohesion less back fill = 060 m KN Im? ‘Angle of shearing resistance ‘Assume the angle of friction of the wall and - ,’ foundation soil as 30 Angle of surcharge = “at = 20° > Unit weight of stone masonry 24 KN/NP » Ka = cos = cosp- eos — cos*@ cos B + feos" — cos*o s 3 Ky = cos 20° x cos 20°- y/cos*20° — cos*30° sd DOO OD fh Hy oe “cos 20°F Yeos"20° — cos*30° Ky = 0.42 mye Po= % Kot ~s =%x 042 x 20 x (3) s P, = 37.8 KNM 2 Overturning moment M,= 97.8 x_3.= 378 KNM 3 | o 2 2 2 CG. ofthe wall section AJ =a2+ab+b2 = (060 \'+(060 x 16) + (16 3a +b) 3 (060 * 16) Al = 388 = 06 66 Ww 7 mx 060 x 3 = 2 mx & xiaxa= SW MR = sw x( ABO; AL) MR = 792 x( 16 - 089 ) MR = 80.0 KNM FS.againstovertuming = = = 2.12 >150 Honcosafe 2ateyz19mw ose FS.against sliding = R= Gaga = 162 > 150 Hence safe Check for tension in the masonry Using te relation x Me . Where X distance from toe at which resultant reaction acts 7 therefore x MESS = ose me Now e = Sx 16 1S — 082 ao =o08 <“ =027 HENCE SAFE DESIGN OF DROP WALLS: We neglect the bed slope factor and compensate fr the level diference with the help of drops at regular interval RL AT THE END OF PROPOSED JTW = 1100. RL ATTHE TOP OF PROPOSED JTW = 1200m Length of Jnora along the way = 500m Level Diference = (2)~(1) = 1000m ‘Assuming average height of drop = 0.60m 2 No.of ops required 1033.33 Say = 1000Nos, (CIC betwesn drops. 2M 2 05 Say = 05m Let scour depth be 2 Total height of the crops oso = 120m Let top width of drop will be = 0.60 m Since the bed slope is negligible the drop will be designed for an surcharge condition. Toking f= 30° t= one 21 = sn 0° % eae O88 Pa =% x Ka x 9 x H =% x 033 x 18 (1.20) = 428 KNM ; uniawat 120 COvertuming moment Mo = 4.28 x ——— = 1.71 KN/Ma? +ab +b? 60)2 +(060 x 1.00) +( th i = Saabs CG ofthe wall section Ad = “Sab ya 3(060 + 1.00)2 _ 036 + 060 + 100 _ 196 * 48 48 AJ = 041m rE) = 17.28 2 [ae x % x04 x 120 =| 876 Sw 23.04 MR sw x( AB - A) MR 234 x( 100 - 041 ) MR 4363. KNM MR FS. against overturning = y= =7.97 > 1.80 HENCE SAFE : io mw 0.75_x 23.04 F. iding = ors ee > S. against sliding Prose ses yee 7430 > 1.50 HENCE SAFE Check for tension in the masonn Using the relation. x = Where X distance from toe at which resultant reaction acts 13.63 - 1.71 Therefore XS 23.04 = 0.17 HENCE SAFE ar vBe bares Baan 5.00 We See SSSA RN Methodology & Design Too! 20 Here in Saknidhar slide area case keeping in view the condition of the landslide in terms of topographic and geological aspects rock mass is of combination of shale and Quartzit moderately fractured and weathered strata. mode of failure. fe which having Hence analysis is being carried out considering circular , version The limit equilibrium stabilty analysis and shall be performed using the software SLOPE, ‘SLOPE International Ltd. The external and internal stability of the cut slope! in-situ slope area with fully grouted rock anchor method. The method considers circular slip surface 2007 developed by GEO- has been carried out by the Morgenstem-Price for stability analysis. The analysis considers mass of soil/ rock above the slip surface as a vertical slice. The requirement of slices. 3f equilibrium is applied to the_The factor of Safely is defined as the ratio of actual shear strength possessed by the sollrock on ial surfaces to that required to maintain limit equilibrium. ‘The targeted factor of safely for staic and seismic conditions has been taken. 2s 1 and 1.0 fespectvely. The analysis shall be carried out in static and seismic conditions for various ces pecliion stage and results forthe same are discussed inthe section of resuits of analysis of his document. ‘The analysis has been caried out to estimate the global stabilty of landslide’ cut slopes above the satel ie about EL 1026.00. From the road level a 4.00 m high Gabian Facia Wall with fly grouted rock anchor of 25 mm diameter, 1.0 mlong @ 1.5m cle has been provided. from the Gabian Facia Wall op upto EL 1043.00 m a treatment has been envisaged. The berms with equal height of 13 m starting from EL, 1043 m to EL. 1082. The intermediate Perms ate provided Mt EL 1056.00 m and EL, 1069.00 m. These berms shall be established with minor excavation! trimming for the use of construction activity and stabilty of the weak zone. From berm EL. 1043.00 m to 1082.00 m, fuly grouted rock anchors has been provided which i Consisting of 25 mm diameter, 6.0 m & 4.0 m long @ 3.0 m cle ( staggered ) longitudinally in ‘alternative rows in the 2 stretch of 100 m cftical part and either side 50 m in 4 8.3% stretch fully routed rock anchors , 25 mm diameter shall be of 4.5 m & 3m long @ $m cle ( staggered ) longitudinally, ‘Along the road edge towards valley side all along the length ofthe road, @ road edge protection RCC slab (1.1 m wide and 0 .9 m in depth ) has been provided longitudinally, which is envisaged with fully grouted rock anchors of 25 mm diameter, 6.0 m long @ 1.5 m CIC for ‘the purpose of, strengthening and stability of the road edge. inthe entire area where treatment work is to be performed, the pressure relief drainage holes with 38 ‘mm diameter perforated PVC pipes have been provided. Factor of safety (FOS) fr stably of slope is greater than 1 in seismic coneition and greater than 1 3 in static condition shall be taken care. 3,0 Design Output ‘The limit equiibrium stability analysis has been performed using the software SLOPEM), version 2007 developed by GEO-SLOPE International Ltd. Al type of soll and rock slopes, embankments, ‘earth dams and retaining walls can be analysed using this software, fs discussed above in various paras of this report, geological’ geotechnical and hydrological parameters are proved by the cient. We have considered reasonable parameters based on client input and our experience, Weak Zone Top 5m | In Situ Strata T (Slide Material) (Rock) eee Unit Weight a 26 (kum) 20 24 20 Cohesion (KPa) 10 170 0 Friction Angle | 30 7 a | Seismic Loading and pavement loading haye been considered as below to ensure the factor of nama 208 »34 32 49 safety in the absence of absolute data, ‘Seismic Coefficient (Zone - V) with Importance ~ 1 Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient = 0.20 Vertical Acceleration Coefficient = 0.14 Pavement Loading (Live Load) = 24 KPa All parameters and design analysis shall be verified at the site during actual execution stage. If there | is any observations should be brought to the concerned design agency for revalidating the design based on actual conditions. ‘The targeted safety factors are presented below: Global Description Static Seismic Overall Siope Stability Check 4.30 41.00 The achieved safety factors are discussed as below: Global Description Static Seismic Overall Slope Stability Check 1.52 1.10 Analysis Report ‘The analysis performed for hill protection from km 2774750 to km 277+950 at Saknidhar lands location at diferent assumptions there results area discussed below for the understanding of variations of considerations. No. Description of Analysis. ‘Static Sr. Factor of Safety | Seismic ‘Simple Slope Stability Analysis after Removal of Top layer of about §m debris and scree and establishment of berms ‘Surcharge loads ( without support) 1 | atcliferent ievets with Pore Water Pressure (without 142 4.00 support) Pressure a 2 | Sipe Stabiity Analysis wih Pore Wate 7 10 00 namey2019oes sev vvwovvevevuvevevuveveunnvuunndu o. Slope Stability Analysis with Pore Water Pressure, ‘Surcharge loads and rock anchors support system 1.52 4.10 Itcan be very well seen that the factor of safety requirement met for both the static and seismic case after keeping the provision of Rock supports. Final results are also discussed in the section 7.2 as. shown in above table in serial number 3 in terms of static and seismic. Regions: 4 numbers material region have been assigned which are discussed as below: Region No, Material Region 1 ‘Shale Quartize (Fractured) Region 2 ‘ShalevGuarize Region 8 Quarzite Region 4 : Gabions 4.4 Overall slope stability Check cases in terms of Static and Seismic Before presentation of result of analysis original slide geological section and after removal of scree/ debris and excavated profile of slope with different level berms are placed below: Baatsy209Fig 16: Geological Section of slide area and excavated profile after removal of scree/debris with establishment of berms at different levelResults of the Analysis Presented below ae rs “8 Ss iN ny 9 ; Y ee ee ee Beaton BRSESSERERaas aR Distance Figt7: Simple Slope Stability Analysis (Static & Seismic without considering rock Support measures) after Removal of Top layer of about § m debris and scree and establishment of berms at different levels with Pore Water Pressure 22May 2019 Ce enxwwvwvvevFig 18: Slope Stability Analysis for (Static & Seismic without considering rock support measut with Pore Water Pressure and Surcharge loads 22May 2019| oe eoveeeunoeeeoueuesese eee eee es Disterce 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 85 60 65 70 75 00 G5 90 05 1ODS05 110115 120 Distance Fig 19: Slope Stability Analysis (Static & Seismic without considering rock support measures) with Pore Water Pressure, Surcharge loads and rock anchors support system 42 Critical Slip Surface Slice Results Results of Critical Slip Surface Slice No. 9 out of 47 Slices is presented below: 22 May 2010‘Slice 8 - Morgensterm-Price Method 4.3. Saknidhar Landslide analysis Information 7 Analysis Settings Kind: SLOPE Method: Morgenstern-Price Settings PWP Conditions Source: Piezometric Line SlipSurface Direction of movement: Left to Right Allow Passive Mode: No Slip Surface Option: Entry and Exit, Critical slip surfaces saved: 10 Materials ‘Sr.No ‘Material Description Parameters Model: Wohr-Coulomb Unit Weight: 20 kN/m? ‘Shale+Quartize (Fractured) 1 Cohesion: § kPa Phi: 30° PhieB: 0° 22May 2018ae @ee oe Fe eowovwwovvvveveseeeeouuneueeueee se ie Shale+Quartize | Model: Mohr-Coulomb Unit Weight: 20 kivim? Cohesion: 10 kPa Phi: 33° Phi: 0° Quartzite Model: Mohr-Coulomb Unit Weight: 24 kNin® Cohesion: 110 kPa Phi: 37° Phi: 0° Shoterete Model Mofi-Couiomb Unit Weight: 24 kin? Cohesion: 100 kPa Phi 35° PhiB:0° Gabions Model: Mohr-Coulomb Unit Weight: 24 kNim® Cohesion: 0 kPa Phi: 36 * Phi: 0° Loads Considerations ‘The considerations of slip surface entry and exit, slip surface limits and piezometric line have been Considered in the analysis and description for the same have not been discussed in the report. Sr.No Toads Description Parameters ‘Surcharge (Unit Weight): 24 KNim™ 1 ‘Surcharge Load Type | Direction: Vertical ‘Surcharge (Unit Weight): 24 KNin® a ‘Surcharge Load Type It Direction: Vertical Horz Seismic Load: 0.2 3 Vert Seismic Load: 0.11 22May 201844 The achieved safety factors are discussed as below: ons 1 | oun =a | Static "| Seismic | Overall Slope Stabiity | 110 i (eas 5.0 Analysis Report rhe analysis performed for hill protection from km 2774750 to km 2774960 at Saknidhat landslide location at different assumptions there results area discussed below for he Understanding of the 22May 2019. ee Oe ee » owes z2May 2010 6.0 Construction Aspect 61 Access From the existing road level the highest point of the slide zone is about 60.0 m high which is” ‘almost touching the crown of the hill. Since for the ease of the construction works, berms have been provided at different level randomly at about 13.0 m equal distances. The slide area/ rock slope excavation will require a co-ordinated set of activities between the contractor and relevant ‘agency. To provide for stabilization as the removal/cuts of the slopes are incrementally brought down. These cyclic activities can be generalized as drill, shoot, excavation, stabilization and ‘monitoring (if necessary), ‘As discussed with the contractor, there is no any specific road diversion scheme for the execution of the works at Saknidhar Landslide area. According to contractor the removal of debris/ scree will be carried out at night hours during which the traffic load on NH-58 remains in very low order, During the night hour works, existing NH-58 will be closed for the short time intervals for the management of removal and disposal works. For the safety and security special manpower shall be deployed during the execution of works in day & night hours. 6.2 Mor ing During the removal of slide material/ rock excavation and slope stabilization of the project and’ specific conditions during construction may differ from those observed during the site investigation. This can be the result of geological variability as well as the unpredictable success Of scaling and rock excavation activities. The mitigation, designs herein included a reasonable Percentage of contingency items that can be deployed to overcome such un-anticipated conditions. To assist the region with these construction designs, it is recommended that the experienced professional Rock Slope Engineering personnel be periodically and regularly involved with the work, 6.3 Blasting plan As Rishikesh - Devprayag Highway road is very much important from the point of view of tourist ‘and local travellers, hence it is also recommended that a blasting consultant should be deployed for the blasting plans on behalf of the contractor, if required. During construction blasting plan should be confirmed through the performance of limited scale test blasts. 6.4 Instruments & Monitoring Monitoring of reinforced slope is essential for different parameters therefore required reasonably instruments can be installed withthe permission of site Engineer- in-charge. 7.0 Drawings List of drawings is below and all the drawings have been attached at the end of the report 8.0 References + IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002, fith edition, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures© IS 14448 : 1997, Indian Standard Code for Practice for Reinforcement of Rock Slopes with Plane Wedge Failure forced Concrete (3" Revision) + 18.456 : 1978, Code of Practice for Plain and Reir + 1S 4031 (Part 5) : 1988, Method of Physical Test for Hydraulic Cement : Part § Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time (1" Revision) © 1S 11909 : 1985, Method for Conducting Pull Out Test for Anchor Bars and Rock Bolts i 1 i i i 22 Moy 2018oesiget, bumgnes Burgewar a tupige, peblions worbuel ME HINOS somes 5 aa fers : i Sam > | per Wi 1 9, ae 4 wo Seueio one 188) VIN | { qwaan : ee eee eee A aSn) NTA NOK | ‘SsunsvaH NOUYOULN -xz14NOD INS BHYZVE NYOKH GTO | ‘auy sons nvONY 'NDDIIS HLNON ‘NYONYH |_| | ‘swanavnoayse 1onusia HLMON 1¥ saunsvaw NoLLWOILIN SSQNSONV"1NVONYW NO (ida) LO LOAPOLA IVA ‘usrmmanuonon90 «e3] Siete syorony sou Krissy x ‘Bases sraniso7 a 9 Sunneo snale au resto Fautiaow 08 8 ex (ewe — = = SORA RAARA RAR AAA WA ww A_# ..‘WDIS HLUON ‘NVONYHL ‘suaiuvndavaH LoRHSIG HLYON L¥ SaUNSVaM NOLLVOLLIN ‘S3QNSQNYT NVONYH NO (da) Loe LOAPOUA TWVI3| ee) Tare |e a a | ree a —— saunsvan nouvOuN ‘Toots snwanoa3s Us 0 Vau¥ ONaNNOLNS emt monmown EF] sy gl by. ADDIS HLUON 'NYONVIN ‘suaLuvndavaH LoRi1sIG HLUON LY SaunNSvaM NOLYOLLIN ‘SSQNSQNYNVONYN NO (sda) LYOds LOBTONA WWIIa carramsroawneswioen [SOR [oarfaneleen] mas | | -nanuvasa NSRGOVMEN HBLS¥S ® ANNRATY NN WDDIIS HLUON NYONVHN ‘suaLuvnbavaH LoRuUSIG HLYON LY SauNSVaM NOLVOLLIN L SSQNSQNY 1 NVONYW NO (ida) Nod LO3POWA TIVLIG swxnony aa | Sy ia| 135200" Astos von aauniovis 'PORHLVSM HOM panera cane ELS] remiswsauons [EBT | | | “=n ‘ooHos suvanooas us ouLaa6 1731003030 usossoswoavin SS]“in aane aoaprNENBoeH = FI ee wanuwvaza staaDenin enLevER 8 amaxavow — |-—| tee! DIS HLMON ‘NYONVN ‘S¥aLMVNDOVaH LOndLSIG HLUON.1¥ S3uNSVaM NOUYOLLIN ‘SSONSNVTNVONYW NO (ida) Lod LOPONA TIVIIa usossoswosven [SS vawv onpiuva mova Nowoas "WaIDoTO30