ICSP2012 Proceedings

Analytical Study of Signal Processing on WiMAX

System via Physical Layer Simulation Build on
IEEE802.16 Standard
T. Inchan and C. Benjangkaprasert
Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
s3611136@kmitl.ac.th, kbchawal@kmitl.ac.th

Abstract— IEEE802.16, which known as WiMAX technology,
that is a promised broadband wireless technology that promises
high-speed data services up to the costumer end. The aim of this
paper is the study of the performance evaluation of a WiMAX
system, which building physical layer block models, build on
IEEE802.16 standards. The model simulate for study and
analysis in the effects of difference transmission channel
condition consist of AWGN channel and Rician fading channel
concatenated.
Keywords - WiMAX; IEEE802.16; Rician fading; Physical
Layer; OFDM
randomizer use a pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS)
generator, that is implement of shift-registers for generate
PRBS codes as shown in Fig. 1.
The randomizer is initialized at the start of each frame with
the sequence: 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0, that is not reset at
the start of burst 1.
At the start of subsequent bursts (starting from burst 2),
initialization with the vector in Fig. 2 [2].

I. INTRODUCTION
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) refers to interoperable implementations of the
IEEE802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by
the WiMAX Forum[1,2]. WiMAX technology is broadband
wireless technology, which transmitted on the line-of-sight
Figure 1. Data randomize sequence.
(LOS) and non line-of-sight (NLOS) transmission, operating in
the 2 GHz to 11 GHz range and 10 GHz to 66 GHz range
respectively. Furthermore, WiMAX systems, that support air
interfaces access for fixed, nomadic, and mobile wireless
communications. The operation is wildly coverage area LOS :
2-5 km and NLOS : 5-50 km [1-4].
In this paper, we focus on the physical layer of WiMAX
BSID is base station indentifier.
system simulating on IEEE802.16 standards, which data DIUC is downlink interval usage code.
transmitted on the transmission channel. The transmission
channel component of AWGN(Additive white Gaussian Noise) Figure 2. Down link initialization vector for burst 2,…,N.
channel and Rician fading channel with concatenated.
From the Fig. 1, which illustrate for the PRBS generator
The paper is organized as follows. Overview of WiMAX used is [7]
physical layer is providing in section II. We establish a
 1  x14  x15  (1)
simulation model with channel, AWGN and Rician fading in
section III. Section IV, the simulating of the system results is
described, and finally conclusion is described in section V. De-Randomizer on the receiver side uses the same process
for data de-randomization.
II. WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER WIMAX
The WiMAX physical layer defined by the standard B. Forward Error Correction (FEC)
documents[1,2], which included of data randomization, The FEC encode, that is defined by standards[1], which
forward error correction (FEC), interleaving, and modulation. have 3 optional for the encoding, the first is concatenated reed-
solomon–convolutional coding (RS–CC encoder), the second is
A. Data Randomization block turbo coding (BTC encoder), and the last is
convolutional turbo coding (CTC encoder).
The processing of randomizer, which operating on each
burst of data on the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL). The In this paper, the first option is used for the FEC encoding.
___________________________________
978-1-4673-2197-6/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE



Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE. Downloaded on June 11,2022 at 13:23:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
  Reed–solomon encoding (RS), the RS encoding TABLE I. CONVOLUTIONAL CODE PUNCTURING CONFIGURATION
operate by adding redundant bits to the data sequence Code rates
this is done by oversampling a polynomial
constructed from the uncoded data. The RS encoding Rate 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6
shall be derived by RS(N=255, K=239, T=8) code
8 d free 10 6 5 4
using Galois Field, which is GF( 2 ), where
N is the number of overall bytes after encoding. X 1 10 101 10101
K is the number of data bytes before encoding. Y 1 11 110 11010
T is the number of data bytes which can be
corrected.
XY X 1Y1 X 1Y1Y2 X 1Y1Y2 X 3 X 1Y1Y2 X 3Y4 X 5

The number of parity symbols added is N–K
symbols (of T-bits each). The RS decoder can correct
up to (N-K)/2 symbols that contain an error in the
encoded block [7].
For the systematic code, the code generator
polynomial g(x) is given by
g ( x)  ( x  0 )( x  1 )( x  2 )...( x  2T 1 ),   02 HEX (2)
Puncturing patterns defined in the standard can be used to
realize the following different code rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, and 5/6.
C. Interleaving
Interleaving is used to protect the transmission against long
sequences of consecutive errors, which are very difficult to
correct. These long sequences of error may affect a lot of bits
in a row and can then cause many transmitted burst losses. The
interleaver is defined by a two step permutation[1].

and the field generator polynomial p(x) is given by
p ( x)  x 8  x 4  x 3  x 2  1
 Convolutional encoder, the convolutional code are
used to correct the random errors in transmission,
specifying by CC(m, n, k), in which each m-bit
information symbol to be encoded is transformed into
an n-bit symbol, where m/n is the code rate (n ≥ m)
and the transformation is a function of the last k
information symbols, where k is the constraint length
of the code, which have a constraint length equal to
7, and shall use the generator polynomials codes to
drive its two code bits [1].
G1  171OCT for X
G2  133OCT for Y
The first ensures that adjacent code bits are mapped onto
nonadjacent subcarriers. The second permutation that adjacent
coded bits are mapped alternately onto less or more significant
(3) bits of the constellation, thus avoiding long runs of lowly
reliable bits.
The first permutation on interleaver defined by
mk  ( N cbps / 12)  k mod 12  floor (k / 12) (6)
The second permutation on interleaver defined by
s  ceil ( N cpc / 2) (7)
jk  s  floor (mk  Ncbps  floor (12  mk / Ncbps))mod(s ) (8)
where :
N cbps is the number of coded bits per symbol.
(4)
N cpc is the number of coded bits per carrier.
(5)
floor is rounding to the nearest integers towards minus
infinity.
mod is modulus after division.
k is index of coded bits before first permutation.
mk is index of coded bits after first permutation.
jk is index of coded bits after second permutation.

The first permutation on deinterleaver defined by

m j  s  floor ( j / s)  ( j  floor (12  j / Ncbps))mod(s ) (9)

The second permutation on deinterleaver defined by

Figure 3. Convolutional encode.
k j  12  m j  ( Ncbps  1)  floor (12  m j / Ncbps) (10)

where :
j is index of coded bits before first permutation.



Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE. Downloaded on June 11,2022 at 13:23:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 m j is index of coded bits after first permutation. system model is shown in Fig. 6. This model is based on
physical layer specification of IEEE 802.16. The simulations,
k j is index of coded bits after second permutation. which focus on the communication channel, consist of AWGN
channel and Rician fading channel.
D. Modulation
The WiMAX system allows changing the modulation
scheme[4]. If the radio medium is of good quality, a higher
grade modulation scheme can be used that enables achieving a
higher data transfer rate. In the case that the quality of radio
medium decreases (due to increased noise and interference),
the WiMAX system can switch over to a lower-grade
modulation scheme such that sufficient quality and stability of
communication can be assured.
The WiMAX system employs the phase and quadrature-
amplitude modulations BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM Figure 6. WiMAX physical layer simulation model.
[6]. In this paper QPSK modulation is considered.

E. OFDM Construction The Rician K-factor is defined by [5]

Fig. 4 shows the subcarriers types of the OFDM system[4].
An OFDM waveform is then created by applying an Inverse-
Fourier-transform to the source data. The resultant time
duration is referred to as the useful symbol time Tb. A copy of
the last Tg μs of the useful symbol period, termed Cyclic
Prefix (CP), is prepended to enable the collection of multipath
at the receiver, without loss of orthogonality between the
tones. The resulting waveform is termed the symbol time Ts.
Fig. 5 illustrates this structure [4].
s2
K (11)
2 2
where s is the power in the LOS component, and 2 is the
2 2
average power in the non-LOS multipath components.
For K = 0, we have Rayleigh fading, and for K = ∞, we
have no fading, i.e. a channel with no multipath and only a
LOS component. The fading parameter K is therefore a
measure of the severity of the fading : a small K implies
severe fading, and a large K implies mild fading.
Generally, we often refer to the Rician K-factor parameter
in decibels, therefore

 s2 
K (dB)  10 log10 2
(12)
 2 
Figure 4. OFDM subcarriers types.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

The processes of signal processing in WiMAX system were

Figure 5. Cyclic Prefix insertion.
III. WIMAX SIMULATION MODEL
In this section, we establish a simplified system based on
the wireless MAN–OFDM physical layer described in the
simulate on the AWGN transmission channel and Rician fading
channel considered with different SNR values and also
considered with different K-factor values.
The main system parameters are defined as follows: length
of transmission information 50,000 bits, RS coding : N=255,
K=239, T=8, CC code rate = 5/6, QPSK modulation type, and
OFDM : 16 subchannel.
Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 are comparing data scatter plot that
illustrated scattering of data over the received by sending over
the transmission channel, which have the AWGN and Rician
fading concatenated.
Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 are comparing of OFDM spectrum over
the transmission channel.



Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE. Downloaded on June 11,2022 at 13:23:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Figure 7. QPSK mapping at transmitter. Figure 10. OFDM spectrum at receiver.

Figure 8. QPSK mapping at receiver. Figure 11. BER curves at different values of the K-factor versus SNR.

Figure 9. OFDM spectrum at transmitter.

Figure 12. BER curves at different values of the SNR versus K-factor.



Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE. Downloaded on June 11,2022 at 13:23:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig. 11 illustrates the BER performance of the system at
different values of the K-factor and the SNR in the range of 7-
20 dB. From this figure, it is evident that the performance of
the system is directly proportional to the values of K-factor.

Fig. 12 shows the BER performance of the system at

several different values of the SNR and the K-factor in the
range of 0-20. Also from this figure, it is seen that the BER
performance is directly proportional to the SNR values.

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper presents a powerful model for WiMAX
physical layer system on the transmission channel, which
concatenated of AWGN and Rician fading channel. From the
simulation results, it has been shown that the K-factor had
affected the bit error rate of the system as a function of the
values of K-factor. We can concluded that higher K-factor or
less multipath condition provides a lower bit error rate in the
rician fading channel.

REFERENCES

[1] IEEE Standard 802.16™ - 2004, Part : 16 Air Interface for Fixed
Broadband Wireless Access Systems. IEEE, 2004.
[2] IEEE Standard 802.16™ - 2005, Part : 16 Air Interface for Fixed and
Mobie Broadband Wireless Access Systems. IEEE, 2006.
[3] L. Nuaymi, WiMAX: Technology for Broadband Wireless access, Wiley,
London, 2007.
[4] J. G. Andrews, A. Ghosh, and R. Nuhammed, Fundamentals of WiMAX
Understanding Broadband Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Inc, 2007.
[5] X. Yu, Y Kang, and D. Yuan, “Performance analysis of turbo codes in
wireless rician fading channel with low rician factor,” 12th IEEE
International Conference on Communication Technology, 2010, pp. 48 –
51.
[6] M. Skapa and S. Hanus, “Signal processing in WiMAX system,” 17 th
International Conference Radioelektronika, 2007, pp. 1 – 4.
[7] A. G. R. G. Hanna and A. H. Zekry, “Development of WiMAX physical
layer building blocks,” Third International Conference on Intelligent
Systems Modelling and Simulation, 2012, pp. 537 – 541.



Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE. Downloaded on June 11,2022 at 13:23:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.