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 2022-23
EDITION

National Defence Academy &

Naval Academy

More than
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CONTENTS
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 II 1-29 19. Three Dimensional Geometry 218-235
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 I 30-58 20. Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 236-252
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 I & II 1-30 21. Differentiation 253-268
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 II 1-29
22. Application of Derivatives 269-283
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 I 1-27
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 II 1-32 23. Indefinite Integrals 284-294
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 I 33-62 24. Definite Integrals 295-304
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 II 1-14 25. Areas Bounded by Regions 305-312
26. Differential Equations 313-326
MATHEMATICS 27. Vector Algebra 327-344
1. Set Theory 3-12 28. Statistics 345-367
2. Relations and Functions 13-29 29. Probability 368-385
3. Complex Numbers 30-45 30. Miscellaneous 386-388
4. Binary Numbers 46-51
5. Sequences and Series 52-66 GENERAL ENGLISH
1. Spotting the Errors 391-433
6. Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 67-82
2. Vocabulary 434-450
7. Permutations and Combinations 83-92
3. Antonyms 451-460
8. Binomial Theorem 93-101
4. Synonyms 461-470
9. Logarithm 102-106
5. Sentence Improvement 471-480
10. Matrices 107-114
6. Sentence Completion 481-491
11. Determinants 115-132
7. Jumbled Sentences and Paragraphs 492-505
12. Measurement of Angles and
8. Comprehension 506-514
Trigonometric Ratios 133-150
13. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 151-158
GENERAL SCIENCE
14. Height and Distance 159-167
PHYSICS
15. Properties of Triangles 168-177
1. Measurement, Motion and Force 517-530
16. Coordinate System and Straight Lines 178-195
2. Work, Energy and Power 531-536
17. Circle 196-204
3. Centre of Mass and Rotational Motion 537-542
18. Conic Section 205-217
 4. Gravitation 543-549 9. Oxidation, Reduction and
5. General Properties of Matter 550-557 Electrochemistry 697-703

6. Heat and Kinetic Theory of Gases 558-566 10. Non-Metals and Their Compounds 704-721
7. Thermodynamics 567-573 11. Some Important Chemical Compounds 722-734
8. Optics 574-590
BIOLOGY
9. Oscillation and Waves 591-602
1. Diversity in Living World 735-746
10. Electrostatics 603-610
2. Cell and Cell Division 747-755
11. Current Electricity 611-621
3. Constituents of Food (Biomolecules) 756-761
12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current and
4. Structural Organisation of Plants and Animals 762-776
Magnetism 622-633
5. Plants Physiology and Reproduction 777-785
13. Nucleus and Radioactivity 634-639
6. Human System -I 786-796
14. Modern Physics 640-646
7. Human System-II 797-803
CHEMISTRY 8. Health and Diseases 804-812
1. Physical and Chemical Changes 647-649 9. Economic Importance of Biology 813-819
2. Elements, Mixtures and Compounds 650-655 10. Ecology, Biodiversity and Environment 820-828
3. Laws of Chemical Combination and
Gas Laws 656-660
GENERAL STUDIES
4. Concept of Atomic, Molecular and
1. History 831-913
Equivalent Masses 661-667
2. Geography 914-986
5. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity 668-676
3. Indian Polity 987-1020
6. Periodic Classification of Elements 677-684
4. Indian Economy 1021-1046
7. Chemical Bonding 685-689
5. General Knowledge 1047-1086
8. Acids, Bases and Salts 690-696
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2021 (II)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. If x 2 + x + 1 = 0, then what is the 3. If log10 2, log10 (2x − 1), log10 (2x + 3) 5. If p = (1111 … up to n digits), then
value of x 199
+x 200
+x 201
? are in AP, then what is x equal to? what is the value of 9 p 2 + p ?
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (a) 0 (b) 1 (a) 10n p (b) 2 p ⋅ 10n
(c) 1 (d) 3 (c) log 2 5 (d) log 5 2 (c) 10n p − 1 (d) 10n p + 1
Ê (c) Given that, log10 2, log10(2 − 1), Ê (a) Given that,
x
Ê (b) Given that,
x + x + 1=
2
0 ...(i) log10(2 x + 3) are in AP. p = (1111... upto n digits)
∴x 199
+ x 200 + x 201 = x 199(1 + x + x 2 ) ∴2 log10(2 x − 1) = log10 2 + log10(2 x + 3) = 1 + 10 + 10 2 + K + 10 n−1
= x 199 × 0 log10(2 x − 1)2 = log10 2(2 x + 3) 1 (10 n − 1)
=
= 0 ⇒ 2 2x + 1 − 2 ⋅ 2 x = 2 ⋅ 2 x + 6 10 − 1
⇒ (2 x )2 − 4(2 x ) − 5 = 0  n−1 a( r n − 1)
2. If x , y , z are in GP, then which of Q a + ar + ar + K + ar
2
=
the following is/are correct?
Let 2x = y
 r − 1 
⇒ y2 − 4 y − 5 = 0
1. ln(3x ), ln(3y ), ln(3z ) are in AP. 10 n − 1
( y − 5) ( y + 1) = 0 ⇒ p=
2. xyz + ln( x ), xyz + ln(y ), ⇒ y = 5 or y = − 1
9
xyz + ln(z ) are in HP. ⇒ 9 p = 10 n − 1
(Ignore because 2 x cannot be negative)
⇒ 9 p + 1 = 10 n
Select the correct answer using the ⇒ y = 5 ⇒ 2x = 5
code given below. ⇒ 9 p2 + p = 10 n ⋅ p
x = log 2 5
(a) 1 only Hence, option (c) is correct. ∴ Hence, option (a) is correct.
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 4. Let S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}. How many 6. The quadratic equation
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 different 3-digit numbers (with all 3x 2 − (k 2 + 5k ) x + 3k 2 − 5k = 0 has
digits different) from S can be made real roots of equal magnitude and
Ê (a) Given that x, y, z are in GP. which are less than 500? opposite sign. Which one of the
⇒ y 2 = xz ...(i)
(a) 30 (b) 49 following is correct?
(1) If log( 3x ), log( 3 y), log( 3 z) are in AP (c) 90 (d) 147 5
(a) 0 < k <
Then, 2 log( 3 y) = log( 3x ) + log( 3 z) Ê (c) Let S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} 3
9 y 2 = ( 9xz) ⇒ n(S ) = 7 3
(b) 0 < k < only
Three digit number less than 5
9 y 2 = ( 9xz)
3 5
500 = (c) < k <
y 2 = xz 5 3
Hence, statement (1) is correct. 3 6 5 (d) No such value of k exists.
Hence, we can say if x, y, z are in GP. = 3 × 6 × 5 = 90
Ê (d) Since, we2 know that if a quadratic
∴log x, log y, log z are in AP. ∴Option (c) is correct. equation ax + bx + c = 0 has real
⇒ xyz + log x , xyz + log y, xyz + log z Note Hundreds digit can be filled with roots of equal magnitude and opposite
are in AP. 3 choices that are 2, 3, 4. sign.
Hence, Statement (2) is wrong. Similarly, tens digit can be filled Then, b= 0 ...(i)
with 6 ways and unit digit can be and product of roots < 0 ...(ii)
∴Option (a) is correct.
filled with 5 ways.
2 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

In the given quadratic equation, q = − 2 p = − 2(1) 2. From 1; a, b, c are in AP.

3x 2 − ( k 2 − 5k )x + 3k 2 − 5k = 0 q = −2 ∴ b = a + d , c = a + 2d
a = 3, b = − ( k 2 + 5k ), c = 3k 2 − 5k ∴Option (b) is correct. where, d is common difference.
By Eq. (i), b=0 a b c ∴ ( b + c )2 = ( a + d + a + 2d )2
⇒ − ( k 2 + 5k ) = 0 9. If ∆ = d e f = (2 a + 3d )2
⇒ k ( k + 5) = 0 (c + a ) = ( a + 2d + a )4 = (2 a + 2d )4
4
g h i
∴ k = 0, − 5 ( a + b )2 = ( a + a + d )2 = (2 a + d )2
By Eq. (ii), Product of roots < 0 then what is Here, (c + a )4 = ( b + c )2.( a + b )2
c 3d + 5g 4a + 7 g 6g So,( b + c )2, (c + a )2,( a + b )2 are not in G.P.
<0
a 3e + 5h 4b + 7h 6h equal to? Hence, option (a) is correct.
3k 2 − 5k
⇒ <0 3 f + 5i 4c + 7i 6i 1 a
3 11. If A =  ,
(a) ∆ (b) 7∆
⇒ k ( 3k − 5) < 0 0 1
(c) 72∆ (d) − 72∆
∴ 0< k<
5
a b c where a ∈ ù, then what is
3 A 100 − A 50 − 2A 25 equal to?
Ê (d) Given, ∆ = d e f
From (i) and (ii) no such values of k exists.
g h i (a) − 2I (b) − I
Hence, option (d) is correct. (c) 2 I (d) I
3 d + 5g 4a + 7 g 6g where I is the identity matrix.
7. If an = n (n !), then what is
= 3 e + 5h 4b + 7 h 6h  
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + … + a10 equal to? 1 a
Ê (a) A =  0 1 a ∈ ù
3 f + 5i 4c + 7 i 6i  
(a) 10! − 1 (b) 11! + 1
(c) 10! + 1 (d) 11! − 1 3 d + 5g 4a + 7 g g The sequence for given matrix A is
= 6 3 e + 5h 4b + 7 h  1 na 
Ê (d) Given, an = n( n!) h
An =
= ( n + 1 − 1) ( n!) 3 f + 5i 4c + 7 i 0 1 
i  
= ( n + 1)n! − n! By C1 → C1 − 5C 3, C 2 → C 2 − 7C 3  1 100a 
∴A − A − 2 A =
100 50 25
= ( n + 1)! − n! 0 1 
3d 4a g 
∴ a1 = 2 ! − 1! = 6 3e 4b h  1 50a   1 25a 
a2 = 3 ! − 2 ! − −2
0 1  0 1 
3f 4c i    
... ... ... ... ... ... d a g  1 − 1 − 2 100a − 50a − 50a 
a10 = 11! − 10 ! =
=6× 3× 4 e h By C 2 ↔ C1 0 − 0 − 0 1− 1− 2 
b  
∴a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + a10 f c i − 2 0 
= 2 ! + 1! + 3 ! − 2 ! + 4 ! − 3 ! + K+ 11!− 10 ! = = − 2I
 0 − 2
= 11! − 1!
a d g  
= − 72 b e h By R ↔ C
Hence, option (a) is correct.
= 11! − 1
−b a−b−c
c f i
∴Option (d) is correct. a
a b c
8. If p and q are the non-zero roots of 12. If − a b − a + b − c − kabc = 0
= − 72 d e f = −72 ∆
the equation x 2 + px + q = 0, then −a −b −a−b+c
g h i
how many possible values can q
have? Hence, option (d) is correct. (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0)
then what is the value of k?
(a) Nil (b) One 1 1 1
10. If , , are in HP, then (a) − 4 (b) − 2
(c) Two (d) Three
b+c c +a a+b (c) 2 (d) 4
Ê (b) Given quadratic equation Ê (a) Given that,
x 2 + px + q = 0 which of the following is/are correct?
1. a, b, c are in AP a −b a− b−c
and roots are p and q (non zero)
−a − a + b − c − kabc = 0
− coefficient of x 2. (b + c )2 , (c + a )2 , (a + b )2 are in GP. b
∴ Sum of roots = −a −b −a−b+c
coefficient of x 2 Select the correct answer using the
p+ q = − p ...(i) code given below. (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0)
constant term (a) 1 only (b) 2 only R1 → R1 + R 2
∴ Product of roots = (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 0 0 − 2c
coefficient of x 2
pq = q ...(ii) Ê (a) Given that, −a b − a + b − c − kabc = 0
⇒ pq − q = 0
1
,
1
,
1
are in HP. −a −b −a − b + c
b+c c + a a+ b
q ( p − 1) = 0 − 2c[( − a ) ( − b ) − ( − a )b ] − kabc = 0
⇒ b + c, c + a, a + b are in AP.
Q q ≠ 0⇒ p − 1= 0 − 2c(2 ab ) − kabc = 0
⇒ ( a + b + c ) − ( b + c ), ( a + b + c )
p=1 − kabc = 4abc
− (c + a ), ( a + b + c ) − ( a + b ) are in AP.
From Eq. (i) ⇒ k=−4
⇒ a, b ,c are in AP.
p+ q = − p Hence, option (a) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 3

8n + 7 16. If sinθ and cosθ are the roots of the 19. Suppose 20 distinct points are
13. What is ∑ i n equal to, equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then placed randomly on a circle. Which
n =1 which one of the following is of the following statements is/are
where i = − 1? correct? correct?
(a) − 1 (b) 1 (a) a2 + b 2 − 2 ac = 0 1. The number of straight lines that
(c) i (d) − i (b) − a2 + b 2 + 2 ac = 0 can be drawn by joining any two
8n + 7
(c) a2 − b 2 + 2 ac = 0 of these points is 380.
Ê (a) Let S = ∑ in
2. The number of triangles that can
n=1 (d) a2 + b 2 + 2 ac = 0
be drawn by joining any three of
S = i + i 2 + i 3 + ... + i 8n + 7
Ê (c) Given, equation ax + bx + c = 0 …(i)
2
these points is 1140.
 ( i )8n + 7 − 1  i 4( 2n +1) + 3 − 1
=i  =i   QRoots are sin θ and cos θ Select the correct answer using the
 i −1   i −1  ∴ sin θ + cos θ = −
b code given below.
 i 3 − 1 a (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
=i   [Q i 4 n + r = i r ] and sin θ ⋅ cos θ =
c
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
 i −1 d
− i − 1 − i 2 − i On squaring both sides, we get Ê (b) Given, that there are 20 distinct
=i  = points on a circle and we have to draw a
 i − 1 
2
i −1 sin2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ =
b
straight line by joining any two of these
2
1− i a points.
= = −1 c b2
i −1 1+ 2 = 2 Hence, number of straight lines
a a 20 × 19
14. If z = x + iy , where i = − 1, then = 20C 2 = = 190
a( a + 2c ) = b 2 2
what does the equation ⇒ a 2 − b 2 + 2 ac = 0 ∴ Statement (1) is wrong.
zz + | z | 2 + 4(z + z ) − 48 = 0 ∴Option (c) is correct. and Number of triangle
represent? 17. If C (n , 4 ), C (n , 5) and C (n , 6) are in 20 × 19 × 18
= 20C 3 = = 1140
(a) Straight line AP, then what is the value of n? 1× 2 × 3
(b) Parabola (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 ∴Statement (2) is correct.
(c) Circle
Ê (a) C 4 ⋅ C 5 and C 6 are in AP.
n n n
(d) Pair of straight lines Hence, option (b) is correct.

z = x + iy ⇒ 2 ⋅ nC 5 = nC 4 + nC 6 20. How many terms are there in the

Ê (c) Given, 21
2 n! n! n!
∴ z = x − iy = +  a2 b2 
5 !( n − 5)! 4 !( n − 4)! 6 ! ( n − 6)! expansion of  2 + 2 + 2
∴ z + z = 2x  b a 
2 2( n!)
and z = x 2 + y2
5( 4 !)( n − 5) ( n − 6)! where a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 ?
∴ zz +| z|2 + 4( z + z) − 48 = 0 n!  1 1  (a) 21 (b) 22
= +
( x + iy)( x − iy) + x 2+ y 2 + 4(2 x ) − 48 = 0 4 !( n − 6)!  ( n − 4) ( n − 5) 6 × 5  (c) 42 (d) 43
21
x 2 + y 2 + x 2 + y 2 + 8x − 48 = 0 2 1 1  a2 b2 
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 8x − 48 = 0 = + Ê (d)  2 + 2 + 2 
5( n − 5) ( n − 4) ( n − 5) 30 b a 
x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 24 = 0
2n − 8 − 5 1  a 2
21
42
= b
=  + 
a b
which represents circle.
5( n2 − 9n + 20) 30 ⇒   +   b a
Hence, option (c) is correct.  b a 
30(2 n − 13) = 5n2 − 45n + 100
15. Which one of the following is a 5n2 − 105n + 490 = 0
Since, we know that number of terms in
the expansion of ( a + b )n = n + 1
square root of 2a + 2 a + b , 2 2
n2 − 21n + 98 = 0
Hence, total number of terms
where a, b ∈ ú ? ( n − 14) ( n − 7 ) = 0 = 42 + 1 = 43
(a) a + ib + a − ib n = 14 or n = 7 ∴Option (d) is correct.
∴ Option (a) is correct.
(b) a + ib − a − ib 21. For what values of k is the system
(c) 2a + ib 18. How many 4-letter words (with or of equations 2k 2 x + 3y − 1 = 0,
(d) 2a − ib, where i = − 1 without meaning) containing two
7 x − 2y + 3 = 0, 6kx + y + 1 = 0
Ê (a) 2 a + 2 a + b
2 2 vowels can be constructed using
consistent?
only the letters (without repetition)
= 2 a + ib − ib + 2 a 2 − i 2b 2 of the word ‘LUCKNOW’? 3 ± 11 21 ± 161
(a) (b)
= ( a + ib ) + ( a − ib ) (a) 240 (b) 200 10 10
+ 2 ( a + ib ) ( a − ib ) (c) 150 (d) 120 3± 7 4 ± 11
(c) (d)
10 10
= ( a + ib + a − ib )2 Ê (a) In LUCKNOW, there are 2 vowels
Hence, square root of
and 5 consonants. Ê (b) Given equations,
∴4 letter words = 5C 2 ⋅ 2C 2 ⋅ 4 ! 2 k 2x + 3 y − 1 = 0
2a + 2 a + b =
2 2
a + ib + a − ib = 10 × 1 × 24 = 240 7x − 2 y + 3 = 0
∴Option (a) is correct. 6kx + y + 1 = 0
4 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

For consistency, determinant formed by 24. If sin( A + B ) = 1 and Ê (c) Given equation,
the equations π x 4 − 10x 2 + 9 = 0
2k2 3 −1
2sin( A − B ) = 1, where 0 < A, B < ,
2 Let y = x 2
7 −2 3 =0 then what is tan A : tan B equal to? ∴ y 2 − 10 y + 9 = 0
6k 1 1 (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 ( y − 9) ( y − 1) = 0
2 k 2 ( − 2 − 3) − 3 (7 − 18 k ) (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
⇒ y = 9 or y=1
− 1 (7 + 12 k ) = 0 Ê (d) Given, sin( A + B) = 1 x 2 = 9 or y=1
− 10k 2 − 21 + 54k − 7 − 12 k = 0 and 2 sin( A − B) = 1
x 2 = 9 or x 2 = 1
− 10k 2 − 42 k − 28 = 0 π
0 < A, B< x = ± 3, x = ± 1
2
5k 2 − 21k + 14 = 0 ∴ Sum = | 3 | + | − 3 | + | 1| + | − 1|
π
21 ± 441 − 280 Q sin( A + B) = 1 = sin
k= 2 =8
10 π Hence, option (c) is correct.
⇒ A+ B= ...(i)
21 ± 161 2
k= 27. Consider the expansion of (1 + x )n .
10 2 sin( A − B) = 1
Hence, option (b) is correct. 1 π Let p , q , r and s be the coefficients
⇒ sin( A − B) = = sin
2 6 of first, second, nth and (n + 1)th
22. The inverse of a matrix A is given
π terms respectively. What is
− 2 1  ⇒ A − B= ...(ii)
by  3 1 6 ( ps + qr ) equal to?
 2 − 2 Now, adding Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get (a) 1 + 2 n (b) 1 + 2 n2
π π 4π (c) 1 + n2 (d) 1 + 4n
What is A equal to? 2A = + =
2 6 6
1 2   1 − 2 Ê (c) Given, (1 + x )
n
(a)   (b)   π π
 3 4 − 3 4  A = ,B=
3 6 In the above expansion, ( r + 1)th term
1 2  − 1 2  π π
(c)  (d)  ∴ tan A : tan B = tan : tan = nC r x r
 
Tr +1
 3 − 4  3 4 3 6 ∴ T1 = nC 0x ° , T2 = nC1x ′
− 2 1  = 3:
1
= 3:1 p=1 ...(i)
Ê (a) A= 3 1 3
 2 −  ∴ n
C1 = q
2 ∴Option (d) is correct.
n= q ...(ii)
∴ | A | = ( − 2 )  −  − = − ≠ 0
1 3 1
 2 2
25. Consider a regular polygon with Tn = C n − 1x
n n− 1
,
2
10 sides. What is the number of
1
A11 = − , A12 = −
3 Tn + 1 = nC nx n
triangles that can be formed by
2 2
joining the vertices which have no ∴ r=n ...(iii)
A 21 = − 1, A 22 = − 2 common side with any of the sides ∴ s=1 ...(iv)
 − 1 − 1 of the polygon? ∴ ( ps + qr ) = 1 ⋅ 1 + n ⋅ n = 1 + n2
∴adj A =  2 
(a) 25 (b) 50
 3  = (1 + n2 )
 − − 2  (c) 75 (d) 100
2 Hence, option (c) is correct.
 − 1 − 1 Ê (b) Given number of sides ( n) = 10
1 1  2 
∴A =−1
adj A = 3π
| A| 1  3
− −

− 2
Number of triangles which have no 28. Let sin − 1 x + sin − 1 y + sin − 1 z =
2  2  common side with any of the sides of the 2
 1 1 n ( n − 4) ( n − 5) for 0 ≤ x , y , z ≤ 1. What is the value
polygon =
= 2 2  = 1 2  3!
3    of x 1000 + y 1001 + z 1002 ?
2   3 4
 2  ∴Number of triangles
(a) 0 (b) 1
Hence, option (a) is correct. 10 (10 − 4) (10 − 5)
= (c) 3 (d) 6
23. What is the period of the function
6 −1 −1 −1 3π
10 × 6 × 5 Ê (c) Let sin x + sin y + sin z =
f ( x ) = ln(2 + sin 2 x )? = 2
6 Which is only possible when,
π
(a) (b) π (c) 2 π (d) 3π = 50 π π
2 sin− 1 x = , sin−1 y = ,
Hence, option (b) is correct. 2 2
Ê (b) f( x ) = ln(2 + sin2 x ) π
26. Consider all the real roots of the sin−1 z =
Q Period of sin2 x is π. equation x 4 − 10x 2 + 9 = 0. 2
and f( π + x ) = log {2 + sin2 ( π + x )} ⇒ x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
What is the sum of the absolute
= log {2 + sin2 x } ∴ x 1000 + y1001 + z1002
= f( x )
values of the roots?
(a) 4 (b) 6 = 1 + 1+ 1= 3
Hence, period of ln(2 + sin2 x ) = π
(c) 8 (d) 10 Hence, option (c) is correct.
∴Option (b) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 5

29. Let sin x + sin y = cos x + cos y for 31. What is the value of the following? Ê (c) Given that first term of AP = p
 x y   3  3  ⇒ a= p
all x , y ∈ ú. What is tan  +  cot sin − 1   + cot − 1    …(i)
 2 2   5   2  Where, a denotes first term.
equal to? 6 7 and a3 = q , a5 = 3
(a) (b)
(a) 1 (b) 2 17 16 ⇒ a + 2d = q ...(ii)
(c) 2 (d) 2 2 16 17 a + 4d = 3 ...(iii)
(c) (d)
7 6 ∴ pq = a( a + 2d )
Ê (a) Given that,
sin x + sin y = cos x + cos y ∀ x ∈ ú  − 1 3 + cot − 1 3  = ( 3 − 4d ) ( 3 − 4d + 2d )
Ê (a) cot sin 
x +  x − y  5 2
2 sin 
y = ( 3 − 4d ) ( 3 − 2d )
 cos    
 2   2   2
= 9 − 18 d + 8 d 2
  1 −  3   
x + y  x − y
= 2 cos   ⋅ cos   ⇒ cot cot −1
  5 
+ cot − 1 
3 Let f = 9 − 18d + 8d 2
 2   2    
3 2 f ′ = 0 − 18 + 16d
   
x + y −  
2 sin  x y 
5
 = − 18 + 16d
 ⋅ cos    
 2   2  For maxima and minima
⇒ =1  1 − x2 
 x + y x − y f′ = 0
2 cos   ⋅ cos   [Q sin− 1 x = cot − 1  
 2   2    ⇒ − 18 + 16d = 0
 x 
x + y
tan x y  xy − 1  18 9
 = 1 or tan +  = 1 and cot x + cot − 1 y = cot − 1  
⇒ d = = .
 2  2 2 16 8
 x + y 
Hence, option (a) is correct. Now, f ′′ = 16 (Positive)
 3 
⇒ cot cot −1   + cot −1  
4 9
  2   So, f will be maximum at d = .
 0 2  3
30. Let A =  
8
− 2 0   4 × 3 − 1 
 
Hence, option (c) is correct.

and (mI + nA )2 = A , where m, n are ⇒ cot cot − 1  3 2  34. Consider the following statements
  4 + 3  in respect of the roots of the
positive real numbers and I is the   3 2 
identity matrix. What is (m + n ) 1 6 equation x 3 − 8 = 0
equal to? ⇒ =
1
17 17 1. The roots are non-collinear.
(a) 0 (b) 6 2. The roots lie on a circle of unit
2
3 Hence, option (a) is correct. radius.
(c) 1 (d)
2 32. Let 4 sin 2 x = 3, where 0 ≤ x ≤ π. Which of the above statements
 0 2 is/are correct?
Ê (d) Let A =  − 2 0  and ( mI + nA ) = A What is tan3x equal to?
2
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
  (a) − 2 (b) − 1 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
where, I is Identify matrix (c) 0 (d) 1
Ê (a) x3 − 8 = 0
1 0  0 2 Ê (c) Given that 4 sin x = 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2
QmI + nA = m + n ⇒ ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 + 2 x + 4) = 0
0 1 − 2 0
    3
∴ sin2 x = x = 2, 2ω, 2ω 2
m 0   0 2 n 4
= + − 1 + 3i
 0 m  − 2 n 0  π 2π Where, ω =
    ⇒ sin x =
3
= sin or sin
2 3 3 2
 m 2 n
= π 2π Hence, roots are non-collinear and will
− 2 n m  ∴ x = ,
  lie on a circle of 2 unit radius.
3 3
∴( mI + nA ) = A
2
3π Hence, option (a) is correct.
 m 2 n  m 2 n  0 2  ∴ tan 3x = tan
=
− 2 n m  − 2 n m  − 2 0
3 35. Let the equation sec x ⋅ cosec x = p
     = tan π = 0 have a solution, where p is a
 m2 − 4n 2   0 2 2π
4mn
= Also tan 3x = tan 3  
positive real number. What should
 − 4mn m2 − 4n2   − 2 0   3  be the smallest value of p?

= tan 2 π = 0 1
⇒ 4mn = 2 and m2 − 4n2 = 0 (a) (b) 1
∴Option (c) is correct. 2
1
mn = and m = ± 2 n (c) 2
2 33. Let p , q and 3 be respectively the (d) Minimum does not exist
When, m = 2 n first, third and fifth terms of an AP.
1 Let d be the common difference. If Ê (c) sec x ⋅ cosec x = p
(2 n) ( n) = 1
2 the product ( pq ) is minimum, then ⇒ =p
1 sin x ⋅ cos x
n = ± ⇒m = ± 1 what is the value of d?
2
2 3 ⇒ =p
(a) 1 (b) 2 sin x cos x
1 3
∴ m + n = 1+ = 8
2 2 9 9 2
(c) (d) = p
Hence, option (d) is correct. 8 4 sin 2 x
6 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

Where, sin 2 x ∈ [− 1, 1] ⇒ We cannot say A = B 41. Let ABC be a triangle.

If sin 2 x = 1 e.g., if A = φ and B = {1, 2} If cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = − 1,
Then p = 2 will be the smallest value. ⇒ A − B = φ and A ≠ B then which one of the following is
Hence, option (c) is correct. ∴Option (a) is correct. correct?
36. For what value of θ, where 38. Consider three sets X , Y and Z (a) sin A sin B sin C = 0
π having 6, 5 and 4 elements (b) sin A sin B cos C = 0
0 < θ < , does sin θ + sin θ cos θ
2 respectively. All these 15 elements (c) cos A sin B sin C = 0
attain maximum value? are distinct. Let S = ( X − Y ) ∪ Z . (d) cos A cos B cos C = 0
π π How many proper subsets does S
(a) (b)
have? Ê (d) Given that, ABC is a triangle and
2 3
π π cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C = − 1
(c) (d) (a) 255 (b) 256
4 6 (c) 1023 (d) 1024 ⇒ 1 + cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C = 0
 2 B + 2C 
Ê (b) Let P = sin θ + sin θ ⋅ cos θ Ê (c) Given, n( X ) = 6, n( Y ) = 5, n( Z ) = 4 ⇒ 2 cos 2 A + 2 cos  
 2 
∴
dP
= cos θ + cos 2 θ − sin2 θ S =(X − Y ) ∪ Z
2 B − 2C 
dθ Since, all 15 elements are different. ⋅ cos   =0
 2 
n( X − Y ) = 6
dP
For maxima-minima = =0 Hence,
dθ
and n(S ) = 6 + 4 = 10 ⇒ 2 cos 2 A + 2 cos( B + C )
cos θ + cos 2 θ − sin2 θ = 0 ⋅ cos( B − C ) = 0
⇒ Number of proper subsets of S
cos + cos 2 θ − 1 + cos 2 θ = 0
= 2 10 − 1 {Q A + B + C = 180}
2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0
= 1024 − 1 ⇒ 2 cos 2 A + 2 cos (180° − A )
(cos θ + 1)(2 cos θ − 1) = 0
= 1023 ⋅ cos( B − C ) = 0
1
⇒ cos θ = − 1 or cos θ = ∴Option (c) is correct.
2 ⇒ 2 cos 2 A − 2 cos A ⋅ cos( B − C ) = 0
π 39. Consider the following statements ⇒ 2 cos A [cos A − cos( B − C )] = 0
⇒ θ= π or θ=
3 in respect of relations and functions.
⇒ 2 cos A[cos(180° − ( B + C )]
π
θ = π can be neglected as θ ∈  0,  .
1. All relations are functions but all
 2 functions are not relations. − cos( B − C )] = 0
π 2. A relation from A to B is a ⇒ − 2 cos A[cos( B + C ) + cos( B − C )] = 0
∴ θ=
3 subset of Cartesian product  B +C + B − C
⇒ − 2 cos A  2 cos
Hence, option (b) is correct. A × B.  2
37. Consider the following statements 3. A relation in A is a subset of B+ C − B + C 
⋅ cos  =0
in respect of sets. Cartesian product A × A . 2 
1. The union over intersection of Which of the above statements are
− 4 cos A ⋅ cos B ⋅ cos C = 0
sets is distributive. correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 ⇒ cos A ⋅ cos B ⋅ cos C = 0
2. The complement of union of two (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 ∴ Option (d) is correct.
sets is equal to intersection of
their complements. Ê (b) Since, we know that relations can be 42. What is the value of the following
function iff every element has unique determinant?
3. If the difference of two sets is image.
equal to empty set, then the two cos C tan A 0
Hence, first statement is wrong.
sets must be equal. sin B 0 − tan A
If R : A → A then R ⊆ A × A
Which of the above statements are 0 sin B cos C
and if R : A → B then R ⊆ A × B
correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 Hence, 2nd and 3rd statements are (a) − 1
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 correct. (b) 0
∴Option (b) is correct. (c) 2 tan A sin B sin C
Ê (a) Since, we know that distributive
property for sets A, B and C. 40. If log10 2 log 2 10 + log10 (10x ) = 2, (d) − 2 tan A sin B sin C
A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) then what is the value of x? cos C tan A 0
and ( A ∪ B)′ = A ′ ∩ B′ (a) 0 (b) 1
(By De Morgan’s Law)
Ê (b) Let ∆ = sin B 0 − tan A
(c) log 2 10 (d) log 5 2 0 sin B cos C
U Ê (b) Given that,
A B ∆ = cos C [0 + sin B tan A ]
log10 2 ⋅ log 2 10 + log10(10)x = 2
− tan A [sin B cos C − 0]
1
log10 2 × + x log10 10 = 2 = tan A sin B cos C
log10 2
− tan A sin B cos C
1+ x = 2
∴∆ = 0
C ⇒ x =1
Hence, option (b) is correct.
Also, if A − B = φ ∴Option (b) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 7

43. Suppose set A consists of first 250 25K 2 + 1 + 10K 48. If i = − 1, then how many values
= 1 + 5K
natural numbers that are multiples 16
does i − 2n have for different n ∈¢?
of 3 and set B consists of first 200 25K 2 + 10K + 1 = 80K + 16
even natural numbers. How many ⇒ 25K 2 − 70K − 15 = 0 (a) One (b) Two
elements does A ∪ B have? (c) Four (d) Infinite
5K 2 − 14K − 3 = 0
(a) 324 (b) 364 5K − 15K + K − 3 = 0
2 Ê (b) Given that, i = − 1
(c) 384 (d) 400 5K ( K − 3) + 1( K − 3) = 0 To find ( i )− 2n
Ê (c) Given that, A consists of first 250 ( K − 3) ( 5K + 1) = 0 Let i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
natural numbers that are multiple of 3. 1 π
⇒ K = 3 or − ⇒ r = 1, θ =
∴ A = {3, 6, 9, 12, ..., 750}, 5 2
n( A ) = 250 π π
Hence, option (c) is correct. ∴ i =  cos + i sin 
Set B consists of first 200 even natural  2 2
numbers.
46. Consider the digits 3, 5, 7, 9. What −2n
π π
∴ B = {2, 4, 6, 8, ..., 400}
is the number of 5-digit numbers ∴ ( i )−2n =  cos + i sin 
formed by these digits in which  2 2
∴ A ∩ B = {6, 12, ..., 750} − 2 nπ 
each of these four digits appears? = cos   − 2 nπ 
Q n( A ∪ B) = n( A ) + n( B) − n( A ∩ B)  + i sin 
(a) 240 (b) 180  2   2 
= 250 + 200 − 66 (c) 120 (d) 60 = cos( nπ) − i sin( nπ)
n( A ∪ B) = 384
Ê (a) Given digits are 3, 5, 7, 9.  − 1; if n is odd
Hence, option (c) is correct. = ( − 1)n = 
Since, the number of ways to find 5-digit  1; if n is even
44. Let Sk denote the sum of first k numbers = 5! ∴Option (b) is correct.
S 30 but using 3, 5, 7, 9 every time one-digit
terms of an AP. What is a b c
S 20 − S10 will be repeated. 49. If x = ,y = ,z = ,
Hence number of 5-digit numbers with b−c c −a a−b
equal to? 5!
digit 3 repeated = then what is the value of the
(a) 1 (b) 2 2!
(c) 3 (d) 4
following ?
Number of 5-digit numbers with digit 5 1 −x x
Ê (c) Let’s take first K terms are first K repeated =
5!
natural numbers. 2! 1 1 −y
K ( K + 1) 1 1
∴ SK = Number of 5-digit numbers with digit 7 z
2 5!
repeated = (a) 0 (b) 1
30( 31) 2! (c) abc (d) ab + bc + ca
S 30 2
Consider = Number of 5-digit numbers with digit 9 a b c
S 20 − S10 20(21) 10(11)
− 5! Ê (a) Given, x = , y= ,z=
repeated = b −c c−a a−b
2 2 2! 1 −x x
930 ∴Total 5-digit numbers
= =3 ∴ 1 1 −y
310 5! 5! 5! 5!
∴Option (c) is correct. = + + + 1 z 1
2! 2! 2! 2!
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ! R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1
= 4 × 
45. If the roots of the equation
 1 −x
4 x 2 − (5k + 1)x + 5k = 0 differ by  
x
2!
= 0 1+ x − y − x
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 !
unity, then which one of the = 4 ×   0 z+ x 1− x
following is a possible value of k?  2! 
(a) − 3 (b) − 1 = 240 = (1 + x ) (1 − x ) − ( − y − x ) ( z + x )
(c) −
1
(d) −
3
Hence, option (a) is correct. = 1 − x 2 + x 2 + ( y + z)x + yz
5 5  b c   a 
47. How many distinct matrices = 1+  +   
Ê (c) Given equation, c − a a − b  b − c
exist with all four entries taken from
4x 2 − ( 5K + 1)x + 5K = 0 ...(i)  b c 
{l, 2}? +  × 
Let the roots are α and β. c − a a − b
(a) 16 (b) 24
− ( − ( 5K + 1))
α +β = (c) 32 (d) 48  ab − b 2 + c 2 − ac   a 
4 = 1+    
5K + 1 Ê (a) Given digits are 1, 2.  ( a − b ) (c − a )   b − c
= a b  
4 Let matrix = + 
bc

c d  − a) ( a − b )
5K    (c
α ⋅β =
4 QEach entries can filled with 2 ways. ( b − c ) ( a − b − c )a
= 1+
Given that, α −β =1 Therefore, number of distinct matrices ( a − b ) (c − a ) ( b − c )
bc
(α + β) 2 − 4αβ = 1 =2 ×2 ×2 ×2 +
(c − a ) ( a − b )
2 = 16
 5K + 1 − 4 5K  = 1 ( a − b ) (c − a ) + a 2 − ab − ac + bc
    Hence, option (a) is correct. =
 4   4  ( a − b ) (c − a )
8 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

ac − a 2− bc + ab + a 2− ab − ac + bc If Eq. (i) passes through (2, 1) C = ( x , y)

=
( a − b )(c − a ) ⇒ 4 + 1 + 4g + 2 f + c = 0
=0 4g + 2 f + c + 5 = 0 ...(iv) B(2, 2)
Hence, option (a) is correct. On solving Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
50. Consider the following in respect of Eqs. (ii) – Eq. (iii)
the matrix ⇒ 14g − 34f + 4 = 0
A C
1 1 1 ⇒ 7 g − 17 f + 2 = 0 ...(v) (0, 0) (x, y)
A = 1 1 1 Eq. (iv) − Eq. (iii)
 
1 1 1 ⇒ 8g − 16f − 80 = 0 Q∆ABC is equilateral triangle.
1. Inverse of A does not exist g − 2 f − 10 = 0 ...(vi) ∴ AB = BC
2. A 3 = A Eq. (v) − 7 × Eq. (vi)
⇒ (2 − 0)2 + (2 − 0)2
− 3f + 72 = 0
3. 3A = A 2
f = 24 = (2 − x )2 + (2 − y)2
Which of the above are correct ?
From Eq. (vi)
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only ⇒ 8 = 4 + x 2 − 4x + 4 + y 2 − 4 y
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 g = 2 f + 10
⇒ x + y 2 − 4x − 4 y = 0
2
...(i)
1 1 1 g = 58
1 1 1 and AB = AC
Ê (c) Given matrix, A = From Eq. (iv) c = − 4g − 2 f − 5
 
1 1 1 ⇒ (2 − 0)2 + (2 − 0)2
= − 232 − 48 − 5
Q A = 11 ( − 1) − 11( − 1) + 11
( − 1) = 0 c = − 285 = ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2
∴ A − 1 doesn’t exist. ∴ Centre = ( − g , − f ) ⇒ 8 = x 2 + y2 ...(ii)
1 1 1 1 1 1 = ( − 58, − 24) and AC = BC
Now, A 2 = 1 1 1 1 1 1
   ∴Option (d) is correct.
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = ( x − 2 )2 + ( y − 2 )2
1 1 1 1 1 1
52. If r is the radius of the circle, then
 3 3 3 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 4 y + 8
which one of the following is correct?
=  3 3 3 = 3 A ⇒ x + y=2 ...(iii)
  (a) r < 10 (b) 10 < r < 30
 3 3 3 (c) 30 < r < 60 (d) r > 60 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
 3 3 3 1 1 1 8 = x 2 + (2 − x )2
Ê (d) Since, the centre of the above circle
and A 3 =  3 3 3 1 1 1 x + 4 + x − 4x = 8
2 2
= ( − 58, − 24)
  
g = 58, f = 24 and c = − 285 x 2 − 2x − 2 = 0
 3 3 3 1 1 1
2 ± 4+ 8
 9 9 9 ∴ Radius = g 2 + f 2 − c x =
=  9 9 9 ≠ A 2
  = ( 58)2 + (24)2 − ( − 285) 1± 3
 9 9 9 =
= 3364 + 576 + 285 2
Hence, option (c) is correct.
= 4225 Hence, third vertex atleast one irrational
r = 65 unit. coordinate.
Directions (Q.Nos. 51 and 52)
Consider the following for the next two ∴Option (d) is correct. ⇒ Area will also be irrational.
questions that follow. Hence, option (c) is correct.
A circle is passing through the points Directions (Q.Nos. 53 and 54) 54. The difference of coordinates of the
(5, − 8), (− 2, 9) and (2,1). Consider the following for the next two
third vertex is
questions that follow.
51. What are the coordinate of the The two vertices of an equilateral triangle (a) 0 (b) 3
centre of the circle? are (0, 0) and (2, 2). (c) 2 2 (d) 2 3
(a) (− 2, − 50) (b) (− 50, − 20)
53. Consider the following statements. 1± 3
(c) (− 24, − 58) (d) (− 58, − 24) Ê (d) Since, x =
1. The third vertex has atleast one 2
Ê (d) Given that, circle is passing through
the points ( 5, − 8), ( − 2, 9) and (2, 1). irrational coordinate. and y=2 − x
Let the equation of circle be 2. The area is irrational. 1± 3
Which of the above statements y=2−
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i) 2
is/are correct?
If Eq. (i) passes through ( 5, − 8) 3± 3
(a) 1 only y=
∴ 25 + 64 + 10g − 16f + c = 0 (b) 2 only 2
⇒ 10g − 16f + c + 89 = 0 ...(ii) (c) Both 1 and 2 1+ 3 3− 3
If x = ,y=
If Eq. (i) passes through ( − 2, 9) (d) Neither 1 nor 2 2 2
4 + 81 − 4g + 18f + c = 0 Ê (c) Let vertex of A = ( 0, 0) ∴ | x − y| = 2 3
− 4g + 18f + c + 85 = 0 …(iii) B = (2, 2 ) Hence, option (d) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 9

Directions (Q. Nos. 55 and 56) Directions (Q. Nos. 57 and 58) On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
Consider the following for the questions Consider the following for the next two x = 2, y = 1
that follow. questions that follow. ∴ A = (2, 1)
The coordinates of three consecutive The equations of the sides AB, BC and CA On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are of a triangle ABC are x − 2 = 0 , y + 1 = 0 y = − 1, x = 6
A(1, 3), B(− 1, 2) and C(3, 5). and x + 2y − 4 = 0 respectively. ∴ c = ( 6, − 1)
55. What is the equation of the 57. What is the equation of the altitude ∴Circumcentre will be mid-point of
diagonal BD? through B on AC? 2 + 6 1 − 1
AC =  ,  = (4, 0)
(a) 2 x − 3y + 2 = 0 (a) x − 3 y + 1 = 0 (b) x − 3 y + 4 = 0  2 2 
(b) 3x − 2y + 5 = 0 (c) 2 x − y + 4 = 0 (d) 2 x − y − 5 = 0 ∴Option (a) is correct.
(c) 2 x − 3y + 8 = 0
Ê (d) Equation of AB ⇒ x − 2 = 0 ...(i)
(d) 3x − 2y − 5 = 0 Directions (Q. Nos. 59 and 60)
Equation of BC ⇒ y + 1 = 0 ...(ii)
Ê (c) Given, vertices of parallelogram are Equation of AC ⇒ x + 2 y − 4 = 0 ...(iii) Consider the following for the next two
A = (1, 3), B = ( − 1, 2 ), C = ( 3, 5) questions that follow.
A
D C(3, 5) The two ends of the latus rectum of a
parabola are (− 2, 4) and (− 2, − 4).
x+2y–4=0
x–2=0 D 59. What is the maximum number of
parabolas that can be drawn
through these two points as end
B y+1=0 C
A(1, 3) B(–1, 2) points of latusrectum?
On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get (a) Only one (b) Two
ABCD is a parallelogram, then
x = 2, y = − 1 (c) Four (d) Infinite
Mid-point of AC = Mid-point of BD ∴ B = (2, − 1) Ê (b) The maximum number of parabolas
1 + 3 3 + 5   −1 + x 2 + y 
⇒  ,  = ,  Slope of AC =
− coefficient of x that can be drawn through
 2 2   2 2  coefficient of y
−1 + x 4 1
⇒ = ⇒x = 5 m1 = −
2 2 2
2 + y 8 −1 −1
and = ⇒y=6 ∴Slope of altitude BD = = =2
2 2 1
m1 −
∴ Point = ( 5, 6) 2
∴ Equation of BD, ∴Equation of altitude BD drawn from B
on AC having slope 2.
where B = ( − 1, 2) and D = ( 5, 6)
y + 1 = 2( x − 2 ) These two points as end points of
6−2 latusrectum = two
y−2 = ( x + 1) y + 1 = 2x − 4
5 − ( − 1) ∴Option (b) is correct.
⇒ 2x − y − 5 = 0
4 60. Consider the following statements
y − 2 = ( x + 1) Hence, option (d) is correct.
6 in respect of such parabolas
6 y − 12 = 4x + 4
58. What are the coordinates of
circumcentre of the triangle? 1. One of the parabolas passes
⇒ 2x − 3y + 8 = 0 through the origin (0, 0).
(a) (4, 0) (b) (2, 1)
∴Option (c) is correct. (c) (0, 4) (d) (2, − 1) 2. The focus of one of the parabolas
lies at (− 2, 0).
56. What is the area of the Ê (a) Slope of line AB Which of the above statements
parallelogram? − coefficient of x −1
⇒ = =∞ is/are correct?
3 coefficient of y 0
(a) 1 sq. unit (b) sq. units (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
2 0
5 Slope of line BC = − = 0 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) 2 sq. units (d) sq. units 1
2 ∴Angle between AB and BC
Ê (a) Let parabola-1 passes through
origin.
Ê (c) The vertices of parallelogram are =
∞ − ( 0) π
A(1, 3), B( − 1, 2), C( 3, 5) and D(5, 6). 1 + ∞ ⋅ ( 0) π (2,4)
∴Area = | Area of ∆ABC+ Area of ∆ACD| π
1 ⇒ tan θ = ∞ θ=
= | 12 ( − 5) − 1( 5 − 3) + 3( 3 − 2 )| 2
2 (0,0)
Q∆ABC is right angled triangle.
1
+ | 1( 5 − 6) + 3( 6 − 3) + 5( 3 − 5)| ∴Circumcentre will lie on Hypotenuse
2
AC i.e. x + 2 y − 4 = 0 at mid point. (–2,–4)
1
= |−3 − 2 + 3 + ( −1) + 9 − 10 | Equation of AB : x − 2 = 0 ...(i)
2
Equation of AC : x + 2 y − 4 = 0 ...(ii) It’s equation will be
= 2 sq. units
Equation of BC : y + 1 = 0 . ..(iii) y 2 = − 4ax
∴Option (c) is correct.
10 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

Whose leading points of latusrectum will 4 2 66. Let a, b and c be unit vectors such
Hence, −=−
be ( − a, 2 a ) and ( − a, − 2 a ) 6 3 that a × b is perpendicular to c.
∴ a=2 where ( − ) indicates externally division. If θ is the angle between a and b,
∴ Focus = ( − 2, 0) Hence, option (c) is correct. then which of the following is/are
Hence, option (a) is correct. 64. The number of spheres of radius r correct?
61. The locus of a point P ( x , y , z ) which touching the coordinate axes is 1. a × b = sinθ c
moves in such a way that z = 7 is a (a) 4 (b) 6 2. a ⋅ ( b × c) = 0
(a) line parallel to X-axis (c) 8 (d) infinite Select the correct answer using the
code given below.
(b) line parallel to Y-axis Ê (c) Since, we know that the number of
(c) line parallel to Z-axis spheres of radius r touching the (a) only (b) 2 only
(d) plane parallel to xy-plane coordinate axes is 8. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ê (d) Since, point moves in a plane z = 7 Hence, option (c) is correct. Ê (c) Given, that a , b and c be unit vectors
such that a × b is perpendicular to c.
which will be parallel to xy-plane. 65. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid with base
Z
angle between a and b = θ
ABCD. Let A (0, 0, 0), B(12, 0, 0),
∴ a × b = a b sin θ ⋅ c
Z=7 C (12, 6, 0) and G (12, 6, 4 ) be the
{Qa × b is the vector perpendicular to a
vertices. If α is the angle between
and b}
AB and AG. β is the angle between
= 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ sin θ ⋅ c
x AC and AG, then what is the value
= sin θ c
of cos 2α + cos 2β?
Since, a, b and c are lying on the same
40 64
(a) (b) plane.
y 49 49
∴ a ⋅ (b × c ) = 0
Hence, option (d) is correct. 120 160
(c) (d) Hence, option (c) is correct.
49 49
62. Consider the following statements 67. If a + 3b = 3$i − $j and
1. A line in space can have Ê (b) Given, ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.
infinitely many direction ratios. QAngle between AB and AG = α 2a + b = $i − 2$j , then what is the
2. It is possible for certain line that d.r’s of AB = (12 − 0, 0 − 0, 0 − 0) angle between a and b?
the sum of the squares of = (12, 0, 0) π
(a) 0 (b)
direction cosines can be equal to 6
d.r’s of AG = (12 − 0, 6 − 0, 4 − 0)
sum of its direction cosines. π π
= (12, 6, 4) (c) (d)
Which of the above statements 3 2
is/are correct? a1a2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 $ $
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only ∴ cosα = Ê (d) Given, a + 3b = 3 i − j ...(i)
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b 22 + c 22
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 and 2a + b = $i − 2 $j ...(ii)
144 + 0 + 0
= Eq. (i) × 2 – Eq. (ii)
Ê (c) Since, we know that A line in space
can have infinitely many direction ratio 12 2 12 2 + 6 2 + 4 2
(2a + 6b ) − (2a + b ) = 2( 3$i − $j)− ( $i − 2 $j )
and also it is possible for certain line that 144 6
cos α = = 5b = 5$i
the sum of the squares of direction 12 × 14 7
cosine can be equal to sum of its ∴ b = $i
direction cosines. Now, d.r’s of AC = (12, 6, 0)
d.r’s of AG = (12, 6, 4) From Eq. (i)
For example, (1, 0, 0) is the direction
cosines for X-axis. 144 + 36 a = ( 3$i − $j ) − 3b
∴ cos β =
∴ l = 1, m = 0, n = 0, then 180 × 14 a = 3$i − $j − 3$i
l 2 + m2 + n2 = 12 + 0 2 + 0 2 a = − $j
180 180
Hence, option (c) is correct. = =
180 × 14 14 ∴ a ⋅ b = a b cos θ
63. The xy-plane divides the line where θ is the angle between a and b.
∴cos 2α + cos 2β
segment joining the points
= 2 cos 2 α − 1 + 2 cos 2 β − 1 ( − $j ) ⋅ ( $i ) = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ cos θ
(− 1, 3, 4) and (2, − 5, 6).
 6 2  180  2  0 = cos θ
= 2    + 
(a) internally in the ratio 2 : 3
  −2 π
(b) internally in the ratio 3 : 2 7  14   ∴ θ=
 2
(c) externally in the ratio 2 : 3
= 2 
(d) externally in the ratio 2 : 1 36 180  Hence, option (d) is correct.
+  −2
 49 196  68. If (a + b ) is perpendicular to a and
Ê (c) Since, we know that xy-plane divides
the line segment joining the points (x 1, 72 90 magnitude of b is twice that of a,
=+ −2
 z  49 49 then what is the value of
y1, z1) and (x 2, y2, z2 ) in the ratio  − 1  ⋅
 z2 
=
162 − 98 64
= ( 4a + b ) ⋅ b equal to?
A B 49 49 (a) 0 (b) 1
(–1,3,4) (2,–5,6) Hence, option (b) is correct. (c) 8| a |2 (d) 8| b|2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 11

Ê (a) Given, a + b is perpendicular to a . 71. If y = (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 4 ) (1 + x 8 ) an + b n

Ê (c) Given, nlim where a > b > 1
∴ (a + b ) ⋅ a = 0 dy →∞ an − b n
(1 + x ), then what is
16
at x = 0
⇒
2
+ b ⋅a = 0  b 
n
a n 1 +   
a dx
equal to?  a
a ⋅ b = − | a |2 ⇒ lim   Q b < 1
b =2 a
(a) 0 (b) 1 n→ ∞ n  a 
and n  b
(c) 2 (d) 4 a 1−  
∴ ( 4a + b ) ⋅ b = 4a ⋅ b + b ⋅ b   a  
Ê (b) Given, y = (1 + x ) ( 1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 4
= 4( − a
2
)+ b
2
1+ 0
∴ = =1
2
(1 + x 8 )(1 + x 16 ) 1− 0
= − 4a + (2 a ) 2
dy
∴ = (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 4 ) ∞
∴  b =0
=−4 a
2
+ 4 a
2 dx
(1 + x 8 ) ⋅ (16x 15 )  
 a
=0 + (1 + x )(1 + x ) (1 + x ) ( 8x )(1 + x )
2 4 7 16
Hence, option (c) is correct.
Hence, option (a) is correct. + (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) ( 4x 3 ) (1 + x 8 ) (1 + x 16 )
  x
69. Let a , b and c be three vectors such + (1 + x ) (2 x ) (1 + x 4 ) (1 + x 8 ) (1 + x 16 ) 75. Let f ( x ) = 1 + 2k , 0 < x < 2
a , b and c are coplanar. Which of + (1) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 4 ) (1 + x 8 ) (1 + x 16 )  kx , 2≤ x < 4
the following is/are correct? ∴
dy
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1= 1 If lim f ( x ) exists, then what is the
x→2
1. (a × b ) × c is coplanar with dx x = 0
a and b Hence, option (b) is correct.
value of k?
2. (a × b ) × c is perpendicular to (a) − 2 (b) − 1
72. If y = cos x ⋅ cos 4 x ⋅ cos 8x , then (c) 0 (d) 1
a×b 1 dy π
Select the correct answer using the what is at x = equal to? 1 + x ; 0 < x < 2
code given below. y dx 4 Ê (d) Let f( x )  2 k
 kx ; 2≤x<4
(a) 1 only (a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
(b) 2 only Q lim f( x ) exists
Ê (a) Given, y = cos x ⋅ cos 4x ⋅ cos 8x x →2
(c) Both 1 and 2 ⇒ lim f( x ) = lim ( kx )
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 ∴log y = log cos x + log cos 4x x → 2− x → 2+
+ log cos 8x
lim  1 +
Ê (c) Given that a, b, c are coplanar. x 
 = lim ( kx )
n → 2−  2 k  x → 2+
On differentiating w.r.t ‘x’.
⇒ a ⋅ (b × c ) = 0 = b ⋅ (c × a )
1 dy 1 1
= c ⋅ (a × b ) ⋅ = ( − sin x ) + 1+
2
= 2k
y dx cos x cos 4x
⇒ [a b c ] = [b c a ] = [c a b ] = 0 2k
1 2
Q (a × b ) × c = − c × (a × b ) ( − 4 sin 4x ) + ( − 8 sin 8x ) = 2k − 1
cos 8x 2k
= − [(c ⋅ b )a − (c ⋅ a )b ]
= − tan x − 4 tan 4x − 8 tan 8x 2 = 4k 2 − 2 k
= − [[c b a ] − [c a b ]]
4k − 2 k − 2 = 0
2
= 2 [c a b ] = 0  1 dy  π
∴  = − tan− 4 tan π 2k2 − k − 1 = 0
Hence, {(a × b ) × c} ⋅ (a × b ) = 0  y dx  at x =
π 4
4 − 8 tan2 π (2 k + 1) ( k − 1) = 0
⇒ (a × b ) × c is perpendicular to a × b.
= − 1− 0 − 0= − 1 1
and coplanar with a and b. ⇒ k = 1 or k = −
Hence, option (a) is correct. 2
Hence, option (c) is correct. Hence, option (d) is correct.
70. If the position vectors of A and B 73. Let f ( x ) be a polynomial function
76. Consider the following statements
are ( 2 − 1) $i − $j and $i + ( 2 + 1)$j such that fof ( x ) = x 4 . What is f ′(1)
in respect of f ( x ) = | x | − 1 :
respectively, then what is the equal to? 1. f ( x ) is continuous at x = 1.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
magnitude of AB? 2. f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0.
(a) 2 2 (b) 3 2 Ê (c) Given, f( x ) be a polynomial such that Which of the above statements
(c) 2 3 (d) 3 3 fof( x ) = x 4 is/are correct?
$ $
Ê (c) Given that, OA = ( 2 − 1) i − j To find f ′ (1) = ? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Q fof( x ) = x 4 ⇒ f( x ) = x 2 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
and OB = $i + ( 2 + 1) $j
∴ f ′(x ) = 2 x Ê (a) Given, f( x ) = | x | − 1
∴ AB = OB − OA
⇒ f ′ (1) = 2 × 1 = 2 Since, modulus function is continuous.
= (1 − 2 + 1)$i + ( 2 + 1 + 1)$j Hence, option (c) is correct. ⇒ f( x ) is continuous at x = 1
AB = (2 − 2 )$i + ( 2 + 2 )$j an + bn and| x | is not differentiable if x = 0
74. What is lim
− bn
n → ∞ an ∴f( x ) = | x | − 1 is not differentiable at
∴| AB | = (2 − 2 )2 + (2 + 2 )2 x =0
where a > b > 1, equal to?
= 4+ 2 − 4 2 + 4+ 2 + 4 2 (a) − 1 (b) 0
Hence, statement (1) is correct and (2) is
false.
= 12 = 2 3 (c) 1
(d) Limit does not exist Hence, option (a) is correct.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
12 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

[x ]
77. If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0, Ê (b) Given that, f( x ) = 1 − sin x Ê (c) Given function,
[x ] y
Since, the range of sin x is [− 1, 1].
where [ ] denotes the greatest − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 (0, 5) f(x)=x2+1
integer function, then what is the − 1 ≤ − sin x ≤ 1
right-hand limit of f ( x ) at x = 1? 1 − 1 ≤ 1 − sin x ≤ 1 + 1
(a) − 1 (0, 2)
0 ≤ 1 − sin x ≤ 2
(b) 0 (0, 1)
(c) 1 ∴Range = [0, 2 ]
(d) Right-hand limit of f(x )at x = 1does Hence, option (b) is correct. x
not exist 80. What is the slope of the tangent of
Ê (c) Given that, f( x ) =
[x ]
,x ≠ 0 π f( x ) = x 2 + 1
y = cos − 1(cos x ) at x = −
in (1, 2)
| x| ?
4 ⇒ y = x2 + 1
[x ]
= lim (a) − 1 (b) 0 x 2 = ( y − 1)
x → 1+ | x| (c) 1 (d) 2 Which is the equation of parabola with
x = 1 + h, where h → 0 −1
Ê (a) Given that, y = cos (cos x ) vertex ( 0, 1).
[1 + h] 1 x =1
∴ lim = = =1 Since range of cos − 1 x is [0, π ]. At
h→ 0 [1 + h] | 1 + 0 | f(1) = 12 + 1 = 2
∴ y = cos −1 (cos x ) = − x,
Hence, option (c) is correct.
if x ∈ ( − π, 0) f(2 ) = 2 2 + 1 = 5
78. Consider the following statements π Hence, maximum value of the function in
Q x =− (1, 2 ) is 5 and minimum value is 2.
in respect of the function. 4
 1 ∴ y=−x
Hence, option (c) is correct.
f ( x ) = sin  2  , x ≠ 0.
x  dy 83. If f ( x ) satisfies f (1) = f ( 4 ), then
⇒ = −1 4
1. It is continuous at x = 0, dx what is ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx equal to?
if f (0) = 0.
1
∴Slope of tangent = − 1
2 (a) − 1 (b) 0
2. It is continuous at x = . Hence, option (a) is correct.
(c) 1 (d) 2
x 81. What is the integral of f(1) = f( 4)
Which of the above statements Ê (b)
f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 + x 4 with respect to 4
is/are correct? ∴ ∫ f ′ ( x )dx = [f( x )]14 = f( 4) − f(1)
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only x 2?
1
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 x 3
x 5
= f(1) − f(1) = 0
(a) x + + +C
π
 1 3 5
Ê (b) Given that, f( x ) = sin 2  , x ≠ 0 x3 x5 84. What is ∫ 2 e ln(cos x )dx equal to?
x (b) + +C 0
At x = 0, 3 5 (a) − 1 (b) 0
x4 x6 (c) 1 (d) 2
LHL lim sin 2  (c) x 2 + + +C
1 π π
x → 0− x  4 6 2 2
Ê (c) Let I = ∫ e ∫ (cos x )dx
4 6
x x ln(cos x )
dx =
= value in between − 1 and + 1 (d) x 2 + + +C
2 3 0
π
0
RHL lim sin  2 
1 π
x → 0+ x  Ê (d) Given function, f( x ) = 1 + x + x
2 4
= [sin x ]02 = sin
− sin 0 = 1
2
= value in between − 1 and + 1 ∴Integral of f( x ) w.r.t x 2. Hence, option (c) is correct.
∴ Limit doesn’t exist ⇒ f( x ) is not = ∫ (1 + x 2 + x 4 ) ⋅ 2 x dx
continuous at x = 0. 85. If ∫ 1 − sin 2xdx = A
= ∫ (2 x + 2 x 3 + 2 x 5 )dx
At x =
2
, sin x + B cos x + C , where
π x4 x6 π
= x2 + + +C 0 < x < , then which one of the
π
lim sin 2  = sin =
1 1 2 3 4
x→
2 x  4 2 Hence, option (d) is correct. following is correct?
π
 2  1 1 82. Consider the following statements (a) A + B = 0 (b) A + B − 2 = 0
Also f  = sin = (c) A + B + 2 = 0 (d) A + B − 1 = 0
 π  2 
2
2 in respect of the function
  f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 in the interval (1, 2). Ê (b) Given that,
 π
∴f( x ) is continuous at x =
2 1. The maximum value of the ∫ 1 − sin2 xdx = A sin x + Bcos x + C ,
π function is 5. π
where 0 ≤ x ≤ .
Hence, option (b) is correct. 2. The minimum value of the 4
function is 2. Let
79. What is the range of the function
I = ∫ cos 2x + sin2x − 2 sin x ⋅ cos x dx
f ( x ) = 1 − sin x defined on entire Which of the above statements
is/are correct?
real line?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
I= ∫ (cos x − sin x )2 dx
(a) (0, 2) (b) [0, 2] π
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 {Q cos x > sin x when 0 < x < }
(c) (− 1, 1) (d) [− 1, 1] 4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 13

I = ∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx 88. What is the differential equation of 91. Consider the following statements
I = sin x + cos x + C B
y=A− ?
in respect of the function
1
= A sin x + B cos x + C x f (x ) = x + ⋅
∴ A = 1, B = 1 (a) xy2 + y1 = 0 (b) xy2 + 2 y1 = 0 x
(c) xy2 − 2 y1 = 0 (d) 2 xy2 + y1 = 0 1. The local maximum value of
∴ A + B − 2 = 1+ 1− 2 = 0
Ê (b) Given, y = A −
B f ( x ) is less than its local
Hence, option (b) is correct. x minimum value.
86. What is the order of the differential On differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’ 2. The local maximum value of
= 0 − B  − 2  = 2 f ( x ) occurs at x = 1.
equation of all ellipses whose axes dy 1 B
are along the coordinate axes? dx  x  x Which of the above statements
(a) 1 (b) 2 x2
dy
=B is/are correct?
(c) 3 (d) 4 dx (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Ê (b) Since, the equation of ellipse On differentiating again w.r.t ‘x’. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
x2 y2 d 2y 1
+ 2 =1 x2 ⋅ +
dy
⋅ (2 x ) = 0 Ê (a) Given, f( x ) = x +
a 2
b dx 2 dx x
1 2
∴There are 2 variable a and b. ⇒ x ( xy2 + 2 y1 ) = 0 f ′(x ) = 1 − and f ′′( x ) = 3
x2 x
∴Order of the differential equation = 2 ⇒ xy2 + 2 y1 = 0
For critical points f ′ ( x ) = 0
Hence option (d) is correct. Hence, option (b) is correct.
1
1− 2= 0
87. What is the degree of the π  x
89. What is ∫ ln  tan  dx equal to?
x
differential equation of all circles 0  2 x =±1
touching both the coordinate axes At x = 1, f ′′( x ) = 2 > 0
1
in the first quadrant? (a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2 ⇒ f( x ) is minimum at x = 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 π ⇒ f(1) = 2
 x
(c) 3 (d) 4 Ê (a) Let I = ∫ ln  tan  dx ...(i) At x = − 1 f ′′( x ) = − 2 < 0
2
Ê (b) If r be the radius of circle. 0
⇒ f( x ) is maximum at x = − 1
π
 π − x 
I = ∫ ln  cot 
Since, the circle touching both the
  dx ⇒ f( − 1) = − 2
coordinate axes in the first quadrant.   2 
0 Hence, statement (1) is correct and (2) is
y π false.
 x 
I = ∫ ln  cot    dx ...(ii)
 2  ∴Option (a) is correct.
0

r Adding Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) 92. What is the maximum area of a
(r, r)
π rectangle that can be inscribed in a
  x
+ ln  cot   dx
∫ ln  tan 2 
r x
2I = circle of radius 2 units?
x  2 
0
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 6 sq. units
π π
= ∫ ln tan ⋅ cot  dx = ∫ ln(1) dx
x x (c) 8 sq. units (d) 16 sq. units
∴Centre = ( r, r ) and radius = r  2 2  Ê (c) Let x and y be the length and
0 0
∴Equation of circle 2I = 0 breadth of rectangle respectively.
( x − r )2 + ( y − r )2 = r 2 ∴ I=0
D C
x 2 + y 2 − 2 xr − 2 yr + r 2 = 0 …(i) Hence, option (a) is correct. 2
2 x + 2 yy′ − 2 r − 2 ry′ = 0 90. Where does the tangent to the curve O y
r(1 + y′ ) = x + yy′ y = e at the point (0, 1) meet X -axis?
x 2
x + yy′ (b) (− 1, 0) A B
r= (a) (1, 0) x
1 + y′
(d)  − , 0
1
(c) (2, 0) In ∆ABC,
Putting the value of r in Eq. (i)  2 
x 2 + y 2 = 16
( x + yy′ ) ( x + yy′ ) Ê (b) Given curve, y = e
x
x 2 + y2 − 2 x −2y ⇒ y = 16 − x 2
1 + y′ 1 + y′ dy
∴ = ex
2 ∴Area of rectangle, A = xy
 x + yy′  dx
+   =0  dy  A = x 16 − x 2
 1 + y′    = e0 = 1
 dx  at(0, 1) dA x
(1 + y′ )2 x 2 + (1 + y′ )2 y 2 − 2 x ( x + yy′ ) = 16 − x 2 + (− 2 x )
∴ Equation of tangent at (0, 1). dx 2 16 − x 2
(1 + y′ ) − 2 y( x + yy′ ) (1 + y′ )
y − 1 =   16 − x 2 − x 2 16 − 2 x 2
dy
+ ( x + yy′ )2 = 0 ( x − 0) = =
 dx  at(0, 1)
(1 + y′ ) ( x + y ) − 2( x − y) ( x + yy′ )
2 2 2 16 − x 2 16 − x 2
y − 1= x
(1 + y′ ) + ( x + yy′ )2 = 0 For maximum A,
Since, ( − 1, 0) satisfies above equation.
Hence, the degree of the differential dA
=0
Hence, option (b) is correct.
equation is 2. dx
14 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

16 − 2 x 2 98. If the function f ( x ) = x 2 − kx is

x
Ê (a) Let y1 = e and y2 = e
e x
⇒ =0 ⇒ 16 − 2 x 2 = 0
16 − x 2 dy1 x dy monotonically increasing in the
∴ = ee ⋅ e x , 2 = e x
⇒ x2 = 8 ⇒ x =±2 2 dx dx interval (1, ∞ ), then which one of
dy1 ee ⋅ e x
x
the following is correct?
−4x . 16 − x 2 − (16 − 2 x 2 )
x
⇒ = = ee (a) k < 2 (b) 2 < k < 3
1 dy2 ex
( −2 x ) (c) 3 < k < 4 (d) k > 4
d 2A 2 16 − x 2 ∴Option (a) is correct.
Now, = Ê (a) Let the function f( x ) = x − kx is
2
dx 2 16 − x 2 95. What is the condition that monotonically increasing in (1, ∞ ).
− 4x (16 − x 2 ) + x (16 − 2 x 2 ) f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + kx has no local
= ⇒ f ′(x ) ≥ 0
(16 − x 2 )3/ 2 extremum? ⇒ 2x − k ≥ 0
− 3x (16 − x 2 ) (a) 4k < 1 (b) 3k > 1 ⇒ k ≤ 2 x in (1, ∞ ) at lower value
=
(16 − x 2 )3/ 2 (c) 3k < 1 (d) 3k ≤ 1 at x =1
Ê (b) Given that, f( x ) = x + x + kx
3 2
 d 2A  − 3(2 2 )(16 − 8) k<2
 2 = (Negative)
 dx  at x = 2 2 (16 − 8)3/ 2 Qf( x ) has no local extremum. Hence, option (a) is correct.
⇒ f ′(x ) ≠ 0 99. What is the area bounded by
∴ y = 16 − (2 2 ) = 2 2 2
⇒ 3x 2 + 2 x + k ≠ 0 y = [ x ], where [⋅] is the greatest
Area = 2 2 × 2 2 = 8 sq. units integer function, the X -axis and the
for no extremum, D < 0
Hence, A is maximum at x = 2 2. lines x = − 1.5 and x = − 1.8 ?
⇒ (2 )2 − 4( 3) ( k ) < 0
(a) 0.3 sq. unit (b) 0.4 sq. unit
93. What is ∫
dx ⇒ 4 − 12 k < 0
equal to? (c) 0.6 sq. unit (d) 0.8 sq. unit
x ( x + 1)
2
3k > 1
1  x2  Ê (c) Given, y = [x ]
∴Option (b) is correct.
(a) ln  2  +C
2  x + 1
Y
96. If f ( x ) = 2x , then what is
 x2  f ′( x )
(b) ln  2  + C 10
∫2
–1.8 –1.5
dx equal to?
 x + 1 f (x )
–2 –1
3  x2  X
(c) ln  2  +C (a) 4ln2 (b) ln4 1 2
2  x + 1 (c) ln5 (d) 8ln2 –1
1  x 2 + 1 Ê (d) Given, f( x ) = 2
x
–2
(d) ln   +C
2  x 2  10
f ′(x )
∴ ∫ 2 = [ln 2 ]2
dx = [ln f( x )]10 x 10
−1.5 − 1.5
∫ x (x 2 + 1)
dx
Ê (a) Let I= f( x )
2
= [x ln 2 ]210 ∴ Area = ∫ [x ] dx = ∫ (− 2 ) dx
−1.8 − 1. 8
1 A Bx + C = 10 ln 2 − 2 ln 2
Q = + 2 = − 2( x )−− 1.5
x ( x 2 + 1) x x +1 = 8 ln 2 1.8

∴Option (d) is correct. = − 2( − 1.5 + 1.8) = − 0.6

(by using partial fraction) ∴ Area = 0.6 sq. unit
0
Ax 2 + A + Bx 2 + Cx
1
x ( x + 1)
2
=
x ( x + 1)
2
97. If
∫− 2 f ( x ) dx = k , then Hence, option (c) is correct.
0 100. The tangent to the curve x 2 = y at
1 = ( A + B)x 2 + Cx + A ∫− 2 | f ( x ) | dx is (1, 1) makes an angle θ the with the
⇒ A + B = 0, C = 0, A = 1
(a) less than k positive direction of X -axis. Which
∴ B= − A= −1 (b) greater than k one of the following is correct?
1 x  (c) less than or equal to k π π π
∴I = ∫ = ∫ − 2
dx
 dx (a) θ < (b) < θ<
x ( x 2 + 1) x x + 1 (d) greater than or equal to k 6 6 4
0
π π π π
1
= ln x − ln( x 2 + 1) + C Ê (d) Given, ∫ f( x )dx = k (c) < θ< (d) < θ <
2 −2
4 3 3 2
Ê (d) Given, curve y = x
1 1 2
= (2 ln x ) − ln ( x 2 + 1) + C 0
2 2 To find ∫ f( x ) dx dy
= 2x
1 −2
= (ln x 2 − ln( x 2 + 1)) + C dx
2 Let f( x ) = x dy
= 2 × 1= 2
1  x2  0
= ln 2  +C 0
x2 dx at(1, 1)
2  x + 1 ∴ ∫ x dx =  2  = − 2 = k ⇒ tan θ = 2
−2  − 2
Hence, option (a) is correct. π π
0 0 Q tan = 3 = 1.732 and tan = ∞
94. What is the derivative of e e x with ∴ ∫ x dx = − ∫ x dx 3
π π
2
−2 −2
respect to e x ? ∴ <θ<
x = − (− 2 ) = 2 ≥ k 3 2
(a) ee (b) e x Hence, option (d) is correct.
x ∴Option (d) is correct.
(c) ee e x (d) ee x
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 15

101. Consider the following relations for 2 2 Which of the above statements
(a) (b)
two events E and F. 5 3 is/are correct?
1 1
1. P ( E ∩ F ) ≥ P ( E ) + P ( F ) − 1 (c) (d) (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
3 4 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. P ( E ∪ F ) = P ( E ) + P ( F ) + P ( E ∩ F ) 1 3
3. P ( E ∪ F ) ≤ P ( E ) + P ( F ) Ê (d) Given, P( A ) = , P( B) = , P(C ) = p Ê (c) Two regression lines are
2 4
Which of the above relations is/are 3x − 4 y + 8 = 0, 4x − 3 y − 1 = 0
QProbability that the problem can not be
correct? for finding the regression line of y on x
solved = P( A ) ⋅ P( B ) ⋅ P(C )
(a) 1 only (b) 3 only 3x − 4 y + 8 = 0
=  1 −   1 −  (1 − p)
1 3
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
 4 y = 3x + 8
2  4
Ê (c) Let E and F be two events. y =   x + 2
3
1 1 ...(i)
Then, P( E ∪ F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) − P( E ∩ F ) = × (1 − p)  4
2 4
...(i) 1− p and the regression line of x on y:
=
or P( E ∪ F ) ≤ P( E ) + P( F ) 8 4x − 3 y − 1 = 0
P (E ∪ F ) ≤ 1 ∴ Probability that the problem can be 4x = 3 y + 1
− P (E ∩ F ) ≥ − 1 solved 3
x = y+
1
...(ii)
⇒ P( E ) + P( F ) − P( E ∪ F ) ≥ P( E ) + P( F ) − 1 = 1 − Probability that the problem cannot 4 4
⇒ P ( E ∩ F ) ≥ P( E ) + P( F ) − 1 be solved Hence, option (c) is correct.
29 (1 − p)
Hence, option (c) is correct. = 1− 107. Consider the following statements.
32 8
102. If P ( A / B ) < P ( A ), then which one 1− p 29
1. The coefficient of correlations
of the following is correct? = 1− 3
8 32 r is
(a) P(B| A) < P(B) (b) P(B| A) > P(B) 1− p 3 4
(c) P(B| A) = P(B) (d) P(B| A) > P( A) = 2. The means of x and y are 3 and 4
8 32
 A respectively.
Ê (a) If P   < P( A ) 1− p=
3
B 4 Which of the above statements
P( A ∩ B) is/are correct?
P   =
A 1
Q < P( A ) ∴ p=
 B P( B) 4
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
P( A ∩ B) (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
⇒ < P( B)
Hence, option (d) is correct.
P( A ) 105. In a cricket match a batsman hits a Ê (a) Since, regression line of y on x
3
P   < P( B) six 8 times out of 60 balls he plays. ⇒ y= x +2
B
⇒
 A What is the probability that on a
4
3
ball played he does not hit a six? ∴ b xy =
Hence, option (a) is correct. 4
2 1 2 13 and regression line of x on y
103. When the measure of central (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 15 15 15 3 1
tendency is available in the form of ⇒ x = y+
mean, which one of the following is Ê (d) Since, the batsman hits a six 8 times 4 4
out of 60 balls. 3
the most reliable and accurate ∴ b yx =
measure of variability? The batsman could not hit sixes in (60-8) 4
(a) Range
balls. ∴Coefficient of correlations
(b) Mean deviation ∴ Probability that on a ball played he 3 3
52 r= b xy × b yx = ×
(c) Standard deviation does not hit six = 4 4
(d) Quartile deviation 60
3
13 r=
Ê (c) When the measure of central p= 4
15
tendency is available in the form of mean Means of x and y are nothing but the
Hence, option (d) is correct.
then, we know that Standard Deviation is solution of regression lines
the most reliable and accurate measure 3x − 4 y + 8 = 0
of variability. Directions (Q. Nos. 106 and 107)
Consider the following for the questions and 4x − 3 y − 1 = 0
Hence, option (c) is correct.
that follow. 3x − 4 y = − 8 ...(i)
104. A problem is given to three Two regression lines are given as 4x − 3 y = 1 ...(ii)
students A , B and C, whose 3x − 4y + 8 = 0 and 4x − 3y − 1 = 0 Eq. (i) × 4 − Eq. (ii) × 3
probabilities of solving the problem 12 x − 16 y = − 32
1 3 106. Consider the following statements.
independently are , and p, l. The regression line of y on x is 12 x − 9 y = 3
2 4 3 7 y = 35 ⇒ y = 5
respectively. If the probability that y = x +2
4 ∴ 4x = 1 + 3 × 5
29
the problem can be solved is , 2. The regression line of x on y is x =4
32
3 1 ∴Statement (2) is wrong.
then what is the value of p ? x= y+
4 4 Hence, option (a) is correct.
16 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)

th
Directions (Q. Nos. 108 and 109) Marks Frequency Median = 
5 + 1
 term = 3 rd term
Consider the following for the questions 40-45 8  2 
that follow. =x +2
45-50 9
The marks obtained by 60 students in a ∴Mean > Mode and Median < Mean
certain subject out of 75 are given below. 50-55 6
Hence, correct option is (a).
55-60 4
Marks Number of students
60-65 2 112. The mean of 10 observations is 5.5.
15-20 4 If each observation is multiplied by
20-25 5 Ê (b) Highest frequency is given for class 4 and subtracted from 44, then what
25-30 11 25-30. is the new mean?
30-35 6 ∴ Model class will be 25-30. (a) 20 (b) 22
35-40 5 ∴ l = 25, h = 5 (c) 34 (d) 44
∴ f1 = 11, f0 = 5, f2 = 6
40-45 8 Ê (b) Given that, the mean of 10
f1 − f0
45-50 9 ∴ Mode = l + ×h observation is 5.5.
2 f1 − f0 − f2 x + x 2 + K + x 10
50-55 6 Q Mean = 1
11 − 5 10
55-60 4 = 25 + ×5
22 − 5 − 6 x 1 + x 2 + K + x 10
60-65 2 5.5 =
6 275 + 30 10
= 25 + ×5= 10
108. What is the median? 11 11 ∴ ∑ x i = 55
(a) 35 (b) 38 = 27.73 i =1
(c) 39 (d) 40 Hence, option (b) is correct. Also, given that new observations are
Ê (c) 110. What is the mean of natural obtained by multiplying by 4 and
numbers contained in the interval subtracting from 44.
Marks Frequency Cumulative
frequency [15, 64]? Hence, new mean = 44 − 4 × 5.5
(a) 36.8 (b) 38.3 = 44 − 22 = 22
15-20 4 4
(c) 39.5 (d) 40.3 Hence, correct option is (b).
20-25 5 9
25-30 11 20
Ê (c) Mean of natural numbers contained 113. If g is the geometric mean of 2, 4, 8,
in [15, 64]. 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, then
30-35 6 26 = Cf 15 + 16 + 17 + K + 64 which one of the following is
=
35-40 5 31 50 correct?
64 14
40-45 8 39
∑n − ∑r (a) 8 < g < 16
(c) 32 < g < 64
(b) 16 < g < 32
(d) g > 64
n=1 r =1
45-50 9 48 =
50-55 6 54
50 Ê (c) Given that, geometric mean of
64 × 65 14 × 15 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 126, 256, 512, 1024 is
55-60 4 58 −
= 2 2 g.
60-65 2 60 50 2 × 4 × 8 × 16 × 32 × 64
∴ g = 10
N = 60 2080 − 105 × 128 × 256 × 512 × 1024
= = 39.5
50 1
N
∴ = 30 ⇒ model class will be 35 − 40. Hence, option (c) is correct. = (2 1 + 2 + 3 + K + 10 )10
2
1 11
∴lower limit ( l ) = 35 111. For the set of numbers g = (2 55 )10 ⇒ g = (2 ) 2
h = 40 − 35 = 5 x , x , x + 2, x + 3, x + 10 where x is a
natural number, which of the ∴ 2 5 < g < 2 6 ⇒ 32 < g < 64
N
− C. f Hence, option (c) is correct.
∴ Median = l + 2 ×h following is/are correct?
f 1. Mean > Mode 114. If the harmonic mean of 60 and x is
30 − 26 2. Median> Mean 48, then what is the value of x?
= 35 + × 5 = 39
5 Select the correct answer using the (a) 32 (b) 36
Hence, option (c) is correct. code given below. (c) 40 (d) 44
109. What is the mode? (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only Ê (c) Given, harmonic mean of 60 and x is
(a) 27.27 (b) 27.73 48.
(c) Both 1 and 2 2 ab
(c) 27.93 (d) 28.27 Q H=
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
a+ b
Marks Frequency
Ê (a) Given data x, x, x + 2, x + 3, x + 10 2 × 60 × x
15-20 4 where x ∈ N. 48 =
60 + x
20-25 5 → f0 x + x + x + 2 + x + 3 + x + 10
∴Mean = 2880 + 48x = 120x
25-30 11 → f1 5
5x + 15 72 x = 2880
30-35 6 → f2 = =x + 3
5 x = 40
35-40 5 ∴ Mode = x Hence, option (c) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 17

115. What is the mean deviation of first Since, the sum of the digits 7 3
Ê (d) Given, P(not A ) = , P(not B) =
10 even natural numbers? = 1 + 3 + 7 = 11 10 10
(a) 5 (b) 5.5 which is not divisible by 3.  A
P  =
3
0  B  14
(c) 10 (d) 10.5 ∴P (number of divisible by 3) =
3! P( A ∩ B)
Ê (a) Mean deviation of first 10 even P   =
B
∴ ...(i)
natural numbers =0  A P( A )
2 + 4 + 6 + K 20 Hence, option (a) is correct. 7
Since, mean ( x ) = Q P(not A ) =
10 118. What is the probability that the 10
2(10 × 11) roots of the equation x 2 + x + n = 0 ∴ P( A ) = 1 −
7
=
3
= = 11
20 10 10
are real, wheren ∈ N and n < 4? 3
∴Mean deviation 1 P( not B) =
| 2 − 11| + | 4 − 11| + | 6 − 11| (a) 0 (b) 10
4 3 7
+ K + | 20 − 11| 1 1 ∴ P( B) = 1 − =
= (c) (d) 10 10
10 3 2
P( A ∩ B)
9 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 1+ 1+ 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 P   =
A
Ê (a) Given, equation x + x + n = 0,
2
=  B
10 P( B)
where n ∈ N, n < 4
=5 3 P( A ∩ B)
∴ n ∈ {1, 2, 3} =
Hence, option (a) is correct. 14 7
Since, above equation is quadratic.
10 10 10
116. If ∑ x i = 110 and ∑ x i2 = 1540, So, for each value of n, we have two
roots. ∴ P( A ∩ B) =
3
i =1 i =1 20
then what is the variance? ∴Total number of roots = 6 3
(a) 22 (b) 33 When n = 1  B  20 1
Eq. (i) ⇒ P   = =
(c) 44 (d) 55 x2 + x + 1 = 0  A 3 2
10
− 1 ± 1 − 4 − 1 ± 3i 10
Ê (b) Given, ∑ x i = 110 x= =
Hence, option (d) is correct.
i =1 2 2
when n = 2,
10 120. Seven white balls and three black
∑xi = 1540
2
and x2 + x + 2 = 0 balls are randomly placed in a row.
i =1
−1 ± 1 − 8 − 1 ± 7 i What is the probability that no two
Σx i2  Σx i 
2 ⇒ x = =
Q Variance = −  2 2 black balls are placed adjacently?
 n 
n and n = 3, x + x + 3 = 0
2
7 8
1540  110 
2 (a) (b)
= −  − ± 11i 15 15
 10  ⇒ x =
10 2 11 13
(c) (d)
= 154 − 121 There are no real roots. 15 15
= 33 0 Ê (a) There are 10 balls among which 7
∴P (roots are real) = = 0
Hence, option (b) is correct. 6 are white and 3 are black.
Hence, option (a) is correct. ∴Number of ways to arrange 10 balls
117. 3-digit numbers are formed using
= 10!
the digits 1, 3, 7 without repetition 119. If A and B are two events such that
of digits. A number is randomly 7 3 If we put the balls in such a way that no
P ( not A ) = , P ( not B ) = and two black balls are placed adjacently.
selected. What is the probability 10 10
that the number is divisible by 3? 3 ∴Number of arrangements = 7 ! × 8P3
P ( A | B ) = , then what is P ( B | A ) 7 ! × 8!
1 14 ∴ P=
(a) 0 (b)
3 equal to? 5 ! × 10 !
1 1 11 9
(c) (d) (a) (b) 6×7 7
4 8 = =
14 14 9 × 10 15
1 1
Ê (a) Let 3-digit numbers using the digits (c) (d) Hence, option (a) is correct.
without repetition 1, 3, 7 are 3!. 4 2
 PAPER II : English Language and General Studies
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-10) Each item
in this section consists of a sentence
with an underlined word followed by
four words (a), (b), (c) and (d). Select
the option that is nearest in meaning to
the underlined word.
1. He is essentially a lowbrow person.
(a) coarse (b) proud
(c) passionate (d) pathetic
Ê (a) ‘Lowbrow’ means not highly cultured
and lacking in refinement. Hence,
‘coarse’ is its correct synonym.
2. His nostalgia is deep.
(a) excitement (b) longing
(c) happiness (d) ability
Ê (b) ‘Nostalgia’ means a sentimental
longing for a period in the past. Hence,
option (b) is the correct answer.
3. His truancy is detrimental.
(a) loyalty (b) integrity
(c) honesty (d) absenteeism
Ê (d) ‘Truancy’ refers to the problem or
situation of children being absent from
school regularly without permission.
Hence, ‘absenteeism’ is its correct
synonym.
4. He is a maleficent person.
(a) generous (b) cunning
(c) criminal (d) friendly
Ê (c) ‘Maleficent’ means working or
productive of harm or evil. Hence,
‘criminal’ is nearest in meaning to
maleficent.
5. His solemnity is celebrated.
(a) greed (b) desire
(c) trust (d) dignity
Ê (d) ‘Solemnity’ refers to the state of
being serious and dignified. Hence
‘dignity’ is its correct synonym.
6. His bounty is limitless.
(a) benevolence (b) gallantry
(c) nepotism (d) chivalry
Ê (a) ‘Bounty’ means generosity. Hence,
‘benevolence’ is its correct synonym.
7. The Holocaust was experienced by
millions.
(a) celebration (b) destruction
(c) construction (d) beautiful
Ê (b) ‘Holocaust’ refers to destruction that
occurred on a massive scale. Hence,
option (b) is the correct answer.
Part A (English Language)
8. His aversion is known to all.
(a) hospitality (b) hostility
(c) humility (d) humbleness
Ê (b) ‘Aversion’ refers to a strong dislike or
disinclination towards something.
Hence, ‘hostility’ is its correct synonym.
9. To be able to decipher something is
wonderful.
(a) decode (b) encode
(c) simulate (d) animate
Ê (a) ‘Decipher’ means to convert a coded
text or signal into normal language.
Hence, ‘decode’ is its correct synonym.
10. It is the opportune time to think
about investment in the real estate
sector.
(a) honorary (b) appropriate
(c) difficult (d) unsuitable
Ê (b) ‘Opportune’ time means a time that
is suitable for doing something. Hence
‘appropriate’ is its correct synonym.
Directions (Q. Nos. 11-20) Each
question in this section has a sentence
with three parts labelled (a), (b) and (c).
Read each sentence to find out whether
there is any error in any part. If you
find no error, your responses should be
indicated as (d).
11. Nursery classes (a)/ for the children
(b) / starts on April every year. (c) /
No error (d)
Ê (c) Part (c) contains the error. Replace
‘on’ with ‘in’ to make the sentence error
free.
12. The pollution level is very (a) / high
in our city, and (b) / becomes a
health hazard. (c) / No error (d)
Ê (c) Part (c) contains the error. Replace
‘becomes’ with ‘has become’ to make
the sentence error free.
13. Indian is a country of linguistic (a) /
and cultural diversity with (b) /
multiple ethnic and social groups.
(c) / No error (d)
Ê (d) The given sentence is error free.
14. Why does the lapse rate (a) / effect
the tendency (b) / of air to rise ? (c)
/ No error (d)
Ê (b) Part (b) contains the error. Replace
‘effect’ with ‘affect’ to make the sentence
grammatically correct.
15. The thorax is the upper part (a) /of
your body from the neck down (b) /
to the bottom of the ribs and
diaphragm. (c) / No error (d)
Ê (b) Part (b) contains the error. Replace
‘from’ with ‘extending from’ to make the
sentence error free.
16. The practical uses of astrology (a) /
have seldom been seriously (b) /
studied outside India. (c) /
No error (d)
Ê (d) The given sentence is error free and
grammatically correct.
17. She collected (a) / some armful of
medicines and (b) / poured them
down a drain. (c) / No error (d)
Ê (c) Part (c) contains the error. Replace
‘a’ with ‘the’ to make the sentence error
free.
18. In many countries, the United
Nations (a) / or other
internationally organised (b) /
peacekeeping forces are trying to
keep the peace. (c) /
No error (d)
Ê (b) Part (b) contains the error. Replace
‘or’ with ‘and’ to make the sentence error
free.
19. Early cities rely on food and water
(a) / from the surrounding
countryside, (b) / but today cities
often depend on distant sources.
(c) / No error (d)
Ê (a) Part (a) contains the error. Replace
‘early cities rely’ with ‘earlier cities relied’
to make the sentence grammatically
correct.
20. Climate change, whether it is (a) /
natural or human-induced, (b) / is
stressful for the people. (c) / No
error (d)
Ê (c) Part (c) contains the error. Replace
‘for’ with ‘to’ to make the sentence error
free.
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-30) Each
question in this section consists of a
sentence with an underlined word
followed by four words (a), (b), (c) and
(d). Select the option that is opposite in
meaning to the underlined word.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II) 19

21. His opinion is lopsided. 29. Amit is a dogmatic person. The correct sequence should be :
(a) partial (b) crooked (a) assertive (b) amenable (a) PRQS (b) RPQS
(c) unequal (d) balanced (c) bold (d) rigid (c) SPQR (d) QRPS
Ê (a) PRQS
Ê (d) ‘Lopsided’ means not equally Ê (b) ‘Dogmatic’ means of a person
balanced. Hence, ‘balanced’ is its completely certain of their bailiffs and 35. like mine (P) / even to someone
correct antonym. expecting other people to accept them. with (Q) / a tin ear (R) / her singing
Hence, ‘amenably is its correct antonym sounded pretty melodious (S)
22. His work is praiseworthy.
as its means willing to accept what
(a) admirable (b) condemnable The correct sequence should be
someone says or does without arguing.
(c) commendable (d) creditable (a) PRQS (b) RPQS
30. Sachin is very fickle in his behaviour. (c) SPQR (d) QRPS
Ê (b) ‘Praiseworthy’ means deserving (a) stable (b) capricious
approval and admiration. Hence, Ê (d) QRPS
‘condemnable’ meaning blamable is (c) mercurial (d) vacillating
36. The sorry state of affairs in the
opposite in meaning to praiseworthy. Ê (a) ‘Fickle’ means frequently changing modern factories (P) / the
one’s loyalties and affections. Hence,
23. His deeds had retrograde results . ‘stable’ is its correct antonym. Government of India (Q) / under
(a) progressive (b) negative the British was pro-capitalist (R) /
(c) retreating (d) reverse Directions (Q. Nos. 31-40) Each of though it took some half-hearted
Ê (a) ‘Retrograde’ means to revert to an the following items in this section consists steps to mitigate (S)
earlier and inferior conditions. Hence, of a sentence, the parts of which have The correct sequence should be :
‘progressive’ meaning forward-moving is been jumbled. These parts have been (a) PRQS (b) QRSP
its correct antonym. (c) SPQR (d) QPSR
labelled P, Q, R and S. Given below each
24. He always offers palatable sentence are four sequences namely (a), Ê (b) QRSP
solutions. (b), (c) and (d), You are required to 37. of extreme poverty among its people
(a) acceptable (b) agreeable re-arrange the jumbled parts of the (P) / economic policies was the
(c) unacceptable (d) pleasant sentence and mark your answer carefully. prevalence (Q)/a major characteristic
Ê (c) ‘Palatable’ means acceptable or 31. symbolic of peace, and prosperity of British rule in India (R) / and the
satisfactory. Hence, ‘unacceptable’ is its (P)/the Gupta Empire in India is net result of British (S)
correct antonym. (Q)/represented through The correct sequence should be :
25. His views on the subject are numismatic archaeological (R) / (a) PRQS (b) QRSP
microscopic. and literary evidences of multiple (c) RSQP (d) QPSR
(a) broad-based (b) minute kinds (S)
The correct sequence should be Ê (c) RSQP
(c) precise (d) fine
(a) QPRS (b) QSRP 38. you can’t judge (P) / very
Ê (a) ‘Microscopic’ means concerned with (c) PSQR (d) RSQP intelligent, but (Q) / a book by its
minute details. Hence, ‘broad-based’ is
opposite in meaning to ‘microscopic’. Ê (a) QPRS cover (R) / he doesn’t look (S)
32. the transportation system so that it The correct sequence should be :
26. He is always obdurate in his (a) SQPR (b) QRSP
behaviour towards other people. (P) / and not just the affluent
section of society (Q) / provides (c) RSQP (d) QPSR
(a) flexible (b) callous
(c) insensible (d) obnoxious
mobility to everyone (R) / there are Ê (a) SQPR
many ways to restructure (S) 39. membership and partisanship as
Ê (a) ‘Obdurate’ means stubbornly The correct sequence should be :
refusing to change one’s opinion. well as (P) / can be found in the
(a) PQRS (b) RQPS decline in party (Q) / evidence of a
Hence, ‘flexible’ is its correct antonym.
(c) SPRQ (d) QRPS crisis in party politics (R) / in the
27. Mohan always had profound Ê (c) SPRQ rise of antiparty groups and
respect for Sohan. movements (S)
33. and accurately displays spatial (P) /
(a) deep (b) extreme The correct sequence should be :
relationships between landforms
(c) sincere (d) superficial (a) RQPS (b) QRSP
and water bodies (Q) / the globe
Ê (d) ‘Profound’ means very great or shows Earth’s spherical shape (R) / (c) RSQP (d) QPSR
intense. Hence, ‘superficial’ is its correct and comparative distance between
antonym. ‘Superficial’ means Seeming to
Ê (a) RQPS
locations (S)
have a particular quality, although this is 40. government, market and voluntary
not true or real.
The correct sequence should be : organisations (P) / mixture of
(a) PQRS (b) RPQS contributions from (Q) / the
28. We were living in turbulent times. (c) SPQR (d) QRPS
provision of public goods (R) / and
(a) destructive (b) unstable Ê (b) RPQS services can be regarded as a
(c) calm (d) stormy
34. the function of the capillaries (P) / complex (S)
Ê (c) ‘Turbulent’ means involving a lot of and other material to all the cells in The correct sequence should be
sudden changes, arguments ore (Q) / is to take nutrients, oxygen (R) (a) RQPS (b) QRSP
violence. Hence, ‘calm’ is its correct / the body and to take away their (c) RSQP (d) QPSR
antonym.
waste material (S) Ê (c) RSQP
20
Directions (Q. Nos. 41-50) Given
below are some idioms/phrases followed
by four alternative meanings for each.
Choose the most appropriate answer
from among the options (a), (b), (c) or (d).
41. Once-over
(a) To do something quickly
(b) To do something elaborately
(c) To do something perforce
(d) To do something for others
Ê (a) The phrase ‘once-over’ means to
review, inspect or examine something in
a quick fashion.
Hence, option (a) is the correct
answer.
42. A bag of bones
(a) An extremely fat person
(b) An extremely thin person
(c) A wealthy person
(d) A healthy person
Ê (b) The idiom ‘a bag of bones’ means a
very thin person or animal.
Hence, option (b) is the correct
answer.
43. Muddy the waters
(a) To spread dirt around
(b) To make a situation easy
(c) To make one’s life happy
(d) To make the situation complicated
Ê (d) The idiom ‘muddy the waters’
means to make a situation more
complicated or confusing than it was
before.
Part B (General Studies)
51. Girth of stem of a plant increases
due to division of cells in
(a) apical meristem only
(b) lateral meristem only
(c) apical and intercalary meristem
(d) both apical and lateral meristem
Ê (b) The girth of the stem of a plant
increases due to the division of cells in
lateral meristem only. Lateral meristems
are known as secondary meristems
because they are responsible for
secondary growth or increase in stem
girth and thickness.
52. Different varieties of the same gene
are called
(a) Genotypes (b) Sib pairs
(c) Alleles (d) Isomers
Ê (c) Different varieties of the same gene
are called alleles because an allele is a
variant form of a gene. Some genes
have a variety of different forms, which
are located at the same position, or
genetic locus, on a chromosome.
44. To level with
(a) To be honest
(b) To be on a plain
(c) To cheat someone
(d) To take revenge
Ê (a) The phrase ‘to level with’ someone
means to tell someone the truth,
especially when it may be unpleasant.
Hence, ‘To be honest’ gives its correct
meaning.
45. Show your hand
(a) To tell people about the past
(b) To tell people about the future
(c) To tell people about them
(d) To tell people about your plans
Ê (d) The idiom ‘show your hands’ means
to allow people to know about your
intentions.
Hence, option (d) is the correct
answer.
46. To pull up
(a) To lift heavy weights
(b) To check oneself
(c) To shorten the distance
(d) Too short of destination
Ê (b) The phrase ‘pull up’ means to life
cense someone to stop ore pause:
check. So, ‘To check’ oneself given its
correct meaning.
47. Be out of action
(a) To get punishment
(b) To get reward
Alleles contribute to the organism's
phenotype, which is the outward
appearance of the organism. Some
alleles are dominant or recessive.
53. Which one of the following viruses
used to be responsible for highly
infectious disease smallpox?
(a) Adenovirus (b) Variola virus
(c) Aichi virus (d) Coxsackie virus
Ê (b) Variola virus was used to be
responsible for the highly infectious
disease smallpox.
The disease is spread through
person-to-person contact, most often
from inhalation of air droplets expelled
through the infected person. The
disease was eradicted worldwide in
1976 through vaccination.
54. Buoyancy is a/an
(a) upward pressure
(b) downward pressure
(c) downward force
(d) upward force
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
(c) To become dysfunctional
(d) To become superlative
Ê (c) The idiom ‘be out of action’ means
broken or not working. Hence, option (c)
given its correct meaning.
48. Learning from the school of hard
knocks
(a) Learning things from experience
(b) Learning things from others
(c) Learning things from environment
(d) Learning things through difficult
experiences
Ê (d) The idiom ‘leaning form the school of
hard knacks’ means leaning thing
through difficult experiences.
49. Raise some hackles
(a) To annoy
(b) To make someone happy
(c) To do a great task
(d) To sit idle
Ê (a) The idiom ‘raise some hackles’
means to annoy or upset someone.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
50. A man of letters
(a) An excellent artist
(b) A scholar in literature
(c) An outstanding sportsman
(d) A known novelist
Ê (b) ‘A man of letters’ means a man,
usually a writer, who knows a lot about
literature. Hence, ‘A Scholar in literature
gives its correct meaning.
Ê (d) Buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward
force exerted by a fluid that opposes the
weight of a partially or fully immersed
object. In a column of fluid, pressure
increases with depth as a result of the
weight of the overlying fluid.
55. Weight and mass of an object are
defined with Newton’s laws of
motion. Which among the
following is true?
(a) Weight is a constant of
proportionality
(b) Mass is a constant of
proportionality
(c) Mass is not a constant of
proportionality
(d) Weight is a universal constant.
Ê (b) The weight of an object is defined as
the force of gravity on the object and
may be calculated as the mass times the
acceleration of gravity, w = mg. Since
the weight is a force, its SI unit is the
newton. Thus mass is a constant of
proportionality.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
56. Fundamental laws of physics require
(a) conservation of energy and
non-conservation of charge
(b) conservation of charge and non-
conservation of linear momentum
(c) conservation of charge and
non-conservation of energy
(d) conservation of energy, momentum
and charge
Ê (d) Fundamental laws of physics require
conservation of energy, momentum and
Charge. With respect to classical
physics, conservation laws include
conservation of energy, mass (or
matter), linear momentum, angular
momentum, and electric charge. Most
conservation laws are exact, or absolute,
in the sense that they apply to all
possible processes.
57. Work is said to be one Joule when a
force of
(a) 4 N moves an object by 25 cm
(b) 2 N moves an object by 1 m
(c) 1 N moves an object by 1 cm
(d) 1 N moves an object by 50 cm
Ê (a) One joule is defined as the amount of
work done when a force of one newton is
exerted through a distance of one meter.
Thus force of 4 N moves an object by 25
cm resulting in 1 joule of work.
58. A uniform motion of a car along a
circular path experiences
(a) a change in speed due to a
change in its direction of motion
(b) a change in velocity due to a
change in its direction of motion
(c) a change in momentum due to no
change in its direction of motion
(d) a constant momentum due to a
change in its direction of motion
Ê (b) A uniform motion of a car along with
a circular path experiences a change in
velocity due to a change in its direction
of motion.
Since velocity is a vector, changes in
direction constitute changes in velocity.
A change in velocity is known as
acceleration. The change in velocity due
to circular motion is known as centripetal
acceleration.
59. Three equal resistors are connected
in parallel configuration in a closed
electrical circuit. Then the total
resistance in the circuit becomes
(a) one-third of the individual
resistance
(b) two-third of the individual
resistance
(c) equal to the individual resistance
(d) three times of the individual
resistance
Ê (a) One-third of the individual resistance
because if three or more resistors each
with the same value are connected in
parallel, then the equivalent resistance
R
will be equal to where R is the value of
n beam radiotherapy (teletherapy)
the resistor and n is the number of
individual resistances in the combination.
60. Rutherford’s alpha-particle (α)
scattering experiment was
responsible for the discovery of
which one of the following?
(a) Electron (b) Proton
(c) Atomic Nucleus(d) Neutron
Ê (c) Rutherford’s alpha-particle experiment
was responsible for the discovery Of
Atomic Nucleus. Ernest Rutherford's
most famous experiment is the gold foil
experiment. A beam of alpha particles
was aimed at a piece of gold foil. Most
alpha particles passed through the foil,
but a few were scattered backward. This
showed that most of the atom is empty
space surrounding a tiny nucleus.
61. What is the maximum number of
electrons in the M-Shell?
(a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 18 (d) 32
Ê (c) Maximum number of electrons in the
M-Shell is 18. Each shell has a fixed
number of electrons. The formula to
determine the number of electrons in a
shell is 2(n)2.
For the M shell principle, the quantum
number is 3.
So, the maximum number of electrons is
= 2(3)2
Maximum number of electrons =18.
62. Chlorine occurs in nature in two
isotopic forms of masses 35 u and
37 u in the ratio of 3 : 1
respectively. What is the average
atomic mass of the Chlorine atom?
(a) 36.1 u (b) 35.5 u
(c) 36.5 u (d) 35.1 u
Ê (c) The average atomic mass for an
element is calculated by summing the
masses of the element's isotopes, each
multiplied by its natural abundance on
Earth.
P x + P2x 2
Average atomic mass = 1 1
P1 + P2
( 35 × 1) + ( 37 × 3)
= = 36.5 u
3+1
63. Which one of the following
elements’ isotopes is used in the
treatment of cancer?
(a) Iodine (b) Sodium
(c) Cobalt (d) Uranium
21
Ê (c) Cobalt therapy is the medical use of
gamma rays from the radioisotope
cobalt-60 to treat conditions such as
cancer. Beginning in the 1950s,
cobalt-60 was widely used in external
machines, which produced a beam of
gamma rays that was directed into the
patient's body to kill tumor tissue.
64. To protect steel and iron from
rusting, a thin layer of which one of
the following metals is applied?
(a) Magnesium (b) Zinc
(c) Aluminium (d) Lead
Ê (b) Zinc metal present on the surface of
iron and steel forms a thin protective
layer of basic zinc carbonate due to the
reaction between zinc, oxygen, CO 2 and
moisture in the air. The standard
reduction potential of Zinc is less than
iron, or Zinc is more reactive than Iron.
Hence, Iron will not undergo corrosion.
65. Cinnabar is an ore of which one of
the following?
(a) Copper (b) Zinc
(c) Mercury (d) Manganese
Ê (c) Cinnabar is a toxic ore of mercury,
composed of mercury sulfide (HgS). It is
the only important ore of mercury. It has
a bright red color that has caused people
to use it as a pigment, and carve it into
jewelry and ornaments for thousands of
years in many parts of the world.
66. Imagine a current-carrying straight
conductor with magnetic field of
lines in anti-clockwise direction.
Then the direction of current is
determined by
(a) the Right-Hand Thumb rule and it
would be in the downward
direction.
(b) the Left-Hand Thumb rule and it
would be in the downward direction.
(c) the Right-Hand Thumb rule and it
would be in the upward direction.
(d) the Left-Hand Thumb rule and it
would be in the upward direction.
Ê (c) The right-hand thumb rule is used to
find the direction of the magnetic field
around a current carrying a straight
conductor. Thus, a current-carrying
straight conductor with the magnetic
field of lines in the anti-clockwise
direction would be in the upward
direction according to the right-hand
thumb rule.
67. The device used to produce electric
current is known as
(a) motor (b) generator
(c) ammeter (d) galvanometer
22
Ê (b) The device used to produce electric
current is called a Generator. Electric
generator, also called a dynamo, is any
machine that converts mechanical
energy to electricity for transmission and
distribution over power lines to domestic,
commercial, and industrial customers.
Generators also produce the electrical
power required for automobiles, aircraft,
ships, and trains.
68. Myopia is a defect in human vision
where an image of a
(a) nearby object is focused beyond
the retina.
(b) nearby object is focused before the
retina.
(c) distant object is focused before the
retina.
(d) distant object is focused beyond
the retina.
Ê (c) Nearsightedness (myopia) is a
common vision condition in which you
can see objects near to you clearly, but
objects farther away are blurry. It occurs
when the shape of your eye causes light
rays to bend (refract) incorrectly,
focusing images in front of your retina
instead of on your retina.
69. Tyndall effect is a phenomenon of
(a) scattering of light by the colloidal
particles
(b) refraction of light by the colloidal
particles
(c) dispersion of light by dust particles
(d) refraction of light by dust particles
Ê (a) Tyndall effect, also called Tyndall
phenomenon, scattering of a beam of
light by a medium containing small
suspended particles. For e.g., smoke or
dust in a room, which makes visible a
light beam entering a window. The effect
is named for the 19th-century British
physicist John Tyndall, who first studied
it extensively.
70. Twinkling of stars is primarily due
to the atmospheric
(a) refraction (b) reflection
(c) polarisation (d) dispersion
Ê (a) The twinkling of a star is due to the
atmospheric refraction of starlight. The
starlight, on entering the earth’s
atmosphere, undergoes refraction
continuously before it reaches the earth.
The atmospheric refraction occurs in a
medium of gradually changing refractive
index.
71. Dingko Singh, an Asian Games gold
medallist, who died recently, was
associated with which one of the
following games?
(a) Swimming (b) Boxing
(c) Archery (d) Gymnastics
Ê (b) Dingko Singh was an Indian boxer
who won the gold medal at 1998 Asian
Games in Bangkok. He was from the
North-eastern Indian state of Manipur.
He was awarded the Padma Shri by the
Government of India in 2013.
72. Who among the following is the
lone Indian Cricketer included in
the ICC Hall of Fame special
inductions to mark the inaugural ICC
World Test Championship Final?
(a) Dilip Vengsarkar
(b) Ravi Shastri
(c) Mohinder Amarnath
(d) Vinoo Mankad
Ê (d) Vinoo Mankad is the lone Indian
Cricketer included in the ICC Hall of
Fame special inductions to mark the
inaugural ICC World Test Championship
Final. The BCCI commemorated Vinoo
Mankad's contribution to Indian cricket,
naming the domestic Under-19 One day
tournament as the Vinoo Mankad Trophy.
73. Which one of the following nations
is not a permanent member of G7?
(a) India (b) Canada
(c) France (d) Italy
Ê (a) India is not the permanent member
of G7. The Group of Seven is an
inter-governmental political forum
consisting of Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the
United States.
74. Operation Olivia, an initiative to
protect Olive Ridley turtles, is
undertaken by
(a) Indian Navy
(b) Indian Coast Guard
(c) Ministry of Environment Forest and
Climate Change
(d) Ministry of Earth Sciences
Ê (b) Operation Olivia, particles. an
initiative to protect Olive Ridley turtles, is
undertaken by Indian Coast Guard.
Operation Olivia was started by the
Indian Coast Guard (ICG), first in early
1980s. This operation helps in protecting
Olive Ridley turtles every year when they
start nesting along Odisha coast for
breeding in months of November to
December.
75. Who among the following is the
winner of French Open 2021 Men’s
Singles Final?
(a) Novak Djokovic
(b) Rafael Nadal
(c) Stefanos Tsitsipas
(d) Daniil Medvedev
Ê (a) Novak Djokovic is the winner of the
French Open 2021 Men's Singles Final.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
Novak Djokovic defeated Stefanos
Tsitsipas in the final, 6–7, 2–6, 6–3, 6–2,
6–4 to win the Men's Singles tennis title
at the 2021 French Open.He is from
Serbia and is currently (as of November,
2021) the No.1 Ranked tennis player in
the world.
76. Economist Rebeca Grynspan, who
recently became the first woman to
be appointed as the head of the
United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), hails from
(a) Germany (b) Poland
(c) Costa Rica (d) Mexico
Ê (c) Economist Rebeca Grynspan, who
recently became the first woman to be
appointed as the head of the United
Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD), hails from
Costa Rica. UNCTAD is a permanent
intergovernmental body established by
the United Nations General Assembly in
1964. Its headquarters are located in
Geneva, Switzerland. It also have offices
in New York and Addis Ababa.
77. ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is a
foreign policy initiative of
(a) China (b) USA
(c) Canada (d) Japan
Ê (a) Belt and Road Initiative’ is a foreign
policy initiative of China. It is also known
as One Belt One Road or OBOR and is a
global infrastructure development strategy
adopted by the Chinese government in
2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and
international organizations.
78. Which one of the following is the
theme of the International Day of
Yoga 2021?
(a) Yoga at home and yoga with family
(b) Yoga for climate action
(c) Yoga for well-being
(d ) Yoga for peace.
Ê (c) Yoga for well-being is the theme of
the International Day of Yoga 2021. The
International Day of Yoga has been
celebrated annually on 21st June since
2015, following its inception in the United
Nations General Assembly in 2014. Yoga
is a physical, mental and spiritual
practice which originated in India.
79. Kenneth Kaunda, who died recently
at the age of 97, was the former
President of
(a) Brazil (b) Mexico
(c) Zambia (d) South Sudan
Ê (c) Kenneth Kaunda, who died recently
at the age of 97, was the former
President of Zambia. He was the first
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991.
He was at the forefront of the struggle for
independence from British rule. Zambia,
in southern Africa, is a landlocked
country of rugged terrain and diverse
wildlife, with many parks and safari
areas.
80. The maiden Indian Navy -
European Union Naval Force
(IN-EUNAVFOR) Exercise (2021)
was conducted in
(a) Gulf of Mannar
(b) Gulf of Aden
(c) Gulf of Khambhat
(d) Gulf of Aqaba
Ê (b) Indian Navy - European Union Naval
Force (IN-EUNAVFOR) Exercise (2021)
was conducted in Gulf of Aden. Along
with Indian Navy, other naval forces are
from Italy, Spain and France.The naval
exercise included advanced air defence
and anti-submarine exercises, tactical
manoeuvres, Search & Rescue, and
other maritime security operations.
81. The pH value of Milk of Magnesia
is approximately
(a) Zero (b) 7
(c) 10 (d) 14
Ê (c) pH value of Milk of Magnesia is
approximately 10. It is a base and is
used to neutralize the excess acid in the
stomach.
82. Which one of the following
compounds is used in ‘black and
white’ photography?
(a) AgF (b) AgBr
(c) AgCI (d) Ag 2SO 4
Ê (b) AgBr (Silver Bromide) is used in
black and white photography. Its use in
black and white photography is an
example of Photochemical reaction.
Silver chloride is sensitive to light and
breaks down to bromide form metallic
silver, which appears black.
83. What is the number of water
molecules present in a Ferrous
Sulphate crystal?
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7
Ê (d) 7 water molecules are present in a
Ferrous Sulphate crystal known as the
water of crystallization. The colour in
ferrous sulphate is due to the presence
of water molecule in it.
84. What is the colour of the
precipitate obtained by passing
CO 2 gas through lime water?
(a) Green (b) Blue
(c) White (d) Brown
Ê (c) White colour precipitate is obtained
by passing CO 2 (carbon dioxide) gas
through lime water. Carbon dioxide
reacts with limewater (a solution of
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, to form a
white precipitate (appears milky) of
calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. Adding more
carbon dioxide results in the precipitate
dissolving to form a colourless solution
of calcium hydrogencarbonate.
85. Which one of the following pairs of
elements is liquid at room
temperature and at normal pressure?
(a) Gallium and Bromine
(b) Mercury and Bromine
(c) Gallium and Mercury
(d) Gallium and Caesium
Ê (b) The two liquid elements at room
temperature and at normal pressure are
Mercury (symbol Hg and atomic number
80) and Bromine (symbol Br and atomic
number 35). Mercury is the only metal
that is a liquid at room temperature.
86. Which one of the following
methods can be used to separate
anthracene from a mixture of salt
and anthracene?
(a) Distillation (b) Sublimation
(c) Evaporation (d) Chromatography
Ê (b) Sublimation is the conversion
between the solid and the gaseous
phases of matter, with no intermediate
liquid stage. Thus, Sublimation can be
used to separate anthracene from a
mixture of salt and anthracene.
87. Shoots of plant show upward
movement and it can be designated
to be
(a) Negatively phototropic
(b) Positively chemotropic
(c) Positively hydrotropic
(d) Negatively geotropic
Ê (d) The tendency of plant stems and
other parts to grow upwards. 'This is
called negative geotropism because the
plant is growing away from the force of
gravity. A negative geotropism is a
turning away from the earth, such as by
a plant stem that grows upward.
88. Which one of the following
statements about the process of
photosynthesis is correct ?
(a) Chemical energy is converted into
light energy.
(b) Carbon dioxide is oxidised to form
carbohydrate.
(c) Water molecule splits into
hydrogen and oxygen.
(d) Light energy is directly used to split
water.
23
Ê (d) Photosynthesis is a process used by
plants and other organisms to convert
light energy into chemical energy that,
through cellular respiration, can later be
released to fuel the organism’s activities.
Here, light energy is directly used to split
water.
89. How are evergreen plants with
woody stems having naked seed
classified?
(a) Angiosperms
(b) Monocotyledons
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Gymnosperms
Ê (d) Gymnosperms are woody plants,
either shrubs, trees, or, rarely, vines
(some gnetophytes). They differ from
flowering plants in that the seeds are not
enclosed in an ovary but are exposed
(naked seeds) within any of a variety of
structures, the most familiar being
cones.
90. Which one of the following tissues
is known as basic packing tissue
and found" in xylem and phloem?
(a) Collenchyma (b) Parenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma (d) Vessels
Ê (b) Parenchyma forms the bulk of plant
ground tissue, where they may be
specialised to function in
photosynthesis, storage, or transport.
Parenchyma is integral to vascular
tissue, where it provides a route of
exchange for materials within and
between the xylem and the phloem.
91. Which one from among the
following planets is largest in size?
(a) Earth (b) Venus
(c) Mars (d) Mercury
Ê (a) Size of the planets in order from
smallest to largest is Mercury, Mars,
Venus, Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn,
and Jupiter. Thus, Earth is the bigger in
size as compared to Mercury,Mars and
Venus.
92. Match List I with List-II and select
the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists :
List I List II
(Place) (Feature)
A. Mumbai 1. Queen of the
Arabian Sea
B. Visakha- 2. Biggest port of
patnam India
C. Chennai 3. Land-locked
harbour
D. Kochi 4. Oldest port on the
Eastern Coast
24
Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 1 4 3 2
Ê (b) The correct matching is
A-2,B-3,C-4,D-1.
Mumbai Port is India's largest port by
size and shipping traffic. Located in
West Mumbai on the western coast of
India, the Mumbai Port is situated in a
natural harbor.
Visakhapatnam port is the land locked
port in India and the only major port of
Andhra Pradesh. It is India's third largest
state-owned port by volume of cargo
handled and largest on the Eastern
Coast.
Chennai is the oldest port on the eastern
coast of India.It is formerly known as
Madras Port, is the second largest
container port of India, behind Mumbai's
Nhava Sheva. The port is the largest one
in the Bay of Bengal.
Kochi port is known as the 'Queen of
Arabian Sea’ as it was an important
trade center for spices on the western
coast of India from the 14th century.
93. Which one of the following is a
crater lake in India?
(a) Lonar lake
(b) Sambhar lake
(c) Chilika lake
(d) Vembanad lake
Ê (a) Lonar Lake, also known as Lonar
crater, is a notified National Geo-heritage
Monument situated in the state of
Maharashtra and is a crater lake. It was
created due to a meteorite. It is the only
major hoverback in the basalt.
94. Fine-grained bed of ephemeral lake
in a desert is also known as
(a) Playa (b) Oasis
(c) Drumlin (d) Natural levee
Ê (a) Playa is a fine-grained bed of
ephemeral lake in a desert. A playa is a
dry, vegetation-free, flat area at the
lowest part of an undrained desert basin.
It is a location where ephemeral lakes
form during wet periods, and is underlain
by stratified clay, silt, and sand, and
commonly, soluble salts.
95. Which one of the following factors
does not affect the distribution of
groundwater?
(a) Amount of precipitation
(b) Rate of evaporation
(c) Ability of the ground surface to
allow water to infiltrate into the
groundwater system
(d) Distance from the sea
Ê (d) The factors affecting the occurrence
and distribution of ground water includes
eight criteria; land use, soil, slope,
rainfall, elevation, lithology, lineament
density and drainage density.
Thus amount of precipitation (rainfall),
Rate of evaporation and the infiltration of
the water to the ground (drainage
density) are relevant factors. Distance
from sea has no bearing on distribution
of ground water.
96. The Constitution (35th Amendment)
Act of 1974 is related to which one
of the following States?
(a) Mizoram
(b) Sikkim
(c) Nagaland
(d) Arunachal Pradesh
Ê (b) 35th amendment to the constitution
is related to the state of sikkim.It gives
effect to the wishes of the people of
Sikkim for strengthening Indo-Sikkim
co-operation and inter-relationship, the
Bill seeks to amend the Constitution to
provide for the terms and conditions of
association to Sikkim with the Union.
97. Which one of the following best
describes the electoral system of
India?
(a) First-Past-the-Post System
(b) Proportional Representation
(c) Mixed System
(d) General Ticket
Ê (a) First past the post system is the
electoral system of India. In a
first-past-the-post electoral system ,
voters cast their vote for a candidate of
their choice, and the candidate who
receives the most votes wins (even if the
top candidate gets less than 50%, which
can happen when there are more than
two popular candidates.
98. Which one of the following is a
non-justiciable right?
(a) Right to adequate livelihood
(b) Right against exploitation
(c) Right of accused
(d) Right to life and personal liberty
Ê (a) Right to adequate means of
livelihood under Article 39 is a
non-justiciable right mentioned in part IV
as Directive principal of state policy.
Right against exploitation (Article 23),
Right of accused( Article 20) and Right
to life and perosnal liberty (Article 21)
are all fundamental rights enshrined in
part III of the Constitution and are
justiciable in nature under Article 32 of
the Indian Constitution.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
99. Which one of the following is not a
writ?
(a) Mandamus (b) Habeas Corpus
(c) Certiorari (d) Severability
Ê (d) Severabilty is not a writ. There are 5
writs mentioned under Article 32 viz,
Habeas Corpus; Mandamus; Prohibition;
Certiorari; Quo-Warranto. Under these
Writs, Judiciary can protect the rights of
the aggrieved parties.
100. Which one of the following is not a
part of Fundamental Rights?
(a) Right to education
(b) Right to establish educational
institutions by minorities
(c) Right to be conferred with titles
(d) Right against untouchability
Ê (c) Right to be conferred with titles is not
a fundamental rights as Article 18(1)
abolishes all titles. It prohibits the State
to confer titles on anybody whether a
citizen or a non-citizen.
Military and academic distinctions
are, however, exempted from the
prohibition.
101. Which one of the following is not a
function of the Constitution of India?
(a) To ensure participation of good
people in politics.
(b) To guarantee a set of rights to
citizens.
(c) To define the power of the different
organs of government.
(d) To create conditions for a just
society.
Ê (a) To ensure participation of good
people in politics is not a function of the
constitution of India as it provides
everyone an opportunity as a freedom to
participate in democratic politics.
Rights of the citizens are mentioned in
Part III, Separation of powers of
executive, judiciary and legislature is
also defined in the constitution and
Directive principles of state policy
mentions provisions for a just society.
102. Which one of the following
statements about biodiversity is not
correct?
(a) The term ‘biodiversity’ was coined
by Walter G. Rosen in 1986.
(b) The term ‘biodiversity hotspots’
was coined by Norman Myers in
1988.
(c) The regions having richest
biodiversity are called ‘biodiversity
hotspots’.
(d) More than 100 hotspots of
biodiversity are identified in the
world.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
Ê (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. There are
36 biodiversity hotspots in the world.
These regions have very high level of
species richness or high level of
biodiversity concentration. The term
biodiversity was given by walter G. Rosen
in 1986, while ‘Biodiversity Hotspot’ term
was joined by Norman Myers in 1988.
103. The Earth’s atmosphere is mainly
heated by which one of the following?
(a) Short wave solar radiation
(b) Reflected solar radiation
(c) Long wave terrestrial radiation
(d) Scattered solar radiation
Ê (c) Earth’s atmosphere is mainly heated
by Long wave terrestrial radiation.The
insolation received by the earth is in the
form of shortwaves. The earth after being
heated itself becomes a radiating body
and it radiates energy to the atmosphere
in the long waveform.
104. Which one of the following is the
correct sequence of layers as we
move from the Earth’s surface
upwards?
(a) Troposphere, Stratosphere,
Thermosphere, Mesosphere
(b) Troposphere, Stratosphere,
Mesosphere, Thermosphere
(c) Thermosphere, Mesosphere,
Stratosphere, Troposphere
(d) Stratosphere, Mesosphere,
Troposphere, Thermosphere
Ê (b) Moving upward from ground level,
the correct sequence of atmospheric
layers are the troposphere (upto 12 km ),
stratosphere (located between
12-50 km), mesosphere (located
between 50-80 km), thermosphere
(80-700 km) and exosphere (located
between 700-10000 km).
105. Which one of the following is not a
soil forming factor?
(a) Parent material
(b) Topography
(c) Climate
(d) Human habitation
Ê (d) Human habitation is not a soil
forming factor. The whole soil, from the
surface to its lowest depths, develops
naturally as a result of five factors. The
five factors are: 1. parent material,
2. relief or topography, 3. organisms
(including humans), 4. climate, and
5. time.
106. Which one of the following best
describes the Lithosphere?
(a) Upper and lower mantle
(b) Crust and core
(c) Crust and upper mantle
(d) Lower mantle and core
Ê (c) The lithosphere includes the crust
and, below, the uppermost layer of the
mantle; it floats on the weaker
asthenosphere.The lithosphere is the
outer solid shell of the Earth. As the
cooling surface layer of the Earth's
convective system, the lithosphere
thickens over time.
107. Which one of the following
countries has the maximum time
difference from Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT) ?
(a) India (b) Nepal
(c) Sri Lanka (d) Bhutan
Ê (d) Bhutan (GMT+6) has the maximum
time difference from the Greenwhich
Mean Time. India (GMT+5:30),
Nepal (GMT +5:45) and Sri Lanka
(GMT+5:30) are all behind Bhutan and
closer to GMT.
108. Which one of the following is not a
feature of the Constitution of India?
(a) It provides a set of basic rules.
(b) It specifies the power of the
Government.
(c) It is the supreme law of the land.
(d) It specifies the supremacy of the
judiciary.
Ê (d) Primacy of judiciary is not one of the
provisions of the Indian constitution. It
provides a set of rights in Part III of the
constitution, it also provides a basic set
of rules in the form separation of powers
between different organs of the
government and is the supreme law of
the land and nothing in contravention of
the constitution can be done in the
country.
109. Which one of the following
statements about the Attorney
General of India is not correct?
(a) He has the right of audience only in
the Supreme Court of India.
(b) He shall receive such remuneration
as the President may determine.
(c) He shall be qualified to be
appointed as a Judge of the
Supreme Court.
(d) He shall give advice to the
Government of India on all legal
matters.
Ê (a) Statement (a) is not correct.
The Attorney General for India is the
Indian government's chief legal advisor,
and is its principal Advocate before the
Supreme Court of India.
The Attorney General has the right of
audience in all Courts in India as well as
the right to participate in the
proceedings of the Parliament, though
not to vote.
25
110. Who among the following
described the Directive Principles of
State Policy as the novel feature of
the Constitution of India?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Rajendra Prasad
(c) S.N. Mukherjee
(d) B.R.Ambedkar
Ê (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described the
Directive Principles of State Policy as the
novel feature of the Constitution of India.
Directive Principle of State Policy's
(“DPSP”) are a set of social and
economic obligation imposed on the
Government (Union & State) to establish
a welfare society.
111. Cornea in human eye
(a) is a light sensitive screen.
(b) is a muscular diaphragm.
(c) contains blood vessels.
(d) is composed of proteins and cells.
Ê (d) Cornea in human eye is composed
of protein and cells. The cornea is made
up of cellular and acellular components.
The cellular components include the
epithelial cells, keratocytes, and
endothelial cells. The acellular
component includes collagen and
glycosaminoglycans. The epithelial cells
are derived from epidermal ectoderm.
112. Power of a lens of focal length 25
cm is
(a) + 2.5 Dioptre (b) + 3 Dioptre
(c) + 4 Dioptre (d) + 5 Dioptre
Ê (c) Power of a lens of focal length 25 cm
is +4 Dioptre.
First we will convert the focal length in
meters.
⇒ 25 cm = 0.25 m
Now, substituting the value of focal
length in the formula of power of lens we
get
P = 10.25 m −1
⇒ P = 4 m −1
m-1 is also expressed as diopters or D
As it is a convex lens so its power is
positive. Thus, the power of the lens is
+4D.
113. What is the total number of
chambers in the stomach of
domestic animals like cattle,
buffalo, goat and sheep ?
(a) Four (b) Two
(c) One (d) Three
Ê (a) There are four chambers in stomach
of domestic animals like cattle, buffalo,
goat and sheep. Ruminant stomachs
have four compartments: the rumen, the
reticulum, the omasum and the
abomasum.
26
114. Intestinal bacteria are main source
of which one of the following
vitamins?
(a) Vitamin E (b) Vitamin C
(c) Vitamin B12 (d) Vitamin A
Ê (c) Intestinal bacteria are main source of
Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is readily
absorbed in the last part of the small
intestine (ileum), which leads to the large
intestine. However, to be absorbed, the
vitamin must combine with intrinsic
factor, a protein produced in the
stomach.
115. Which one of the following hormones
is responsible for the development of
female sexual characters?
(a) Prolactin (b) Estrogen
(c) Oxytocin (d) Progesterone
Ê (b) Estrogen is a hormone responsible
for development of female sexual
characters. It acts on organs in the body
(including the breast and uterus) and as
a chemical messenger in the brain,
controlling key aspects of the
reproductive system, including childbirth
and lactation, and aspects of human
behaviour.
116. Spherical mirror formula relating
an object distance ‘u’, image
distance ‘v’ and focal length of
mirror ‘f ’ may be applied to a plane
mirror when
(a) focal length goes to infinity.
(b) focal length goes to zero.
(c) image distance goes to zero.
(d) image distance goes to infinity.
Ê (a) Spherical mirror formula relating an
object distance u, image distance v and
focal length of mirror f may be applied to
a plane mirror when focal length goes to
infinity. For plane Mirror focal length is
infinite. Thus power = 1/focal length
results in power being Zero.
117. Nuclear energy is generated by
(a) nuclear fission and its expression
was proposed by Einstein.
(b) nuclear fission and its expression
was proposed by Rutherford.
(c) nuclear fusion and its expression
was proposed by Bohr.
(d) nuclear fusion and its expression
was proposed by Heisenberg.
Ê (b) Nuclear energy is generated by
nuclear fission and its expression was
proposed by Rutherford. A nuclear
reactor is driven by the splitting of atoms,
a process called fission, where a particle
(a ‘neutron’) is fired at an atom, which
then fissions into two smaller atoms and
some additional neutrons.
118. Reverberation is a phenomenon
associated with a
(a) multiple refraction of sound.
(b) multiple reflection of sound.
(c) single refraction of sound.
(d) single reflection of sound.
Ê (b) Reverberation is a phenomenon
associated with a multiple reflection of
sound. Reverberation is the
phenomenon of persistence of sound
after it has been stopped as a result of
multiple reflections from surfaces such
as furniture, people, air, etc.
These reflections build up with each
reflection and decay gradually as they
are absorbed by the surfaces of objects
in the space enclosed.
119. Which among the following is true
for propagation of sound waves?
(a) Sound can travel in vacuum and it
is a transverse wave in air.
(b) Sound cannot travel in vacuum
and it is a longitudinal wave in air.
(c) Sound can travel in vacuum and it
is a longitudinal wave in air.
(d) Sound cannot travel in
vacuum and it is a transverse
wave in air.
Ê (b) Statement (b) is true. Sound cannot
travel in vacuum and it is a longitudinal
wave in air. Sound propagates through
air or other mediums as a longitudinal
wave, in which the mechanical vibration
constituting the wave occurs along the
direction of propagation of the wave.
120. A tennis ball is thrown in the
vertically upward direction and the
ball attains a maximum height of
20 m. The ball was thrown
approximately with an upward
velocity of
(a) 8 m/s (b) 12 m/s
(c) 16 m/s (d) 20 m/s
Ê (d) In this question
H (max) = 20m
and g = 10 m/s 2.
According to formula
u2
Height(max) =
g
Hence, the answer will be 20 m/s.
121. An object of mass 2000 g possesses
100 J kinetic energy. The object
must be moving with a speed of
(a) 10.0 m/s (b) 11.1 m/s
(c) 11.2 m/s (d) 12.1 m/s
Ê (a) In this question,
Mass (M) = 2000 g
Kinetic energy (K) = 100 J
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
According to formula,
1
K = mv 2
2
1
100 = × 2000 × v 2
2
100 = 1000 × v 2
v 2 = 100
v = 10.0 m/s
Hence, the correct answer is 10.0 m/s
122. Which one of the following ions is
not iso-electronic with F − ?
(a) O 2− (b) Na +
(c) Ne (d) N−
Ê (d)
−
N negative is not iso-electronic with
F because Isoelectronic species are
known as atoms or ions that have the
same number of electrons.
In isoelectronic species, there the
number of electrons would be equal but
the elements would be different. In other
words, ions and atoms which are having
equal numbers of electrons are called
the isoelectronic species.
123. What is the total number of
covalent bonds in methanol?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
Ê (c) There are total number of 5 covalent
bonds in methanol as carbon is attached
to 3 H and 1 OH with 4 covalent bonds.
O and H in OH are bonded with 1
covalent bond. So there are total 5
covalent bonds.
124. Which one of the following is the
chemical formula of Plaster of Paris?
1
(a) CaSO 4 ⋅ H2O
2
(b) CaSO 4 ⋅ 2H2O
(c) CaSO 4 ⋅ 5H2O
(d) CaSO 4 ⋅ 4H2O
Ê (a) Plaster of paris is calcium sulphate
hemihydrate. Its chemical formula is:
1
CaSO 4 . H 2O. It is prepared by heating
2
gypsum to a temperature of 100°C in a
kiln; it loses 3/4th of its water of
crystallisation and forms plaster of paris.
125. The unit of the ratio between thrust
and impulse is same as that of
(a) frequency
(b) speed
(c) wavelength
(d) acceleration
Ê (a) Thrust is force. Impulse is the integral
of a force, F, over the time interval, t, for
which it acts.
Thus the ratio of thrust i.e F and Impulse
would give time inverse which is
equivalent to Frequency.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
126. Which one of the following figures
correctly shows the path of a ray of
light through a glass prism?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ê (a) Figure a correctly shows the path of
a ray of light through a glass prism as it
shows the rays moving towards normal
while going from rarer to denser medium
and away from normal while moving
from denser to rarer medium.
127. When a light beam falls on a
triangular glass prism, a band of
colours is obtained. Which one of
the following statements is correct
in this regard?
(a) Red light bends the most, as the
refractive index of glass for red
light is greatest.
(b) Red light bends the most, as the
refractive index of glass for red
light is lowest.
(c) Violet light bends the most, as the
refractive index of glass for violet
light is greatest.
(d) Violet light bends the most, as the
refractive index of glass for violet
light is lowest.
Ê (c) Each beam of light, with its own
particular wavelength (or color), is
slowed differently by the glass.The light
waves are refracted as they enter and
leave the prism. The shorter the
wavelength of the light, the more it is
refracted.Violet light is refracted the most
as it has the shortest wavelength
causing the coloured light to spread out
to form a spectrum.
128. The image of an object formed by a
plane mirror is
(a) erect, real and larger.
(b) erect, virtual and same size.
(c) inverted, virtual and same size.
(d) inverted, real and smaller.
Ê (b) The image formed by a plane mirror
is always virtual (meaning that the light
rays do not actually come from the
image), erect (upright), and of the same
shape and size as the object it is
reflecting.
A virtual image is a copy of an object
formed at the location from which the
light rays appear to come.
129. Which one of the following is not a
conservative force?
(a) Frictional force
(b) Electric force
(c) Gravitational force
(d) Spring force
Ê (a) Frictional forces are not conservative
forces because the amount of work done
by friction depends on the path. One can
associate a potential energy with a
conservative force but not with a
non-conservative force. A conservative
force is one for which the work done is
independent of path.
130. A negative work is done when an
applied force F and the
corresponding displacement S are
(a) perpendicular to each other.
(b) parallel to each other.
(c) anti-parallel to each other.
(d) equal in magnitude.
Ê (c) A negative work is done when an
applied force and the corresponding
displacement S are anti-parallel to each
other. The work W that a force F does on
an object is the product of the
magnitude F of the force, times the
magnitude d of the displacement, times
the cosine of the angle θ between them.
In symbols, W = fd cos θ.
So, if angle is 180 degree, W will be
negative.
131. Which of the following statements
about the Indian Councils Act of
1861 is/are correct?
1. It enlarged the Governor
General’s Council for the
purpose of making laws.
2. The Governor General was not
authorised to increase the
number of members.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (a) Statement 1 is correct. Indian
Councils Act of 1861 enlarged the
Governor General’s Council for the
purpose of making laws. For the
executive functions of the Council, a fifth
member was added. Now there were five
members for home, military, law,
revenue, and finance. (A sixth member
for public works was added in 1874.)
132. Which one of the following
statements about Tattvabodhini
Patrika is correct?
(a) It promoted a systematic study of
India’s past in the Bengali
language.
27
(b) It promoted a systematic study of
India’s past through Sanskrit
sources.
(c) It promoted a systematic study of
India’s past through Persian
sources.
(d) It promoted a systematic study of
India’s past through Western
sources.
Ê (a) Statement a is correct. Tattvabodhini
Patrika promoted a systematic study of
India’s past in the Bengali language.
On 6 October 1839 Debendranath
Tagore established Tattvaranjini Sabha
which was shortly thereafter renamed the
Tattwabodhini (Truth-seekers) Sabha.
The objective of Tattvabodhini Sabha
was to encourage religious inquiries and
disseminate the essence of Upanishads.
133. In which one of the following years
did the British demarcate a large
area of land as Damin-i-koh for
settling the Santhals?
(a) 1810 (b) 1793
(c) 1885 (d) 1832
Ê (d) It was in the year 1832 that the British
demarcated a large area of land as
Damin-i-Koh for settling the Santhals.
Damin-i Koh is in the area of Sahebganj,
Pakur, and Godda districts in the
Jharkhand. British persuaded the local
tribe of Rajmahal Hills i.e. Santhals to live
in the foothills of Rajmahal by giving land
to them. “Damin-i-Koh” is a Persian term
that means 'skirts of the hills'.
134. The Tropic of Cancer does not pass
through which one of the following
States?
(a) Manipur (b) West Bengal
(c) Gujarat (d) Jharkhand
Ê (a) The tropic of cancer does not pass
through the state of Manipur.The Tropic
of Cancer passes through eight states in
India: Gujarat (Jasdan), Rajasthan
(Kalinjarh), Madhya Pradesh (Shajapur),
Chhattisgarh (Sonhat), Jharkhand
(Lohardaga), West Bengal
(Krishnanagar), Tripura (Udaipur) and
Mizoram (Champhai).
135. Which of the following pairs of
crop and product is/are correctly
matched?
1. Food crop Ragi
2. Cash crop Jute
3. Plantation crop Coconut
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Only 3
Ê (c) All are correctly matched.
28
‘Ragi’ also known as Finger Millet, is a
robust, popular food crop and
marvelous grain crop in India. It is called
dryland crops. Jute is also known as the
golden fiber and is India’s major cash
crop. Jute fiber is obtained from the
inner bark of the jute plant. It is used in
making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn,
carpets and other artifacts.
The term plantation crop refers to those
crops which are cultivated on an
extensive scale in contiguous areas,
owned and managed by an individual or
a company. The crops include tea,
coffee, rubber, cocoa, coconut, arecanut,
oil palm, palmyrah and cashew.
136. Which one of the following
coalfields is not located in Jharkhand?
(a) Jharia (b) Ramgarh
(c) Deogarh (d) Umaria
Ê (d) Umaria Coalfield is located in Umaria
district in the Indian state of Madhya
Pradesh in the valley of the Umrer River,
a tributary of the Son River.
137. Which one of the following is the
longest parallel of latitude?
(a) Tropic of Cancer
(b) Tropic of Capricorn
(c) Arctic Circle
(d) Equator
Ê (d) Equator is the longest parallel of
latitude. The Equator is at 0°, and the
North Pole and the South Pole are at 90°
north and 90° south, respectively. The
Equator is the longest circle of latitude
and is the only circle of latitude which
also is a great circle.
138. The periodic rise and fall of ocean
water in response to gravitational
forces is called
(a) Current (b) Waves
(c) Tides (d) Tsunami
Ê (c) The periodic rise and fall of ocean
water in response to gravitational forces
is called Tides. Tides are long-period
waves that move through the oceans in
response to the forces exerted by the
moon and sun. Tides originate in the
oceans and progress toward the
coastlines where they appear as the
regular rise and fall of the sea surface.
139. Which of the following statements
about the first Indian Factory Act
passed in 1881 is/are correct?
1. The Act dealt primarily with the
problem of child labour.
2. The Act laid down that children
between 7 years and 12 years of
age would not work for more
than 9 hours a day.
Select the correct answer using the
code given below:
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) Both 1 and 2 are correct.In 1875, a
committee was appointed to inquire the
conditions of all factories .After effect of
this committee , factory act 1881 was
adopted. The act prohibited the
employment of children under the age of
7. Children between the ages of 7-12
were to work for a maximum of 9 hours.
It was passed during viceroyship of Lord
Rippon.
140. Which of the following statements
about Mahatma Gandhi’s
anti-untouchability campaign is/are
correct?
1. The All India Harijan Sevak
Sangh was founded for this
purpose.
2. The campaign was to root out
untouchability, since it did not
enjoy the sanction of the Hindu
Shastras.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (a) Statement 1 is correct. In 1932,
Gandhi founded the Harijan Sevak
Sangh as part of his efforts to eradicate
the concept of untouchability from
India’s caste system.
Statement 2 is incorrect-Untouchability
did enjoy the sanction of shastras as it is
based on the caste-based system
mentioned as varna system in Rig Veda
dividing society into four classes.
141. The founders of the Paramhansa
Mandali founded in Maharashtra
believed in which one of the
following?
(a) Social distancing along casts lines
(b) Glorification of caste system
(c) Forbidding widow remarriage
(d) One God and in breaking caste rules
Ê (d) The founders of the Paramhansa
Mandali founded in Maharashtra
believed in One God and in breaking
caste rules.
Paramahansa Mandali was a secret
socio-religious group, established in
1849, in Bombay and is closely related
to Manav Dharma Sabha which was
founded in 1844. It was started by
Durgaram Mehtaji, Dadoba Pandurang,
and a group of his friends.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
142. Which one of the following
statements about the ishtahars
issued ‘during the Revolt of 1857 is
correct?
(a) They glorified the Muslim rule in
India.
(b) They glorified the co-existence of
different communities under the
Mughal Empire.
(c) They glorified the message of
Islam.
(d) They glorified the role of Queen
Victoria.
Ê (b) Statement b is correct. Ishtahars
glorified the co-existence of different
communities under the Mughal Empire.
During the revolt only a few
proclamations and ‘ishtahars’
(notification) were issued by rebel
leaders to propagate their ideas and
persuade people to join the revolt.
Proclamation issued by rebel leaders
appealed to all sections of the
population irrespective of cast and
creed. The rebellion was seen as a war
in which both Hindus and Muslims were
equally to lose or gain. It was remarkable
that during the uprising, the religious
division between Hindus and Muslims
was hardly noticeable despite the
attempt of the British government.
143. During the Industrial Revolution,
who among the following designed
the 'flying shuttle loom?
(a) Samuel Crompton
(b) Edmund Cartwright
(c) John Kay
(d) Richard Arkwright
Ê (c) John Kay was an English inventor
whose most important creation was the
flying shuttle, which was a key
contribution to the Industrial Revolution.
Through this machine one person could
operate a shuttle across a very wide
loom, which greatly increased the rate of
cloth production.
144. Match List I with List II and select
the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists :
List I (Dam) List II (State)
A. Hirakud 1. Gujarat
B. Panchet 2. Bihar
C. Kosi 3. Odisha
D. Ukai 4. Jharkhand
Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 1 4 2 3
Ê (a) The correct matching is A-3, B-4,
C-2, D-1.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (II)
Hirakud Dam Project is a multipurpose
scheme intended for flood control,
irrigation and power generation. The
dam is built across river Mahanadi at
about 15 km upstream of Sambalpur
town in the state of Odisha.
Panchet dam is built across the
Damodar River in Dhanbad District's
Panchet area in Jharkhand.
Koshi High Dam, is a multipurpose
project proposed to be constructed on
the Saptakoshi River of Nepal. The
project is primarily aimed to control
floods in south-east Nepal and northern
Bihar of India.
Ukai dam is the largest multipurpose
project so far completed in Gujarat state.
The Ukai dam is located across Tapi
River near Ukai village of Fort-Songadh
taluka in Surat district.
145. Which one of the following features
is the result of erosion and
deposition work of a river?
(a) Pothole (b) Oxbow lake
(c) Levee (d) Rapid
Ê (a) Pothole is the result of erosion and
deposition work of a river. Pothole is a
cylindrical, bowl-shaped, or irregular
hollow that is usually deeper than wide.
It is formed in the rocky bed of a stream
by either the grinding action of sediment
whirled around by stream eddies or the
force of fast flowing water. Potholes
usually have spirally grooved surfaces.
146. Which one of the following is
not a feature of agriculture in
India?
(a) Subsistence agriculture
(b) Pressure of population on
agriculture
(c) Dependence upon Monsoon
(d) Predominance of cash crops
Ê (d) Predominance of cash crops is not a
feature of agriculture in India.
Contrary to staple and food crops, cash
crops form a small part of Indian
agriculture and are entirely sold and
exported. Indian agriculture is
subsistence-based, dependent on
Monsoon rains and 1.25 billion people
are dependent on only 2.4 percent of
arable land in the world.
147. Which one of the following is not a
specified Sub-Mission of the
National Livestock Mission?
(a) Livestock development
(b) Pig development in North-Western
region
(c) Fodder and feed development
(d) Skill development, technology
transfer and extension
Ê (b) Pig development in the north-western
region is not a specified Sub-Mission of
the National Livestock Mission. National
Livestock Mission scheme is
implemented with the following three
Sub-Missions: Sub-Mission on Breed
Development of Livestock & Poultry,
Sub-Mission on Feed and Fodder
development, Sub-Mission on Extension
and Innovation.
148. Who among the following wrote
the famous text ‘A Discourse on
Political Economy’?
(a) Montesquieu (b) Voltaire
(c) Rousseau (d) Adam Smith
Ê (c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote the
famous text ‘A Discourse on Political
Economy’ in 1775. A revolutionary and
controversial work, this book is a classic
of political theory and a key source of
democratic ideals.
149. Which of the following statements
about the resolution adopted in the
Karachi session of the Indian
National Congress with regard to
fundamental rights and economic
policy is/are correct?
29
1. It was opposed by Ambalal
Sarabhai.
2. Its 20 points included demands
for civil liberties and adult
suffrage.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below :
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (b) Option 2 is correct. The Karachi
Resolution was passed by the Indian
National Congress at its 1931 Karachi
session.
Elections on the basis of Universal Adult
Franchise and Basic civil rights of
freedom of speech, Freedom of Press,
Freedom of assembly, Freedom of
association were included in the 20
points put forward in the resolution.
150. Which of the following statements
about the Law Commission headed
by Lord Macaulay is/are correct ?
1. It attempted to codify the laws.
2. It was opposed to uniform
system of Courts.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (a) Option 1 is correct. Lord Macaulay
headed the first such Law Commission
established in 1834 under the Charter
Act of 1833. It recommended
codification of the Penal Code, the
Criminal Procedure Code, and a few
other matters.
The statement (2) is incorrect as it
supported the idea of uniform system of
courts.
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2021 (I)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. The smallest positive integer n for 3. If ∆ is the value of the determinant and we know that
which a1 b1 c1 n
C 0 + nC1 + n C 2 + ... + nC n = 2 n
n2 ∴ nC1 + nC 2 + … + nC n = 2 n − nC 0
1 − i  a2 b2 c 2
  =1 = 2n − 1
1 + i  a3 b3 c 3
Hence, option (b) is correct.
where i = −1, is then what is the value of the
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
following determinant? 5. If a + b + c = 4 and
n2 pa1 b1 qc 1 ab + bc + ca = 0, then what is the
1− i 
Ê (a)   = 1, where i = −1 pa 2 b 2 qc 2 value of the following
1 + i 
pa 3 b 3 qc 3 determinant?
n2
1− i 1− i a b c
 ×  =1 (p ≠ 0 or 1, q ≠ 0 or 1)
1 + i 1 − i  b c a
(a) p∆ (b) q∆
n2 (c) ( p + q ) ∆ (d) pq∆
 1 + i 2 − 2i  c a b
  =1 a1 b1 c1
 1− i
2
 (a) 32 (b) − 64
Ê (d) Given, a2 b2 c 2 = ∆ (c) − 128 (d) 64
n2
 1 − 1 − 2i  a3 b3 c 3
  =1 Ê (b) Let
 1+ 1  pa1 b1 qc1 a b c
⇒ (− i ) n2
= (− i )4 ∴ pa2 b 2 qc 2 ∆ = b c a
pa3 b 3 qc 3 c a b
⇒ n2 = 4
a1 b1 c1 a+ b+c b c
n=2
= p ⋅ q ⋅ a2 b2 c 2 = a+ b+c c a
Hence, option (a) is correct.
a3 b3 c 3 a+ b+c a b
2. The value of x, satisfying the
= pq∆ (by C1 → C1 + C 2 + C 3 )
equation log cos x sin x = 1, where
1 b c
π Hence, option (d) is correct.
0 < x < , is = (a + b + c ) 1 c a
2 4. If C 0 , C 1, C 2 , ..., C n are the
π π π π 1 a b
(a) (b) (c) (d) coefficients in the expansion of
12 3 6 4 (1 + x )n , then what is the value of (To take common a + b + c from C1)
π 0 b−c c − a
Ê (c) logcos x sin x = 1, where 0 < x < C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + ... + C n ?
2 = (a + b + c ) 0 c − a a−b
(a) 2 n (b) 2 n − 1
⇒ (cos x )1 = sin x ⇒ cos x = sin x 1 a b
(c) 2 n − 1 (d) 2 n − 2
⇒ tan x = 1 ⇒ tan x = tan π / 4 (by R1 → R1 − R 2, R 2 → R 2 − R 3 )
Ê (b)Q(1 + x) = C 0 + C1 x + C 2
n n n n
⇒ x = π/4 = ( a + b + c ) [( b − c )( a − b ) − (c − a )2 ]
Hence, option (c) is correct. x + … + Cnx
2 n n

= ( a + b + c ) ( ab − b 2 − ca + bc
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 31

− c 2 − a 2 + 2ca ) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

1 1 1
= − ( a + b + c ) ( a + b + c − ab − bc − ca )
2 2 2
Ê (b) + +…+
log 2 n log 3 n log100 n
= − ( a + b + c ) [( a + b + c )2 − 3 ( ab + bc + ca )]
= log n 2 + log n 3 + log n 4 + ... + log n 100
= − ( 4) [16 − 0] = − 64.
= log n(2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5…100)
6. The number of integer values of k, for which the equation = log100! (100 !) [Q n = 100 !]
2sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution, is =1 [Q log aa = 1]
(a) zero (b) one
Hence, option (b) is correct.
(c) two (d) four
Ê (c) Given, 10. If z = 1 + i , where i = −1, then what is the modulus of
2 sin x = 2 k + 1 2
z+ ?
Q − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ − 2 ≤ 2 sin x ≤ 2 z
− 2 − 1 ≤ 2 sin x − 1 ≤ 2 − 1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
− 3 ≤ 2k ≤ 1 Ê (b) z = 1 + i , where i = −1
−3 1
≤ k ≤ ⇒ − 1⋅ 5 ≤ k ≤ 0 ⋅ 5 2 2 2 (1 − i )
2 2 z+ = (1 + i ) + = (1 + i ) + ×
z (1 + i ) (1 + i ) (1 − i )
∴Integer values of k = − 1, 0
2(1 − i )
Hence, option (c) is correct. = (1 + i ) + =| 1 + i + 1 − i |=| 2| = 2
2
7. If a1, a 2 , a 3 , ..., a 9 are in GP, then what is the value of the Hence, option (b) is correct.
following determinant?
ln a1 ln a 2 ln a 3 11. If A and B are two matrices such that AB is of order n × n ,
then which one of the following is correct?
ln a 4 ln a 5 ln a 6
(a) A and B should be square matrices of same order.
ln a 7 ln a 8 ln a 9 (b) Either A or B should be a square matrix.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) Both A and B should be of same order.
(d) Orders of A and B need not be the same.
(c) 2 (d) 4
Ê (a) Let first term and common ratio of GP are a and r respectively. Ê (d) Given that, order of matrix AB = n × n
log a1 log a2 log a3 log a log ar log ar 2 If we take A n× p and Bp × n, then AB will be of order n × n.
∴ log a4 log a5 log a6 = log ar 3
log ar 4
log ar 5 So, orders of A and B need not be the same, is correct.
log a7 log a8 log a9 log ar 6 log ar 7 log ar 8 Hence, option (d) is correct.

log a log a + log r log a + 2 log r 12. How many matrices of different orders are possible with
= log a + 3 log r log a + 4 log r log a + 5 log r elements comprising all prime numbers less than 30?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
log a + 6 log r log a + 7 log r log a + 8 log r
Ê (c)QPrime numbers less than 30 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
[Qlog mn = log m + log n]
29}
log a log r log r
⇒ Number of elements = 10
= log a + 3 log r log r log r
∴Possible order of matrices with
log a + 6 log r log r log r 10 elements = 10 × 1, 1 × 10, 2 × 5, 5 × 2
(by C 2 → C 2 − C1 and C 3 → C 3 − C 2) ∴Nubmer of matrices of different order = 4
=0 [QC 2 = C 3] Hence, option (c) is correct.
8. If the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + 2x + k = 0 are p q
13. Let, A =
real, then r s
(a) k < 0 (b) k ≤ 0 where p , q , r and s are any four different prime numbers
(c) k < 1 (d) k ≤ 1 less than 20. What is the maximum value of the
Ê (d) Given quadratic equation, determinant?
x2 + 2 x + k = 0 … (i) (a) 215 (b) 311 (c) 317 (d) 323
p q
Since, roots are real Ê (c) A = r s , prime numbers less than 20
⇒ D ≥ 0 ⇒ b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} ⇒ A = ps − rq
(2 )2 − 4(1) ( k ) ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 ≥ 4k ⇒ k≤1
For maximum values of A, p and s must be maximum and r and q
Hence, option (d) is correct. must be minimum.
9. If n = 100!, then what is the value of the following? Then, p = 17, s = 19, r = 2, q = 3
1 1 1 1 ∴ A = 17 × 19 − 2 × 3
+ + + ... + = 323 − 6 = 317
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n log100 n
Hence, option (c) is correct.
32 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

x 1 3
14. If A and B are square matrices of order 2 such that
det( AB ) = det( BA ), then which one of the following is correct? Ê (c) Given, 0 0 1 =0 … (i)
(a) A must be a unit matrix 1 x 4
(b) B must be a unit matrix − 1 ( x 2 − 1) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 1
(c) Both A and B must be unit matrices
⇒ x = ± 1 ⇒ 1 − x2 = 0
(d) A and B need not be unit matrices
∴ x =1
2
Ê (d) A2 × 2 and B2 × 2 are two matrices
x = + 1, − 1
and| AB| = | BA | ⇒| A || B| = | B|| A |
Hence, option (c) is correct.
1 2  −2 1 
Let A =  , B =  3 / 2 then,| AB| = | BA |
 3 4   − 1 / 2  19. What is the value of the following?
Hence, we can say A and B need not be the unit matrices.
tan 31° tan 33° tan 35° ...tan 57 ° tan 59 °
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Hence, option (d) is correct.
Ê (c) tan 31º⋅ tan 33º⋅ tan 35º … tan 57º⋅ tan 59º
15. What is cot 2x cot 4 x − cot 4 x cot 6x − cot 6x cot 2x equal = tan 31º ⋅ tan 33°⋅ tan 35º … x tan 45° x K tan( 90° − 33° )
to? ⋅ tan( 90° − 31º )
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 = tan 31°⋅ tan 33°⋅ tan 35°… cot 35° ⋅ cot 33°⋅ cot 31°
Ê (c)Qcot 6 x = cot(2 x + 4 x) = (tan 31°⋅ cot 31° ) ⋅ (tan 33°⋅ cot 33° ) ⋅ (tan 35°⋅ cot 35° ) …
cot 2 x ⋅ cot 4 x − 1  cot A cot B − 1 = 1⋅ 1⋅ 1 … = 1
cot 6 x = Qcot ( A + B) =  Hence, option (c) is correct.
cot 2 x + cot 4 x  cot A + cot B 
1 x x +1
⇒ cot 6 x ⋅ cot 2 x + cot 6 x ⋅ cot 4 x = cot 2 x ⋅ cot 4 x − 1
∴ cot 2 x ⋅ cot 4 x − cot 4 x ⋅ cot 6 x − cot 6 x ⋅ cot 2 x = 1 20. If f ( x ) = 2x x ( x – 1) x ( x + 1)
Hence, option (c) is correct. 3x ( x – 1) 2( x – 1)( x – 2) x ( x + 1)( x – 1)
3 then what isf ( − 1) + f (0) + f (1) equal to?
16. If tan x = − and x is in the second quadrant, then what
4
is the value of sin x ⋅ cos x ? (a) 0 (b) 1
6 12 6 12 (c) 100 (d) − 100
(a) (b) (c) − (d) −
25 25 25 25 1 x x+1
Ê (d) Given, Ê (a) f( x) = 2x x( x − 1) x( x + 1)
−3 3 x( x − 1) 2( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) x( x + 1) ( x − 1)
tan x = and x is in the 2nd quadrant.
4
1 −1 0 1 0 1
Let perpendicular be 3k and base be 4k, then f( − 1) = − 2 2 0 = 0 ⇒ f( 0) = 0 0 0 = 0
Hypotenuse = ( 3k )2 + ( 4k )2 = 5k 6 12 0 0 4 0
3 −4 1 1 2
sin x = and cos x =
5 5 f(1) = 2 0 2 =0
3  − 4  − 12 0 0 0
∴sin x ⋅ cos x = ×   =
5  5  25
∴f( − 1) + f( 0) + f(1) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
Hence, option (d) is correct. Hence, option (a) is correct.
17. What is the value of the following? π
21. The equation sin −1 x − cos −1 x = has
 7 π   5π  6
cosec   sec  
 6  3 (a) no solution (b) unique solution
4 4 (c) two solutions (d) infinite number of solutions
(a) (b) 4 (c) − 4 (d) − −1 −1 π
3 3 Ê (b)Qsin x − cos x = … (i)
6
7 π  5π   π  π
Ê (c) cosec   ⋅ sec   = cosec  π +  ⋅ sec  2 π − 
 and we know that sin− 1 x + cos − 1 x =
π
6 3 6  3 … (ii)
2
π π
= − cosec ⋅ sec = − 2 × 2 = − 4 Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
6 3
π π 2π
Hence, option (c) is correct. 2 sin− 1 x = + ⇒ 2 sin− 1 x =
6 2 3
18. If the determinant −1 π
⇒ sin x =
x 1 3 3
π 3
0 0 1 =0 x = sin =
3 2
1 x 4 Hence, the given equation has a unique solution.
then what is x equal to? Hence, option (b) is correct.
(a) − 2 or 2 (b) − 3 or 3 (c) − 1 or 1 (d) 3 or 4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 33

22. What is the value of the following? (a) 0 (b) 1 ladder, the elevation of the top of
(c) 2 tanθ (d) 2 cot θ
(sin 24 ° + cos 66° ) (sin 24 ° − cos 66° ) 2
the flagstaff is 75°. What is the
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 1 + tan2 θ 1 − tanθ  height of the flagstaff ?
Ê (a) − 
Ê (b) (sin24º + cos 66º )(sin24º − cos 66º ) 1 + cot θ  1 − cot θ 
2 (a) 12 m (b) 9 m
2 (c) ( 6 + 3 ) m (d) ( 6 + 3 3 ) m
= (sin24º + cos 66º )  
{sin( 90° − 66º ) − cos 66º } 1 + tan2 θ  1 − tanθ  Ê (d) Let AC be a vertical flagstaff.
= − 
[Qsin( 90° − θ) = cos θ] 1 1 − 1  ∴ CD = 6 m, BD = 6 m
1+
= (sin24º + cos 66º ) (cos 66º − cos 66º ) tan2 θ  tanθ  ∠CBD = 75°
2 C
= (sin24º + cos 66º )( 0) = 0  1 + tan2 θ   tanθ(1 − tanθ)
= tan2 θ − 
Hence, option (b) is correct.  tan2 θ + 1  tanθ − 1 
6m 15°
23. A chord subtends an angle 120° at = tan2 θ − tan2 θ = 0
the centre of a unit circle. What is Hence, option (a) is correct. D
6m
the length of the chord?
(a) 2 − 1 units (b) 3 − 1 units 26. What is the interior angle of a h
75°
(c) 2 units (d) 3 units regular octagon of side length 2 cm?
π 3π 3π 3π 60°
B
Ê (d) Given, radius of the circle = 1 unit (a)
2
(b)
4
(c)
5
(d)
8
A
Let AD = h meter
Ê (b) Given, length of side of regular
octagon = 2 cm In ∆ABC
O QSum of interior angles of octagon 90 + 75 + ∠C = 180° [Q sum of interior
= ( 8 − 2 ) × 180º angle of triangle is 180°]
1 120° 1
= 6 × 180° ∠C = 15°
[Qsum of interior angles of polygon In ∆BCD,
A B
= ( n − 2 ) × 180º ] BD = CD ⇒ ∠BCD = ∠CBD = 15º
6 × 180º ∴ ∠ABD = 75º − 15º = 60º
∠AOB = 120º ∴Interior angle =
8 h 3 h
In ∆ABD, sin 60º = ⇒ =
By using cosine rule, 3π 6 2 6
= 135º =
OA 2 + OB2 − AB2 4 h= 3 3m
cos 120º = … (i)
2 ⋅ OA ⋅ OB Hence, option (b) is correct. ∴Height of the flagstaff = ( h + 6) m
Let AB = x unit, OA = 1 unit, OB = 1 unit = ( 3 3 + 6) m
27. If 7 sin θ + 24 cos θ = 25, then what is
From Eq. (i),
the value of (sin θ + cos θ)? Hence, option (d) is correct.
− 1 1 + 1 − x2 26 6 31
= ⇒ − 1 = 2 − x2 (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 29. The shadow of a tower is found to
2 2 ⋅ 1⋅ 1 25 5 25 be x metre longer, when the angle
⇒ x 2 = 3 ⇒ x = 3 unit
Ê (d) Given, 7 sinθ + 24cos θ = 25 of elevation of the sun changes
Hence, option (d) is correct. Since, we know that if from 60° to 45°. If the height of the
24. What is (1 + cot θ − cosecθ) a sinθ + b cos θ = c tower is 5(3 + 3 ) m, then what is x
(1 + tan θ + sec θ ) equal to? then b sinθ − a cos θ = a2 + b 2 − c 2 equal to?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 8 m (b) 10 m
Q 7 sinθ + 24 cos θ = 25 … (i)
Ê (b) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ) ∴24 sinθ − 7 cos θ = 7 + 24 − 25 2 2 2 (c) 12 m (d) 15 m
(1 + tanθ + sec θ) Ê (b) In the given diagram,
24 sinθ − 7 cos θ = 0 … (ii)
 cos θ 1  sinθ 1  AB represents the position of tower,
= 1 + −  1 + +  Eq. (i) × 7 + Eq. (ii) × 24
 sinθ sinθ   cos θ cos θ  where h = 5( 3 + 3 ) m
49 sinθ + 168 cos θ = 175 A
 sinθ + cos θ − 1  sinθ + cos θ + 1
=    576 sinθ − 168 cos θ = 0
 sinθ   cos θ 
625 sinθ = 175
5(3+√3)m

(sinθ + cos θ) 2 − 12
= sinθ =
175
=
7
sinθ ⋅ cos θ 625 25
sin2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sinθ cos θ – 1
= 7 
2
24
sinθ cos θ ∴cosθ = 1 −   =
 25  25 45° 60°
1 + 2 sinθ ⋅ cos θ − 1
= =2 7 24 31
D x C y B
sinθ ⋅ cos θ ∴sinθ + cos θ = + =
Hence, option (b) is correct. 25 25 25
2 Hence, option (d) is correct. CD = x m
 1 − tan θ 
1 + tan 2 θ In ∆ABC,
25. What is −  28. A ladder 6 m long reaches a point
1 + cot θ  1 − cot θ 
2
tan 60º =
5( 3 + 3 )
⇒ 3=
5( 3 + 3 )
6 m below the top of a vertical
equal to? BC BC
flagstaff. From the foot of the
34 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

∴ BC = 5( 3 + 1) m Ê (b) Let AB = m, AC = n Ê (c) A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4, 7}

In ∆ABD,
BC = m + n + mn
2 2 Since, number of elements are same in
5( 3 + 3 ) both the sets.
tan 45º = A
BD ⇒ A and B are equivalent sets.
5( 3 + 3 ) If A = {1, 5, 9}, B = {1, 5, 5, 9, 9}
⇒ 1=
BD Which is nothing but B = {1, 5, 9}
∴ BD = 5( 3 + 3 ) m m n
Since, elements are same in A and B
Since, x = BD − BC ⇒ A and B are equal sets
x = 5( 3 + 3 ) − 5( 3 + 1) Hence, option (c) is correct.
x = 5( 3 + 3 − 3 − 1) B √m2+n2+mn C
36. Consider the following statements
x = 10 m
By using cosine rule, 1. The null set is a subset of every
Hence, option (b) is correct.
AB2 + AC 2 − BC 2 set.
cos A =
30. If 3 cos θ = 4 sin θ, then what is the 2 AB ⋅ AC 2. Every set is a subset of itself.
value of tan( 45° + θ )? m2 + n2 − m2 − n2 − mn 3. If a set has 10 elements, then its
7 7 ⇒ cos A = power set will have 1024
(a) 10 (b) 7 (c) (d) 2 mn
2 4 elements.
−1
⇒ cos A = ⇒ A = 120º Which of the above statements are
Ê (b) If 3cos θ = 4sinθ 2
3 sinθ correct?
⇒ = ∴∠B + ∠C = 180 − ∠A
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
4 cos θ [Q sum of interior angle is 180°]
3 (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
⇒ tanθ = = 180º − 120º
4 Ê (d) Since we know that null set is a
∠B + ∠C = 60º subset of every set and every set is a
tan 45º + tanθ
∴tan( 45° + θ) = Hence, option (b) is correct. subset of itself.
1 − tan 45°⋅ tanθ
34. What is the area of the triangle If n( A ) = 10
3
1+ ∴n( P( A )) = 2 10 = 1024
= =44+ 3
=7
ABC with sides a = 10cm, c = 4cm
1 − 1×
3 4−3 and angle B = 30°? ∴all the given statements are true.
4 (a) 16 cm2 (b) 12 cm2 Hence, option (d) is correct.
Hence, option (b) is correct. (c) 10 cm2 (d) 8 cm2
π 37. Let R be a relation defined as xRy if
31. tan −1 x + cot −1 x = holds, when Ê (c) Given, a = 10 cm and only if 2x + 3y = 20, where
2
(a) x ∈ R c = 4 cm x , y ∈ N . How many elements of
(b) x ∈ R − ( − 1, 1) only ∠B = 30º the form ( x , y ) are there in R ?
(c) x ∈ R − { 0} only A (a) 2 (b) 3
(d) x ∈ R − [− 1, 1] only (c) 4 (d) 6
−1 −1 π Ê (b)Q xRy ⇔ 2 x + 3 y = 20
Ê (a) Since, tan x + cot x = where, x, y ∈ ¥
2 c b
for all x ∈ R. 20 − 2 x
Q y=
Hence, option (a) is correct. 3
1 All ordered pair which satisfies the given
32. If tan A = , then what is cos2A 30°
7 B C relations are (1, 6), (4, 4), (7, 2).
a
equal to? ∴ R = {(1, 6), ( 4, 4), (7, 2 )}
24 18 12 6 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) QArea of triangle = ac sin( ∠B) ∴ n( R ) = 3
25 25 25 25 2
Hence, option (b) is correct.
1 1 1 1
Ê (a) tan A = = × 10 × 4 × sin 30º = × 40 ×
7 2 2 2 38. Consider the following statements
1 − tan2 A 1 − (1 / 7 )2 = 10 sq cm 1. A function f :¢ → ¢, defined by
∴ cos 2 A = =
1 + tan2 A 1 + (1 / 7 )2 Hence, option (c) is correct. f ( x ) = x + 1, is one-one as well
49 − 1 48
as onto.
= = 35. Consider the following statements 2. A function f : ¥ → ¥, defined by
49 + 1 50
1. A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4, 7 } are f ( x ) = x + 1, is one-one but not
24
cos2 A = equivalent sets. onto.
25
2. A = {1, 5, 9 } and B = {1, 5, 5, 9, 9 } Which of the above statement(s)
Hence, option (a) is correct. are equal sets is/are correct?
33. The sides of a triangle are m, n and Which of the above statements (a) 1 only
is/are correct? (b) 2 only
m + n + mn . What is the sum
2 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
of the acute angles of the triangle? (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 75° (d) 90°
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 35

Ê (c) Statement I 2. The sum of z and its conjugate is 4(α 2 + α )

⇒ β=
f :¢ → z a real number. −2
f( x ) = x + 1 Which of the above statement(s) β = − 2α 2 – 2α
Let f( x1 ) = f( x2 ) is/are correct?
Hence, option (a) is correct.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
⇒ x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
⇒ x1 = x2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 43. If one root of 5x 2 + 26x + k = 0 is
Ê (c) Let z = x + iy
⇒ f is one-one in¢. reciprocal of the other, then what is
and every element of co-domain has its z = x − iy the value of k?
pre-image in domain. ∴ z − z = x + iy − x + iy = 2 iy which is (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 8
⇒ f is onto. an imaginary number. Ê (c) Given quadratic equation
Statement II ⇒ Statement-1 is correct. 5 x 2 + 26 x + k = 0 … (i)
f : ¥→ ¥ Also, z + z = x + iy + x − iy = 2 x which
Let α and β be the roots.
f( x ) = x + 1 is real.
1
⇒ Statement-2 is correct. According to question, β =
Let f( x1 ) = f( x2 ) α
x1 + 1 = x2 + 1 Hence, option (c) is correct. k
QProduct of roots =
⇒ x1 = x2 41. What is the modulus of the complex 5
⇒ f is one-one in ¥. number i 2n + 1( −i )2n − 1, where n ∈ N k
α ⋅β =
But there is no element in ¥ such that 5
and i = −1? 1 k k
f( x ) = 1 ⇒ α⋅ = ⇒1 =
(a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2 α 5 5
Hence, f is not onto on ¥. 2n + 1
Ê (b) Let z = i ( − i )2n − 1, where n ∈¥ ⇒ k=5
Given statements are correct.
Hence, option (c) is correct. = ( i )2n( i ) ( − i )2n( − i )−1 Hence, option (c) is correct.

 i  44. In how many ways can a team of

39. Consider the following in respect of = ( i 2n )( −1)2n.( i 2n )  
 −i  5 players be selected from 8 players
a complex number z.
= ( i 4 n )( −1) = ( i 4 )n.( −1) so as not to include a particular
1. (z −1 ) = (z )−1 player?
= − 1 = − 1 + 0i
2. zz −1 = | z | 2 ∴ | z| = 1
(a) 42 (b) 35
(c) 21 (d) 20
Which of the above is/are correct? Hence, option (b) is correct.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Ê (c) Given that there are 8 players among
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 42. If α and β are the roots of the which one particular player is there.
equation 4 x 2 + 2x − 1 = 0, then Hence, number of ways to select 5
Ê (a) Let z = x + iy players = 8 − 1C 5
which one of the following is
z = x − iy 7 ×6
1 x + iy correct? = 7C 5 = = 21
( z)− 1 = = 2 (a) β = − 2α − 2α (b) β = 4α − 3α
2 2 1× 2
x − iy x + y2
(c) β = α 2 − 3α (d) β = − 2α 2 + 2α Hence, option (c) is correct.
1 x − iy
Also, z− 1 = = 2 Ê (a) Given quadratic equation
x + iy x + y2 45. What is the coefficient of the
4 x2 + 2 x − 1 = 0 … (i) middle term in the expansion of
x + iy
( z− 1 ) = = ( z)− 1
x 2 + y2
If α, β are the roots of Eq. (i), then these (1 + 4 x + 4 x 2 )5 ?
value will satisfy the given equation.
(a) 8064 (b) 4032
∴Statement 1 is correct. 4α 2 + 2α − 1 = 0 … (ii) (c) 2016 (d) 1008
| z| = x + y
2 2
and 4β 2 + 2β − 1 = 0 … (iii)
Ê (a) (1 + 4 x + 4 x )
2 5

⇒ | z| = x + y
2 2 2
From Eq. (i), = {(1 + 2 x )2} 5 = (1 + 2 x )10
( x − iy) −2
But zz− 1 = ( x + iy) Sum of roots = ∴Total number of term in the expansion
x 2 + y2 4
of (1 + 2 x )10 = 10 + 1 = 11
x 2 + y2 −1
= = 1 ≠ | z|2 α +β=  11 + 1
x 2 + y2
2 ∴ Middle term =   th term
−1  2 
∴Statement 2 is wrong. β= −α
2 = 6 th term
Hence, option (a) is correct. On putting the value of β in Eq. (iii), T6 = T5 +1 = 10C 5 (2 x )5
2
40. Consider the following statements −1  = C 5 × 2 5 × x5
10
4 − α  + 2β − 1 = 0
in respect of an arbitrary complex  2  ∴Coefficient of middle term = C5 ⋅25
10

number z. 1  10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6
4 + α 2 + α  − 1 = − 2β = × 2 5 = 8064
1. The difference of z and its 4  1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5
conjugate is an imaginary
1 + 4α 2 + 4α − 1 = − 2β Hence, option (a) is correct.
number.
36 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

5
Ê (b) If f( x + 1) = x − 3 x + 2
2
46. What is ⇒ [2 a + ( 5 − 1)d ]
2
C (n , 1) + C (n , 2) + ... + C (n , n ) equal Let x + 1 = y
1 5
to? = × [2 a6 + ( 5 − 1)d ] ⇒ x = y − 1 or x → x − 1
4 2
(a) 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ... + 2 n ∴f( x ) = ( x − 1)2 − 3( x − 1) + 2
[Qsum of n terms of AP,
(b) 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ... + 2 n
n
S n = [2 a + ( n − 1)d ] = x2 + 1 − 2 x − 3 x + 3 + 2
(c) 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ... + 2 n − 1
2
(d) 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ... + 2 n − 1 = x2 − 5 x + 6
4(2 × 2 + 4d ) = 2 a6 + 4d
Ê (c) C ( n, 1) + C ( n, 2 ) + … + C ( n, n) 16 + 16d = 2 a6 + 4d
Hence, option (b) is correct.
= C1 + C 2 + C 3 + … + C n
n n n n
16 + 16d = 2( a + 5d ) + 4d 52. If x 2 , x, − 8 are in AP, then which
{Q C 0 + C1 + C 2 + … + C n = 2 }
n n n n n
16 + 16d = 2 a + 14d one of the following is correct?
= 2 n − nC 0 = 2 n − 1 16 + 16d = 2 × 2 + 14d (a) x ∈ { − 2} (b) x ∈ { 4}
2d = − 12 ⇒ d = − 6 (c) x ∈ { − 2, 4} (d) x ∈ { − 4, 2}
Now, we shall solve the option to check
10
Ê (c) If x , x, − 8 are in AP, then
2
whether sum is 2 n − 1 or not. ∴ S10 = [2 a + (10 − 1)d ]
2
Let’s take 2 x = x2 − 8
= 5[2 × 2 + 9( − 6)]
S = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + … + 2 n − 1 which = 5[4 − 54] ⇒ x − 2x − 8 = 0
2

forms a GP. S10 = − 250 ⇒ ( x − 4) ( x + 2 ) = 0

where a = 1 Hence, option (b) is correct. x ∈ { − 2, 4}
2
r= =2>1 49. Consider the following statements Hence, option (c) is correct.
1
a( r n − 1) 1. If each term of a GP is multiplied 53. The third term of a GP is 3. What is
Q S = by same non-zero number, then the product of its first five terms?
r−1
the resulting sequence is also a (a) 81
( − 1)
12 n
GP. (b) 243
∴ S = = 2n − 1
2 −1 2. If each term of a GP is divided by (c) 729
same non-zero number, then the (d) Cannot be determined due to
Hence, 2 n − 1 = nC1 + nC 2 + … + nC n
resulting sequence is also a GP. insufficient data
∴Option (c) is correct.
Which of the above statements Ê (b) Given
47. What is the sum of the coefficients is/are correct? a3 = 3
of first and last terms in the (a) 1 only (b) 2 only Q a3 = ar 2 in GP [Qan = ar n − 1 in GP]
expansion of (1 + x )2n , where n is a (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 ar 2 = 3 … (i)
natural number? Ê (c) Let us take a GP. To find a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a4 ⋅ a5
(a) 1 (b) 2 a, ar, ar 2, … is in GP.
= a( ar ) ( ar 2 ) ( ar 3 ) ( ar 4 )
(c) n (d) 2 n ⇒ ak, akr, akr 2, … will also be in GP
= a 5r10 = ( ar 2 )5 = 3 5 = 243
Ê (b) Expand (1 + x) by using binomial
2n
where, k is non-zero number.
expansion 1 Hence, option (b) is correct.
If k = , m ≠ 0
= 2nC 0 x 0 + 2n
C1 x + 1 2n
C2x 2
m 54. The element in the ith row and the
a a a j th column of a determinant of
+…+ 2n
C 2n x 2n
⇒ , r, r 2, … will also be in GP.
∴The coefficient of first and last term of
m m m third order is equal to 2(i + j ). What
Hence, both statements are correct. is the value of the determinant?
the expansion
50. How many 5-digit prime numbers (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
= 2nC 0 + 2nC 2n
= 1+ 1= 2 can be formed using the digits 1, 2, Ê (a) Given,
3, 4, 5 if the repetition of digits is aij = 2( i + j )
Hence, option (b) is correct.
not allowed? ∴a11 = 2(1 + 1 ) = 4 , a21 = 2(2 + 1) = 6
48. If the first term of an AP is 2 and (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 0 a12 = 2(1 + 2 ) = 6 , a22 = 2(2 + 2 ) = 8
the sum of the first five terms is a13 = 2(1 + 3) = 8 , a23 = 2(2 + 3) = 10
Ê (d) Given digits are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
equal to one-fourth of the sum of Since, the sum of digits a31 = 2( 3 + 1) = 8, a32 = 2( 3 + 2 ) = 10,
the next five terms, then what is the = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 is divisible by 3. a33 = 2( 3 + 3) = 12
sum of the first ten terms? ⇒ Every 5 digit number formed by the 4 6 8 2 3 4
(a) − 500 (b) − 250 given digits will be divisible by 3. ∆ = 6 8 10 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 3 4 5
(c) 500 (d) 250 ⇒ There is no prime number. 8 10 12 4 5 6
Ê (b) Given, first term of an AP ( a) = 2 Hence, option (d) is correct.
= 8 [2(24 − 25) − 3(18 − 20) + 4(15 − 16)]
1
and a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = 51. If f ( x + 1) = x 2 − 3x + 2, then what ∆ = 8 [ − 2 + 6 − 4]
4
( a6 + a7 + a8 + a9 + a10 ), where is f ( x ) equal to? ∆ =0
an = a + ( n − 1)d (a) x 2 − 5x + 4 (b) x 2 − 5x + 6 Hence, option (a) is correct.
(c) x 2 + 3x + 3 (d) x 2 − 3x + 1
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 37

55. With the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, all the Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect Ê (b) Let A = ( − 4, 2 )
each other.
possible determinants with these
O is mid-point of AC. A(–4, 2)
four different elements are
 −3 + 5 4 + 2 
constructed. What is the sum of the ⇒ Coordinate of O  ,  or
 2 2 
values of all such determinants?
(a) 128 (b) 64 (c) 32 (d) 0 (1, 3)
O is mid-point of BD.
Ê (d) Given numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8.  x + 0 y − 4
∴We can form determinant of order 2. ⇒ Coordinate of O is  , 
 2 2 
Number of determinats − A′(4, –2)
 x y 4 
= 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 or  , 
2 2 
Let’s observe some determinants image point
Therefore, compare the coordinate of O
2 6 6 2 A′ = ( 4, − 2 )
= 8 − 48 = − 40 , = 40 ⇒
x
=1⇒ x=2
8 4 4 8 2 ∴Mid-point of
2 8 6 4 y− 4  − 4 + 4 2 + ( − 2 )
= 8 − 48 = − 40 , = 40 and = 3 ⇒ y = 10 AA′ =  ,  = ( 0, 0)
6 4 2 8 2  2 2 
Hence, the fourth vertex is (2, 10). −2 −2
4 8
= 8 − 48 = − 40 ,
8 4
= 40 Slope of AA′ =
4 − ( − 4)
6 2 2 6 58. If the lines y + px = 1 and
− 4 −1
4 6 8 2 y − qx = 2 are perpendicular, then = =
= 8 − 48 = − 40 , = 40 8 2
8 2 4 6 which one of the following is
correct? Since, AA′ and mirror line are
Hence, we can see that we are getting a perpendicular.
pattern where each determinant value (a) pq + 1 = 0 (b) p + q + 1 = 0
(c) pq − 1 = 0 (d) p − q + 1 = 0 Slope of line mirror
will be neutralised by other value.
−1 −1
Hence, sum of the values of all Ê (c) Given y + px = 1 … (i) = = =2
Slope of AA ′ − 1 / 2
determinants = 0 y − qx = 2 … (ii)
Hence, option (d) is correct. Equation of a line is y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
Eqs. (i) and (ii) are perpendicular
∴ Equation of a line mirror is
56. What is the radius of the circle ⇒ m1 ⋅ m2 = − 1 where m1 and m2 are the
y − 0 = 2 ( x − 0)
4 x 2 + 4y 2 − 20x + 12y − 15 = 0? slope of Eqs. (i) and (ii)
⇒ y = 2x
− coefficient of x
(a) 14 units (b) 10.5 units and m =
coefficient of y Hence, option (b) is correct.
(c) 7 units (d) 3.5 units
− p − (− q ) 61. Consider the following statements
⇒ × = −1
Ê (d) Given equation of circle 1 1 in respect of the points ( p , p − 3),
4 x + 4 y − 20 x + 12 y − 15 = 0
2 2
⇒ − pq = − 1 (q + 3, q ) and (6, 3)
15
⇒ x 2 + y2 − 5 x + 3 y − =0 ⇒ pq − 1 = 0 1. The points lie on a straight line.
4
Hence, option (c) is correct. 2. The points always lie in the first
On comparing with quadrant only for any value of p
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 59. If A , B and C are in AP, then the and q.
−5 3 − 15 straight line Ax + 2By + C = 0 will
g = , f = ,c = Which of the above statement(s)
2 2 4 always pass through a fixed point.
is/are correct?
∴Radius = g 2 + f2 − c
The fixed point is (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(a) (0, 0) (b) ( − 1, 1)
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
=
25 9 15 7
+ + = = 3.5 unit (c) (1, − 2 ) (d) (1, − 1)
4 4 4 2 Ê (a) Given points are A( p, p − 3),
Ê (d) Given A, B, C are in AP. B(q + 3, q ) and C( 6, 3)
Hence, option (d) is correct.
⇒ 2B = A + C As, Points lies on a straight line,
57. A parallelogram has three ⇒ A − 2B + C = 0 … (i) so slope of AB = slope of BC
consecutive vertices ( − 3, 4 ), (0, − 4 ) On comparing A − 2 B + C = 0 q − p+ 3 3−q
and (5, 2).The fourth vertex is =
with the given line Ax + 2 By + C = 0, q + 3− p 6−q − 3
(a) (2, 10) (b) (2, 9) we get x = 1, y = − 1  y2 − y1 
(c) (3, 9) (d) (4, 10) Hence, line Ax + 2 By + C = 0 will pass Qslope of a line = 
 x2 − x1 
Ê (a) through (1, − 1)
Hence, option (d) is correct. 1= 1
D (x, y) C(5, 2)
∴Statement 1 is correct.
60. If the image of the point ( − 4, 2) by But it’s not necessary that the collinear
O a line mirror is (4, − 2), then what is points lie in the first quadrant only.
the equation of the line mirror? ∴Statement 2 is wrong.
(a) y = x (b) y = 2 x
A(–3, 4) B(0, –4) Hence, option (a) is correct.
(c) 4 y = x (d) y = 4x
Let the fourth vertex be D ( x, y)
38 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

62. What is the acute angle between Ê (d) Given point is ( 3 tanθ, 2 sec θ) 67. If l , m, n are the direction cosines of
the lines x − 2 = 0 and ⇒ x = 3 tanθ, y = 2 sec θ the line x − 1 = 2(y + 3) = 1 − z ,
3x − y − 2 = 0 ? x y
= tanθ, = sec θ then what isl 4 + m 4 + n 4 equal to?
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60° 3 2 11 13
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 4
l1 : x − 2 = 0 Q sec 2 θ − tan2 θ = 1 27 27
Ê (b)
l2 : 3 x − y − 2 = 0 y2 x2 Ê (b) Given line is
− = 1 which represents conjugate
− Coefficient of x 4 9 x − 1 = 2( y + 3) = 1 − z
∴Slope of line l1, m1 = Hyperbola. x − 1 y + 3 1− z
Coefficient of y ⇒ = =
−1 ⇒ a 2 = 9, b 2 = 4 2 1 2
= =∞ x − 1 y − ( − 3) z − 1
0 a2 ⇒ = =
∴ e = 1+ 2 1 −2
The line l1 is parallel to Y-axis or b2
perpendicular to X-axis. ∴Direction ratios are <2, 1, − 2 >
9 13
= 1+ = ∴Direction cosines are
− 3
∴Slope of line, l 2, m2 = = 3 4 4 2 1
−1 13 < , ,
e = 2 2 + 12 + ( −2 )2 2 2 + 12 + ( − 2 )2
The line l 2 makes an angle 60° from 2
−2
positive X-axis. Hence, option (d) is correct.
2 2 + 12 + ( − 2 )2
∴Angle between l1 and
65. Consider the following with regard 2 1 −2
l 2 = 90º − 60º = 30º to eccentricity (e ) of a conic section ∴l = ,m= ,n=
3 3 3
Hence, option (b) is correct. 1. e = 0 for circle 4 4 4
2  1  −2 
63. The point of intersection of 2. e = 1 for parabola ∴l 4 + m4 + n4 =   +   +  
 3  3  3 
diagonals of a square ABCD is at 3. e < 1 for ellipse 16 + 1 + 16 33 11
the origin and one of its vertices is = = =
Which of the above are correct? 81 81 27
at A( 4, 2). What is the equation of (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 Hence, option (b) is correct.
the diagonal BD? (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 2 x + y = 0 (b) 2 x − y = 0 68. What is the projection of the line
Ê (d) Since, we know that circle has
(c) x + 2 y = 0 (d) x − 2 y = 0 eccentricity 0 segment joining A(1, 7, − 5) and
Ê (a) Since, diagonal BD passes through and parabola has eccentricity 1 B( − 3, 4, − 2) on Y-axis?
the origin O( 0, 0). (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
and ellipse has eccentricity e < 1
D C
and hyperbola has eccentricity e > 1. Ê (c) A = (1, 7, − 5) and B = ( − 3, 4, − 2 )
Hence, option (d) is correct. ∴Direction ratios of
AB = < ( − 3 − 1), ( 4 − 7 ), ( − 2 + 5) >
(0, 0) 66. What is the angle between the two = < – 4, − 3, 3 >
lines having direction ratios 6, 3, 6 ⇒ a = − 4, b = − 3, c = 3
and 3, 3, 0 ? Direction cosines of Y-axis = < 0, 1, 0 >
A (4, 2) B l = 0, m = 1, n = 0
π π
(a) (b)
0−2 1 6 4 ∴Projection of AB on Y-axis
QSlope of OA = =
0−4 2 π π =| al + bm + cn|
(c) (d)
3 2 = | − 4 × 0 + ( − 3) × 1 + 3 × 0 | = 3
QOA and OB are perpendicular to each
other Ê (b) Direction ratios of line l1 = < 6, 3, 6 > Hence, option (c) is correct.
−1 −1 a1 = 6, b1 = 3, c1 = 6
∴slope of OB = = 69. What is the number of possible
slope of OA 1 / 2 Direction ratios of line l 2 = < 3, 3, 0 >
values of k for which the line
⇒ a2 = 3, b 2 = 3, c 2 = 0
= −2 joining the points (k , 1, 3) and (1, − 2,
a1a2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2
∴Eqs. of BD having slope – 2 and Qcosθ = k + 1) also passes through the point
passes through (0, 0) a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b 22 + c 22 (15, 2, − 4 )?
y − 0 = − 2 [ x − 0] 6×3+ 3×3+ 6×0 (a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Infinite
=
[Q Equation of a line 6 + 32 + 62 ⋅ 32 + 32 + 0
2
Ê (c) Let A = ( k, 1, 3), B = (1, − 2, k + 1)
⇒ y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )]
27 and C = (15, 2, − 4)
⇒ 2x + y = 0 ⇒ cosθ =
9×3 2 Since, line AB passes through C also.
Hence, option (a) is correct.
1 π Hence, points A, B and C are collinear.
⇒ cos θ = = cos
64. If any point on a hyperbola is 2 4 k 1 3
(3 tan θ, 2sec θ), then what is the π ∴ 1 −2 k+1 =0
∴ θ=
eccentricity of the hyperbola? 4 15 2 −4
Hence, option (b) is correct.
(a)
3
(b)
5
(c)
11
(d)
13 k( 8 − 2 k − 2 ) − 1( − 4 − 15k − 15)
2 2 2 2 + 3(2 + 30) = 0
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 39

6k − 2 k 2 + 19 + 15k + 96 = 0 72. Consider the following statements Which of the above statements are
2 k 2 − 21k − 115 = 0 which is quadratic in respect of a vector c = a + b, not correct?
equation. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
where | a | = | b| ≠ 0
⇒ k has two values. (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
1. c is perpendicular to (a − b ).
Hence, option (c) is correct.
2. c is perpendicular to (a × b ). Ê (d) Statement I
70. The foot of the perpendicular Let a and b are unit vectors
Which of the above statements
drawn from the origin to the plane i.e. |a| = |b| = 1
is/are correct?
x + y + z = 3 is (a) 1 only (b) 2 only a × b = |a||b| sin θ n$
(a) (0, 1, 2) (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |a × b| = |a||b| sin θ
(b) (0, 0, 3) = sin θ ∈ [−1, 1]
Ê (c) c = a + b where a = b ≠ 0
(c) (1, 1, 1) Therefore, statement I is incorrect.
Consider, c ⋅ (a − b ) = (a + b ) ⋅ (a − b )
(d) (− 1, 1, 3) Statement II
= |a|2 − | b |2 = |b|2 − |b|2 = 0
Ê (c) Let the foot of the perpendicular Let a and b are unit vectors
drawn from the origin to the plane ⇒ c is perpendicular to (a − b ). i.e. a ⋅ b = |a||b| cos θ
x + y + z = 3 be ( a, b, c ). Also, c ⋅ (a × b ) = (a + b ) ⋅ (a × b ) = cos θ ∈ [−1, 1]
O (0, 0, 0) = a ⋅ (a × b ) + b ⋅ (a × b ) Therefore, statement II is also incorrect.
= 0 + 0= 0 Statement III
⇒ c is perpendicular to (a × b )
Let a = $i and b = $j
Normal Hence, option (c) is correct.
⇒ |a| = 1,|b| = 1
73. If a and b are two vectors such that |a + b| = | $i + $j| = 2
A
(a, b, c) | a + b| = | a − b| = 4, then which
|a − b| = | $i − $j| = 2
one of the following is correct?
Direction ratios of the plane = < 1, 1, 1 > (a) a and b must be unit vectors ax − xa
(b) a must be parallel to b
76. If lim =− 1
∴Direction ratios of OA and normal will x→ax a − aa
be in the same ratio. (c) a must be perpendicular to b
then what is the value of a?
a−0 b−0 c−0 (d) a must be equal to b
(a) − 1
∴ = = (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
1 1 1 Ê (c) Given,|a + b| = |a − b| = 4 ax − xa
⇒ a = 1, b = 1, c = 1 Ê (c) xlim = −1
⇒|a + b|2 = |a − b|2 →a xa − aa
∴ A = (1, 1, 1)
|a|2 + | b |2 + 2a ⋅ b ax − xa 0 
Hence, option (c) is correct. ⇒ lim = –1  form
= |a| + | b | − 2a ⋅ b
2 2 x→ a xa − aa 0 
71. A vector r = a$i + b$j is equally ⇒ 4 a ⋅b = 0 ⇒a ⋅b = 0 By using L’ Hospital rule,
inclined to both x and y axes. If the ⇒ a must be perpendicular to b. a x loge a − ax a − 1
lim =–1
magnitude of the vector is 2 units, Hence, option (c) is correct. x→ a ax a − 1 − 0
then what are the values of a and b a a loge a − a ⋅ a a − 1
respectively?
74. If a , b and c are coplanar, then what ⇒ = −1
1 1 1 1 is (2a × 3b ) ⋅ 4 c+ (5b × 3c) ⋅ 6a equal a ⋅ a a− 1
(a) , (b) , a a(loge a − 1)
2 2 2 2 to? ⇒ = −1
(c) 2 , 2 (d) 2, 2 (a) 114 (b) 66 (c) 0 (d) − 66 aa
$ $ Ê (c) Given that, a , b and c are coplanar ⇒ loge a = − 1 + 1
Ê (c) r = ai + bj
⇒ [a b c ] = 0 … (i) ⇒ loge a = 0
| r| = a2 + b 2 = 2 ∴ a = e0 = 1
∴(2 a × 3 b ) ⋅ 4 c + ( 5 b × 3 c ) ⋅ 6 a
Y
= 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 [a b c ] + 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 6 [b c a ] ∴ a=1
= 24 [a b c ] + 90 [a b c ] {Q[a b c ] Hence, option (c) is correct.
r b = [b c a ]}
77. A particle starts from origin with a
45° = 24 × 0 + 90 × 0 = 0
X velocity (in m/s) given by the
ai Hence, option (c) is correct. dx
equation = x + 1. The time (in
75. Consider the following statements dt
Since, r is equally inclined from X-axis
1. The cross product of two unit second) taken by the particle to
and Y-axis.
vectors is always a unit vector. traverse a distance of 24 m is
Hence, r makes 45º from the X-axis.
2. The dot product of two unit (a) ln24 (b) ln 5
∴a = | r |cos 45º and b = | r |sin 45º vectors is always unity. (c) 2 ln 5 (d) 2 ln 4
1 1
a=2 × , and b = 2 × 3. The magnitude of sum of two dx
2 2 Ê (c) = x + 1
unit vectors is always greater dt
a = 2 and b = 2 than the magnitude of their dx
difference. ⇒ = dt
Hence, option (c) is correct. x+1
40 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

a
d2
On integrating both sides
dx
R.H.S. Let I = ∫− a g ( x) dx At x = 1, f ′( x) = − 6 < 0
dx 2
∫ x + 1 = ∫ dt a
⇒ I= ∫− a f( x) dx … (i) ∴At x = 1, f ′( x ) is maximum.
ln( x + 1) = t + c … (i) b b Hence, option (c) is correct.
[Q ∫ f( x ) dx = ∫a f ( a + b − x ) dx ]
Since, at t = 0, distance ( x ) = 0 a
83. A 24 cm long wire is bent to form a
∴ln( 0 + 1) = 0 + c a
I= ∫− a f( − x ) dx … (ii) triangle with one of the angles as 60°.
0=c What is the altitude of the triangle
∴ln( x + 1) = t Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a having the greatest possible area?
At x = 24 m 2I = ∫− a [ f ( x ) + f( − x )] dx (even function)
(a) 4 3 cm (b) 2 3 cm
t = ln(24 + 1) = ln25 = ln 5 2 a
⇒ 2 I = 2 ∫ [f( x ) + f( − x )] dx (c) 6 cm (d) 3 cm
t = 2 ln 5 0
a Ê (a) C
Hence, option (c) is correct. I= ∫0[ f ( x ) + f( − x )]dx = L.H.S
60°
f (a − x ) ⇒ g ( x ) = f( x ) and
78. What is ∫
a
dx equal a b
0 f ( x ) + f (a − x ) Hence, option (a) is correct.
to?
(a) a (b) 2 a 81. What is the area bounded by B c A
(c) 0 (d)
a y = 16 − x , y ≥ 0 and the X -axis?
2
Given, a + b + c = 24
2
(a) 16 π sq. units (b) 8 π sq. units ⇒ c = 24 − ( a + b )
a f( a − x )
Ê (d) Let I = ∫0 dx … (i) (c) 4 π sq. units (d) 2 π sq. units a2 + b 2 − c 2
f( x ) + f( a − x ) Again cos C =
x→ a − x Ê (b) Shaded portion in the diagram 2 ab
represents the area bounded by a2 + b 2 − c 2
a f( a − a + x ) ⇒ cos 60° =
I=∫ dx y = 16 − x 2 , y ≥ 0 and X-axis. 2 ab
0 f( a − x ) + f( a − a + x )
y 1 a2 + b 2 − c 2
a f( x ) ⇒ =
I= ∫0 f ( a − x ) + f( x )
dx … (ii) (0, 4) 2 2 ab
⇒ ab = a 2 + b 2 − c 2
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a f( a − x ) + f( x ) x ⇒ ab = a 2 + b 2 − [24 − ( a + b )]2
2I = ∫ ⋅ dx (–4, 0) (4, 0)
0 f( a − x ) + f( x ) ⇒ ab = a 2 + b 2 − 576
a (0, –4) − ( a + b )2 + 48 ( a + b )
2I = ∫0 1⋅ dx
⇒ ab = a 2 + b 2 − 576 − a 2 − b 2
2 I = x |a0 Put y = 0, then 16 − x 2 = 0
− 2 ab + 48 ( a + b )
2I = a − 0 ⇒ x=± 4
a 4 ⇒ 3ab − 48( a + b ) = − 576
I=
2
∴ Required area = ∫− 4 16 − x 2 dx
⇒ ab − 16( a + b ) = − 192
4
⇒ ab − 16a = 16b − 192
Hence, option (d) is correct. =2 ∫0 16 − x 2 dx
x +x
3 2 ⇒ a( b − 16) = 16( b − 12 )
79. What is lim equal to? x 16 x
4
16( b − 12 )
x → −1 x 2 + 3x + 2 =2  16 − x 2 + sin−1 ⇒ a=
 2 2 4  0 b − 16
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
8π 1
= 2 [0 + 8 sin−1 1] = 2 × Again ar( ∆ABC ), A = ab sin C
x + x3
0
2
 2 2
Ê (b) Given, xlim =  from
→ –1 x2 + 3 x + 2  0  = 8 π sq units 1 16( b − 12 )b
= × × sin 60°
By using L′ Hospital rule Hence, option (b) is correct. 2 b − 16
3 x2 + 2 x 1 16( b − 12 )b 3
lim = 82. The curve y = − x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x − 27 = × ×
x→ –1 2x+ 3 2 b − 16 2
has the maximum slope at 4 3( b 2 − 12 b )
3(–1)2 + 2(–1) 3–2 =
= = =1 (a) x = − 1 (b) x = 0 b − 16
2(–1) + 3 –2 + 3
(c) x = 1 d) x = 2 dA
Hence, option (b) is correct. ∴ =4 3
Ê (c) Given that, y = − x + 3 x + 2 x − 27
3 2
db
80. If ∫ [ f ( x ) + f ( − x )]dx = ∫ g ( x )dx
a a
dy  (2 b − 12 )( b − 16) − ( b 2 − 12 b ) ⋅ 1
0 −a Slope = = − 3 x2 + 6 x + 2  
then what is g ( x ) equal to? dx  b − 16 
(a) f( x ) (b) f( − x ) + f( x ) ∴f ′ ( x ) = − 3 x 2 + 6 x + 2 Maximum value for A
(c) − f( x ) (d) None of these For maxima/minima of f ′( x ). dA
=0
d db
Ê (a) Given that, [f ′ ( x )] = − 6 x + 6 = 0
a a dx 4 3
∫0[ f ( x ) + f( − x )] dx = ∫− a g ( x) dx ⇒ 6x = 6 ⇒ x = 1
⇒
b − 16
[2 b 2 − 32 b − 12 b

If g ( x ) = f( x ) +192 − b 2 + 12 b] = 0
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 41

⇒ b 2 − 32 b + 192 = 0 (sec x − tan x ) 1

I= ∫ sec 2 x − tan2 x dx =
x
[cos(ln x ) − sin(ln x )]
⇒ ( b − 24) ( b − 8) = 0
(sec x − tan x ) At x = e,
⇒ b = 24, 8 I= ∫ 1
dx dy 1
= [cos(lne ) − sin(lne )]
when, b = 24
= ∫ sec x dx − ∫ tanx dx dx e
16(24 − 12 ) 16 × 12
a= = = 24 1
24 − 16 8 I = log| sec x + tan x | − log| sec x | + C = [cos 1 − sin1]
e
and c = 24 − (24 + 24) = −24 Hence, option (d) is correct.
[Qlne = 1]
It is impossible, Hence, option (a) is correct.
86. What is ∫
dx
when, b = 8 equal to?
16( 8 − 12 ) 16( −4)
sec (tan −1 x )
2
89. If x = e t cos t and y = e t sin t , then
a= = =8 −1
(a) sin x + c (b) tan x + c−1
8 − 16 ( −8) dx
(c) sec −1 x + c (d) cos −1 x + c what is at t = 0 equal to?
and c = 24 − ( 8 + 8) = 8 dx dy
∴So triangle will be equilateral Ê (b) Let I = ∫ sec 2(tan− 1 x) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2e (d) − 1
3
Ê (b) Given that, x = e cos t , y = e sint
t t
∴ Height = (side) dx
2 I= ∫1+ 2
tan (tan −1
x) dx d d t
3 ∴ = et cos t + cos t e
= × 8 = 4 3 cm [Q sec x = 1 + tan x ]
2 2 dt dt dt
2 = et ( − sint ) + cos t ⋅ et
dx
84. If f ( x ) = e | x | , then which one of the = ∫1+ x2 dy
= et
d d
sint + sint ⋅ et
following is correct? −1
dt dt dt
I = tan x+C dy
(a) f ′ ( 0) = 1 (b) f ′ ( 0) = − 1 = et cos t + et sint
Hence, option (b) is correct. dt
(c) f ′ ( 0) = 0 (d) f ′( 0) does not exist
dx dx / dt
Ê (d) Given that, f( x) = e
| x| 87. If x + y = 20 and P = xy , then what ∴ =
dy dy / dt
 ex ; x ≥ 0 is the maximum value of P ?
⇒ f( x ) =  − x (a) 100 (b) 96 dx et (cos t − sint )
; x< 0 =
e (c) 84 (d) 50 dy et (cos t + sint )
LHD at x = 0,
Ê (a) Given, x + y = 20 At t = 0,
f ( 0 + h) − f ( 0 ) dx cos 0º − sin 0º 1− 0
f ′ ( 0 − ) = lim ⇒ y = 20 − x ∴ = =
h → 0− h
P = xy dy cos 0º + sin 0º 1 + 0
−h
e −e 0
 dx 
= lim P = x(20 − x ) =1
h → 0− h  
P = 20 x − x 2  dy  t =0
(by using L’ Hospital rule)
dP Hence, option (b) is correct.
e− h ∴ = 20 − 2 x
= lim − = −1 dx
h → 0− 1 dP
90. What is the maximum value of
For maxima/minima, =0 sin 2x ⋅ cos 2x ?
RHD at x = 0, dx
1
f ( 0 + h) − f ( 0 ) 20 − 2 x = 0 (a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
f ′ ( 0 + ) = lim 2
h → 0+ h ⇒ x = 10
eh − e0 Ê (a) Let y = sin2 x ⋅ cos 2 x
= lim d 2P
At x = 10, 2 = − 2 < 0 1
h→ 0 +
h dx y= [2 sin2 x ⋅ cos 2 x ]
2
eh ∴P is maximum at x = 10
= lim = e0 = 1 1
y = sin 4 x
+
h→ 0 1 ⇒ y = 20 − 10 = 10 2
QLHD ≠ RHD ∴Maximum value of P = xy Since, we know that
∴f ′( x ) does not exist at x = 0 = 10 × 10 = 100 −1 1 1
− 1 ≤ sin 4 x ≤ 1 ⇒ ≤ sin 4 x ≤
Hence, option (d) is correct. Hence, option (a) is correct. 2 2 2
1
88. What is the derivative of ∴Maximum value =
85. What is ∫
dx 2
equal to? sin(ln x ) + cos(ln x ) with respect to x
sec x + tan x Hence, option (a) is correct.
(a) ln(sec x ) + ln|sec x + tan x| + c at x = e ?
cos 1 − sin1 sin1 − cos 1 91. What is the derivative of e x with
(b) ln(sec x ) − ln|sec x + tan x| + c (a) (b)
e e
(c) sec x tan x − ln|sec x − tan x| + c cos 1 + sin1
respect to x e ?
(c) (d) 0 xe x ex xe x ex
(d) ln|sec x + tan x| − ln|sec x| + c e (a) e
(b) e
(c) e
(d)
dx ex x x ex e
Ê (d) Let I = ∫ Ê (a) Let y = sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)
Ê (a) Let y1 = e and y2 = x
x e
sec x + tan x
dy 1  1
(sec x − tan x ) ∴ = cos(ln x ) ⋅ +  − sin(ln x ) ⋅  dy1 dy
I=∫
1
× dx dx x  x ∴ = e x , 2 = exe − 1
(sec x + tan x ) (sec x − tan x ) dx dx
42 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

dy1 ex xe x Ê (b) Given, f( x) = sin x 98. Which one of the following

∴ = = e
dy2 exe − 1 ex From the graph of sin x differential equations has the
Hence, option (a) is correct. y general solution y = ae x + be − x ?
92. If a differentiable function f ( x ) d 2y d 2y
3π (a) + y=0 (b) − y=0
f (x ) + 1
3 π 2
dx 2 dx 2
satisfies lim = − , then O x d 2y
x → −1 x 2 − 1 2 π + y=1
dy
− y=0
2π 5π 3π (c) (d)
2 2 dx 2 dx
what is lim f ( x ) equal to? −x
x → −1 Ê (b) Given, y = ae + be
x
3
(a) − (b) − 1 dy
2  π ∴ = ae x − be − x
We can see that f( x ) increases in  0,  dx
(c) 0 (d) 1  2 d 2y
f( x ) + 1 −3 π   5π  = ae x + be − x = y
Ê (b) Given, x →
lim = and decreases in  , π  and  , 3π. dx 2
−1 x2 − 1 2 2   2 
d 2y
f( x ) + 1 ⇒ Statement-1 is wrong and Statement-2 ⇒ − y=0
Q lim has denominator 0 at dx 2
x→ −1 x2 − 1 is correct.
x= −1 Hence, option (b) is correct.
Hence, option (b) is correct.
⇒ lim f( x ) + 1 = 0
x→ −1
95. What is the domain of the function 99. What is the solution of the
⇒ lim f( x ) = − 1 following differential equation?
x→ −1 f ( x ) = 3x ?
Hence, option (b) is correct.  dy 
(a) ( − ∞, ∞ ) (b) ( 0, ∞ ) ln   + y = x
93. If the function (c) [0, ∞ ) (d) ( − ∞, ∞ ) − { 0}
 dx 
a + bx , x < 1 (a) e x + e y = c (b) e x + y = c
Ê (a) Given, f( x) = 3
x

 (c) e − e = c
x y
(d) e x − y = c
f ( x ) =  5, x =1 QWe know that, domain of exponential
 
dy
b − ax , x > 1 function is ( − ∞, ∞ ). Ê (c) Given, ln  + y = x
 dx
∴Domain of 3 x = ( − ∞, ∞ )
is continuous, then what is the  dy 
⇒ ln  = x − y
value of (a + b )? Hence, option (a) is correct.  dx 
(a) 5 (b) 10 96. If the general solution of a ⇒
dy
= ex − y
(c) 15 (d) 20 differential equation is dx
 a + bx ; x < 1 y 2 + 2cy − cx + c 2 = 0, where c is an dy e x
 ⇒ =
Ê (a) Given that, f( x) =  5 ; x=1
arbitrary constant, then what is the dx e y
 b − ax ; x > 1 ⇒ e ydy = e xdx
 order of the differential equation?
Q f( x ) is continuous. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 On integrating both sides,
⇒ f( x ) will be continuous at x = 1 ∫ e dy = ∫ e dx
y x
Ê (a) Given that, y + 2cy − cx + c = 0
2 2

lim f( x ) = f(1) = lim f( x )

x → 1− x → 1+
Since, the above equation contains only ey + c = ex ⇒ ex − ey = c
one variable constant.
lim ( a + bx ) = 5 = lim ( b − ax ) Hence, option (c) is correct.
x → 1− x → 1+ Hence, order of the differential 2
a+ b=5=b−a equation = 1 100. What is ∫ e (2 ln x + ln x )dx equal to?
⇒ a+ b=5 Hence, option (a) is correct. x4 x3
(a) +C (b) +C
Hence, option (a) is correct. 4 3
97. What is the degree of the following 5 5
94. Consider the following statements 2x x
differential equation? (c) +C (d) +C
in respect of the function 5 5
d 2y + ln x 2 )
f ( x ) = sin x x = 1+ Ê (d) Let I = ∫ e
( 2ln x
dx
2
1. f ( x ) increases in the interval dx (ln x 2 + ln x 2 )
(a) 1 = ∫e dx
(0, π).
(b) 2 2 2 2

2. f ( x ) decreases in the interval = ∫ e 2ln x dx = ∫ eln( x )

dx = ∫ x dx
4
(c) 3
 5π 
5
x
 , 3 π .
(d) Degree is not defined I= +C
 2  d 2y
5
Ê (a) Let x = 1 + 2 Hence, option (d) is correct.
Which of the above statement is/are dx
correct? 2
d y  d 2y
1 101. Consider the following measures of
(a) 1 only ⇒ x2 = 1 + ⇒  2  = x2 − 1 central tendency for a set of N
dx 2
 dx 
(b) 2 only numbers
(c) Both 1 and 2 ∴Degree = exponent of highest order
1. Arithmetic mean
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 derivative = 1
2. Geometric mean
Hence, option (a) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 43

Which of the above uses/use all the 105. The following table gives the Ê (c) Mean of 73, 85, 92, 105, 120
data? frequency distribution of number of 73 + 85 + 92 + 105 + 120
x=
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only peas per pea pod of 198 pods 5
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 475
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 =
Ê (c) Since, we know that the measures of Number of peas 5
central tendency are Mean, Median and
Frequency 4 33 76 50 26 8 1 x = 95
Mode. ∴ Sum of deviations from their mean
Where Arithmetic Mean and Geometric What is the median of this = (73 − 95) + ( 85 − 95)
mean are the type mean. distribution? + ( 92 − 95) + (105 − 95) + (120 − 95)
Hence, option (c) is correct. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 = − 22 – 10 − 3 + 10 + 25 = 0
102. The numbers of Science, Arts and Ê (a) Hence, option (c) is correct.
Commerce graduates working in a Number of Frequency Cumulative 108. Let x be the HM and y be the GM of
company are 30, 70 and 50 Peas frequency two positive numbers m and n. If
respectively. If these figures are 1 4 4 5x = 4y , then which one of the
represented by a pie chart, then 2 33 37 following is correct?
what is the angle corresponding to 3 76 113 (a) 5m = 4n (b) 2 m = n
Science graduates? 4 50 163 (c) 4m = 5n (d) m = 4n
(a) 36° (b) 72° 5 26 189 Ê (d) Given, two positive numbers are m
(c) 120° (d) 168° and n.
6 8 197
Ê (b) The ratio of Science, Arts and 7 1 198 ∴ H.M. of m and n =
2 mn
Commerce graduates m+ n
= 30 : 70 : 50 = 3 : 7 : 5 Σf = 198
2 mn
x= … (i)
∴Angle corresponding to Science N 198 m+ n
3 QN = 198, = = 99
graduates = × 360º 2 2
G.M. of m and n = mn
3+7 + 5 N N 
th term +  + 1 th term y = mn … (ii)
=
3
× 360º = 72º 2 2 
Median = Q 5x = 4y
15 2
 2 mn 
Hence, option (b) is correct.
=
99th term + 100th term 5  = 4 mn
2  m + n
103. For a histogram based on a 3+ 3
= =3 Squaring both sides, we get
frequency distribution with unequal 2
2  5mn 
class intervals, the frequency of a   = (2 mn )
2
∴ Median = 3
class should be proportional to  m + n
Hence, option (a) is correct.
(a) the height of the rectangle 25m2n2
⇒ = 4mn
(b) the area of the rectangle 106. If M is the mean of n observations m + n2 + 2 mn
2
(c) the width of the rectangle x 1 − k , x 2 − k , x 3 − k , ..., x n − k ,
⇒ 25mn = 4m2 + 4n2 + 8mn
(d) the perimeter of the rectangle where k is any real number, then
[Q m ≠ 0, n ≠ 0]
Ê (b) Since, we know that for a histogram, what is the mean of
based on a frequency distribution with x 1, x 2 , x 3 , ..., x n ? ⇒ 4m2 + 4n2 − 17 mn = 0
equal intervals, the frequency of a class (a) M (b) M + k ⇒ 4m2 − 16mn − mn + 4n2 = 0
is proportional to height of the rectangle (c) M − k (d) kM
and for a histogram based on frequency ⇒ 4m( m − 4n) − n( m − 4n) = 0
distribution with unequal intervals, the Ê (b) Given that, ⇒ ( m − 4n) ( 4m − n) = 0
frequency of a class is proportional to Mean of x1 − k, x2 − k, x3 − k, … , ⇒ m = 4n or n = 4m
Area of the rectangle. xn − k
Hence, option (d) is correct.
Hence, option (b) is correct. ( x − k ) + ( x2 − k )+… + ( xn − k )
∴M = 1
n 109. If the mean of a frequency
104. The coefficient of correlation is ( x1 + x2 + … + xn ) nk distribution is 100 and the
independent of M = −
n n coefficient of variation is 45%, then
(a) change of scale only x1 + x2 + … + xn
M + k= what is the value of the variance?
(b) change of origin only
n (a) 2025 (b) 450
(c) both change of scale and change of
origin ∴ Mean of x1, x2, x3, … , xn = M + k (c) 45 (d) 4.5
(d) neither change of scale nor change Hence, option (b) is correct. Ê (a) Since, we know that
of origin Coefficient of variation
107. What is the sum of deviations of the
Ê (c) Since, we know that coefficient of σ
variate values 73, 85, 92, 105, 120 (CV ) = × 100 … (i)
correlation is independent of both x
change of scale and change of origin. from their mean?
Where σ is standard deviation and x is
Hence, option (c) is correct. (a) − 2 (b) − 1
mean.
(c) 0 (d) 5
44 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

Given, x = 100 and CV = 45% observations is 65. What is the mean Since, we know that if
σ of the discarded observations? Geometric mean of x1, x2, x3, … xn is G.
From Eqs. (i), 45 = × 100
100 (a) 250 ⇒ Geometric mean of x12, x22, x32, … xn2
⇒ σ = 45 (b) 125 is G 2
∴ Variance = σ 2 = ( 45)2 = 2025 (c) 120
Geometric mean of fx12, fx22, … , fxn2 is fG 2.
(d) Cannot be determined due to
Hence, option (a) is correct. insufficient data ∴Required geometric mean = 3(10)4
110. Let two events A and B be such that Ê (b) Given, mean of 12 observations = 75 = 3 × 10000 = 30000
P ( A ) = L and P ( B ) = M . Which one and M. Hence, option (c) is correct.
12 12
of the following is correct? 5 1
L+ M −1 ∑ xi ∑ xi 115. If P ( A ∪ B ) = , P ( A ∩ B ) = and
(a) P( A| B) < ∴ x=
i =1
⇒ 75 =
i =1
1 6 3
M 12 12 P ( A ) = , then which of the
L+ M −1 12 2
(b) P( A| B) >
M
⇒ ∑ xi = 900 … (i) following is/are correct?
i =1 1. A and B are independent events.
L+ M −1
(c) P( A| B) ≥ Let observations x11 and x12 is discarded 2. A and B are mutually exclusive
M 10
events.
(d) P( A| B) =
L+ M −1 ∑ xi Select the correct answer using the
i =1
M then mean = = 65
10 code given below.
Ê (c) Given, P( A ) = L, P( B) = M 10 (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Q P( A | B) =
P( A ∩ B) ∴ ∑ xi = 10 × 65 = 650 … (ii)
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
i =1
P( B) 5 1
From Eqs. (i) Ê (a) Given, P( A ∪ B) = , P( A ∩ B) =
P( A ) + P( B) − P ( A ∪ B) 6 3
P( A | B) = 12
P( B) ∑ xi = 900 P( A ) =
1
i =1 2
L + M − P( A ∪ B)
P( A | B) = 10 1 1
⇒ P( A ) = 1 − =
P( B) ⇒ ∑ xi + x11 + x12 = 900
2 2
i =1
∴ P( A ∪ B) = L + M − P(.B) P( A | B) ∴ P( B) = P( A ∪ B) − P( A ) + P( A ∩ B)
⇒ 650 + x11 + x12 = 900 5 1 1 4 2
Q 0 ≤ P( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 = − + = =
⇒ x11 + x12 = 250 6 2 3 6 3
⇒ L + M − P( B) ⋅ P( A | B) ≤ 1 250
∴ Mean of x11 and x12 = = 125 Q If A and B are independents, then
⇒ P( B) ⋅ P( A | B) ≥ L + M − 1 2 P( A ∩ B) = P( A ) ⋅ P( B)
L+ M −1 Hence, option (b) is correct.
P( A | B) ≥ [QP( B) = M ] QP( A ∩ B) =
1
M 3
113. If k is one of the roots of the equation
Hence, option (c) is correct.
x ( x + 1) + 1 = 0, then what is its 1 2 1
and P( A ) ⋅ P( B) = × =
111. For which of the following sets of other root? 2 3 3
numbers do the mean, median and (a) 1 (b) − k ⇒ Statement-1 is correct.
mode have the same value? (c) k 2 (d) − k 2 If A and B are mutually exclusive, then
(a) 12, 12, 12, 12, 24 P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B)
Ê (c) Given, quadratic equation 5
(b) 6, 18, 18, 18, 30 x( x + 1) + 1 = 0 Q P( A ∪ B) =
(c) 6, 6, 12, 30, 36 6
x2 + x + 1 = 0 … (i) 1 2 7
(d) 6, 6, 6, 12, 30 ∴ P( A ) + P( B) = + =
Since, we know that ω, ω are the roots2
2 3 6
Ê (b) For option (a), Mean of Equation when ⇒ Statement-2 is wrong.
12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 24
= − 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i Hence, option (a) is correct.
5 ω= and ω 2 =
2 2
= 14 ⋅ 4 ≠ mode (12) 116. The average of a set of 15
⇒ If one of the roots of Eqs. (i) is k, then
observations is recorded, but later it
For option (b), Mean other root will be k 2.
is found that for one observation,
6 + 18 + 18 + 18 + 30 Hence, option (c) is correct.
the digit in the tens place was
= = 18
5 114. The geometric mean of a set of wrongly recorded as 8 instead of 3.
Mode = 18, Median = 18 observations is computed as 10. The After correcting the observation,
Hence, for the data 6, 18, 18, 18, 30, geometric mean obtained when the average is
Mean = Mode = Median = 18 each observation x i is replaced by 1 10
(a) reduced by (b) increased by
Hence, option (b) is correct. 3x i4 is 3 3
10
112. The mean of 12 observations is 75. If (a) 810 (b) 900 (c) reduced by (d) reduced by 50
3
two observations are discarded, then (c) 30000 (d) 81000
Ê (c) Let unit digit for wrongly recorded
the mean of the remaining Ê (c) Given that, geometric mean of a set observation = b
of observations = 10
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I) 45

When tens digit is 8, then number 5 25 But mode is the number of highest
(a) (b)
= 10 × 8 + b = 80 + b 36 36 frequency.
25 25
When tens digit is 3, then number (c) (d) ∴ x should be 15
54 216
= 10 × 3 + b = 30 + b Hence, option (d) is correct.
⇒ One observation is recorded Ê (d) For a binomial distribution mean
= np and variance = npq 120. If A and B are two events such that
(( 80 + b ) − ( 30 + b )) more while 3 5
calculating average.
Where p is probability of success and P( A ) = and P ( B ) = , then
q is the probability of unsuccess and n is 4 8
Hence, after correcting the observation,
number of observations. consider the following statements
the average will be reduced by
{( 80 + b ) − ( 30 + b )}
2
∴Given, np = , npq =
5 1. The minimum value of P ( A ∪ B )
= 3 9 3
15 is .
2 5
50 10 ⇒ ⋅q = 4
= = 3 9
15 3 2. The maximum value of P ( A ∩ B )
5
Hence, option (c) is correct. q = 5
6 is .
5
8
117. A coin is tossed twice. If E and F ∴ p= 1− q = 1−
6 Which of the above statements
denote occurrence of head on first
1 is/are correct?
toss and second toss respectively, = (a) 1 only
then what is P ( E ∪ F ) equal to? 6
(b) 2 only
2
(a)
1
(b)
1 Q np = (c) Both 1 and 2
4 2 3
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
3 1  1 2
(c) (d) ⇒ n  =
 6 3 3
4 3
Ê (c) Given, P( A ) =
4
Ê (c) Given that, a coin is tossed twice. ⇒ n=4
5
∴ S = { HH, HT, TH, TT} Q p( X = x ) = nC x pxq n − x P( B) =
8
Given, E be the event of occurrence of ∴P( X = 2 ) = 4C 2 p2q 4 − 2 QP( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
head on first toss and F be the event of
occurrence of head on second toss.  1  5
2
25
2
and P( A ∩ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∪ B)
=6×  ×  =
∴ E = { HH, HT}  6  6 216 Here P( A ∪ B) will be minimum if
n( E ) 2 1 Hence, option (d) is correct. P( A ∩ B) is maximum and vice-versa.
∴ P( E ) = = =
n(S ) 4 2 Since, minimum value of P( A ∩ B) is zero
119. If the mode of the scores 10, 12, 13, and maximum value of P( A ∩ B) is
2 1
F = {TH, HH}, P( F ) = = 15, 15, 13, 12, 10, x is 15, then what minimum ( P( A ), P( B)).
4 2
is the value of x? ⇒ maximumP( A ∩ B)
Q E ∩ F = { HH}
(a) 10 (b) 12  3 5
∴ P( E ∩ F ) =
1
(c) 13 (d) 15 = minimum  , 
4  4 8
∴ P( E ∪ F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) − P( E ∩ F )
Ê (d) Given, observations are 5
=
10, 12, 13, 15, 15, 13, 12, 10, x 8
1 1 1
= + − Q Mode = 15
2 2 4 ⇒ Statement-2 is correct.
1 3 Also, minimum value of P( A ∪ B) is
= 1− = Scores Frequency
4 4 maximum ( P( A ), P( B))
10 2
Hence, option (c) is correct. ∴Minimum value of
12 2  3 5
118. In a binomial distribution, the mean P( A ∪ B) = maximum  , 
13 2  4 8
2 5 3
is and variance is . What is the 15 2 =
3 9 4
probability that random variable Since, frequency of all other numbers is ⇒ Statement-1 is correct.
X = 2? same as frequency of 15. Hence, correct option is (c).
46 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

PAPER II English Language and General Studies

Part A (English Language)
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-10) Each organisation or cause. Hence, ‘backer’ 12. The sky is boundless.
question in this section consists of a is its correct synonym. (a) high (b) vast
sentence with an underlined word (c) expansive (d) finite
7. Arrogance is a hallmark of his
followed by four words. Select the Ê (d) ‘Boundless’ means unlimited or
nature.
option that is nearest in meaning to the immense. Hence, ‘finite’ meaning
(a) concern
underlined word and mark your (b) unpretentiousness
limited in extent or size is its correct
answer. antonym.
(c) conceit
1. Her smile was contagious. (d) simplicity 13. The sky is clear today.
(a) arrogant (b) disrespectful Ê (c) ‘Arrogance’ describes to someone (a) bright (b) opaque
(c) sarcastic (d) catching who has an exaggerated sense of their (c) cloudless (d) blue
own importance. Hence, ‘conceit’
Ê (d) ‘Contagious’ means infectious. Ê (b) The antonym of clear is ‘opaque’,
meaning excessive pride in oneself is its which means unclear or hard to be
Hence, ‘catching’ is its correct
correct synonym. seen through.
synonym.

2. Her dynamic nature impressed 8. She undertook a reconnaissance of 14. I have a fascination for deep waters.
everyone. the entire issue. (a) dark (b) light
(a) revaluation (b) ratification (c) dangerous (d) shallow
(a) enduring (b) attentive
(c) investigation (d) regularisation
(c) evolutionary (d) jealous Ê (d) The antonym of deep is ‘shallow’,
Ê (c) ‘Dynamic’ refers to process or Ê (c) ‘Reconnaissance’ refers to military which means of little or no depth.
observation of a region to locate an
system characterised by constant 15. My boss has been too generous.
enemy or ascertain strategic features.
change, activity or progress. Hence, (a) stingy (b) rough
Hence, ‘investigation’ is its correct
‘evolutionary’ is nearest in meaning to (c) evil (d) hostile
synonym.
dynamic.
9. My daughter is my replica. Ê (a) The antonym of generous is ‘stingy’,
3. She was lamenting her destiny. which means miserly.
(a) pride (b) clone
(a) celebrating (b) bemoaning
(c) blaming (d) making
(c) love (d) original 16. Spring is a time of plenty.
(a) ugliness (b) scarcity
Ê (b) ‘Lamenting’ means to express regret Ê (b) ‘Replica’ means an exact copy or
model of something. Hence, ‘clone’ is (c) roughness (d) dryness
or disappointment about something.
Hence, ‘bemoaning’ is its correct
its correct synonym. Ê (b) The antonym of plenty is ‘scarcity’,
synonym. which means shortage or lack of
10. The sardonic nature of her stories something.
4. Under his leadership the company made her stand out among the
grew in an organic manner. contemporary writers. 17. He is an industrious workman.
(a) compassionate (b) insightful (a) active (b) productive
(a) natural (b) speedy
(c) mocking (d) comic (c) lazy (d) disloyal
(c) unusual (d) disciplined
Ê (c) ‘Sardonic’ means grimly mocking or Ê (c) ‘Industrious’ means hard-working
Ê (a) ‘Organic’ means characterised by and diligent. Hence, ‘lazy’ is its correct
gradual or natural development. Hence, cynical.
antonym.
‘natural’ is its correct synonym.
Directions (Q. Nos. 11-20) Each 18. Plants grow in abundance here.
5. His charm lies in his oratory. question in this section consists of a (a) shrivel (b) stretch
(a) deceit sentence with an underlined word (c) spread (d) enlarge
(b) eloquence followed by four words. Select the
(c) looks
option that is opposite in meaning to
Ê (a) The antonym of grow is ‘shrivel’,
(d) nobility which means to wrinkle or shrink.
the underlined word and mark your
Ê (b) ‘Oratory’ means the art or practice of answer. 19. She rarely comes here.
formal speaking in public. Hence, (a) seldom (b) never
‘eloquence’ is its correct synonym. 11. He found her extremely attractive (c) always (d) frequently
and charming.
6. She is a patron of art and culture. Ê (d) ‘Rarely’ means not often or seldom.
(a) unnatural Hence, ‘frequently’ meaning regularly or
(a) entrepreneur
(b) modern habitually is its correct antonym.
(b) admirer
(c) repulsive
(c) critique
(d) backer
(d) disapproving 20. She is a rather crooked woman.
(a) polite
Ê (d) ‘Patron’ refers to a person who gives Ê (c) ‘Attractive’ means pleasing or
agreeable. Hence, ‘repulsive’ meaning (b) generous
financial or other support to a person, (c) straightforward
arousing intense distaste is its correct
antonym. (d) happy
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
Ê (c) ‘Crooked’ means dishonest or
insincere. Hence, ‘straightforward’
meaning honest and frank is its correct
antonym.
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-30) Given
below are some idioms/phrases
followed by four alternative meanings
to each. Choose the response (a), (b), (c)
or (d), whichever is the most
appropriate meaning and mark your
answer.
21. Overstep the mark
(a) To tell people how successful you are
(b) To step into someone else’s areas of
expertise
(c) To upset someone by doing/saying
more than you should
(d) To do something in an excited way
Ê (c) The idiom ‘overstep the mark’ means
to upset someone by going beyond
what was allowed. Hence, option (c) is
the correct answer.
22. Palsy-walsy friends
(a) Good friends
(b) Friends who help each other in
difficult situations
(c) Friends by choice and not by chance
(d) Unfriendly
Ê (a) The phrase ‘palsy-walsy friends’
means good friends.
23. Open a Pandora’s box
(a) To do something that causes a lot of
new problems that you did not expect
(b) To do something out of compulsion
(c) To do something beyond expectation
(d) To do something out of the box, that
brings award and ceremonies for you
Ê (a) The idiom ‘open a Pandora box’
means to begin or introduce something
that leads to many other problems.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
24. Pull your socks up
(a) To get well-dressed for the occasion
(b) Improve your work or behaviour
(c) To speak in an honest way without
hesitation
(d) To be in control of an organisation,
often secretly
Ê (b) The idiom ‘pull your socks up’
means to improve your behaviour or
work to achieve something.
25. To get under somebody’s skin
(a) To deceive someone
(b) To admire someone
(c) To annoy someone
(d) To support someone
Ê (c) The idiom ‘to get under somebody’s
skin’ means to irritate or upset someone.
47
26. Turn topsy-turvy other people don’t have problems too.
(a) To completely change something (c)
(b) To completely evaluate something No error
(c) To enjoy yourself greatly (d)
(d) To exhaust yourself completely
Ê (c) The use of ‘too’ in the sentence
Ê (a) The phrase ‘turn topsy-turvy’ means shows that a further point with a similar
to be in utter confusion or disorder.
meaning is being added. Hence,
Hence, ‘to completely change
remove ‘don’t’ to make the sentence
something’ best expresses the meaning
grammatically correct.
of the phrase.
32. If you say that someone
27. A clarion call
(a)
(a) A trumpet call
(b) An intimidating voice you admire has feet of clay,
(c) A strong request (b)
(d) An urgent order you mean that they have hidden faults.
Ê (c) The idiom ‘a clarion call’ means a (c)
strong request for something to No error
happen.
(d)
28. Fire in the belly Ê (d) The given sentence is grammatically
(a) Fear and hatred correct.
(b) Powerful ambition
(c) Love and dedication 33. He refused to change
(d) Lethargy and indifference (a)
Ê (b) The idiom ‘fire in the belly’ means a
his decision;
strong determination to succeed. (b)
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. he refused it point out.
29. A hunky-dory situation (c)
(a) There are serious issues among No error
people (d)
(b) There are no problems and people
Ê (c) ‘Point out’ is used incorrectly in the
are happy sentence. It should be replaced by
(c) There is war and bloodshed all over ‘point blank’, which means in a blunt
(d) There is no work, only enjoyment and direct manner.
Ê (b) The idiom ‘a hunky-dory situation’
means a very satisfactory and problem 34. The importance of trade in Mughal
free situation. Hence, option (b) is the times reinforced
correct answer. (a)
30. Give somebody a leg up the cultural definition of wealth as
(a) To pull someone down something
(b) To deceive and betray someone (b)
(c) To help someone for their livelihood
(d) To help someone to be successful comprising of movable property.
(c)
Ê (d) The idiom ‘give somebody a leg up’
means to help someone/achieve No error
something and become successful.
(d)
Ê (c) The use of ‘of’ after ‘comprising’ is
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-40) Each
invalid, as ‘comprise’ means consist of.
question in this section has a
Hence, remove ‘of’ to make the
sentence with three underlined parts
labelled (a), (b) and (c). Read each
sentence grammatically correct.
sentence to find out whether there is 35. In the nineteenth century,
any error in any underlined part. If (a)
you find no error, your response most traditional scholars
should be indicated as (d).
(b)
31. You don’t have tried to stay clear from the imperial
(a) Government.
a monopoly on suffering;
(c)
(b) No error
(d)
48 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)

Ê (c) The preposition ‘from’ is used Ê (a) Replace ‘when’ with ‘while’ to make 45. The first film on Tagore was such a
incorrectly. It should be replaced by ‘of’ the sentence error free and success that now they are going to
to make the sentence correct. To ‘stay grammatically correct.
make a ……… .
clear of’ means to avoid someone or
something. 40. I have the opportunity to study (a) serial
(a) (b) (b) sequence
36. He began his discussion by pointing in American next year. No error (c) sequel
over (d) sequential
(c) (d)
(a) Ê (c) Sequel
that men and women Ê (d) The given sentence is grammatically
correct. 46. The United Nations had ……… 2020
(b) as the International Year of Plant
had different biological functions. Directions (Q. Nos. 41-50) Each of the Health.
(c) following sentences in this section has a (a) ruled
No error blank space and four words or group of (b) ordered
(d) words given after the sentence. Select (c) foretold
the word or group of words you consider (d) declared
Ê (a) ‘Pointing over’ is used incorrectly in
the sentence. It should be replaced by most appropriate for the blank space Ê (d) Declared
‘pointing out’, which means to say and mark your answer.
something to make someone aware of
47. My brother is ……… punctual, but
a situation.
41. There was a time when West he is late today.
Germany was a distinct ……… . (a) normatively (b) primarily
37. Though he is poor, but he is (a) policy (b) polity (c) normally (d) basically
(a) (b) (c) abstract (d) hierarchy
Ê (c) Normally
honest. No error Ê (b) ‘Polity’ means an organised society;
(c) (d) a state as a political entity. Hence, it is 48. My son is very ………; he trusts
appropriate to fill the blank. everyone.
Ê (b) ‘But’ should not be used with (a) fallible (b) gullible
‘though’. Hence, remove ‘but’ to make 42. I was ……… with the film; I had (c) sensible (d) credible
the sentence grammatically correct. expected it to be better.
Ê (b) ‘Gullible’ means easily persuaded to
38. My mother has been doing (a) disappointed (b) disappointing believe something. Hence, it is
(c) annoying (d) prejudiced appropriate to fill the blank.
(a) (b)
everything for the family. Ê (a) Disappointed 49. Mahatma Gandhi was a lover of
(c) 43. It was a ……… experience. humanity and a ……… believer in
No error Everybody was shocked. the goodness of human nature.
(d) (a) terrified (b) horrified (a) staunch (b) powerful
Ê (b) Replace ‘has been doing’ with ‘does’ (c) terrifying (d) denouncing (c) cheerful (d) hopeful
to make the sentence error free and Ê (c) Terrifying
grammatically correct.
Ê (a) Staunch
44. Elephants ……… when they perceive 50. I wish I ……… her before we met.
39. When learning to dive it is important danger. (a) know
(a) (b) (a) trumpet (b) frolic (b) have known
to relax in between and take breaks. (c) whine (d) sing (c) knew
(c) (d) known
Ê (a) The sound that elephants make is
No error called ‘trumpet’. Hence, it is appropriate Ê (c) Knew
(d) to fill the blank.

Part B (General Studies)

51. Consider the following statements
about light year.
1. Light year is a unit for
measurement of very large
distances.
2. Light year is a unit for
measurement of very large time
intervals.
3. Light year is a unit for
measurement of intensity of light.
Which of the statements given
above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2 (d) Only 1
Ê (d) Light year is a unit for measurement of
very large distances. It is used to express
the distances of celestial bodies.
53. Which of the following pairs of
52. Which one of the following
regarding density of water at
atmospheric pressure is correct?
(a) Density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m3 .
(b) Density of water at 0°C is 1000 kg/m3 .
(c) Density of water at 0°C is 100 kg/m3 .
(d) Density of water at 4°C is 10 kg/m3.
Ê (a) Density of water at 4°C is 1000kg/m 3
3 3
or 10 kg/m . It is the maximum density
of water. The ratio of mass and volume of
substance is known as density.
physical phenomena and the
discoverer is/are correctly matched?
1. James Chadwick : Photoelectric
effect
2. Albert Einstein : Neutron
3. Marie Curie : Radium
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) Only 3
Ê (d) Photoelectric effect by Albert
Einstein According to Einstein, light is
made up of little packets, at first called
quanta and later photons. When a
photon hits the electrons, it gives
electrons enough energy to escape
from the surface of the metal. This
explains the behaviour of light striking
the metal.
• Neutron by James Chadwick The
neutron is a subatomic particle,
symbol n, which has a neutral charge,
and a mass slightly greater than that
of a proton.
• Radium by Marie Curie Radium is a
chemical element with the symbol Ra
and atomic number 88, also known
as the alkaline earth metals. Pure
radium is silvery-white, but it readily
reacts with nitrogen on exposure to
air, forming a black surface layer of
radium nitride.
54. LED (a semiconductor device) is an
abbreviation that stands for
(a) Licence for Energy Detector
(b) Light Energy Device
(c) Light Emitting Diode
(d) Lost Energy Detector
Ê (c) LED is an abbreviation that stands
for Light Emitting Diode. It is a
semiconductor light source that emits
light when current flows through it.
55. The statement “friction force is a
contact force while magnetic force
is a non-contact force” is
(a) always true
(b) true only at 0°C
(c) a false statement
(d) Either true or false depending upon
the temperature of the surroundings
Ê (a) Friction force is a contact force
because it works between the contact
surface of two bodies and magnetic
force is a non-contact force.
56. Which one of the following is the
chemical formula of hypobromous
acid?
(a) HBrO 4
(b) HOBr
(c) HBr
(d) HBrO 3
Ê (b) Hypobromous acid is a weak,
unstable acid with chemical formula
HOBr, where the bromine atom is in the
+1 oxidation state. It is also called
‘bromanol’ or ‘hydroxidobromine’.
57. The composition of gases in
exosphere is
(a) helium and hydrogen
(b) neon and oxygen
(c) neon and hydrogen
(d) helium and neon
Ê (a) The exosphere is mainly
composed of extremely low densities of
hydrogen and helium; and the heavy
molecules nitrogen, oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
58. Which one of the following is not
used as a raw material in the
manufacture of glass?
(a) Soda
(b) Alumina
(c) Borax
(d) Gypsum
Ê (d) The correct answer is gypsum. Glass
is made from natural and abundant raw
materials (soda, alumina and borax, etc.)
that are melted at very high temperature
to form a new material glass.
59. In electrolytic refining of copper,
the electrolyte is a solution of
(a) acidified copper chloride
(b) acidified copper sulphate
(c) potassium chloride
(d) sodium sulphate
Ê (b) In the electrolytic refining of copper
(electrolyte is CuSO 4 solution +
dil. H 2SO 4 ) or acidified copper
sulphate. Pure Cu cathode and impure
Cu anode. Metallic impurities having
lower oxidation potential than Cu are
deposited as sludge.
60. Solder is an alloy of
(a) Cu and Sn (b) Fe and Zn
(c) Pb and Sn (d) Ag and Zn
Ê (c) Solder is a mixture of lead (Pb) and
tin (Sn). Tin-lead solder is the most
popular in solder paste printing and it is
mainly composed of tin and lead, with
same trace metal element like
antimony (Sb).
61. Which one of the following
statements about dihydrogen (H 2 ) is
not correct?
(a) H 2 is lighter than air and insoluble in
water.
(b) H 2 is inert at room temperature due to
highH H bond dissociation enthalpy.
(c) H 2 reacts with alkali metals at high
temperature to yield metal hydrides.
(d) A mixture of NO 2 and H 2 is known as
Syngas.
Ê (d) Statement (d) is incorrect because
syngas or synthesis gas is a fuel gas
mixture consisting primary of hydrogen,
carbon monoxides.
49
62. Which of the following sets of
elements has the same valency?
(a) Na, Mg, Ca (b) Na, Mg, Al
(c) Mg, Ca, K (d) Mg, Ca, Ba
Ê (d) Mg, Ca, Ba sets of elements has the
same valency. The valency of an
element is determined by the number of
valence electron in the outermost shell
of an atom of an element.
63. Which one of the following is the
lowest possible temperature?
(a) 0° celsius
(b) − 73° celsius
(c) − 173° celsius
(d) − 273° celsius
Ê (d) The lowest possible temperature is
the absolute zero. At this temperature,
no more heat can be remove from a
body. Absolute zero is precisely
equivalent to −27315
. degrees celsius
on celsius scale.
64. Numerically two thermometers, one
in Fahrenheit scale and another in
Celsius scale shall read same at
(a) − 40° (b) 0°
(c) − 273° (d) 100°
Ê (a) The relation between the Fahrenheit
and Celsius scale is given by the
equation. Therefore, Celsius and
Fahrenheit scale coincide at
− 40°.
( ° F − 32 ) ° C
=
180 100
Now, let us assume that Fahrenheit and
Celsius scale coincide at x°, therefore
( ° x − 32 ) °x
⇒ =
180 100
On solving, we get
5
⇒ ( ° x − 32 ) =° x
9
Therefore, x = −40°
65. The image we see in plane mirror is
(a) real and thus can be photographed
(b) virtual and nearer than the object
(c) virtual and is laterally inverted
(d) The real but cannot be photographed
Ê (c) The image in a plane mirror is virtual,
erect same size and laterally inverted.
For a plane mirror, the size of the image
is equal to the size of the object.
66. Which one of the following colours
may be obtained by combining
green and red colours ?
(a) Blue (b) Magenta
(c) Pink (d) Yellow
Ê (d) Yellow colour is obtained by
combining green and red colours. It is a
secondary colour.
50
67. Which of the following are the
primary colours of light?
(a) Yellow, red and green
(b) Blue, red and green
(c) Violet, red and yellow
(d) Indigo, violet and green
Ê (b) Primary colours of light are blue, red
and green. This is the essential method
used to create the precepting of a
board range of colours.
68. According to the new cartesian sign
convention, which one of the
following is correct in respect of the
1 1 1
formula = + , where symbols
f v u
have their usual meanings?
(a) It applies only to spherical mirrors.
(b) It applies only to spherical lenses.
(c) It applies to spherical mirrors as well
as spherical lenses.
(d) It is an invalid formula.
Ê (a) For a spherical mirror, the formula
showing the relationship between the
distance of the object(u), the distance
of the mirror (v) and the distance of the
focus ( f ) is called the mirror formula,
which is as follows
1 1 1
= +
f v u
69. Movement of materials to different
parts of cytoplasm and nucleus is
generally carried out by
(a) Ribosomes
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Lysosomes
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Ê (d) The movement of materials to
different parts of the cytoplasm and
nucleus is generally carried out
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). although
Golgi bodies have main role in the
function of intracellular transporation.
ER is the largest membrane-bound
organelle in eukaryotic cells and
performs a variety of essential cellular
functions, including protein and lipid
synthesis and biosynthesis of cell and
nuclear membrane.
70. In mitochondria, ATP synthesising
chemical reactions take place in the
(a) outer membrane
(b) matrix
(c) inner membrane
(d) DNA of mitochondria
Ê (c) In eukaryotes, Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP) synthesis reaction
occurs on the inner membrane of
mitochondria which sides toward matrix
compartment. It contains the ATP
synthesis complex or oxisome or
F1-particles which are the site of
Electron Transportation System (ETS) of
aerobic cellular espiration.
71. Squamous epithelial cells are found
in the inner lining of
(a) oesophagus
(b) small intestine
(c) ducts of salivary gland
(d) kidney
Ê (a) Squamous epithelial cells are found
in the inner lining of the oesophagus.
Simple squamous epithelium is a single
layer of flat scale-shaped cells, which
are helpful in transportation of food from
buccal cavity to stomach.
72. Transformation of meristematic
cells into specific permanent tissues
occurs by the process of
(a) cell differentiation
(b) cell division
(c) cell multiplication
(d) cell regeneration
Ê (a) Transformation of meristematic cells
into specific permanent tissue occurs
by the process of cell differentiation. In
this process, cells formed by
meristematic tissues take up a specific
role and lose the ability to divide. As a
result, they form a permanent tissue
taking up a permanent shape, size and
function.
73. The gaseous product of a process in
plants is a requirement for another
vital process that releases energy.
Given below are four combinations
of the process and product. Identify
the correct answer.
(a) Respiration and nitric oxide
(b) Transpiration and water vapour
(c) Photosynthesis and oxygen
(d) Germination and carbon dioxide
Ê (c) In plants, oxygen gas is produced as
by-product of photosynthesis which is
required by aerobic cellular respiration
to produce energy (ATP).
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast
while aerobic cellular respiration occurs
in mitochondria.
74. In a dicot pot herb,
vaseline/vegetable oil was applied
on the upper surface of one leaf
(experimental leaf 1) and on the
lower surface of another leaf
(experimental leaf 2).
Vaseline/Vegetable oil was not
applied on the control leaf. The
plant was deliberately not watered
for several days. Which leaf will dry
up last?
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
(a) Experimental leaf 1
(b) Experimental leaf 2
(c) Control leaf
(d) All the leaves will dry up
simultaneously
Ê (b) Experimental leaf 2 will dry up last,
because in dicot plants, stomata are
generally found in lower surface of
leaves and applying vaseline/vegetable
oil will close these stomata, thus
preventing the water loss through
transpiration (evaporation of water in
the form of vapour form leaf surface)
and drying process will take a lot more
time compare to other leaves.
75. Which one of the following
statements is not correct for light
rays ?
(a) Light travels at different speeds in
different media.
(b) Light travel at almost 300 million
metres per second in air.
(c) Light speeds down as it leaves a
water surface and enters the air.
(d) Light speeds up as it leaves a glass
surface and enters the air.
speed of light in air is 3 × 10 8 m/s
Ê The
and the speed of light is different in
different media.
76. A glass prism splits white light into
different colours. This phenomenon
is called dispersion of light by
prism. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) Red light will deviate the most and it
is because of the reflection of light.
(b) Violet light will deviate the most and it
is because of the refraction of light.
(c) Red light will deviate the most and it
is because of the refraction of light.
(d) Violet light will deviate the most and it
is because of the reflection of light.
Ê VIBGYOR (increasing order of
wavelength). (Frequency decreases in
increasing order).
Refractive index is inversely
proportional to wavelength. So, violet
light will deviate the most.
77. A current of 1.0 A is drawn by a
filament of an electric bulb for 10
minutes. The amount of electric
charge that flows through the
circuit is
(a) 0.1 C (b) 10 C
(c) 600 C (d) 800 C
Ê (c) Given, I = 1 A,
t = 10 min = 10 × 60 s = 600 s
Q
∴ I=
t
⇒ Q = It ⇒ Q = 1 × 600
⇒ Q = 600 C
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
78. Which one of the following
formulae does not represent
electrical power?
(a) I 2R (b) IR 2
(c) VI (d) V 2 / R
Ê (b) Electric power is the rate per unit
time at which electrical energy is
transferred by an electric circuit,
V2
P = I 2R = = VI
R Ê (c) Diamond, graphene and fullerene
Its SI unit is watt.
79. The sound created in a big hall
persists because of the repeated
reflections. The phenomenon is
called
(a) reverberation (b) dispersion
(c) refraction (d) diffraction
Ê (a) The sound created in a big hall
persists because of the repeated
reflection. The phenomenon is called
reverberation.
80. When light is scattered by a
molecule and the frequency of the
scattered light is changed, this
phenomenon is called
(a) Rayleigh scattering
(b) Raman effect
(c) Photoelectric effect
(d) Rutherford scattering
Ê (b) When light is scattered by a
molecule and the frequency of the
scattered light is changed, this
phenomenon is called Raman effect.
81. Which one of the following
statements about the cleansing
action of soap is not true?
(a) The oil and dirt gets collected in the
centre of the micelle.
(b) Soap micelle scatter light.
(c) Soaps are ammonium salts of long
chain carboxylic acids.
(d) Soap forms insoluble precipitates
with the calcium and magnesium ions
in hard water.
Ê (c) Detergents are ammonium or
sulphonate salts of long chain
carboxylic acids. Hence, option (c) is
not true. Soap is a mixture of sodium
salts of various naturally occurring fathy
acids.
82. Hydrogenation of vegetable oils
using nickel catalyst is an example of
(a) substitution reaction
(b) elimination reaction
(c) addition reaction
(d) free-radical polymerisation
Ê (c) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils
using nickel catalyst is an example of
addition reaction. Hydrogenation is a
process that uses hydrogen gas to
change a liquid vegetable oil into a hard
spreat. This process stabilises the oil
and prevents spoilage from oxidation.
83. Which one of the following
materials is not an allotrope of
carbon?
(a) Diamond (b) Graphene
(c) Fly ash (d) Fullerene
are three allotropes of pure carbon. Fly
ash is not a allotrope of carbon.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
84. Which one of the following
reactions does not result in the
evolution of hydrogen gas?
(a) Reaction of zinc metal with dilute
sulphuric acid solution
(b) Mixing water to Plaster of Paris
(c) Heating zinc metal with sodium
hydroxide solution
(d) Reaction of potassium metal with
water
Ê (b) When plaster of Paris is mixed with
water, it gets converted into gypsum.
1
i.e. CaSO 4⋅ H 2O + H 2O
2 atmospheric refraction of starlight. The
→ CaSO 4 ⋅ 2H 2O,
Hence, it doesn’t give hydrogen gas.
85. Which one of the following acids is
predominantly found in tomatoes?
(a) Acetic acid (b) Tartaric acid
(c) Oxalic acid (d) Lactic acid
Ê (c) Oxalic acid a chemical compound
that occur naturally in almost every
plant to some degree including fruits,
vegetables and grain plants. The
amount of oxalic in tomatoes is about
50 mg per 100 g.
86. Which one of the following
conclusions could not be derived
from Rutherford’s α-particle
scattering experiment?
(a) Most of the space in the atom is
empty.
(b) The radius of the atom is about 10 5
times the radius of the nucleus.
(c) Electrons move in a circular path of
fixed energy called orbits.
(d) Nearly all the mass of the atom
resides in the nucleus.
Ê (c) The concept of electrons move in a
circular path of fixed energy called orbits
was put forward by Bohr and not derived
from Rutherford’s scattering experiment.
Therefore, option (c) is incorrect.
87. Reaction of quick lime (CaO) with
water to produce slaked lime
(Ca(OH)2 ) is an example of
51
(a) displacement reaction
(b) endothermic reaction
(c) decomposition reaction
(d) exothermic reaction
Ê (d) The formation of slaked lime
(calcium hydroxide) Ca(OH) 2 when
water is added to lime (CaO) is
exothermic.
CaO( s ) + H 2O ( l ) → Ca(OH) 2 (s)
[Evolution of heat]
88. Which one of the following is not a
bio-mass energy source?
(a) Wood
(b) Nuclear reactor
(c) Gobar gas
(d) Coal
Ê (b) Nuclear reactors are sources of
nuclear energy, not bio-mass energy.
Wood, gobar gas and coal are the
organic or bio-mass sources of energy.
89. Twinkling of stars is due to
(a) particular frequencies of the starlight.
(b) reflection of starlight from the oceanic
surface.
(c) atmospheric refraction of starlight.
(d) magnetic field of earth.
Ê (c) The twinkling of a star is due to
starlight on entering the earth’s
atmosphere, undergoes refraction
continuously before it reaches the earth.
The atmospheric refraction occurs in
the medium of gradually changing
refractive index.
90. Which one of the following cannot
be the unit of frequency of a sound
wave?
(a) dB (b) s − 1 (c) Hz (d) min− 1
Ê (a) We know that,
1
Frequency =
Time period
1
=
Second or minute
Apart from this, the SI unit of frequency
is hertz (Hz).
91. ‘Beats’ is a phenomenon that occurs
when frequencies of two harmonic
waves are
(a) equal
(b) far apart
(c) multiples of each other
(d) nearly same
Ê (d) When two sound waves of
approximately equal frequency are
produced simultaneously, the intensity
of the resultant sound wave increases
or decreases with time.
This change in the intensity of sound is
called beats.
52
92. Light waves are incident on an
air-glass boundary. Some of the
light waves are reflected and some
are refracted in the glass. Which
one of the following properties is
the same for the incident wave and
the refracted wave?
(a) Speed
(b) Direction
(c) Brightness
(d) Frequency
Ê (d) Frequency of refracted and reflected
wave never changes because the
frequency does not depends on the
medium.
93. Which one of the following
statements is true for a simple
harmonic oscillator?
(a) Force acting is directly proportional
to the displacement from the mean
position and is in same direction.
(b) Force acting is directly proportional
to the displacement from the mean
position and is in opposite direction.
(c) Acceleration of the oscillator is
constant.
(d) The velocity of the oscillator is not
periodic.
Ê F = − k x (SHM equation)
where, x = displacement from mean
position and F = acting force.
94. During seed germination, the part of
the embryo which grows into root is
(a) radicle (b) plumule
(c) cotyledon (d) epicotyl
Ê (a) During seed germination, the part of
the embryo which grows into root is
called radicle. It is the first part of a
seedling (a growing plant embryo) to
emerge from the seed during the
process of germination to form
embryonic root of the plant which grows
downward in the soil.
95. In a typical flower, germinating
pollen grains pass through several
parts of the gynoecium before they
reach the ovule. A list of the parts
of gynoecium is given below in
different combinations. Choose the
combination that represents the
correct sequence of pollen tube
pathway/journey.
(a) Style, Stigma, Ovary
(b) Stigma, Style, Ovary
(c) Pistil, Stigma, Ovary
(d) Ovary, Pistil, Style
Ê (b) Pollen grains gather on the surface
of stigma of gynoecium through
pollination and get germinated to
produce pollen tube. This pollen tube
elongated in style and reaches ovary to
release male gametes in embryo sac of
ovule.
96. If human blood is placed in a 2%
detergent solution, what will
happen to the RBC?
(a) The RBC will shrink.
(b) The RBC will swell and become turgid.
(c) The RBC will swell and burst.
(d) The RBC will lyse.
Ê (a) If human blood is placed in a 2%
detergent solution, the RBC will shrink.
Detergent solution is a hypertonic
solution compared to red blood cells,
hence RBCs are, if placed in it, the cell
will shrink due to exosmosis, i.e.
movement of water from its higher
concentration (RBC) to lower
concentration (Detergent solution)
through cell membrane (SPM) of RBCs.
97. The major source of vitamins and
minerals for vegetarians is
(a) black gram and wheat
(b) rice and mustard
(c) vegetables and fruits
(d) soya bean and milk
Ê (c) Vegetables and fruits are major
source of vitamins and minerals for
vegetarians.
98. If a ray of light enters from a rarer
medium to a denser medium at zero
angle of incidence, it would
(a) reflect back
(b) go straight
(c) turn towards right
(d) bend at 45º
Ê (b) When light falls normally on the
interface of two medium, then light
travels in straight line. So, the refraction
angle is zero.
99. Mirage is an illustration of
(a) only dispersion of light
(b) only reflection of light
(c) only total internal reflection of light
(d) both refraction and total internal
reflection of light
Ê (d) A mirage is a naturally occurring
optical phenomenon in which light rays
bend via refraction to produce a
displaced image of distant objects or
the sky.
100. Common salt (NaCI) is not used as
a raw material for perparation of
which one of the following
compounds ?
(a) Bleaching powder
(b) Baking soda
(c) Plaster of Paris
(d) Washing soda
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
Ê (c) Preparation of plaster of Paris
doesn’t require the use of NaCl. It is
simply obtained by heating gypsum
(CaSO 4 ⋅ 2H 2O) at 120°C in a rotary
kiln.
101. Which one of the following
Harappan sites was a specialied
centre for making shell object ?
(a) Lothal (b) Balakot
(c) Amri (d) Kot Diji
Ê (b) Among the given options, Harappan
sites specialised centre for making shell
object is Balakot and the other site is
Nageshwar. Shell objects like bangles,
ladles and inlay were made at these
specialised centres.
102. Which one of the following was not a
part of the dhamma of King Ashoka ?
(a) Honouring the king
(b) Tolerance of religions other than
one’s own
(c) Respecting Brahmanas
(d) Promoting the welfare of his subjects
Ê (a) Honouring the king was not a part of
the Dhamma of king Ashoka. Dhamma
of king Ashoka established the idea of
paternal kingship. He regarded all his
subjects as his children and believed it
the king’s duty to look after the welfare
of the subjects. Ashoka’s philosophy
state that everybody should serve
parents, revere teachers, and practice
ahimsa and truthfulness. He asked
everyone to avoid animal slaughter and
sacrifice. He advocated tolerance
towards all religions and sought
conquest through Dhamma and not
war.
103. Which of the following statements
about Saguna Bhakti traditions
is/are correct?
1. Saguna Bhakti traditions focus
on the worship of specific deities
such as Vishnu or his avatars.
2. In Saguna Bhakti traditions,
Gods and Goddesses are
conceptualised in
anthropomorphic forms.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) Both the statements about Saguna
Bhakti are correct. Saguna Bhakti has
form, attributes and quality. Saguna
saints worshipped the anthropomorphic
manifestations of the divine being,
particularly Vishnu or his avatars. The
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
Bhakti saints emphasised on two ways
of imaging the nature of the God viz.
Nirguna and Saguna. Nirguna is the
concept of a formless God, which has
no attributes or quality. Saguna has
form, attributes and quality.
104. At which one of the following
places was a Shiva temple not
constructed under the patronage of
the Chola rulers?
(a) Chidambaram
(b) Thanjavur
(c) Gangaikonda Cholapuram
(d) Naneghat
Ê (d) Shiva Temple was not constructed at
Naneghat under the patronage of the
Chola rulers. Naneghat, is a mountain
pass in the Western Ghats range
between the Konkan coast and the
ancient town of Junnar in the Deccan
plateau. Chola empire was not
extended to this region therefore no
temple was build in the region.
105. Which of the following statements
about the Deccan Riots Commission
is/are correct?
1. The Commission did not hold
enquiries in the district which
were not affected.
2. The Commission did record
statements of ryots, sahukars
eye- witnesses.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) In 1875, peasants of Maharashtra in
some parts of Pune and Ahmednagar
districts revolted against increasing
agrarian distress. The Deccan Riots of
1875 targeted conditions of debt
peonage (kamiuti) to moneylenders.
The rioters’ specific purpose was to
obtain and destroy the bonds, decrees,
and other documents in the possession
of the moneylenders. The movement
also got support from the Poona
Sarvajanik Sabha co-founded by M G
Ranade. However, the Government of
India pressurised Bombay to enquire
into the matter for this the Deccan Riots
Commission was set up which
presented a report to the British
Parliament in 1878. The commission
did’nt hold inquiries in areas unaffected
by it and also did’nt recorded the
statements of royats, sahukars and
eye-witnesses.
106. Which one of the following is the
correct meaning of ziyarat ?
(a) Pilgrimage to the tombs of sufi saints.
(b) The practice of revenue farming
(c) The death anniversary of a sufi Shaikh
(d) A form of Islamic divorce
Ê (a) In Islam, ziyara or ziyarat is a form of
pilgrimage to sites associated with
Muhammad, his family members and
descendants, his companions and other
venerated figures in Islam such as the
prophets, Sufi auliya, and Islamic
scholars.
107. Keppel Island is completely bleached
mainly due to the expansion of
(a) Starfish
(b) Blue whale
(c) Octopus
(d) Sea horse
Ê (a) Keppel Island is completely bleached
mainly due to the expansion of starfish.
The population of starfish is growing
unconditionally due to which starfish are
able to eat coral; a polyp that builds
limestone reef on which the coral
community lives. Keppel Island is
located in the southern Great Barrier reef.
Coral bleaching is the process when
corals become white due to various
stressors, such as changes in
temperature, light or nutrients.
108. Which one of the following rivers is
not a tributary of river
Brahmaputra?
(a) River Manas
(b) River Kameng
(c) River Mahananda
(d) River Subansiri
Ê (c) Among the given options, Mahananda
river is not a tributary of river
Brahmaputra. Tributaries of Brahmaputra:
left-Lhasa River, Nyang River, Parlung
Zangbo, Lohit River, Dhansiri River,
Kolong River/ right-Kameng River, Manas
River, Beki River, Raidak River, Jaldhaka
River, Teesta River, Subansiri River.
The Mahananda River is a
trans-boundary river that flows through
the states of Bihar and West Bengal, and
Bangladesh. It is an important tributary of
the Ganges.
109. Which one of the following is not a
minor plate?
(a) Cocos plate
(b) Nazca plate
(c) Caroline plate
(d) Antarctic plate
Ê (d) Antarctic plate is not a minor plate.
There are 15 minor plates, these smaller
53
plates are often not shown on major
plate maps. For purposes of this list, a
minor plate is any plate with an area
less than 20 million km 2 but greater
than 1 million km 2. They are Somali
Plate, Nazca Plate , Indian Plate ,
Amurian Plate , Sunda Plate, Philippine
Sea Plate, Okhotsk Plate, Arabian
Plate, Yangtze Plate, Caribbean Plate ,
Cocos Plate , Caroline Plate ,Scotia
Plate, Burma Plate, New Hebrides
Plate.
110. Advantage(s) of tectonic activity in
Iceland include(s)
1. Source of natural geothermal
energy
2. Creation of new land
3. Attraction of tourists
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (c) The tectonic plates whose turbulent
interactions formed Iceland, are the
Eurasian tectonic plate and the North
American tectonic plate. Spanning the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland emerged
as a result of the divergent, spreading,
boundary between these two plates
and the activity of Iceland´s own
hotspot or mantle plume.
111. The process whereby certain
minerals absorb water, expand and
change is called as
(a) Hydration
(b) Oxidation
(c) Hydrolysis
(d) Carbonation
Ê (a) The process whereby certain
minerals absorb water, expand and
change is called as Hydration. A good
example of hydration is the absorption
of water by anhydrite, resulting in the
formation of gypsum. Hydration
expands volume and also results in
rock deformation.
112. Which one of the following is the
longest Latitude?
(a) 90 degree Latitude
(b) 23-5 degree Latitude
(c) 0·0 degree Latitude
(d) 66·5 degree Latitude
Ê (c) The longest latitude is 0° latitude,
known as the Equator which divides
the Earth into two equal halves, the
northern hemisphere and two southern
hemisphere.
54
113. If it is 12.00 Noon in India, on
which meridian will it be 7:00 am of
the same day?
(a) 7.5 degree E. Longitude
(b) 7.5 degree W. Longitude
(c) 75 degree E. Longitude
(d) 75 degree W. Longitude
Ê (d) If it is 12:00 Noon in India, on 75
degree, W. Longitude it will be 7:00 am
of the same day.
Current time in India = 12:00 PM
Time at required meridian = 7:00 AM
Difference in time = 5 Hours, and this
time at meridian (7:00 AM) is 5 hours
behind. Hence, it is west direction.
As we know the Earth takes 24 hours,
for one complete rotation, so
24 hours = 360°
360
1 hour = = 15°, thus the Earth
24
rotates 15 degree in/hour
In 5 hours = 5 × 15° = 75°
Hence, at 75° West longitude, the time
will be 7:00 AM.
114. Who among the following was
considered to be the preceptor of
Mirabai ?
(a) Dadu (b) Raidas
(c) Ramanand (d) Surdas
Ê (b) Guru Raidas, a low caste leather
worket was the preceptor of Mirabai. He
was low class leather worker. One of
the main principle of her philosophy
was that one should abandon the
comforts of life and devote fully to her
God for attainment of peace and
salvation.
115. Consider the following statements
about the Mahanavami Dibba
1. It was the name of a giant box of
sweets distributed at the
Mahanavami festival.
2. It was the name of a massive
platform with a base covered
with relief carvings.
Which of the statements given
above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (b) Mahanavami Dibba was the name of
massive platform with a base covered
with relief carvings was the King’s
palace in Vijayanagara though there is
no definite evidence. The Mahanavami
Dibba had a very impressive platform
known as “the audience hall”. It was
surrounded by high double walls a
street running between them.
116. Which one of the following
statements about the Ain-i-Akbari
is not correct?
(a) It was written by Abu’l Fazl.
(b) It is a part of a larger work called
Akbar Nama.
(c) It describes the Mughal Empire as
having a diverse population and a
composite culture.
(d) It was later revised by Sadullah Khan
on the orders of Shah Jahan.
Ê (d) Abu’l Fazl worked on the ‘Akbar
Nama’. The Akbar Nama is divided into
three books: The first book dealt with
Akbar’s ancestors, the second
recorded the events of Akbar’s reign
,the third is the Ain-i Akbari. Badshah
Nama was written by Abul Hamid Lahori
was later revised by Sadullah Khan on
the orders of Shah Jahan.
117. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
1. was opposed to the worship of
idols of Gods and Goddesses.
2. regarded the Vedas as infallible.
3. had met and had discussions with
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
Which of the statements given
above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1and 3
(d) 1 and 2
Ê (a) All the statements are correct.
Swami Dayanand Sarasawati was a
philosopher, social leader and founder
of Arya Samaj. He was opposed to the
worship of idols of Gods and
Goddesses as he believe that God has
no shape and no form. Hence,
statement 1 is correct. Swami
Dayanand regarded vedas as eternal
and infalliable. Hence, statement 2 is
correct.
He met Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in
Calcutta and had discussions with him.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.
118. Consider the following statements.
1. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental
College was founded at Aligarh
by Sayyid Ahmad Khan.
2. Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a great
believer in religious toleration,
and Hindus, Paris and Christians
had contributed to the funds of
his college.
Which of the statement(s) given
above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
Ê (c) Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental
College was founded in 1875 by Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan, initially as a primary
school, with the intention of taking it to a
college level institution, known as
Muhammadan Anglo Oriental Collegiate
School. Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a
great believer in religious toleration. He
believed that all religions had a certain
underlying unity which could be called
practical morality. Hindus, Parsis, and
Christians had contributed freely to the
funds of his college whose doors were
open for all the Indians.
119. Basket-of-eggs topography is
related to
(a) Drumlins (b) Eskers
(c) Cirques (d) Moraines
Ê (a) Basket of eggs topography is related
to Drumlins. Drumlins which is a
depositional landform formed by
glaciers. They are forms of rounded
hummocks resulting from the
deposition of glacial till which look like
inverted boat or spoon
120. Which one of the following planets
has the highest density?
(a) Mercury (b) Venus
(c) Jupiter (d) Earth
Ê (d) Among the given options, Earth has
the highest density. Earth is the fourth
smallest of the planets. Earth is the
densest planet because it is made of
dense material and it is heavy planet.
The Average Density of Earth is 5.5
grams/cm 3.
121. Point of Origin of Earthquake wave
is known as
(a) Epicentre (b) Focus
(c) Photosphere (d) Seismic Zone
Ê (b) The focus is the place inside Earth's
crust where an earthquake originates.
The point on the Earth's surface directly
above the focus is the epicenter.
122. The maximum depth of Lithosphere
is found in the
(a) Pacific Ocean
(b) Siberian Plain
(c) Patagonian Desert
(d) Himalayan Mountains
Ê (a) The maximum depth lithosphere is
found in the pacific ocean. Earth’s
lithosphere, which constitutes the hard
and rigid outer vertical layer of the
Earth, includes the crust and the
uppermost mantle. Mariana Trench is
located in the western Pacific Ocean, it
is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth
and the deepest part of the Earth.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
123. A large body of magmatic material
that cools in the deeper depth of the
Earth’s crust and develops in the
form of large domes is known as
(a) Batholiths (b) Lacoliths
(c) Lopoliths (d) Phacoliths
Ê (a) A large body of magmatic material
that cools in the deeper depth of the
Earth’s crust and develops in the form
of large domes is known as Batholiths.
Forms from cooled magma deep in
Earth's crust. These areas are exposed
to the surface through the process of
erosion accelerated by continental uplift
acting over many tens of millions to
hundreds of millions of years.
124. Which one of the following Oil
Refineries is not located in Assam?
(a) Tatipaka (b) Numaligarh
(c) Bongaigaon (d) Digboi
Ê (a) Among the given options, Tatipaka
Oil Refinery is not located in Assam, it is
located in Andhra Pradesh. It was
established in 2001. It is ONGC’s first
ever oil refinery to produce
petro-products.
125. Where and when did Mahatma
Gandhi make his first public
appearance in India on coming back
from South Africa after two
decades?
(a) Champaran in 1917
(b) Lucknow in 1916
(c) Banaras Hindu University in 1916
(d) Ahmedabad in 1918
Ê (c) Gandhi's first public appearance in
India was on the occasion of the
opening ceremony of the Banaras
Hindu University in February 1916,
which was distinguished by the
presence of many magnets and princes
and of the Viceroy himself. He also
passed critical comments on the
Princes, as a result many princes
walked out.
126. When and where was the demand
for “Purna Swaraj” or complete
independence made by the Indian
National Congress?
(a) Bombay, 1885
(b) Lahore, 1929
(c) Kheda, 1917
(d) Bombay, 1942
Ê (b) The Indian National Congress, on
19th December, 1929, passed the
‘Purna Swaraj’ – (total independence)
resolution – at its Lahore session. A
public declaration was made on 26th
January, 1930 – a day which the
Congress Party urged Indians to
celebrate as ‘Independence Day’. The
declaration was passed due to the
breakdown of negotiations between
leaders of the freedom movement and
the British over the question of
dominion status for India.
127. Which one of the following
provides for the complete equality
of men and women in India?
(a) Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution
of India
(b) Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of
India
(c) The Indian Independence Act
(d) Article 20 of the Constitution of India
Ê (a) Article 14 The State shall not deny to
any person equality before the law or
the equal protection of the laws within
the territory of India.
Article 15 secures the citizens from
every sort of discrimination by the State,
on the grounds of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth or any of them.
However, this Article does not prevent
the State from making any special
provisions for women or children.
128. Which of the following statements
about the non-permanent member
of the Security Council of the
United Nation is/are correct?
1. Their total number is now 10 but
was originally only 6.
2. They are elected for a term of
two years only.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) The UNSC is composed of 15
members, 5 permanent and 10
non-permanent. Five permanent
members: China, France, the Russian
Federation, the United Kingdom, and
the United States and Ten
non-permanent members: Elected for
two-year terms by the General
Assembly. Each year, the General
Assembly elects five non-permanent
members (out of ten in total) for a
two-year term. The ten non-permanent
seats are distributed on a regional
basis. As stipulated in rule 144 of the
rules of procedure, a retiring member is
not eligible for immediate re-election.
129. At which of the following was the
American Declaration of
Independence adopted on 4th July,
1776?
55
(a) Washington Conference
(b) San Francisco Confernee
(c) Second Continental Congress
(d) First Continental Congress
Ê (c) The United States Declaration of
Independence is the pronouncement
adopted by the Second Continental
Congress meeting in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, on 4th July, 1776.
130. Who among the following was the
head of the Government that was
overthrown by the Bolsheviks in
the 1917 Revolution?
(a) Alexander Kerensky
(b) Prince Lvov
(c) Grand Duke Sergei
(d) Tsar Nicholas II
Ê (d) Tsar Nicolas II was the head of the
Government that was overthrown by the
Bolsheviks in the 1917 Revolution. The
Russian Revolution was a period of
political and social revolution that took
place in the former Russian Empire and
began during the First World War. The
Russian Revolution was a series of two
revolutions: the first of which overthrew
the imperial government and the
second placed the Bolsheviks in power.
that Caused the Tsar of the Russian
Empire, Nicholas II, to step down from
his throne.
131. Which one of the following is not a
form of non-permanent member of
the Security condensation?
(a) Dew (b) Fog
(c) Frost (d) Sleet
Ê (d) Condensation is the change of the
state of matter from the gas phase into
the liquid phase, and is the reverse of
vaporisation. The word most often refers
to the water cycle. Sleet is Rain and snow
mixed is precipitation composed of rain
and partially melted snow.
132. Which one of the following clouds
is a rain-bearing cloud?
(a) Cumulus cloud (b) Stratus cloud
(c) Nimbus cloud (d) Cirrus cloud
Ê (c) Nimbus cloud is a rain-bearing
cloud. Nimbus clouds are dark clouds
as they carry a substantial quantity of
water droplets. Nimbus comes in union
with other cloud forms that bring
substantial precipitation.
133. Tn which one of the following
countries is intensive subsistence
agriculture not predominantly
practised?
(a) India (b) Japan
(c) Canada (d) Indonesia
56
Ê (c) Intensive subsistence agriculture is
not predominantly practised in Canada.
Intensive farming is the kind of farming
in which farmers grow their crops, fruits,
and vegetables on a small piece of land
using simple tools.
134. The Headquarters of South-Eastern
Railway is located at
(a) Bilaspur (b) Secunderabad
(c) Kolkata (d) Bhubaneswar
Ê (c) The Headquarters of South-Eastern
Railway is located at Kolkata (Gardern
Reach). It is the administrative and
purchase office of the entire zone.
135. Bharatmala Pariyojana is related to
(a) interlinking of Northern and Southern
Indian rivers in a garland shape.
(b) networks of National Highways in
India.
(c) interlinking of all cities of India
through Railways.
(d) interlinking of all industrial regions of
India through pipelines.
Ê (b) Bharatmala Pariyojana is an
umbrella program for the highways
sector envisaged by the Ministry of
Road Transport and Highways. To
optimise the efficiency of freight and
passenger movement across the
country by bridging critical
infrastructure gaps through effective
interventions.
136. The natural vegetation which
covers maximum geographical
areas of India is
(a) Tropical deciduous forests
(b) Tropical thorn forests
(c) Montane forests
(d) Tropical evergreen forests
Ê (a) Tropical deciduous are a variety of
temperate forest ‘dominated’ by trees
that lose their leaves each year. They
are found in areas with warm moist
summers and cool winters.
137. River Beas, flowing from Himachal
Punjab, joins the river
(a) Indus (b) Setluj
(c) Chenab (d) Ravi
Ê (b) River Bears, flowing from Himachal,
Punjab, joint the river Settuj. The Beas
River rises in the Himalayas in central
Himachal Pradesh, and flows for some
470 km to the Setluj River in the Indian
state of Punjab.
138. With regard to the Constitution of
India, which one of the following
statements is not correct?
(a) The words - Socialist and Secular,
were not originally part of the
Constitution.
(b) The Preamble states the objects of
the Constitution of India,
(c) The Preamble is enforceable in a
Court of Law.
(d) A Republic refers to the people as the
source of all authority under the
Constitution.
Ê (c) Preamble is not enforceable in a
court of law. A preamble is an
introductory statement in a document
that explains the document’s
philosophy and objectives. The
preamble basically gives idea of the
following things/objects: Source of the
Constitution, Nature of Indian State,
Statement of its objectives, Date of its
adoption.
139. Which one of the following is not a
power of the Speaker of the Lok
Sabha ?
(a) Speaker shall preside over the House
of the People.
(b) Speaker will cast vote in the first
instance in the House.
(c) Speaker will have power to maintain
order within the House of the People.
(d) Speaker can adjourn the House or
suspend the meeting till there is a
quorum.
Ê (b) Speaker does not cast vote in the
first instance in the house. Speaker can
only cast his vote when both the
government and the opposition get
equal votes on a particular law or a
motion.
140. Which one of the following is
included in Article 51A (Part IV A)
of the Constitution of India?
(a) Fundamental Duties
(b) Suspension of Fundamental Rights
(c) Special Powers of Governors
(d) Writs
Ê (a) The idea of Fundamental Duties is
inspired from the Constitution of Russia.
These were incorporated in Part IV-A of
the Constitution by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 on
the recommendations of Swaran Singh
Committee. Listed in Article 51-A of the
Constitution.
141. As per the data up to November,
2020, released by the Union Finance
Ministry, which one of the
following countries ranks 1 in
terms of ODI (Outward Direct
Investment) for the year 2020 - 21 ?
(a) USA
(b) Singapore
(c) Mauritius
(d) United Kingdom
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
Ê (b) An Outward Direct Investment (ODI)
is a business strategy in which a
domestic firm expands its operations to
a foreign country. For example, some
companies will make a green field
investment, which is when a parent
company creates a subsidiary in a
foreign country.
142. ‘Exercise Desert Knight - 21’ is a
bilateral air exercise between the
Indian Air Force and the Air Force
of which one of the following
countries?
(a) USA (b) France
(c) Britain (d) Israel
Ê (b) Indian Air Force (IAF) and French Air
and Space Force conducted a bilateral
Air exercise, Ex Desert Knight-21 at Air
Force Station Jodhpur from 20th to 24th
January, 2021. The exercise is unique
as it includes fielding of Rafale aircraft
by both sides and is indicative of the
growing interaction between the two
premier Air Forces.
143. Tableau of which one of the
following States/Union Territory
was adjudged best in the Republic
Day Parade, 2021 ?
(a) Ladakh
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Tripura
(d) Uttarakhand
Ê (b) Uttar Pradesh's tableau depicting the
Ram Temple at 2021 Republic Day
parade in New Delhi was adjudged the
best and awarded by Union Minister
Kiren Rijiju.
144. In the recently concluded elections
in December 2020,
Faustin-Archange Touadera has
won a second term in office as
President of one of the following
countries. Identify the country.
(a) Central African Republic
(b) Republic of South Africa
(c) Republic of Ghana
(d) Republic of Mozambiqu.
Ê (a) In recently concluded elections in
December 2020, Faustin—Archange
Touadera has now a second term in
office as President of central African
Republic.
145. Which one of the following
statements is not correct in respect
of the ‘Legion of Merit’ award?
(a) This award is conferred by the
President of the United States of
America.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2021 (I)
(b) This award was conferred to the
Prime Minister of India in December,
2020.
(c) This was also awarded to the Prime
Minister of Australia, Scott Morrison.
(d) It is the highest civilian award of the
United States of America.
Ê (d) Legion of Merit award is a military
award of the United States Armed
forces that is given for exceptionally
meritorious conduct in the performance
of outstanding services and
achievements. This award was
confused to the Prime Minister of India
in December, 2020. It was also
awarded to the Prime Minister of
Australia, Scott Morrison.
146. Which one of the following
statements is most appropriate
about ‘Exercise Kavach’ ?
(a) It is a military exercise of the Indian
Army only.
(b) It is a joint military exercise involving
the Indian Army and the Indian Navy
only.
(c) It is a joint military exercise involving
the Indian Army, the Indian Navy and
the Indian Air Force only.
(d) It is a joint military exercise involving
the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, the
Indian Air Force and also the Indian
Coast Guard.
Ê (d) A large-scale Tri service Military
‘Exercise Kavach’ conducted in
January 2021 under the aegis of the
Andaman and Nicobar Command
149. Which country has replaced
(ANC), the only Joint Forces Command
of the country. The exercise involves
synergised application of maritime
surveillance assets, coordinated air and
maritime strikes, air defence, submarine
Ê (a) Madagascar replaced Maldives to
and landing operations.
147. Recently a state of emergency has
been declared in which one of the
following countries?
(a) Maldives (b) Bhutan
(c) Nepal (d) Myanmar
150. Identify the correct reason, out of
Ê (d) State of emergency was declared in
Myanmar. It was declared on
1st February, 2021. The state of
emergency was declared for one year.
148. Which one of the following teams is
the winner of the Syed Mushtaq Ali
Trophy, 2021?
(a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Punjab
(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Baroda
Ê (c) The Indian State of Tamil Nadu won
the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2021.
It is a domestic Twenty 20 cricket
Ê (c) Claire Polosak was in the news
championship in India, organised by
the Board of control for cricket in India,
57
among the teams from the Ranji
Trophy.
Maldives to host the 2023 Indian
Ocean Island Games?
(a) Madagascar (b) Sri Lanka
(c) India (d) Mauritius
host the 2023 Indian Ocean Island
Games. It is a quadrennial multi sport
event from Indian ocean Islands
nations. The games was created by
international Olympic Committee in
1977.
the following, about Claire Polosak
for being in the news.
(a) She has been honoured with the
Pulitzer Prize.
(b) She recently won a Grand Slam
championship.
(c) She became the first female match
official to conduct a men’s cricket test
match.
(d) She has been conferred with the
Gandhi Peace Prize.
because she became the first female
match official to conduct a men’s
cricket test match.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 1

NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2020 (I & II)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1−i i 
1. If matrix A =  where ⇒ 20 − ( n + 2 ) = n − 2
1 − i  Ê (a) The general term in the binomial
 −i 10
⇒ 20 = n + 2 + n − 2
expansion of  2 − x 
2
is
i = − 1, then which one of the x  ⇒ 2 n = 20
following is correct? 10 − r ⇒ n = 10
C r  2 
2
(a) A is hermitian Tr +1 = 10
( − x )r
x  5. For how many values of k, is the
(b) A is skew-hermitian
(c) ( A )T + A is hermitian −20 + 2r +
r
 0 k 4
= C r (2 )10 − r x
10
( −1)r
matrix − k 0 − 5 singular?
2
(d) ( A )T + A is skew-hermitian  
For independent of x, put
Ê (c) We have r 5r − k k − 1
−20 + 2 r + = 0 ⇒ = 20
1 − i i 
A= 
2 2 (a) Only one (b) Only two
 −i 1 − i  ⇒ r=8 (c) Only four (d) Infinite
1 + i −i  ∴ T8 + 1 = 10C 8(2 )10 − 8 ( −1)8
Now, A =  Ê (d) The condition for singular matrix is
 i 1 + i  10 × 9 0 k 4
= × 22 × 1
1 + i i  2 ×1 − k 0 −5 = 0
( A )T = 
 − i 1 + i  = 180 −k k −1
Now, consider Expanding along R1, we get
3. If (1 + 2x − x 2 )6 = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2
1 + i i  0 − k( k − 5k ) + 4( − k 2 + 0) = 0
X = ( A) + A = 
T

 −i 1+ i  + K + a12 x 12 , then what is a 0 − a1

⇒ 4k 2 − 4k 2 = 0
1 − i i  + a 2 − a 3 + a 4 − K + a12 equal to?
+  ⇒ 0 = 0, ∀k ∈ R
 −i 1− i  (a) 32 (b) 64
Hence, for infinite values of k, given
 2 2i  (c) 2048 (d) 4096
= matrix is singular.
 Ê (b) We have,
 −2 i 2 
(1 + 2 x − x 2 )6 = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 6. The number (1101101 + 1011011)2
 2 −2 i 
X = 
can be written in decimal system as
2 i 2  + ....+ a12 x 12
(a) (198)10 (b) (199)10
 2 2i  Put x = − 1 both sides, we get (c) (200)10 (d) (201)10
( X )T =   = X 5
 −2 i 2  (1 − 2 − 12 )6 = a0 − a1 + a2 − ....+ a12 Ê (c) Now, (1101101)2 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2
6

Hence, X = ( A )T + A is a hermitian ⇒ a0 − a1 + a2 − .....+ a12 = ( −2 )6 = 64 + 1 × 2 4 + 1 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 1 × 21

matrix. + 1 × 20
4. If C (20, n + 2) = C (20, n − 2), then
2. The term independent of x in the what is n equal to? = 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
10 = ( 91)10
 2  (a) 18 (b) 25
binomial expansion of  2 − x  and
x  (c) 10 (d) 12
(1011011)2 = 1 × 2 6 + 1 × 2 5 + 0 × 2 4
is equal to Ê (c) Given, C(20, n + 2) = C (20, n − 2 )
⇒ C (20, 20 − ( n + 2 )) = C (20, n − 2 ) + 1 × 2 3 + 1 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 2 0
(a) 180 (b) 120
(c) 90 (d) 72 [Q C ( n, r ) = C ( n, n − r )] = 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = (109)10
2 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

∴ (1101101 + 1011011)2 Also given, AB = C i i2 i3

= (1101101)2 + (1011011)2 x + y y  2   3 Ê (d) Let ∆ = i
4
i 6
i8
⇒  2x =
= ( 91)10 + (109)10 = (200)10  x − y  −1 2 
  i 9
i 12
i 15
7. What is the value of 2 x + 2 y − y  3 i −1 − i
⇒  4x − x + y  = 2 
1 1     = 1 −1 1
log 5 1024 − log 5 10 + log 5 3125?
10 5 2 x + y  3 i 1 −i
⇒  3 x + y = 2 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3     [Q i 2 = − 1, i 3 = − i , i 4 = 1]
1 1
Ê (a) log 5 1024 − log 5 10 + log 5 3125 On equating the corresponding
= i ( i − 1) + 1 ( − i − i ) − i (1 + i )
10 5 elements, we get
1 1 2 x + y = 3 and 3 x + y = 2 [Expanding along R1]
= log 5 2 − log 5( 5 × 2 ) + log 5 5 5
10
10 5 ⇒ x = − 1 and y = 5 = i 2 − i − 2 i − i − i 2 = − 4i
=
10 5
log 5 2 − [log 5 5 + log 5 2 ] + log 5 5  −1 + 5 5  4 5
∴ A= =  a h g  x
2 × − 1 −1 − 5  −2 −6
10 5
[Q log mn = log m + log n] 13. Let A =  h b 
f and B =  y ,
  
∴The determinant of matrix A is
= log 5 2 − [1 + log 5 2 ] + 1 [Q log m m = 1] 4 5
 g f c   z 
=0 A = = −24 + 10 = −14
−2 −6 then what is AB equal to?
8. If x = logc (ab ), y = loga (bc ),  ax + hy + gz
z = logb (ca ), then which of the . ≤ x ≤ 4.5, then which one of
10. If 15
the following is correct? (a)  y 
following is correct?  
(a) (2 x − 3) (2 x − 9) > 0  z 
(a) xyz = 1  ax + hy + gz
(b) (2 x − 3) (2 x − 9) < 0
(b) x + y + z = 1
(c) (2 x − 3) (2 x − 9) ≥ 0 (b)  hx + by + fz 
(c) (1 + x )−1 + (1 + y)−1 + (1 + z)−1 = 1  
(d) (2 x − 3) (2 x − 9) ≤ 0  
(d) (1 + x )−2 + (1 + y)−2 (1 + z)−2 = 1
z
. ≤ x ≤ 4.5
Ê (d) We have, 15  ax + hy + gz
Ê (c) We have, x = logc ( ab ) (c)  hx + by + fz 
y = log a( bc ) 3 9  
⇒ ≤ x≤ ⇒ 3≤ 2x≤ 9
z = log b (ca )
2 2  gx + fy + cz 
⇒ (2 x − 3) (2 x − 9) ≤ 0 (d) [ax + hy + gz hx + by + fz
Now, 1 + x = logc c + logc ( ab )
= logc ( abc ) 11. Let S = {1, 2, 3, K}. A relation R on gx + fy + cz]
1 + y = log a( abc ) S × S is defined by xRy if Ê (c) Now,
and 1 + z = log b ( abc ) 1 a h g   x
loga x > loga y when a = . Then
Now, (1 + x )−1 + (1 + y)−1 + (1 + z)−1 2 AB =  h f   y
b
   
= [logc ( abc )]−1 + [log a( abc )]−1 the relation is  g f c   z
(a) reflexive only  ax + hy + gz
+ [log b ( abc )]−1
=  hx + by + fz 
(b) symmetric only
=
1
+
1
+
1 (c) transitive only  
logc ( abc ) log a( abc ) log b ( abc ) (d) both symmetric and transitive  gx + fy + cz 

=
log c
+
log a
+
log b Ê (c) We have, S = {1, 2, 3, ....} 14. What is the number of ways in
log( abc ) log( abc ) log( abc ) and log a x > log a y
which the letters of the word
 log n  1
a = ∈ ( 0, 1)
Q log m n = log m 
Here, ‘ABLE’ can be arranged so that the
  2
vowels occupy even places?
log c + log a + log b log( abc ) ∴ log a x > log a y ⇒ x < y
= = =1 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
log( abc ) log( abc ) Now, x R x ⇒ x < x which is not
possible. So it is not reflexive relation. Ê (b) In a given word ‘ABLE’ Vowels are
9.  x +y y   2 Now, x R y ⇒ x < y
{ A, E}.
Let A =  , B =  − 1 1 2 3 4
 2 x x − y    But y |< x, so it is not symmetric relation.
As, vowel occupy even places, so two
3 Now, x R y and y R z vowels occupy the places 2 and 4.
and C =  . If AB = C , then what is ⇒ x < y and y < z ⇒ x < z ⇒ x R z
2 Therefore, the number of ways of
Hence, it is transitive relation only. occupying the vowels in even places is
the value of the determinant of the
2!.
matrix A? 12. What is the value of the
Now, we have two consonants and
(a) − 10 (b) − 14  i i 2 i 3
these consonants occupy the odd
determinant i 4 i 6 i 8 where
(c) − 24 (d) − 34
places 1 and 3. Therefore, the number of
x + y y  
 9 12 15 
Ê (b) Given, A =  2 x x − y ways of occupying the consonants in
  i i i 
odd places is 2!.
2   3
B =   and C =  
i = −1? ∴Total number of ways = 2 ! × 2 !
 −1 2  (a) 0 (b) − 2 (c) 4i (d) − 4i =2 ×2= 4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 3

15. What is the maximum number of Ê 16. (c) Also given, Hence, for real values of tan A, K cannot
lie between  , 3 .
n( Y ) 4 1
points of intersection of 5 =
n( Z ) 5 3 
non-overlapping circles?
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25 16 + 18 + 17 + b 4
⇒ = Directions (Q. Nos. 21 and 22) Read
90 5
Ê (c) The maximum number of points of the following information and answer
intersection of 5 non-overlapping circles ⇒ 51 + b = 72
the two items that follow.
⇒ b = 72 − 51 ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD
= Selection of two circles × 2 = 21 are parallel and BC is perpendicular to
[Q Two intersecting circles Ê 17.(d) Now, them. Let ∠ADB = θ, ∠ABD = α , BC = p
cut at two points] n( X ) + n( Y ) + n( Z ) − n( X ∩ Y ) and CD = q.
5×4 − n( Y ∩ Z ) − n( X ∩ Z ) + n( X ∩ Y ∩ Z )
= C2 × 2 =
5
× 2 = 20
2 ×1 = n( X ∪ Y ∪ Z ) 21. Consider the following
= a + 12 + 18 + 16 + b + 17 + c 1. AD sin θ = AB sin α
Directions (Q. Nos. 16-18) = a + b + c + 63 2. BD sin θ = AB sin (θ + α )
Consider the following Venn diagram, Which of the above is/are correct?
where X, Y and Z are three sets. Let the = a + b + 43 + 63 [Q c = 43]
(a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only
number of elements in Z be denoted by = a + b + 106 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
n(Z) which is equal to 90. Ê 18. (a) Complement of X Ê (c) We have, ∠ADB = θ, ∠ABD = α,
= p + b + c + 17
X Y = p + b + 43 + 17 [Q c = 43] BC = p and CD = q
= p + b + 60 D q C
a 16 b
Directions (Q. Nos. 19 and 20) Read θ
18 p

-α
12 17 the following information and answer

90°
the two items that follow.
c tan 3A α
Let = K , where tan A ≠ 0 A B
Z tan A
1 1. In ∆ABD, use Sine rule,
and K ≠ . sinθ sinα
3 =
16. If the number of elements in Y and AB AD
Z are in the ratio 4 : 5, then what is 19. What is tan 2 A equal to? ⇒ ADsinθ = ABsinα, which is correct.
the value of b? K + 3 K −3 2. In ∆ABD, ∠A = π − (θ + α )
(a) (b)
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 21 (d) 23 3K − 1 3K − 1 Use Sine rule in ∆ABD,
3K − 3 K + 3 sin A sinθ
17. What is the value of (c) (d) =
n ( X ) + n (Y ) + n (Z ) − n ( X ∩ Y ) K −3 3K + 1 BD AB
sin( π − (θ + α )] sinθ
− n (Y ∩ Z ) − n ( X ∩ Z ) tan 3 A ⇒ = …(i)
Ê (b) Given, =K BD AB
+ n ( X ∩ Y ∩ Z )? tan A
⇒ ABsin(θ + α ) = BDsinθ,
(a) a + b + 43 (b) a + b + 63 3 tan A − tan3 A
= =K which is correct.
(c) a + b + 96 (d) a + b + 106 (1 − 3 tan2 A ) tan A
Hence, both statements are
18. If the number of elements ⇒
3 − tan2 A
=K
correct.
belonging to neither X, nor Y, nor Z 1 − 3 tan2 A 22. What is AB equal to?
is equal to p, then what is the ⇒ K − 3K tan2 A = 3 − tan2 A ( p2 + q 2 ) sin θ
(a)
number of elements in the ⇒ K − 3 = tan A( 3K − 1)
2 p cos θ + q sin θ
complement of X? ( p2 − q 2 ) cos θ
K −3 (b)
(a) p + b + 60 (b) p + b + 40 ⇒ tan2 A = p cos θ + q sin θ
(c) p + a + 60 (d) p + a + 40 3K − 1
( p2 + q 2 ) sin θ
Solutions (16-18) (c)
20. For real values of tan A, K cannot q cos θ + p sin θ
Given n( Z ) = 90 lie between ( p2 − q 2 ) cos θ
⇒ 12 + 18 + 17 + c = 90 1 1 (d)
(a) and 3 (b) and 2 q cos θ + p sin θ
⇒ c = 90 − 47 = 43 3 2
X Y
1
(c) and 5
1
(d) and 7 Ê (a) In right angle, ∆BCD,
5 7 ∠B = 90° − α
a 16 b Ê (a) For real values of tan A, K lies when BD = p2 + q 2
K −3
18 ≥ 0 and 3K − 1 ≠ 0 CD
12 17 3K − 1 and sin B =
1 BD
⇒ ( K − 3) ( 3K − 1) ≥ 0 and K ≠ q
c 3 ⇒ sin( 90° − α ) =
1 p2 + q 2
Z ⇒ K < and K ≥ 3
3 [Q ∠B = 90°−α ]
4 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

q π = − 2 sin 30° sin18°

⇒ cosα = ⇒ 2B = − A
p2 + q 2 2 1 5 −1
π = −2 × ×
BC ⇒ A + 2B = 2 4
and cos B = 2
BD 1− 5
=
⇒ cos( 90° − α ) =
p 25. What is sin 3x + cos 3x + 4 sin 3 x 4
p +q2 2
− 3 sin x + 3 cos x − 4 cos 3 x equal 29. Consider the following statements:
p
⇒ sinα = to? 1. If ABC is a right-angled triangle,
p2 + q 2 (a) 0 (b) 1 right-angled at A and if
(c) 2 sin 2 x (d) 4 cos 4x 1
From eq. (i), sin B = , then cosec C = 3.
Ê (a) sin 3 x + cos 3 x + ( 4sin x − 3sin x)
3
sin( π − (θ + α )) sinθ 3
=
BD AB + ( 3 cos x − 4 cos 3 x ) 2. If b cos B = c cos C and if the
BD sinθ triangle ABC is not right-angled,
⇒ AB = = sin 3 x + cos 3 x − sin 3 x − cos 3 x = 0
sin(θ + α ) then ABC must be isosceles.
26. The value of ordinate of the graph Which of the above statements
p2 + q 2 sinθ
= of y = 2 + cos x lies in the interval is/are correct?
sinθ cos α + cos θ sinα (a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only
(a) [0, 1 (b) [0, 3] (c) [− 1, 1] (d) [1, 3]
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
[Q BD = p +q ]
2 2
Ê (d) We know that, 1
p + q sinθ
2 2 −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 Ê (b) 1. We have, sin B =
= 3
q p ⇒ −1 + 2 ≤ 2 + cos x ≤ 1 + 2 C
sinθ + cos θ
p2 + q 2 p2 + q 2 ⇒ 1≤ y ≤ 3
∴ y ∈ [1, 3]
( p2 + q 2 )sinθ
=
q sinθ + pcos θ 27. What is the value of
cos 17 ° − sin 17 ° 8 cos 10° ⋅ cos 20° ⋅ cos 40° ?
23. If tan θ = , then
cos 17 ° + sin 17 ° (a) tan 10° (b) cot 10°
what is the value of θ? (c) cosec 10° (d) sec 10°
B A
(a) 0° (b) 28° (c) 38° (d) 52° Ê (b) 8cos 10° cos 20° cos 40°
AC 1
Ê (b) We have, sin10° ⇒ =
= 8 cos 10° cos 20° cos 40° × BC 3
cos 17 ° − sin17 ° sin10°
tanθ = ⇒ AC = k and BC = 3k
cos 17 ° + sin17 ° 4(2 sin10° cos 10° ) cos 20° cos 40°
=
1 − tan17 ° sin10° Use pythagoras theorem in ∆ABC,
= 4 sin20° cos 20° cos 40°
1 + tan17 ° = AB = ( BC )2 − ( AC )2
sin10°
[Divide numerator and = ( 3k )2 − ( k )2
denominator by cos17 °] Q2 sin A cos A = sin2 A
2(2 sin20° cos 20° ) cos 40° = 9k 2 − k 2
⇒ tanθ = tan( 45° − 17 ° ) =
sin10°
 tan 45° − tan17 °  = 8k 2
Q tan( 45° − 17 ° ) = 1 + tan 45° tan17 °  2 × sin 40° cos 40°
=
  sin10° = 2 2k
⇒ tanθ = tan28° sin 80° sin( 90° − 10° ) BC
= = Now, cosec C =
⇒ θ = 28° sin10° sin10° AB
cos 10° 3k 3
= = cot 10° = = , which is not correct.
24. A and B are positive acute angles sin10° 2 2k 2 2
such that cos 2B = 3 sin 2 A and 2. Suppose we consider ∆ABC is an
3 sin 2A = 2 sin 2B. What is the
28. What is the value of isosceles triangle.
cos 48° − cos 12°?
value of ( A + 2B )? A
π π π π 5 −1 1− 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
6 4 3 2 4 4 c b
5+1 1− 5
Ê (d) We have, cos 2 B = 3sin A
2
(c) (d)
2 8
and 3 sin2 A = 2 sin2 B
2 sin2 B 3 sin2 A Ê (b) cos 48° − cos 12 ° B C
∴ = 48° + 12 °   48° − 12 ° 
cos 2 B 3 sin2 A = − 2 sin  sin  ∴ ∠B = ∠C
 2   2 
sin2 B 2 × sin A cos A Also we have, b cos B = c cos C
⇒ 2 =
cos 2 B sin2 A  C + D 
Q cos C − cos D = − 2 sin 2   ⇒ b cos C = c cos C
⇒ tan2 B = cot A   [put B = C ]
 C − D 
⇒
π
tan2 B = tan − A  sin  ⇒ b = c , Which is correct.
2    2  

NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 5

30. Consider the following statements Ê (a) We have, (sin3 θ + cos 3 θ)

1. If in a triangle ABC, A = 2B and a sin x + b cos x = c

2 2
t3 − t5 − (sin5 θ + cos 5 θ)
Now, =
2 t5 − t7 (sin θ + cos 5 θ)
5
b = c , then it must be an On dividing both sides by cos x, we get
obtuse-angled triangle. a tan2 x + b(1) = c × sec 2 x − (sin7 θ + cos 7 θ)
2. There exists no triangle ABC ⇒ a tan x + b = c(1 + tan x )
2 2
(sin θ − sin θ) + (cos 3 θ − cos 5 θ)
3 5

with A = 40° , B = 65° and =

[Q sec θ − tan θ = 1]
2 2
(sin5 θ − sin7 θ) + (cos 5 θ − cos 7 θ)
a
= sin 40° cosec 15°. ⇒ tan2 x( a − c ) = c − b sin3 θ(1 − sin2 θ) + cos 3 θ (1 − cos 2 θ)
c =
c−b sin5 θ (1 − sin2 θ) + cos 5 θ (1 − cos 2 θ)
Which of the above statements ⇒ tan2 x = …(i)
is/are correct? a−c
sin3 θ cos 2 θ + cos 3 θ sin2 θ
(a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only d −a =
32. What is equal to? sin5 θ cos 2 θ + cos 5 θ sin2 θ
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
b−d
2 2 sin2 θ cos 2 θ (sinθ + cos θ)
Ê (d) 1. We have, in ∆ABC, (a) sin y (b) cos y =
A = 2 B and b = c (c) tan2 y (d) cot 2 y sin2 θ cos 2 θ (sin3 θ + cos 3 θ)
Ê (c) We have, b sin y + a cos y = d
2 2
⇒ Angles opposite to equal sides are sinθ + cos θ t1
= =
equal. On dividing both sides by cos 2 y, we get sin3 θ + cos 3 θ t3
∴ ∠C = ∠B b tan2 y + a(1) = d (sec 2 y)
Also, A = 2 B = 2C
35. What is t 12 − t 2 equal to?
⇒ b tan2 y + a = d (1 + tan2 y) (a) cos 2θ (b) sin 2θ
In ∆ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
[Q sec 2 θ − tan2 θ = 1] (c) 2 cos θ (d) 2 sin θ
⇒ 2C + C + C = 180°
Ê (b) t 1 − t 2 = (sinθ + cos θ)
2 2
180° ⇒ tan2 y ( b − d ) = d − a
⇒ C = = 45°
4 d −a − (sin2 θ + cos 2 θ)
⇒ = tan2 y …(ii)
⇒ B = 45° and A = 90° b−d = sin2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sinθ cos θ
Thus, it shows that ∆ABC is not an 2
33. What is
p
equal to? − (sin2 θ + cos 2 θ)
obtuse angle triangle.
q2 = 2 sinθ cos θ = sin2θ
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
(b − c ) (b − d ) ( a − d ) (c − a )
2. We have A = 40°, B = 65° (a) (b) 36. What is the value of t 10 where
(a − d ) (a − c ) ( b − c ) (d − b )
C θ = 45°?
(d − a ) (c − a ) (b − c ) (b − d ) 1 1 1
(c) (d) (a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
75° ( b − c ) (d − b ) (c − a ) ( a − d ) 4 16 32
b a
Ê (c) Now, t 10 = sin θ + cos θ
10 10
Ê (b) We have,
p tan x = q tan y = (sin 45° )10 + (cos 45° )10
40° 65°
c On squaring both sides, we get. [Put θ = 45°]
A B
p2 tan2 y 10 10
=
= 
1 
+ 
In ∆ABC, 1 
q 2 tan2 x  
 2  2
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (d − a ) / ( b − d )
=
= 2 5  = 4 =
⇒ 40° + 65° + ∠C = 180° 1 1 1
(c − b ) / ( a − c )
⇒ ∠C = 75°  2  2 16
[Q from eq. (i) and (ii)]
Use sine rule in ∆ABC, (d − a ) ( a − c )
a c = Directions (Q. Nos. 37-39) Read the
= ( b − d ) (c − b ) following information and answer the
sin 40° sin75°
( a − d ) (c − a ) three items that follow.
a
= sin 40° cos ec 75°, =
(d − b ) ( b − c ) Let α = β = 15°.
c
Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect. 37. What is the value of sin α + cos β?
Directions (Q. Nos. 34-36) Read the 1 1 3 3
following information and answer the (a) (b) (c) (d)
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-33) Read the 2 2 2 2 2 2
following information and answer the three items that follow.
Let t n = sin n θ + cosn θ Ê (d) sinα + cos β
three items that follow.
t3 − t5 =  cos β  × 2
Let a sin 2 x + b cos2 x = c, 1 1
sinα +
34. What is equal to?  2 2 
b sin 2 y + a cos2 y = d t5 − t7
and p tan x = q tan y t1 t3 = 2 (sinα cos 45° + sin 45° cos β )
(a) (b)
t3 t5 = 2 (sin15° cos 45° + sin 45° cos 15° )
31. What is tan 2 x equal to? t t [Q α = β = 15° ]
c−b a−c (c) 5 (d) 1
(a) (b) t7 t7 = 2 sin(15° + 45° )
a−c c−b
3 3
(c)
c−a
(d)
c−b Ê (a) We have, = 2 sin 60° = 2 × =
t n = sinn θ + cos n θ 2 2
c−b c−a
6 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

cot α cot β − 1
38. What is the value of Ê (c) Given, sin x + sin y = cos y − cos x Now, cot(α + β ) =
cot α + cot β
sin 7α − cos 7β? ⇒ 2 sin
x + y  x − y
 cos   2 −1 1
1 1 3 3  2   2  = =
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 y + x  y − x
= − 2 sin  sin 
Ê (d) sin7α − cos 7β  2   2  44. The roots α and β of a quadratic
x − y  x − y equation, satisfy the relations
= 
1
sin7 × 15° −
1
cos 7 × 15°  2 ⇒ cos   = sin 
 2 2   2   2  α + β = α 2 + β 2 and αβ = α 2β 2 .
x − y
= 2 (sin105° cos 45° − cos 105° sin 45° ) ⇒ tan  =1
What is the number of such
= 2 sin(105° − 45° )  2  quadratic equations?
= 2 sin 60° 41. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 5 and B
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ê (d) Given, α + β = α + β
2 2
= 2 ×
3
=
3 is a matrix of order 5 × 3, then the
2 2 order of AB and BA will and αβ = α 2β 2
39. What is sin (α + 1° ) + cos (β + 1° ) respectively be ⇒ αβ(1 − αβ ) = 0
(a) 3 × 3 and 3 × 3 ⇒ αβ = 0 and αβ = 1
equal to? (b) 3 × 5 and 5 × 3
(a) 3 cos 1° + sin 1° Consider α + β = α 2 + β 2
(c) 3 × 3 and 5 × 5
1 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ
(b) 3 cos 1° − sin 1° (d) 5 × 3 and 3 × 5
2
1 Ê (c) Given, matrix A is of order 3 × 5 and When αβ = 0,
(c) ( 3 cos 1° + sin 1° )
2 matrix B is of order 5 × 3. α + β = (α + β )2 − 2 × 0
1 ∴Order of matrix AB = [ A ]3 × 5 [B]5 × 3 ⇒ (α + β ) = (α + β )2
(d) ( 3 cos 1° + sin 1° )
2 = [ AB]3 × 3 ⇒ (α + β ) [1 − (α + β )] = 0
Ê (c) sin(α + 1° ) + cos(β + 1° ) and order of matrix BA = [B]5 × 3 [ A ]3 × 5 ⇒ (α + β ) = 0
= sin(α + 1° ) + cos(α + 1° ) [Q α = β ] = [BA ]5 × 5 and α + β =1
= sinα cos 1° + cos α sin1° 42. If p 2 , q 2 and r 2 (where p , q , r > 0) It implies that when αβ = 0, gives two
+ cos α cos 1° − sinα sin1° quadratic equations.
are in GP, then which of the
= cos 1° (sinα + cos α ) When αβ = 1
following is/are correct?
+ sin1° (cos α − sinα ) α + β = (α + β) 2 − 2αβ
3 1. p , q and r in GP.
= cos1° × ⇒ (α + β ) = (α + β )2 − 2(1)
2 2. ln p , ln q and lnr are in AP.
Select the correct answer using the ⇒ (α + β )2 − (α + β ) − 2 = 0
+ sin1°  sinα  2
1 1
cos α − code given below ⇒ [(α + β ) − 2 ] [(α + β ) + 1] = 0
 2 2 
(a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only ⇒ α + β = 2, − 1
 3 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q sinα + cos α =  Again it implies that, when αβ = 1, gives
 2 2 2 2
Ê (c) 1. Given, p , q and r in GP. two quadratic equations.
3 ∴ q2 = p2r 2 ⇒ q 2 = pr Hence, there are total four such
= cos 1° + 2 sin1° (sin 45° cosα …(i)
2 quadratic equations formed.
⇒ p, q and r in GP, hence Statement 1
− cos 45° sinα )
is correct. 45. What is the argument of the
3
= cos 1° + 2 sin1° sin( 45° − α ) ln p + ln r ln pr lnq 2 1−i 3
2 2. Now, = = complex number , where
2 2 2
3 1+i 3
= cos 1°+ 2 sin1° sin 30° [Q α = 15° ] [From eq. (i)]
2
lnq i = − 1?
3 2 =2 = lnq
= cos 1° + sin1° 2 (a) 240° (b) 210° (c) 120° (d) 60°
2 2 ⇒ ln p, lnq and ln r are in AP, which is 1− i 3 1− i 3
3 1 correct statement. Ê (a) Let z = ×
= cos 1° + sin1° 1+ i 3 1− i 3
2 2 Hence, both statements are correct.
(1 − i 3 )2
=
1
( 3 cos 1° + sin1° ) =
2 43. If cot α and cot β are the roots of 12 − ( i 3 )2
the equation x − 3x + 2 = 0, then
2
1 − 3 − 2 i 3 −2 − 2 i 3
40. If sin x + sin y = cos y − cos x , = =
π what is cot (α + β ) equal to? 1+ 3 4
where 0 < y < x < , then what is 1 1 −1 − i 3
2 (a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3 =
2 3
 x − y 2
tan   equal to? Ê (b) Given, cot α and cot β are the roots of − 3 /2
 2  Now, tanθ =
y
=
x 2 − 3 x + 2 = 0. x −1 / 2
1
(a) 0 (b)
2 Now, sum of roots, cot α + cot β = 3 = 3 = 60°
(c) 1 (d) 2 and product of roots, cot α cot β = 2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 7

1 q r 3−1 2
Since, given complex number lies in IIIrd ∴ adj A = A = A ,
quadrant. D = ( p + q + r) 0 r−q p− r
Which is incorrect statement.
∴ arg( z) = 180° + 60°= 240° 0 p−q q − r Hence, only Statement 1 is correct.
46. What is the modulus of the complex = ( p + q + r ) [1{( r − q ) (q − r ) 51. The centre of the circle ( x − 2a )
cos θ + i sin θ − ( p − r ) ( p − q )}] ( x − 2 b ) + ( y − 2c ) ( y − 2d ) = 0 is
number , where
cos θ − i sin θ = ( p + q + r ) [rq − r 2 − q 2 + qr (a) (2 a, 2c ) (b) (2 b, 2d )
(c) ( a + b, c + d ) (d) ( a − b, c − d )
i = − 1? − { p2 − pq − rp + rq }]
1 3 = ( p + q + r )[− p − q 2
2 Ê (c) Given equation ( x − 2 a) ( x − 2 b )
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2 + ( y − 2c ) ( y − 2d ) = 0 is a circle,
2 2 − r 2 + pq + pr + rp]
cos θ + i sinθ whose end points of a diameter are
Ê (b) Let z = =
−( p + q + r )
[2 p2 + 2q 2 A(2 a, 2c ) and B(2 b, 2d ).
cos θ − i sinθ
2 Now, centre of circle
cos θ + i sinθ
⇒ z = + 2 r 2 − 2 pq − 2qr − 2 rp] = mid point of diameter.
|cos θ − i sinθ| ( p + q + r) 2 2 a + 2 b 2c + 2d 
= [( p + q 2 − 2 pq ) =  , 
cos 2 θ + sin2 θ 2  2 2 
=
cos 2 θ + sin2 θ + (q 2 + r 2 − 2qr ) + ( r 2 + p2 − 2 rp)] = ( a + b, c + d )
1
=1 = − ( p + q + r ) [( p − q )2 52. The point (1, − 1) is one of the
2
vertices of a square. If 3x + 2y = 5 is
47. Consider the proper subsets of {1, 2, + (q − r )2 + ( r − p)2 ]
the equation of one diagonal of the
3, 4}. How many of these proper Since, p, q and r are distinct. square, then what is the equation of
subsets are superset of the set {3}? ∴ D< 0
the other diagonal?
(a) 5 (b) 6
49. What is the sum of the last five (a) 3x − 2 y = 5 (b) 2 x − 3 y = 1
(c) 7 (d) 8
coefficients in the expansion of (c) 2 x − 3 y = 5 (d) 2 x + 3 y = − 1
Ê (c) The proper subset of {1, 2, 3, 4} are (1 + x )9 when it is expanded in Ê (c) We have point (1, − 1) is one of the
{},{1},{2},{ 3},{ 4},{1, 2},{2, 3},{ 3, 4},
ascending powers of x? vertices of a square.
{1, 3},{1, 4},{2, 4},{1, 2, 3},{2, 3, 4}, D C (1, −1)
(a) 256 (b) 512 (c) 1024 (d) 2048
{1, 2, 4},{1, 3, 4}
Ê (a) (1 + x) = C 0 x + C1 x + ....
9 9 9 9 8
The superset of the set { 3} in the given

3x
+
proper subset are + 9C 5 x 4 + 9C 6 x 3 + 9C 7 x 2 + 9C 8 x1 + 9C 9

2y
=
{ 3},{2, 3},{ 3, 4},{1, 3},

5
∴The sum of last 5 coefficients in the
{1, 2, 3}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 3, 4} expansion of (1 + x )9 is
Hence, number of proper subset of the A B
superset of the set { 3} is 7. Here, we see that point (1, − 1) does not
9
C 5 + 9C 6 + 9C 7 + 9C 8 + 9C 9 satisfy the diagonal equation
48. Let p , q and r be three distinct 9× 8×7 × 6 9× 8×7 3 x + 2 y = 5. Therefore we consider
= +
positive real numbers. If 4× 3×2 ×1 3×2 ×1 point (1, − 1) of the other vertex of
 p q r 9 ×8
diagonal.
+
+ 9+1
D = q r p, then which one of 2 ×1
We know that, diagonal of a square are
  perpendicular to each other.
 r p q = 126 + 84 + 36 + 9 + 1 = 256
Let perpendicular equation of
the following is correct? 50. Consider the following in respect 3 x + 2 y = 5 is 2 x − 3 y + c = 0…(i)
(a) D < 0 (b) D ≤ 0 of a non-singular matrix of order 3. This equation passes through the vertex
(c) D > 0 (d) D ≥ 0 C (1, − 1)
1. A (adj A ) = (adj A ) A
Ê (a) We have, ∴ 2(1) − 3( −1) + c = 0
2. | adj A | = | A |
p q r
Which of the above statements ⇒ 2 + 3+c=0
D= q r p is/are correct? ⇒ c = −5
r p q (a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only Put c = − 5 in eq. (i), we get
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 2 x − 3y − 5 = 0 ⇒2 x − 3y = 5
Applying C1 → C1 + C 2 + C 3
p+ q + r q r Ê (a) 1. By using the property of adjoint of 53. Let P ( x , y ) be any point on the
square matrix.
D= p+ q + r r p ellipse 25x 2 + 16y 2 = 400. If Q (0, 3)
A(adj A ) = (adj A ) A = A I
p+ q + r p q
Hence, Statement 1 is correct. and R (0, − 3) are two points, then
1 q r 2. By using the property of adjoint of what is ( PQ + PR ) equal to?
= ( p + q + r) 1 r p square matrix, if matrix A is of order n, (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 6
1 p q then
adj A = A
n−1 Ê (b) Given, equation can be rewritten as
Applying R 2 → R 2 − R1 and x2 y2
R 3 → R 3 − R1 + =1
Here, order of given matrix A is 3. 16 25
8 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

Here, a 2 = 16, b 2 = 25, b > a In right angled ∆OAP,

1 58. If the foot of the perpendicular
t drawn from the point (0, k ) to the
16 a2 AP 2
Eccentricity, e = 1 − 2 = 1 − sinθ = ⇒ sinθ =
b 25 OP OP line 3x − 4y − 5 = 0 is (3, 1), then
9 3 ⇒ t = 2OP sinθ …(i) what is the value of k?
= = (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
OA
25 5 and cosθ =
OP Ê (c) Now equation of line AP, which is
Foci = ( 0, ± be ) =  0, ± 5 ×
3
 = ( 0, ± 3) 1 2 perpendicular to the given line
 5 t
3 x − 4 y − 5 = 0 is
∴The given points ( 0, 3) and R( 0, − 3) are ⇒ cosθ = 4
OP 4x + 3y + c = 0 …(i)
the foci of given ellipse.
1 P (0,p)
PQ + PR = 2 b = 2 × 5 = 10 (2 × OP sinθ)2
⇒ cos θ = 4
54. If the circumcentre of the triangle OP
[From Eq. (i)]
formed by the lines x + 2 = 0,
⇒ cos θ = ΟP sin2 θ 3x–4y–5=0
y + 2 = 0 and kx + y + 2 = 0 is A (3,1)
( − 1, − 1), then what is the value of k? ⇒ OP = cos θ cosec θ 2

Since, it passes through ( 3, 1)

(a) − 1 (b) − 2 (c) 1 (d) 2 56. Under which condition, are the ∴ 4 × 3 + 3 × 1+ c = 0
Ê (c) Here, we see that triangle formed by points (a, b ), (c , d ) and (a − c , b − d ) ⇒ c = − 15
given lines is right angled triangle.
y collinear? Put c = − 15 in Eq. (i), we get
(a) ab = cd (b) ac = bd
C
(c) ad = bc (d) abc = d 4 x + 3 y − 15 = 0
x=–2 kx+y+2=0 Also, this equation passes through the
Ê (c) The condition for the points point P ( 0, k ).
x′ x ( a, b ), (c, d ) and ( a − c, b − d ) are
collinear, is ∴ 4( 0) + 3( k ) − 15 = 0
y=–2 15
A B a b 1 ⇒ k= =5
c−a d 1 =0 3
y′
Therefore, circumcentre of right angled −c b −d 1 59. What is the obtuse angle between
triangle lies on the hypotenuse of Apply R 2 → R 2 − R1 and R 3 → R 3 − R1 the lines whose slopes are 2 − 3
triangle. a b 1 and 2 + 3?
∴Point ( −1, − 1) satisfy the equation of c−a d − b 0 = 0 (a) 105° (b) 120° (c) 135° (d) 150°
line kx + y + 2 = 0
−c −d 0
⇒ k( −1) − 1 + 2 = 0 ⇒ k = 1 Ê (b) Given m1 = 2 − 3 and m2 = 2 + 3
Expanding along C 3, we get
55. In the parabola, y 2 = x , what is the 1[(c − a ) ( −d ) + c(d − b )] = 0 ∴The obtuse angle between the line
length of the chord passing through ⇒ −cd + ad + cd − cb = 0 having slopes m1 and m2 is
the vertex and inclined to the ⇒ ad = cb m − m2
tanθ = 1
X -axis at an angle θ? 1 + m1m2
(a) sin θ ⋅ sec 2 θ (b) cos θ ⋅ cosec 2 θ
57. Let ABC be a triangle. If D (2, 5) and
2 − 3 − (2 + 3)
(c) cot θ ⋅ sec 2 θ (d) 2 tan θ ⋅ cosec 2 θ E (5, 9 ) are the mid-points of the =
sides AB and AC respectively, then 1 + (2 − 3 ) (2 + 3)
Ê (b) We know2 that, any point on the
−2 3 −2 3
parabola y = 4ax is P( at , 2 at )
2 what is the length of the side BC? = =
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 14 1 + ( 4 − 3) 2
We have equation of parabola is y = x 2

Ê (b) Now, length of DE = − 3 = − tan 60°= tan(180° − 60° )

1
Here, a = = ( 5 − 2 )2 + ( 9 − 5)2 = ( 3)2 + ( 4)2 θ = 120°
4
∴Any point on the parabola y 2 = x is = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 sq units. 60. If 3x − 4y − 5 = 0 and
P  t 2, t 
1 1 We know that, if D and E are the mid 3x − 4y + 15 = 0 are the equations
4 2  points of AB and AC, then length of DE of a pair of opposite sides of a
y is half of BC. square, then what is the area of the
1 2 1
P 4 t ,2 t A
square?
(a) 4 sq units (b) 9 sq units
1
t (2,5) D E (5,9)
(c) 16 sq units (d) 25 sq units
2
q
x′ x Ê (c) Now, distance between two parallel
O 1 2 A 15 + 5 20
4
t lines = =
( 3)2 + ( −4)2 9 + 16
B C
∴Length of BC = 2 × DE [Q Distance between two
y 2 =x c 2 − c1
y′ = 2 × 5 = 10 sq units. parallel lines = ]
a2 + b 2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 9

=
20
=
20
=4 ∴The coordinate of Q is (2, 0, 0). 66. If a$ is a unit vector in the xy-plane
25 5 ∴The perpendicular distance PQ making an angle 30° with the positive
3x–4y–5=0
D C = (2 − 2 )2 + ( 3 − 0)2 + ( 4 − 0)2 X-axis, then what is a$ equal to?
= 0 + 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 units 3 $i + $j 3$i − $j
(a) (b)
2 2
63. If a line has direction ratios $i + 3 $j $i − 3 $j
< a + b, b + c , c + a >, then what is (c) (d)
2 2
the sum of the squares of its
A 3x–4y+15=0 B Ê (a) Given a$ makes an angle of 30° with
direction cosines? X-axis. So, angle between a$ and $i is 30°.
It is clear that, side of square = distance
(a) ( a + b + c )2 (b) 2 ( a + b + c ) y(j)
between two lines.
(c) 3 (d) 1
∴ Side = 4
∴Area of square = (Side)2 = ( 4)2 Ê (d) Given, direction ratio of a given line
is < a + b, b + c, c + a > â
= 16 sq units. ∴ Direction cosine of given line is 60°
a+ b
61. What is the length of the diameter < , 30°
of the sphere whose centre is at ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2 x(i)
O
(1, − 2, 3) and which touches the b+c
, Q a b = |a||b| cosθ
plane 6x − 3y + 2z − 4 = 0? ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2 ∴ a$ ⋅ $i =|a$|| $i| cos 30°
(a) 1 unit (b) 2 units c+ a
> 3
(c) 3 units (d) 4 units ⇒ a$ $i = 1 × 1 ×
( a + b ) + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2
2
2
Ê (d) Now, radius of sphere Now, sum of the square of direction [Q a$ is a unit vector|a$| = 1]
= Length of perpendicular drawn from
cosine Similarly, a$ makes an angle of 60° with
centre to the tangent 2
  Y-axis. So, angle between a$ and $j is 60°.
6(1) − 3( −2 ) + 2( 3) − 4 a+ b
= = 
∴ a$ . $j =|a$|| $j|cos 60°
( 6)2 + ( −3)2 + (2 )2  ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2 
 
1 1
6+ 6+ 6−4 2 = 1× 1× =
= =
14
=
14
=2  b+c  2 2
36 + 9 + 4 49 7 +  
 ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2  3$ 1$ 3$i + $j
  ∴ a$ = i + j=
∴Diameter of sphere 2 2 2
2
= 2 × radius of sphere  c+ a 
+   67. Let A be a point in space such that
= 2 × 2 = 4 units  ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2 
  |OA | = 12 , where O is the origin. If
62. What is the perpendicular distance ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2 OA is inclined at angles 45° and 60°
=
from the point (2, 3, 4) to the line ( a + b )2 + ( b + c )2 + (c + a )2 with X -axis andY -axis respectively,
x −0 y −0 z −0 =1
then what is OA equal to?
= = ? (a) 6$i + 6$j ± 2k$
1 0 0
(a) 6 units (b) 5 units 64. Into how many compartments do (b) 6$i + 6 2 $j ± 6 k$
(c) 3 units (d) 2 units the coordinate planes divide the (c) 6 2 $i + 6$j ± 6 k$
space? (d) 3 2 $i + 3$j ± 6k$
Ê (b) Given equation of line is
x−0 y−0 z−0 (a) 2 (b) 4
= = = λ(say) (c) 8 (d) 16 Ê (c) Let OA = x i + y j + zk
$ $ $
1 0 0
Ê (c) The coordinate planes divides the Where x = 12 cos 45° and y = 12 cos 60°
Any point on the line is Q( λ, 0, 0)
P (2,3,4) spaces into 8 compartment. ∴OA = 12 cos 45 ° $i + 12 cos 60° $j + zk$
65. What is the equation of the plane = 12 ×
1 $ 1
i + 12 × $j + zk$
which cuts an intercept 5 units on 2 2
12 $
the Z-axis and is parallel to = i + 6$j + zk$ …(i)
2
A Q B XY-plane? 144
(a) x + y = 5 (b) z = 5 ⇒ |OA| = + 36 + z2
x–0 y–0 z–0 2
1
=
0
=
0 (c) z = 0 (d) x + y + z = 5
⇒ 12 = 108 + z2
Now, Dr’s of PQ are (2 − λ, 3, 4) Ê (b) Plane parallel to xy plane is z = k…(i)
Since, it intercept 5 units on Z-axis. On squaring both sides, we get
Since, PQ is perpendicular to AB.
∴Point ( 0, 0, 5) satisfy Eq. (i), we get 144 = 108 + z2
∴ (2 − λ )1 + 3 × 0 + 4 × 0 = 0
[Q a1 a2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 = 0] 5=k ⇒ z2 = 36 ⇒ z = ± 6
⇒ 2 −λ=0 Put k = 5 in Eq. (i), we get Put z = ± 6 in Eq. (i), we get
⇒ λ =2 z=5 OA = 6 2 $i + 6$j ± 6k$
10 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

x + x2 + x3 − 3
68. Two adjacent sides of a 71. What is lim equal Ê (b) We have,
parallelogram are 2$i − 4 $j + 5k$ and x→1 x −1 
2/ 3
to?  dy  
2
dy
i$ − 2$j − 3k$ . What is the magnitude (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 6 k
dx
= ∫ 1 +  dx   dx
 
of dot product of vectors which x + x2 + x3 − 3
Ê (d) We have, lim On differentiating both sides w.r.t., x, we
represent its diagonals? x→1 x−1
get
(a) 21 (b) 25 (c) 31 (d) 36  0 form 2/ 3
  d 2y  dy 
2
Ê (c) We have, 0  k = 1 +   
dx 2
  dx  
D C 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 
= lim
x→1 1 On cubing both sides, we get
[by using L’ Hospital’s rule] 3 2
 d 2y  dy 
2

= 1 + 2(1) + 3(1)2 k 3  2  = 1 +   
 dx    dx  

= 1+ 2 + 3 = 6
A B d 2y
Here, highest order derivative is 2
72. The radius of a circle is increasing dx 2
AB = 2 $i − 4$j + 5k$
at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is and whose degree is 3.
and BC = $i − 2 $j − 3k$ the rate of increase of its sin x log (1 − x )
Now, AC = AB + BC 75. What is lim equal
circumference? x→0 x2
= (2 $i − 4$j + 5k$ ) + ( $i − 2 $j − 3k$ ) (a) 4.4 cm/sec (b) 8.4 cm/sec
to?
1
= 3$i − 6$j + 2k$ (c) 8.8 cm/sec (d) 15.4 cm/sec (a) − 1 (b) Zero (c) − e (d) −
dr e
and BD = AD − AB = BC − AB Ê (a) We have, = 07 . cm/sec sin x log(1 − x )
= ( $i − 2 $j − 3k$ ) − (2 $i − 4$j + 5k$ )
dt Ê (a) xlim
→0 x2
Now, circumference of circle, C = 2 πr
= − $i + 2 $j − 8k$ sin x 1− x
On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get = lim × lim log
x→ 0
x x→ 0 x
Now, dot product of diagonals, dC dr
= 2π = 1 × ( −1) = − 1
AC.BD = ( 3$i − 6$j + 2k$ ).( − $i + 2 $j − 8k$ ) dt dt
22 Q lim sinθ = 1 and lim log (1 − x ) = −1
= − 3 − 12 − 16 = − 31 =2 × × 07. cm/sec  θ→ 0 θ x→ 0 
7 x
∴Magnitude of dot product of diagonals.
= | AC ⋅ BD| = |−31| = 31 = 4.4 cm/sec 76. If f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 5x + p and f (0) and
x4 − 1 x3 − k3
69. If |a × b|2 + | a ⋅ b |2 = 144 and 73. If lim = lim 2 , f (1) are opposite in sign, then
x→1 x − 1 x →k x − k2
which of the following is correct?
| a | = 4, then what is | b | equal to? where k ≠ 0, then what is the value (a) − 2 < p < 0 (b) − 2 < p < 2
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (c) 0 < p < 2 (d) 3 < p < 5
2 2 of k?
Ê (a) We have, a × b + a ⋅ b = 144 2 4 8 Ê (c) We have,
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4
⇒ |a|2|b 2|sin2 θ + |a|2|b|2 cos 2 θ = 144 3 3 3 f( x ) = 3 x 2 − 5 x + p
2 2 x4 − 1 x3 − k 3 Now, f( 0) = 3( 0)2 − 5( 0) + p = p
⇒ a b (sin2 θ + cos 2 θ) = 144 Ê (c) lim = lim 2
x→1 x − 1 x→ k x − k 2
2 and f(1) = 3(1)2 − 5(1) + p
⇒ ( 4)2 × b (1) = 144
4 −1 ( x − k ) ( x 2 + k 2 + kx )
⇒ 4(1) = lim = 3− 5+ p= p−2
[Qsin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1] x→ k ( x − k) ( x + k)
Since, f( 0) and f(1) are opposite signs.
144
2  xn − an 
⇒ b = =9 = na n − 1  ∴ f( 0) f(1) < 0
16 Q xlim
→a x − a
  ⇒ p × (p − 2) < 0
b =3
x 2 + k 2 + kx 0< p< 2
⇒ 4 = lim
70. If the vectors a = 2$i − 3$j + k$ , x→ k ( x + k)
77. If e θ φ = c + 4θφ, where c is an
b = $i + 2$j − 3k$ and c = $j + pk$ are ⇒ 4=
k2 + k2 + k2
arbitrary constant and φ is a
coplanar, then what is the value of p? k+ k
function of θ, then what is φ dθ
(a) 1 (b) − 1 (c) 5 (d) − 5 3k 2 4×2 8
⇒ 4= ⇒ k= = equal to?
Ê (b) The condition of three vectors to be 2k 3 3
(a) θ dφ (b) − θ dφ
coplanar is a . (b × c ) = 0
74. The order and degree of the (c) 4θ dφ (d) − 4θ dφ
2 −3 1
differential equation Ê (b) We have,
⇒ 1 2 −3 = 0
e θφ = c + 4θφ
2
0 1 p   dy 
2 3
= ∫ 1 +
dy
k    dx are On differentiating w.r.t θ, we get
⇒ 2(2 p + 3) + 3( p + 0) + 11
( − 0) = 0
  dx   dφ dφ
 e θφ  θ + φ = 0 + 4 θ + φ
dx
⇒ 4p + 6 + 3p + 1 = 0  dθ   dθ 
⇒ 7p + 7 = 0
respectively
dφ
p = −1
(a) 1 and 1 (b) 2 and 3 ⇒ (θe θφ − 4θ) = 4φ − φe θφ
(c) 2 and 4 (d) 1 and 4 dθ
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 11

dφ φ ( 4 − e θφ ) 80. Let y = 3x 2 + 2 . If x changes from By using integration by parts, we get

⇒ =
dθ −θ ( 4 − e θφ ) I1 = x ∫ cos xdx − ∫  ( x )∫ cos xdx  dx
d
10 to 10.1, then what is the total  dx 
⇒ φ dθ = − θdφ change in y?
= x sin x − ∫ 1 × sin xdx
78. If p ( x ) = ( 4e )2 x , then what is (a) 4.71 (b) 5.23 (c) 6.03 (d) 8.01
= x sin x + cos x
Ê (c) Change in y,
∫ p ( x ) dx equal to? δy = f(101
. ) − f(10)
and I2 = ∫ sin x ⋅ cos xdx
p( x ) p( x ) Put sin x = t ⇒ cos xdx = dt
(a) + C (b) +C = 3 × (101. )2 + 2 − [3(10)2 + 2 ]
1 + 2 ln 2 2 (1 + 2 ln 2 ) t 2 sin2 x
∴ I2 = ∫ tdt = = +c
2 p( x ) p( x ) = 308.03 − 302 2 2
(c) +C (d) +C
1 + ln 4 1 + ln 2 = 6.03 [Q put t = sin x]
Ê (b) We have, 81. If f ( x ) = sin x , where x ∈ R, is to sin2 x
∴ I = x sin x + cos x + +c
p( x ) = ( 4e ) 2x
x 2
be continuous at x = 0, then the
∴ ∫ p( x )dx = ∫ (4e ) dx 84. What is the domain of the function
2x

value of the function at x = 0 f ( x ) = cos −1 ( x − 2)?

= ∫ 4I
2x 2x
.e dx (a) should be 0
II
(a) [− 1, 1] (b) [1, 3] (c) [0, 5] (d) [− 2, 1]
(b) should be 1
By using integration by parts, we get −1
(c) should be 2 Ê (b ) We know domain of cos x is [−1, 1].
∫ p( x)dx = 4 ∫ e dx
2x 2x
(d) cannot be determined ∴ Domain of cos −1( x − 2 ) is
sin x
− ∫  ( 4 2x ) ∫ e 2xdx dx Ê (b) We have, f( x) =
d
−1 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 1
 dx  x
⇒ −1 + 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 + 2
Since, f( x ) is continuous at x = 0
4 2x e 2x e 2x ⇒ 1≤ x ≤ 3
= − ∫ 4 2x (log 4)2 × dx ∴ f( 0) = lim f( x )
2 2 x→ 0 Hence, domain of the function is [1, 3].
sin x
4 2x .e 2x = lim =1
= − log 4 ∫ 4 2x .e 2x dx x→ 0 x 85. What is the area of the region
2
4 2x e 2x 82. The solution of the differential enclosed between the curve y 2 = 2x
⇒ ∫ p( x)dx = 2 − log 4 ∫ p( x)dx equation dy = (1 + y 2 ) dx is and the straight line y = x ?
4 2x .e 2x 1 2
(a) y = tan x + c (a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
⇒ (1 + log 4) ∫ p( x )dx =
2 (b) y = tan ( x + c ) 2 3
(c) tan−1 ( y + c ) = x Ê (c) Given curve y = 2 x is a parabola
2
4 2x .e 2x
⇒ ∫ p( x)dx = 2(1 + log(2 )2 ) + C (d) tan−1 ( y + c ) = 2 x having vertex ( 0, 0) and open right side.
Ê (b) We have, dy = (1 + y )dx
2
p( x ) Given straight line y = x, which passes
= +C dy through origin.
2(1 + 2 log 2 ) ⇒ = dx
1 + y2 The point of intersection of line y = x and
79. What is the value of curve is ( x )2 = 2 x
On integrating both sides, we get
π
dy ⇒ x( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2
4 ∫ 1 + y2 = ∫ dx + c Put x = 0, then y = 0
∫ ( tan x + tan x ) dx?
3
Put x = 2, then y 2 = 2 × 2
0 ⇒ tan−1 y = x + c
1 1 y = tan( x + c ) y=±2
(a) (b)
4 2 ∴The point of intersection of given curve
(c) 1 (d) 2 83. What is ∫ (e log x + sin x ) cos x dx is O( 0, 0) and A(2, 2 ).
π /4 y y=x
Ê (b) Let I = ∫0 (tan3 x + tan x ) dx equal to? A (2,2)
π /4 sin2 x B
(a) sin x + x cos x + +c
= ∫0 tan x. (tan x + 1) dx
2
2
π /4 sin2 x
= ∫0 tan x sec 2 x dx (b) sin x − x cos x +
2
+c x′ x
sin2 x O
[Q sec x − tan x = 1]
2 2
(c) x sin x + cos x + +c
Put tan x = t 2
sin2 x y2=2x
⇒ sec 2 xdx = dt (d) x sin x − x cos x + +c
2 y′
π
∴ Upper limit, t = tan =1
Ê (c) Let I = ∫ (e + sin x ) cos x dx
log x
4 Now, area of shaded region OABO
Lower limit, t = tan 0 = 0 = ∫ x cos x dx + ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ ( y2 − y1 )dx
2
= I1 + I2 = ∫0( 2 x − x ) dx
1
1 t 2 
∴ ∫0t dt =  2 
I=
Where, I1 = ∫ x cos xdx 2
 0  x 3/ 2 x2 
and I2 = ∫ sin x.cos x dx = 2 − 
1 2 1
= (1 − 0 ) =
2
Now, I1 = ∫ x cos xdx  3/2 2 0
2 2 I II
12 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

 2 2 3/ 2 x 2 
2
xn − 1 Integration I become a rational, if
= x − 
= ∫ x n( x n + 1)dx 8 − 4k = 0
 3 2 0
[Multiply numerator and k=2
 2 2 3/ 2 2 2 
= 2 − − 0 − 0 denominator by x n − 1] 91. Consider the following statements
 3 2  Put x n + 1 = t
8 2 for f ( x ) = e − | x | :
= −2 = nx n − 1dx = dt
3 3 1. The function is continuous at
∴ I =∫
dt x = 0.
86. If f ( x ) = 2x − x 2 , then what is the n(t − 1)t 2. The function is differentiable at
value of f ( x + 2) + f ( x − 2) when 1 1 1  x = 0.
n  ∫ t − 1 ∫ t dt 
x = 0? = dt −
 Which of the above statements
(a) − 8 (b) − 4 is/are correct?
1
(c) 8 (d) 4 [log t − 1 − log t ] + c (a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only
n
Ê (a) We have, f( x) = 2 x − x (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2
1 t −1 −x
Now, f( x + 2 ) + f( x − 2 ) = [2( x + 2 ) = log Ê (a) We have, f( x) = e
n t
− ( x + 2 )2 ] + [2( x − 2 ) − ( x − 2 )2 ] e − x , x≥ 0
Q log m − log n = log m  = x
= [2 x + 4 − ( x + 4 + 4 x )]
2
 n  e , x< 0
y
+ [2 x − 4 − ( x 2 + 4 − 4 x )] 1  x n + 1 − 1
= log   +c
 x +1 
n
= [ − x 2 − 2 x ] + [ − x 2 + 6 x − 8] n
y=ex y=e–x
= − 2 x2 + 4 x − 8 [put t = x n + 1]
x′ x
At x = 0, 1  xn 
= log  n  +c
f( x + 2 ) + f( x − 2 ) = − 2( 0)2 + 4( 0) − 8 n  x + 1
= −0+ 0− 8 89. What is the minimum value of y′
= −8 | x − 1 |, where x ∈ R?
It is clear from the graph that f( x ) is
87. If x my n = am + n , then what is
dy (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) − 1 continuous everywhere. But f( x ) is not
dx
equal to? differentiable at x = 0, due to sharp
 x − 1, x≥1
(a)
my
(b) −
my
Ê (a) Let y = x − 1 =  −( x − 1) , x < 1 shape.
nx nx  Hence, Statement 1 is correct but
mx ny y
(c) (d) − y=–(x–1) y=x–1 Statement 2 is incorrect.
ny mx
m+n 92. What is the maximum value of
Ê (b) We have, x y = a
m n
sin x ⋅ cos x ?
On taking log both sides, we get x′ x 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d) 2 2
log x m + log y n = ( m + n)log a 2
mlog x + nlog y = ( m + n)log a Ê (c) Let f( x) = sin x cos x
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’ we y′ 1
= × 2 sin x.cos x
get 2
m n dy The graph of a given function is shown
+ =0 [Multiply numerator and
x y dx above. From the graph it is clear that the
denominator by 2]
minimum value of given function is 0.
dy − my 1
⇒ = = sin2 x
dx nx 90. What is the value of k such that 2
88. What is ∫
dx
equal to? 3x 2 + 8 − 4k We know that maximum value of sin2 x
integration of with
x ( x + 1)
n
x is 1.
1 1
1  xn  respect to x, may be a rational ∴ f( x )max. = × 1 =
(a) ln  n  +c 2 2
n  x + 1 function?
3x + 3− x − 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) − 2 93. What is lim equal to?
x→0
 xn +
1 (a) 0 x
(b) ln   +c 3 x 2 + 8 − 4k (b) − 1
 x 
n
Ê (c) Now, I = ∫ dx
x (c) 1
 x 
n
= ∫  3 x + − k  dx
(c) ln  n  +c 8 4 (d) Limit does not exist
x +1  x 
x 3x + 3− x − 2  0
1  x n + 1 Ê (a) xlim  form 

(d) ln   +c →0 x 0
n  xn  3 x2
= + 8 log x − 4k log x + C 3 x log 3 − 3 − x log 3 − 0
dx 2 lim
Ê (a) Let I = ∫ x( x n + 1) 3 x2
x→ 0 1
I= + ( 8 − 4k ) log x + C [by using L’ Hospital’s rule]
2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 13

= 3 0 log 3 − 3 0 log 3 (a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only 99. What is the solution of the
= log 3 − log 3 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2  dy 
differential equation ln   = x ?
=0 Ê (c) 1. We have f( x) = ln( x)  dx 
y
94. What is the derivative of tan −1 x (a) y = e x + c (b) y = e − x + c
y=ln(x)
(c) y = ln x + c (d) y = 2 ln x + c
with respect to cot −1 x?
(a) − 1 (b) 1 x′ x Ê (a) Given differential equation is
ln   = x ⇒
1 x dy dy
(c) 2 (d) = ex
x +1 x2 + 1  dx  dx
−1 −1 y′ ⇒ dy = e xdx
Ê (a) Let f( x) = tan x and g ( x) = cot x
It is clear from the graph that f( x ) is On integrating both sides, we get
On differentiating w.r.t ‘x’, we get
increasing in the interval ( 0, ∞ ).
1 1 y = ex + c
f ′( x) = and g ( x ) = − 2. We have f( x ) = tan( x )
1 + x2 1 + x2 y 100. Let l be the length and b be the
d 1 y=tan x
f( x ) breadth of a rectangle such that
1 + x2
∴ dx = = −1 l + b = k . What is the maximum
d 1
g ( x) − area of the rectangle?
dx 1 + x2 x′ x
k2 k2
(a) 2 k 2 (b) k 2 (c) (d)
95. The function u( x , y ) = c which 2 4
–π π
satisfies the differential equation 2 y′ 2 Ê (d) We have, l + b = k
x (dx − dy ) + y (dy − dx ) = 0, is It is clear from the graph that f( x ) is
Now, area of rectangle A = lb
(a) x 2 + y 2 = xy + c π π A = l( k − l )
(b) x 2 + y 2 = 2 xy + c increases in the interval  − ,  .
 2 2 On differentiating w.r.t, ‘l’, we get
(c) x 2 − y 2 = xy + c dA
(d) x 2 − y 2 = 2 xy + c Hence, both statement are correct. = ( k − l ) + l( 0 − 1) = k − 2 l
dl
Ê (b) We have, 98. Which one of the following is
For maximum, put
dA
=0
x (dx − dy) + y (dy − dx ) = 0 correct in respect of the graph of dl
⇒ xdx + ydy − ( xdy + ydx ) = 0 1 k
y= ? k − 2 l = 0, l = ,
⇒ xdx + ydy − d ( xy) = 0 x −1 2
On integrating both sides, we get (a) The domain is { x ∈ R | x ≠ 1} and the d 2A
Now, 2 = − 2 < 0
x2 y2 c range is the set of reals dl
+ − xy = (b) The domain is { x ∈ R | x ≠ 1}, the
2 2 2 k
range is { y ∈ R | y ≠ 0} and the Therefore A is maximum at l =
x 2 + y 2 = 2 xy + c graph intersects y-axis at ( 0, − 1)
2
(c) The domain is the set of reals and the ∴Value of maximum area,
96. What is the minimum value of k2
A =  k −  =   =
range is the singleton set {0} k k k k
 π (d) The domain is { x ∈ R | x ≠ 1} and the 2  2 2 2
3 cos  A +  where A ∈ R ? 4
 3 range is the set of points on they
(a) − 3 (b) − 1
y-axis 101. The numbers 4 and 9 have
1 frequencies x and ( x − 1)
(c) 0 (d) 3 Ê (b) We have, y = …(i)
π x−1 respectively. If their arithmetic

Ê (a) Let f( x) = 3cos  A +  The domain of given graph is mean is 6, then what is the value of
3
{ x ∈ R : x ≠ 1} x?
We know that, the minimum value of
π 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
cos  A +  is −1. Consider y =
x−1
 3 Ê (b) Given, arithmetic mean = 6
∴Minimum value of f( x ) = 3 × ( −1) 1 4 × x + 9 × ( x − 1)
⇒ x − 1= ∴ =6
y x + ( x − 1)
= −3
1 1+y
97. Consider the following statements: ⇒ x = + 1= ⇒ 4 x + 9 x − 9 = 6(2 x − 1)
y y
1. The function f ( x ) = ln x ⇒ 13 x − 9 = 12 x − 6
Here, we see that x is not defined for ⇒ x= 3
increases in the interval (0, ∞ ). y = 0.
2. The function f ( x ) = tan x ∴Range of given curve is { y ∈ R : y ≠ 0} 102. If three dice are rolled under the
increases in the interval Also graph intersect Y −axis, put x = 0 in condition that no two dice show the
 π π Eq. (i), we get same face, then what is the
− , .
 2 2 y=
1
= −1
probability that one of the faces is
0−1 having the number 6?
Which of the above statements 5 5 1 5
is/are correct? Hence, graph intersect Y-axis at point (a) (b) (c) (d)
(0, −1). 6 9 2 12
14 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

Ê (c) Let S = Total sample space 104. The sum of deviations of n number Ê (c)
= 6 3 = 216 of observations measured from 2.5 Marks Number of students Difference
E = Event of getting no two face have is 50. The sum of deviations of the Physics Mathematics P−M
same number. i.e. all three faces have same set of observations measured (P) (M)
distinct numbers. from 3.5 is − 50. What is the value 10-20 8 10 8 − 10 = 2
∴ n( E ) = 6 × 5 × 4 = 120 of n? 20-30 11 21 11 − 21 = 10
and F = Event of getting one of the face (a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 80 (d) 100 30-40 30 38 30 − 38 = 8
have 6 number. Ê (d) We have, 40-50 26 15 26 − 15 = 11
n( F ) = (1 × 5 × 4) × 3 = 60 Σ( xi − 2.5) = 50 50-60 15 10 15 − 10 = 5
and n( E ∩ F ) = 60 and Σ( xi − 3.5) = −50 60-70 10 6 10 − 6 = 4
P( F ∩ E )
P   = ⇒ Σxi − (2.5)n = 50
F …(i)
∴
 E P( E ) and Σxi − ( 3.5)n = − 50 …(ii)
The largest difference between number
of students under Physics and
n( F ∩ E ) / n(S )
= On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we Mathematics is 11, which lies in the
n( E ) / n(S ) get n = 100 interval 40-50.
60 / 216 60 1
= = = 105. A data set of n observations has 107. Consider the following statements:
120 / 216 120 2
mean 2M, while another data set of 1. Modal value of the marks in
5 1
103. If P ( A ∪ B ) = , P ( A ∩ B ) = and 2n observations has mean M. What Physics lies in the interval 30-40.
1 6 3 is the mean of the combined data
P ( not A ) = , then which one of 2. Median of the marks in Physics
2 sets?
3M 2M 4M
is less than of marks in
the following is not correct? (a) M (b) (c) (d) Mathematics.
2 2 3 3
(a) P ( B) = Which of the above statements
3 Ê (d) Given, x1 = 2 M is/are correct?
(b) P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A )P( B)
x2 = M (a) 1 Only
(c) P ( A ∪ B) > P( A ) + P( B) (b) 2 Only
(d) P (not A and not B) and n1 = n and n2 = 2 n
(c) Both 1 and 2
= P (not A ) P(not B) ∴Mean of the combined data (d) Neither 1 nor 2
5 n x + n2 x2
Ê (c) We have, P( A ∪ B) = , = 1 1 Ê (a)
6 n1 + n2
1 Marks Number of Cumulative
P( A ∩ B) = n × 2M + 2n × M
3 = students Frequencies
n + 2n
1 Physics Mathemat Physics Mathemat
and P(not A ) = 4nM 4
2 = = M (P) ics (M) ( cf1 ) ics ( cf2 )
3n 3 10-20 8 10 8 10
1 1
⇒ P( A ) = 1 − =
2 2 20-30 11 21 19 31
Directions (Q. Nos. 106-108) Read the
(a) Q P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) following information and answer the 30-40 30 38 49 69
5 1 1
⇒ = + P( B) − three items that follow. 40-50 26 15 75 84
6 2 3 50-60 15 10 90 94
5 1 1 Marks Number of Students
⇒ P( B) = − + 60-70 10 6 100 100
6 2 3 Physics Mathematics
5−3+2 4 2 1. The maximum frequency in
= = = , 10-20 8 10
6 6 3 Physics is 30, which lies in the
20-30 11 21
Which is correct. interval 30-40.
30-40 30 38 Hence, modal value lies in the
1 2 1
(b) P( A ) ⋅ P( B) = × = 40-50 26 15
2 3 3 interval 30-40, which is correct
50-60 15 10 statement.
= P( A ∩ B) which is
correct. 60-70 10 6 2. Cumulative frequency of Physics is
1 2 7 N1 = 100
(c) Now, P( A ) + P( B) = + = 106. The difference between number of N 100
2 3 6 Now, 1 = = 50
5 students under Physics and 2 2
and P( A ∪ B) = N
6 Mathematics is largest for the Just greater than 1 is 75, which
∴P( A ∪ B)|> P( A ) + P( B), which is 2
interval
incorrect. lies in the interval 40-50.
(a) 20-30 (b) 30-40
Hence, option (c) is not correct. (c) 40-50 (d) 50-60 Here, cf1 = 49, f1 = 26,
h = 10, l = 40
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 15

Q Median of Physics, Md 1 Ê (b) Now, mean of given observations, 112. The arithmetic mean of 100
N1 − 6− 5− 4 − 1+ 1+
− cf1 4 observations is 40. Later, it was
=l+ 2 ×h + 5+ 6 found that an observation ‘53’ was
f1 x=
8 wrongly read as ‘83’. What is the
50 − 49
= 40 + × 10 =0 correct arithmetic mean?
26
10 Now, standard deviation, σ (a) 39.8 (b) 39.7 (c) 39.6 (d) 39.5
= 40 + = 40 + 0.38
26 Σ( xi − x )2 Ê (b) Correct arithmetic mean
= 100 × 40 − 83 + 53
= 40.38 n =
100
Cumulative frequency of Mathematics is ( − 6 − 0)2 + ( − 5 − 0)2 + ( − 4 − 0)2 4000 − 30 3970
N2 = 100 = = = 397
.
+ ( −1 − 0)2 + (1 − 0)2 + ( 4 − 0)2 100 100
N 100
Now, 2 = = 50 + ( 5 − 0)2 + ( 6 − 0)2 113. A husband and wife appear in an
2 2 =
N 8 interview for two vacancies for the
Just greater than 2 is 69, which lies in
2 6 + 5 + 4 + 1+ 1+ 4 + 5 + 6
= same post. The probability of the
the interval 30-40. 8 1
Here, cf2 = 31, f2 = 38, h = 10, 32 husband's selection is and that of
= = 4=2 7
l = 30 8 1
Median of Mathematics ( Md 2 ) the wife's selection is . If the
N2 110. If Σx i = 20, Σx i2 = 200 and n = 10 for 5
− cf2 events are independent, then the
=l+ 2 ×h an observed variable x, then what is
f2 the coefficient of variation? probability of which one of the
50 − 31 (a) 80 (b) 100 (c) 150
(d) 200 11
= 30 + × 10 following is ?
38 σ 35
Ê (d)Q Coefficient of variation, = × 100 (a) At least one of them will be selected
190 x
= 30 + (b) Only one of them will be selected
38 Now, standard deviation,
(c) None of them will be selected
= 30 + 5 = 35 σ =
1
n Σxi2 − ( Σxi )2 (d) Both of them will be selected
Here we see that median marks of n
Physics is greater than median marks of 1 Ê (a) Now, the probability of husband’s
= 10 × 200 − (20)2 selection,
Mathematics. Hence, statement 2 is 10
1
incorrect. 1 P( H ) =
= 2000 − 400 7
10
108. What is the mean of marks in 1 6
1 ⇒ P( H ) = 1 − =
Physics? = 1600 7 7
10
(a) 38.4 (b) 39.4 (c) 40.9 (d) 41.6 and the probability of wife’s selection,
40
= =4
Ê (c) 10 P(W ) =
1
Marks Mid Number of µ i = µ i fi Σx 5
and mean, x = i 1 4
value students in x i − 45 n ⇒ P(W ) = 1 − =
Physics (fi ) 10 20 5 5
= =2 Now, probability of none of them is
10-20 15 8 −3 −24 10
selected
20-30 25 11 −2 −22 4
∴Coefficient of variation = × 100 = 200
2 = P( H ∩ W ) = P( H ) P(W )
30-40 35 30 −1 −30
6 4 24
= × =
40-50 45 26 0 0 111. What is the probability that 7 5 35
50-60 55 15 1 15 February of a leap year selected at Now, probability that at least one of them
60-70 65 10 2 20 random, will have five Sundays? is selected
Total Σfi = 100 Σfi µ i = −41 (a)
1
(b)
1 = 1 − P(None of them is selected)
5 7 24 11
2 = 1− =
Here, A = 45, h = 10 (c) (d) 1 35 35
Σf µ 7
∴ Mean = A + i i × h 114. A dealer has a stock of 15 gold
Σfi Ê (b) In a leap year, February has 29 days.
In out of 29 days, there are four weeks coins out of which 6 are
( −41)
= 45 + × 10 and one day extra. In out of the four counterfeits. A person randomly
100
weeks, there exist four Sunday. In one picks 4 of the 15 gold coins. What is
= 45 − 41. = 40.9 extra days, it may be Sunday or the probability that all the coins
109. What is the standard deviation of the Monday or Tuesday or Wednesday or picked will be counterfeits?
Thursday or Friday or Saturday.
observations − 6, − 5, − 4 , − 1, 1, (a)
1
(b)
4
Probability of getting five sundays in the 91 91
4 , 5, 6 ? month of February =
1 6 15
(c) (d)
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 4 7 91 91
16 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

Ê (a) Total number of gold coins = 15 (c) Y = 112

. X −5 1. P( A ∪ B) = 1 − P( A) + P( A ∩ B)
(d) Y = 017
. X + 5.8 = 1 − 0.6 + 0.4
and number of counterfeits coins = 6
∴Probability of getting all four coins are Ê (b) We have, = 0.8, which is incorrect.
6 X = 65, Y = 67, P(B ∩ A )
C
counterfeits = 15 4 2. P(B / A ) =
C4 σ x = 2.5, σ y = 3.5 P( A )
6×5 and r( X , Y ) = 0.8 P( A ∪ B)
=
2 ×1 The equation of regression of Y on X is P( A )
= σ
15 × 14 × 13 × 12 Y − Y = r y (X − X) 1 − P( A ∪ B)
σx =
4× 3×2 ×1 1 − P( A )
6×5×4×3 3.5 1 − [P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)]
⇒ Y − 67 = 0.8 × ( X − 65)
= 2.5 =
15 × 14 × 13 × 12 1 − P( A )
⇒ Y − 67 = 112
. ( X − 65)
1 1 1 − [0.6 + 0.5 − 0.4]
= = ⇒ Y = 112
. X − 72.8 + 67 =
7 × 13 91 ⇒ Y = 112
. X − 5.8 1 − 0.6
1 − [07. ] 0.3
115. A committee of 3 is to be formed 118. Consider a random variable X = =
0.4 0.4
from a group of 2 boys and 2 girls. which follows Binomial distribution = 075
.
What is the probability that the 1
committee consists of 2 boys and 1 with parameters n = 10 and p = . Which is incorrect.
5 Hence, both statements are incorrect.
girl? Then ,Y = 10 − X follows Binomial
2 1 120. Three cooks X, Y and Z bake a
(a) (b) distribution with parameters n and
3 4
3 1 p respectively given by special kind of cake and with
(c) (d) 1 2 respective probabilities 0.02, 0.03
4 2 (a) 5, (b) 5,
5 5 and 0.05, it fails to rise. In the
Ê (d) Total number of persons = 2 + 2 = 4 3 4
(c) 10, (d) 10, restaurant where they work, X
∴Probability of getting a committee of 3 5 5
bakes 50%, Y bakes 30% and Z
2
C 2 × 2C1 1 × 2 1 1
persons = 4
= = Ê (d) Given, B( X , n, p) = B( X , 10, ) bakes 20% of cakes. What is the
C3 4 2 5
proportion of failures caused by X?
∴ B( X , n, p) = nC X pX (1 − p)n − X 9 10 19 28
116. In a lottery of 10 tickets numbered 1 X 10 − X (a) (b) (c) (d)
= 10C X   1 − 1 
to 10, two tickets are drawn 1 29 29 29 29
 
 5  5 Ê (b) Let A = Bake X-type of cake
simultaneously. What is the
probability that both the tickets put p = 1  B = Bake Y-type of cake
 5 
drawn have prime numbers? and C = Bake Z-type of cake
1 1 2 1 10 − X X
C10 − X    1
4 50
(a) (b) (c) (d) = 10
  Then, P( A ) = 50% = ,
15 2 15 5  5  5 100
Ê (c) Total number of lottery tickets = 10 [Q nC r = nC n − r ] P( B) = 30% =
30
,
The prime number from 1 to 10 are 100
Y 10− Y
= 10C Y    
4 1 20
{2, 3, 5, 7} P(C ) = 20% = ,
 5  5 100
∴Probability of drawing two prime
[Q Y = 10 − X ] P   = 0.02 , P   = 0.03
number tickets X X
4×3 = B( Y , n, p)  A  B
2 ×1 and P   = 0.05
4 4 X
C2 Where, n = 10 and p =
= 10 =
C 2 10 × 9 5 C 
2 ×1 By using Baye’s theorem,
119. If A and B are two events such that
4×3 P ( A ) = 06. , P ( B ) = 05 P( A ) P  
2 . and X
= =
10 × 9 15  A  A
P ( A ∩ B ) = 0.4, then consider the P  =
 X
P( A ) P   + P( B) P  
X X
117. Let X and Y represent prices (in `) following statements
 A  B
of a commodity in Kolkata and 1. P ( A ∪ B ) = 09 .
+ P(C ) P  
X
Mumbai respectively. It is given 2. P ( B / A ) = 06 . C 
that X = 65, Y = 67, σ X = 25 ., Which of the above statements 50
× 0.02
σ y = 35
. and r ( X , Y ) = 08.
. What is is/are correct?
= 100
the equation of regression of Y on (a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only 50 30 20
× 0.02 + × 0.03 + × 0.05
X? (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 100 100 100
(a) Y = 0175 X −5 Ê (d) We have, 100
. 1 10
. = = =
(b) Y = 112
. X − 5.8 P( A ) = 0.6, P( B) = 0.5 and P( A ∩ B) = 0.4 . + 0.90 + 100
100 . 2.9 29
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 17

PAPER II English Language and General Studies

Part A (English Language)
Directions (Q.Nos. 1-10) Each item in this section consists 10. The oceans carry a huge amount of heat from the tropics
of a sentence with an underlined word followed by four to the high latitudes.
words. Select the option that is opposite in meaning to the (a) significant (b) major (c) tiny (d) dormant
underlined word and your response accordingly.
Ê (c) The antonym of ‘huge’ is ‘tiny’.
1. He nodded absently throughout the meeting.
(a) capably (b) alertly (c) agitatedly (d) dreamily Directions (Q.Nos. 11-20) Each of the following items in
this section consists of a sentence(s), the parts of which have
Ê (b) The given word means carelessly. Hence, from the given been jumbled. These parts have been labelled as P, Q, R and
options the correct antonym is alertly which means carefully.
S. Given below each sentence are four sequences namely (a),
2. I fully believe that the cornerstone of good policy is an (b), (c) and (d). You are required to rearrange the jumbled
electorate that is educated on the national issues. part of the sentence and mark your response accordingly.
(a) cerebral (b) enlightened (c) ignorant (d) erudite
11. several years ago, course on climate change at Texas
Ê (c) The antonym of ‘educated’ is ignorant. P Q
3. For important medical decisions, even finding a doctor you A & M University Professor Andrew Dessler created an
trust is not enough. introductory for freshman and sophomores
(a) significant (b) trivial (c) basic (d) probable R S
(a) P R Q S (b) Q R P S (c) S Q R P (d) P Q R S
Ê (b) The antonym of ‘important’ is trivial meaning ‘of little value’.
4. Planets move in their orbits. Ê (a)
(a) push (b) rotate (c) stall (d) flow 12. I realize that solving the climate change problem
Ê (c) The antonym of ‘move’ is stall meaning ‘to stop’. P
than solving will be much harder
5. Temperature is a measure of internal energy of an object Q R
and is frequently expressed by physicists in units of
the ozone depletion problem
Kelvin.
S
(a) found (b) told (c) distributed (d) concealed
(a) P R Q S (b) Q R P S (c) S Q R P (d) P Q R S
Ê (d) The given word ‘expressed’ means to convey. Hence, its
antonym will be concealed meaning 'to hide'. Ê (a)
6. People argue about why Venus is so much warmer than 13. although the temperature of this layer of the
the Earth. P
(a) friendlier (b) colder (c) wilder (d) heavier when directly comparing the satellite
Q
Ê (b) The antonym of ‘warmer’ is ‘colder’. measurements of temperature
7. Scientists are concerned whether the oceans and land R
biosphere will take up as much carbon in the future as atmosphere should generally track the surface temperature,
they presently do. we must be careful
(a) worried (b) indifferent (c) curious (d) puzzled S
Ê (b) The antonym of ‘concerned’ is indifferent meaning ‘without any (a) P R Q S (b) P S Q R (c) S Q R P (d) P Q R S
concern’.
Ê (b)
8. The biggest debate among scientists today is about cloud 14. the element heats up, eventually reaching high temperatures
feedback. P Q
(a) contend (b) moot (c) wrangle (d) agreement
glowing like a dark orange that radiates the visible range,
Ê (d) The given word ‘debate’ means to argue. Hence, its antonym R S
will be agreement meaning ‘to agree to a thought’. (a) P Q S R (b) Q P S R (c) S Q R P (d) P R S Q
9. The Earth’s climate sensitivity is conventionally defined as Ê (d)
the equilibrium temperature increase caused by a doubling
15. two people argue about why Venus is so much warmer
of carbon dioxide.
P
(a) imperviousness (b) willingness
(c) responsiveness (d) closeness to the Sun, so it absorbs more solar energy.
Q
Ê (a) The given word ‘sensitivity’ means responsiveness. Its The second argues that it’s because Venus has a thick,
antonym will be imperviousness meaning ‘something that will not
be affected or will not respond’. R
18 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)

greenhouse-gas rich atmosphere than the Earth. The first 22. He was known for his gentle disposition.
argues that it’s because Venus is closer (a) harmful (b) amiable (c) cunning (d) adjusting
S Ê (b) The given word gentle means kind and friendly. Therefore, from
(a) P S Q R (b) Q R P S (c) S Q R P (d) P Q R S the given options, 'amiable' meaning friendly is its near synonym.
Ê (a) 23. The harder we kick, the better the ball bounces back.
16. are now used by more than a thousand firms (a) recoils (b) deflates (c) inflates (d) ascends
P Ê (a) The given phrase ‘bounces back’ means ‘to come back to the
and are growing in popularity original position’. Therefore, from the given options, ‘recoil’ means
Q the same as bounces back.
in the United States and Europe gain sharing-plans 24. I plan and execute.
R S (a) desire (b) debate (c) accomplish (d) discard
(a) P R Q S (b) Q R P S (c) P R S Q (d) S P R Q
Ê (c) The given word ‘execute’ means to accomplish.
Ê (d) 25. He listened to me with equanimity.
17. adversity without succumbing (a) carelessly (b) excitedly
P (c) patiently (d) half-heartedly
to the clouds of doubt and jealousy Ê (c) The given phrase ‘with equanimity’ means carefully and
Q patiently.
between friends which is subjected 26. The whole thing was a futile exercise.
R (a) costly (b) pointless (c) indecisive (d) successful
to both prosperity and the essay ’Of Friendship’ by Francis
Ê (b) The given word 'futile' means 'useless'. Hence, from the given
Bacon celebrated the intimacy options, pointless is it's near synonym.
S
(a) P R Q S (b) Q R P S (c) S R P Q (d) P Q R S 27. He was too cunning for her.
(a) capable (b) fit (c) intelligent (d) dodgy
Ê (c)
Ê (d) The given word ‘cunning’ means deceitful. From the given
18. friends without which the world is options, dodgy also means deceitful and hence is its near
P synonym.
make friends and a person wills to want true 28. This decision is crucial for me.
Q (a) momentous (b) natural (c) primitive (d) inept
it is miserable solitude that compels a person to
Ê (a) The given word ‘crucial’ means important. From the given
R options, ‘Momentous’ is its near synonym.
nothing other than a place of wilderness
S 29. The media went into a frenzy about the case.
(a) silent (b) creative (c) berserk (d) wrong
(a) P R Q S (b) Q R P S (c) R Q P S (d) P Q R S
Ê (c) Ê (c) The given phrase ‘into a frenzy’ means ‘to go crazy or mad
position’. From the given options, ‘berserk’ means the same as the
19. takes the longest that never started the job to finish phrase.
P Q R S 30. He has been yearning to go home.
(a) P R Q S (b) R Q P S (c) S Q R P (d) P Q R S (a) declining (b) demanding (c) begging (d) hankering
Ê (b) Ê (d) The given word ‘yearning’ means 'intense longing for
20. to what you can create control, shift something. Therefore, from the given options, ‘hankering’ means
the same as the word.
P
your energy instead of worrying about what you cannot Directions (Q.Nos. 31-40) Each item in this section has a
Q R S sentence with a missing preposition. Select the correct
(a) P R S Q (b) Q R S P
preposition from the given option and mark your response
(c) S Q R P (d) R S Q P
accordingly.
Ê (d)
31. Simulations of the 20th century by climate models that
Directions (Q.Nos.21-30 ) Each item in this section consists exclude the observed increase ……… greenhouse gases fail
of a sentence with an underlined word/words followed by to simulate the increase in temperature over the second
your words. Select the option that is nearest in meaning to half of the 20th century.
the underlined word and mark your response accordingly. (a) of (b) in (c) by (d) to
21. She got the divorce within no time. Ê (a) Preposition ‘of’ is used when we need to refer to a thing.
(a) detachment (b) breaking down 32. In extremely poor societies, children can be put to work
(c) annulment (d) punishment
……… a young age and are therefore a source of income.
Ê (a,c) The given word ‘divorce’ means annulment or detachment. (a) in (b) on (c) by (d) at
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 19

Ê (d) Preposition ‘at’ is used when we use Ê (c) ‘by walk’ must be replaced by 'on
a common time phrase. Ê (b) Preposition ‘on’ is used to refer to foot' to make the sentence
surfaces such as land or water body. grammatically correct.
33. People who are averse ……… hard
work, generally do not succeed in 40. He visits the needy to relieve them 45. What is the time in you watch?
life. ……… their sufferings and poverty. (a) (b) (c)
(a) to (b) about (c) at (d) on (a) from No error
(b) off (d)
Ê (a) Preposition ‘to’ is used when we (c) of
indicate a receiver of an action.
(d) on
Ê (c) ‘in’ must be replaced by ‘by’ to make
the sentence grammatically correct.
34. I have known her ……… a long time. Ê (c) Preposition ‘of’ is used to indicate a
(a) since (b) for belonging of somebody.
46. The price of my dress
(c) at (d) before (a)
Directions (Q.Nos. 41-50) Each item in is higher than that of yours. No error
Ê (b) Preposition ‘for’ is used to indicate
the length of time. this section has a sentence with three (b) (c) (d)
underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and Ê (d)
35. I accepted the offer ……… certain (c). Read each sentence to find out
conditions. whether there is any error in any 47. My friend’s daughter-in-laws
(a) on (b) in
underlined part and indicate your (a) (b)
(c) by (d) within have come. No error
response against the corresponding letter
Ê (a) Preposition ‘on’ is used to indicate a i.e., (a) or (b) or (c). If you find no error, (c) (d)
state of something.
your response should be indicated as (d). Ê (d)
36. She is a woman ……… humble 41. This building comprises of six houses, 48. I prefer seafood
origin. (a) (b) (a) (b)
(a) off (b) of
(c) from (d) within
three parking lots and one basement. than Mediterranean food. No error
c (c) (d)
Ê (b) Preposition ‘of’ is used when we No error
need to refer to a characteristic of a Ê (c) 'Than' must be replaced by 'to' to
thing/ person. (d) make the sentence grammatically
correct.
37. There is no cure ……… the common Ê (d)
cold. 42. I look forward to meet you. No error 49. We were discussing about the issue.
(a) for (b) of (c) to (d) on (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c)
No error
Ê (a) Preposition ‘for’ is used to indicate a Ê (b) For the sentence to be correct ‘meet’
connection with somebody/something. must be replaced by ‘meeting’. (d)
38. I ran ……… John yesterday, and it 43. I cannot cope up with this presure. Ê (b) ‘About’ must be removed to make
the sentence grammatically correct.
was a pleasant surprise. (a) (b) (c)
(a) by (b) off (c) beside (d) into No error 50. Dispose off the garbage
(d) (a) (b)
Ê (d) Preposition ‘into’ is used to a point
wherein you hit someone or something. from the shelves. No error
Ê (b) ‘up’ must be removed from the (c) (d)
39. My grandmother enjoyed boating sentence to make the sentence
……… the lovely lake.
grammatically correct. Ê (a) ‘Off’ must be replaced by ‘of’ to make
the sentence grammatically correct.
(a) in (b) on 44. I came to this place by walk. No error
(c) beside (d) within (a) (b) (c) (d)

Part B (General Studies)

51. New Zealand is considered part of
which one of the following island
groups?
(a) Micronesia (b) Melanesia
(c) Polynesia
(d) Hawaii Island chain
Ê (c) New Zealand is island country in the
South Pacific ocean. It is considered as
the South westernmost part of
Polynesia. Polynesia is a sub-region of
Oceania made up of more than 1000
islands scattered over the Central and
southern Pacific ocean. The indigenous
people who inhabit the islands of
Polynesia are termed Polynesians
sharing many similar traits including
language family, culture and beliefs.
Melanesia islands (Literal meaning
52. Which of the following statements
‘Islands of Black People’), a Sulo-region
of Oceania extending from New Guinea
islands to Arafura sea and to Tonga.
Micronesia island is a Sulo region of
Oceania, composed of thousands of
small islands in the Western Pacific
ocean.
Hawaii island chain, formerly known as
‘Sandwich islands’’, are an archipelago
of 137 islands.
with regard to Pradhan Mantri
Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
is/are correct?
1. PMKSY was launched during
2015-16.
2. The basic aim of PMKSY is to
enhance physical access of water
on farm.
20
3. One of the main objectives of
PMKSY is to achieve
convergence is investments in
irrigation at the field level.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) All of these
Ê (d) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana (PMKSY) was launched during
2015-16. It will be implemented across
the country with an outlay of ` 50,000
crore in five years.
The basic aim of PMKSY is to enhance
physical access of water on farm by
providing assured irrigation, reducing
wastage of water and improving water
use efficiency.
To achieve its objectives of achieving
convergence of investments in irrigation
at the field level. It amalgamated
ongoing schemes such as Accelerated
Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP),
Integrated Watershed Management
Programme (IWMP) and on-farm water
management.
Hence, option (d) ‘All of these’ is the
correct answer.
53. According to Article-79 of the
Constitution of India, which of the
following is/are described as a part
of Parliament of India?
1. The House of the People
2. The Council of States
3. The President of India
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) All of these
Ê (d) As per Article-79 of the Constitution
of India, the Council of the Parliament of
the Union consists of the President and
two Houses known as the Council of
States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of
the People (Lok Sabha).
54. The Five Year Plan was first
launched in
a. China (b) USSR
(c) India (d) Bhutan
Ê (b) Among the given options, Five Year
Plan was first launched in erstwhile
USSR (1928-1932) by Joseph Stalin
(Soviet Ruler), under ‘New Economic
Policy’.
• The First Five Year Plan in China was
started in 1953 and ended in 1957.
• The First Five Year plan in Bhutan
was started in 1961 and ended in
1966, and also it was fully funded by
India.
NDA/NA
• In India, the First Five Year Plan was
introduced in 1951, which was based
on Harrod-Domar model and focused
primarily on the development of
primary sector, especially agriculture
and irrigation. On, 1st January, 2015
planning commission (which was
responsible for formulating five year
plan) was replaced by NITI Aayog
(National Institution for Transforming
India). The twelfth Five Year Plan
(2012-17) would be called the last five
year plan of India.
55. The call for Garibi Hatao was
incorporated in
(a) Fourth Five Year Plan
(b) Fifth Five Year Plan
(c) Sixth Five Year Plan
(d) Seventh Five Year Plan
Ê (b) Garibi Hatao (Remove poverty) was
the theme and slogan of Indira Gandhi’s
1971 election campaign.The slogan and
the proposed anti-poverty programme
that came with it were designed to give
Gandhi an independent national
support, based on rural and urban poor.
It was part of the Fifth Five-Year Plan
(1975-79). The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid
stress on employment, poverty
alleviation (Garibi Hatao) and justice.
The plan also focused on self-reliance
in agricultural production and defence.
In 1978, the newly elected Morarji Desai
government rejected the plan.
The objectives of Fourth Five Year Plan
(1969-74) was growth with stability and
progressive achievement of
self-reliance.
The basic objective of Sixth Five Year
Plan (1980-85) was economic
liberalisation by eradicating poverty and
achieving technological self-reliance.
The objectives of Seventh Five Year
Plan (1985-90) includes the
establishment of self-sufficient
economy, opportunities for productive
employment and upgradation of
technology.
56. Match List I with List II and select
the correct answer using the code
given below the lists:
List I (Major Objective) List II (Five
Year Plan)
A. Faster and more 1. First
inclusive growth
B. Faster, more inclusive 2. Fifth
and sustainable growth
C. Correction of 3. Eleventh
disequalibrium caused
by Second World War
D. Attaining self-reliance 4. Twelfth
Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
Codes
A B C D
(a) 3 1 4 2
(b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 4 1 3
(d) 2 1 4 3
Ê (b) The term economic planning is used
to describe the long-term plans of the
Government of India to develop and
co-ordinate the economy with efficient
utilisation of resources.
First Five Year Plan (1951 to 1956) Its
objective was Rehabilitation of
refugees, rapid agricultural
development to achieve food
self-sufficiency in the shortest possible
time and control of inflation.
Fifth Five Year Plan (1956 to 1961) Its
objective was removal of poverty and
attainment of self-reliance.
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 to 2012)
Its objectives were Rapid and inclusive
growth; Empowerment through
education and skill development;
Reduction of gender inequality and
Environmental sustainability.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 to 2017)
Its objectives were "faster, sustainable
and more inclusive growth". It proposed
a growth target of 8%; Raised
agriculture output to 4%; Manufacturing
sector growth to 10% and services to
9% respectively.
57. Which one of the following
Directive Principles was inserted by
the Constitution (42nd
Amendment) Act, 1976?
(a) The State shall minimise inequalities
in income
(b) Equal justice and free legal aid
(c) Promotion of co-operative societies
(d) Provision for early childhood care
Ê (b) To promote equal justice and to
provide free legal aid to the poor
(Article-39A) was inserted by the
Constitution 42nd Amendment Act,
1976.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976
added four new Directive Principles to
the original list.
Others are
• To secure opportunities for healthy
development of children (Article-39).
• To take steps to secure the
participation of workers in the
management of industries
(Article-43A).
• To protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard forests
and wildlife (Article-48 A).
• Article 38(2) of Directive Principles of
State policies says that State shall
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
strive to minimise the inequaliting of
income, status, facilities,
opportunities etc.
• Article 43-B (inserted by 97th
Amendment, 2011) deals with the
promotion of co-operative societies.
• Article 45 of DPSPs says that state
shall endeavour to provide early
childhood care and education for all
children until they complete the age
of six year.
• Directive principles of State Policies
(DPSPs), enshrined in Part IV (Article
36 to 51) of Constitution, with the
basic idea that the ‘State’ should
keep these principles while framing
laws, policies, ordinances etc.
58. A common High Court for two or
more States can be established by
(a) a law passed by the Parliament
(b) an order of the Supreme Court of
India
(c) an order of the President of India
(d) an amendment to the Constitution of
India
Ê (a) A common High Court for two or
more state can be established by a law
passed by the Parliament. As per the
Constitution of India, Articles-214-231
deals with the provisions of the High
Courts in India. At present, we have 25
High Courts in the country, which
includes 7 common High Courts.
These are Bombay High Court, Calcutta
High Court, Madras High Court,
Gauhati High Court, Kerala High Court,
Punjab and Haryana High Court and
Jammu and Kashmir High Court,
Article-217 deals with the appointment
of judges.
Article 231 of our Constitution states
that Parliament by law establish
common high courts for two or more
states or for two or more states and a
Union Territory. This provision was
brought by Seventh Amendment Act,
1956.
59. In the year 1928, a committee of
Congress leaders drafted a
Constitution for India. The
Committee was headed by
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) TB Sapru
(c) Motilal Nehru
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Ê (c) In the 1928, a committee of
Congress leaders drafted a Constitution
for India. It was headed by Motilal
Nehru. It was prepared by a committee
of All Parties Conference chaired by
Motilal Nehru with Jawaharlal Nehru as
its Secretary. There were a total of 9
members in this committee.
This committee was created when Lord
Birkenhead, Secretary of State of India
asked the Indian leaders to draft a
Constitution for the country. The report,
which demanded a Dominion Status for
India was considered by the Congress.
The main idea of the Nehru report was
that India would be given Dominion
status. The Nehru draft report also
defined the citizenship and
Fundamental Rights.
Tej Bahadur Sapru (TB Sapru) was an
Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, politician
and the leader of the liberal party in
British ruled India.
60. Which one of the following
statements about Jaipal Singh is not
correct?
(a) He was a member of the Constituent
Assembly
(b) He founded the Adivasi Maha Sabha
(c) He was the captain of the first Indian
National Hockey Team
(d) He campaigned for a separate State
of Chhattisgarh
Ê (d) Jaipal Singh Munda (1903-1970)
was a politician, prolific writer and
sportsman. He was the member of the
Constituent Assembly which debated
on the new Constitution of the Indian
Union and who spoke for the first time
in the Assembly (on 19th December,
1946) and owned up proudly to his
‘tribal heritage’. He captained the Indian
field hockey team to clinch gold in the
1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.
Singh became President of Adivasi
Mahasabha in 1939.
61. What is ‘Tikki Mausi’ in the context
of Malnutrition?
(a) A specially packaged food item
(b) A mascot
(c) Name of a scheme
(d) Name given to the healthcare
providers
Ê (b) ‘Tikki Mausi’ is the mascot unveiled by
the Odisha government and UNICEF.
It aims to spread awareness about
nutrition of children and women.
Through state level communication and
awareness generation, this mascot is
expected to bring out changes in the
behaviour of common people and
make them aware about child and
women’s nutrition and development.
62. Which one of the following was the
theme of the World Tourism Day,
2019?
(a) Sustainable tourism
(b) Tourism and the digital transformation
(c) Tourism : responding to the challenge
of climate change
21
(d) Tourism and jobs : a better future for
all
Ê (d) The theme of World Tourism Day’
2019 was 'Tourism and Jobs: A Better
Future For AII’.
The World Tourism Day which observed
globally on 27th September is hosted
by a different country every year. India
has been selected as the host country
for celebration of World Tourism Day
2019 by United Nations World Tourism
Organisation (UNWTO). This is for the
very first time that India hosted the day
in its National Capital, New Delhi.
• ‘Sustainable Tourism’ was the theme
for World Tourism Day, 2017
• ‘Tourism and the Digital
Transformation’ was the theme for
World Tourism Day, 2017.
63. Which one of the following
countries has hosted the Army
Exercise TSENTR, 2019?
(a) Russia (b) China
(c) Kazakhstan (d) Kyrgyzstan
Ê (a) Armies of India, Pakistan took part in
the Army Exercise TSENTR, 2019 that
was conducted by Russia from 9th to
23rd September, 2019. It was the first
time that forces from India and Pakistan
were participated in multilateral exercise
together since airstrikes conducted by
Indian force, deep in Pakistan’s Balakot
district on February 2019. Earlier armies
of India and Pakistan had met last year
as part of military exercise conducted
by Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
(SCO) also held in Russia.
64. Which one of the following
countries is called the ‘country of
winds’?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Denmark
(d) Germany
Ê (c) Denmark is called ‘Country of
Winds’. Denmark ranks first in the world
to produce electricity from wind.
65. Which one of the following is the
oldest scientific department of
Government of India?
(a) Department of Biotechnology
(b) Survey of India
(c) India Meteorological Department
(d) DRDO
Ê (b) Survey of India, The National Survey
and Mapping Organisation of the
country under the Department of
Science and Technology, is the Oldest
Scientific Department of the
Government of India. It was set-up in
1767 and has evolved rich traditions
over the years.
22
The Department of Biotechnology is an
Indian Government department, under
the Ministry of Science and Technology
responsible for administrating
development and commercialisation in
the field of modern biology and
biotechnology in India. It was set-up in
1986.
The India Meteorological Department is
an agency of the Ministry of Earth
Sciences of the Government of India.
It is the principal agency responsible for
meteorological observations, weather
forecasting and seismology. It was
founded in 1875.
The Defence Research and
Development Organisation is an
agency under the Department of
Defence Research and Development in
Ministry of Defence of the Government
of India, charged with the military’s
research and development,
headquartered in Delhi. It was founded
in 1958.
66. ‘Naseem-Al-Bahr’ is a bilateral
naval exercise between India and
(a) United Arab Emirates
(b) Iran
(c) Saudi Arabia
(d) Oman
Ê (d) Naseem-AI-Bahr naval exercise is a
bilateral exercise between India and
Oman.
India and Oman conducted 12th edition
of bilateral maritime exercise
Naseem-AI-Bahr in Mormugao Port,
Goa in January 2020.
Naseem-AI-Bahr (or sea breeze) is a
naval exercise between the Indian Navy
and the Royal Navy of Oman (RNOV),
being conducted since 1993.
‘AL Nagan’ is a joint military exercise
between Indian and Royal Army of
Oman.
‘Ex Eastern Bridge’ is another bilateral
exercise between Indian Airforce and
Royal Air Force of Oman.
67. Koneru Humpy excels in which one
of the following sports?
(a) Boxing
(b) Table Tennis
(c) Chess
(d) Billiards
Ê (c) Koneru Humpy is an Indian chess
player who is also reigning world rapid
champion. In 2002, she became the
youngest woman ever to achieve the
title of Grandmaster at the age of 15
years, 1 month, 27 days, beating Judit
Polgar’s previous record by 3 months.
NDA/NA
68. Which one of the following was the
official mascot of Khelo India Youth
Games, 2020?
(a) Vijaya (b) Yaya
(c) Rongmon (d) Ammu
Ê (a) Jaya the black buck and Vijay the
tiger are the mascots for Khelo India
Youth Games.The third Khelo India
Youth Games was held from 10th
January, 2020 and 22nd January, 2020
in Guwahati (Assam) India. The event
witnessed 20 national level
multidisciplinary grassroots games
played among the age groups of
under-17 and under-21 categories.
Maharashtra defended its title as it
topped.
69. In January, 2020, a passenger
aircraft crashed in Iran soon after
taking off from Tehran’s Imam
Khomeini airport killing about 170
people onboard. The airplane
belongs to
(a) Qatar Airways
(b) Ukraine International Airlines
(c) Singapore Airlines
(d) Cathay Pacific
Ê (b) A Ukraine International Airlines (UIA)
flight 752 (PS752) crashed shortly after
taking off from the Iranian capital
Tehran’s Imam Khomeini airport on 8th
January, killing all 176 passengers and
crew members on board.
This flight was shot by the Iranian
Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corp.
This shoot down occurred, five days
after US President Donald Trump
launched a drone strike that killed
Iranian General Qusem Soleimani.
Qatar airways is the state owned flag
carrier airline of Qatar.
Cathy Pacific airways limited is the flag
carrier airline of Hongkong.
Singapore airlines is the flag carrier
airline of Singapore.
70. MILAN, a multilateral naval
exercise, 2020 was hosted by which
one of the following cities?
(a) Port Blair (b) Kochi
(c) Visakhapatnam (d) Panaji
Ê (c) MILAN 2020-a multilateral naval
exercise scheduled to be conducted by
the Indian Navy from 18th to 28th
March, 2020, at Visakhapatnam, has
been postponed taking into
consideration the safety of all
participants and travel restrictions
imposed by the spread of COVID-19'.
MILAN was first held in 1995.
Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
Apart from the Indian Navy, the navies
of Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and
Thailand participated in the inaugural
edition.
71. Chalk and marble are different
forms of
(a) Calcium hydrogen carbonate
(b) Calcium carbonate
(c) Calcium acetate
(d) Sodium carbonate
Ê (b) Chalk and marble are different forms
of calcium carbonate.
The chemical formula of calcium
carbonate is CaCO 3. In Earth it is
produced by the sedimentation of
shells of fossilised fishes, shells one
million of years.
It is a precursor of quick lime and
slaked lime.
72. The number of maximum electrons
in N Shell is
(a) 2
(b) 8
(c) 18
(d) 32
Ê (d) The maximum number of electrons
in N shell is 32. Total electrons in other
shells are as follows
K shell – 2 L shell – 8
M shell – 18 N shell – 32
73. Vinegar is also known as
(a) Ethanoic acid (b) Nitric acid
(c) Sulphuric acid (d) Tartaric acid
Ê (a) Vinegar is also known as Ethanoic
acid. It’s chemical formula is
CH 3COOH. It contains 5-8% acetic acid
by volume.
74. A liquid is kept in a glass beaker.
Which one of the following
statements is correct regarding the
pressure exerted by the liquid
column at the base of the beaker?
(a) The pressure depends on the area of
the base of the beaker
(b) The pressure depends on the height
of liquid column
(c) The pressure does not depend on the
density of the liquid
(d) The pressure neither depends on the
area of the base of the beaker nor on
the height of liquid column
Ê (b) Statement (b) is correct regarding
the pressure exerted by the liquid
column at the base of the beaker the
pressure depends upon the density (d),
height (h) of liquid column and also on
acceleration due to gravity (g).
p = hdg
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
75. Which of the following statements
is not correct regarding the travel
of sound waves?
(a) Sound waves can travel through
water
(b) Sound waves can travel through air
(c) Sound waves can travel through steel
(d) Sound waves can travel through
vacuum
Ê (d) Sound waves need a medium to
travel. In vacuum, there is no medium,
hence, sound waves cannot travel
through vacuum.
76. Deendayal Port is located at
(a) Kerala (b) Gujarat
(c) Maharashtra (d) Goa
Ê (b) Deendayal Port Trust (Kandla) is a
seaport in Kutch District of Gujarat.
Kandla port was renamed as
Deendayal Port Trust under the India
Port Act of 1908. It is the largest port of
India by volume of cargo handled.
Kandla Port Trustis, India’s busiest
major port in recent years.
• Kochi Port is in Kerala.
• Mumbai port and Jawaharlal Nehru
port are the two major ports of
Maharashtra.
• Marmugao is the major port of Goa.
• At present there are 13 major ports in
India and nearly 187 notified Minor
and Intermediate ports.
77. Which one of the following cities is
associated with Biosafety Protocol
to the Convention on Biological
Diversity (2000)?
(a) Geneva (b) Nairobi
(c) Cartagena (d) Rio de Janeiro
Ê (c) Cartagena (Colombia) is associated
with Biosafety Protocol to the
Convention on Biological Diversity. The
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the
Convention on Biological Diversity is an
international agreement which aims to
ensure the safe handling, transport and
use of Living Modified Organisms
(LMOs) resulting from modern
biotechnology that may have adverse
effects on biological diversity, taking
also into account risks to human health.
It was adopted on 29th January, 2000
and entered into force on 11th
September, 2003.
• Nairobi (Kenya) is the headquarter of
‘United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) which is
responsible for coordinating UN's
Environmental activities.
• Geneva (Switzerland) is famous for
protocol which prohibits the use of
poisonous gases and biological
warfare.
• Rio de Janerio (Brazil) is famous for
United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development
(UNCED), also known as Earth
Summit or Rio Summit in 1992.
78. Krishna Raja Sagara Dam/Reservoir
is developed on
(a) river Krishna
(b) river Tungabhadra
(c) river Godavari
(d) river Kavery
Ê (d) The Krishna Raja Sagar Dam was
built across river Kavery for the Mysore
and Mandya districts in Karnataka in
1932.The dam is named for the then
ruler of the Mysore Kingdom,
Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV.
• The dam is the creation one of the
greatest engineers that India had
produced, Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah.
His birthday, 15th September is
celebrated as Engineers Day.
• The reservoir is also the main source
of drinking water for all of Mysore city
and almost the whole of Bangalore.
• The water released from this dam is
further used as an important source
of water in the State of Tamil Nadu.
• Tungabhadra dam is located at
Tungabhadra river, a tributary of
Krishna river.
• Nagarjuna dam, Srisailam are some
of the major dams of Krishna river.
• Gangapur dam, Jayakwadi dam ,
Ghatghor dam are some of the
famous dams across Godavari river.
79. Which one of the following Indian
states does not share international
border with two or more countries?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Assam
(c) Mizoram
(d) Tripura
Ê (d) Tripura does not share international
border with two or more countries.
Tripura is bordered by the country of
Bangladesh to the West, North and
South; and the Indian States of Assam
to the North-East; and Mizoram to the
East.
Arunachal Pradesh shares international
borders with Bhutan in the West,
Myanmar in the East, and a disputed
border with China in the North at the
McMohan Line.
Assam is bordered by Bhutan (in North)
and Bangladesh (in South).
Mizoram shares international border
with Bangladesh and Myanmar.
23
80. According to Census of India, 2011,
which one among the following is
the least populated State in India?
(a) Maharashtra (b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Odisha (d) Punjab
Ê (d) Among the given options, Punjab
(27,704,236) is the least populated
state, according to 2011 census. It is
the 16th most populated state of India.
• Maharashtra (112,372,972) is the
second most populous state of India.
• Madhya Pradesh (72,597,565) is the
fifth most populous state of India.
• Odisha (41,947,358) is the eleventh
largest state of India in terms of
population.
• Uttar Pradesh (199,581,477) is the
most populated state of India
whereas Sikkim (607,688) is the least
populated state of India. According to
census, 2011, the total population of
India is 1,210,193,422.
81. The speakers of major Indian
languages belong to how many
language families?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Six
Ê (c) The Speakers of major Indian
language belong to four language
families.
Most Indians speak a language
belonging to the families of the
Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European
(c. 77%), the Dravidian (c. 20.61%), the
Austroasiatic (Munda) (c. 1.2%) or the
Sino-Tibetan (c. 0.8%).
Article-343 of the Indian Constitution
stated that the official language of the
Union is Hindi in Devanagari script
instead of the extant English. Later, a
constitutional amendment, the Official
Languages Act, 1963, allowed for the
continuation of English alongside Hindi
in the Indian Government indefinitely
until legislation decides to change it.
The Eighth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution lists 22 languages.
82. Where did Gandhiji initially forge
the techniques of Satyagraha?
(a) England (b) South Africa
(c) North Africa (d) India
Ê (b) Gandhiji first conceived Satyagraha
in 1906 in response to a law
discriminating against Asians that was
passed by the British colonial
Government of the Transvaal in South
Africa.
24
In 1917, the first Satyagraha campaign
in India was mounted in the
indigo-growing district of Champaran.
Satyagraha (holding onto truth or truth
force), a term coined and developed by
Gandhiji, is a particular form of
non-violent resistance or civil
resistance.
83. Who was the Viceroy of India at the
time of Gandhiji’s Dandi March?
(a) Lord Irwin (b) Lord Linlithgow
(c) Lord Reading (d) Lord Willingdon
Ê (a) Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India at
the time of Gandhiji’s Dandi March. He
served as Viceroy from 1926 to 1931.
In his tenure the First Round Table
Conference was organised by Gandhiji
started Salt March on 12th March, 1930
to break the oppressive salt taxation
levied on Indian. It culminated into
begining of Civil- Disobedience
movement.
Lord Linlithgow was viceroy from 1936
to 1944. Cripps Mission and launch of
Quit India Movement were significant
event of his tenure.
Lord Reading was viceory from 1921 to
1926. In his tenurship, Swaraj Party was
formed in India.
Lord Willingdon was viceroy from 1931
to 1936. Signing of Poona Pact and
communal award was significant event
of his tenure.
84. Which one among the following
American news magazines was
highly sceptical of Gandhiji’s Dandi
March initially but within a week
completely changed its opinion and
saluted him as a Saint and
Statesman?
(a) Saturday Evening Post
(b) Readers Digest
(c) Time
(d) Life
Ê (c) Time was the American news
magazine which was highly sceptical of
Gandhiji’s Dandi March initially, but
within a week completely changed its
opinion and saluted him as a Saint and
Statesman. It named him its 1930 ‘Man
of the Year’. The wide coverage of Salt
March in International media helped in
unravelling the true nature of British
colonialism in India. It also helped in
making Mahatma Gandhi a popular
world leader.
Saturday Evening Post (founded on 4th
August, 1821) is an American Magazine,
currently published 6 times a year.
NDA/NA
Readers Digest (founded in 1922) is an
American magazine published 10 times
a year.
Life an American magazine was
founded in 1883.
85. In which of the following years
were passenger trains introduced in
England?
(a) 1823 (b) 1825
(c) 1848 (d) 1861
Ê (b) In 1825, passenger trains were
introduced in England. It used steam
locomotive built by George
Stephenson. The Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, opened in 1830,
was the first modern railroad. It was a
public carrier of both passengers and
freight.
86. The correct relation between the
radius of curvature R and focal
length f of a spherical mirror is
(a) R = f (b) R = 2 f
(c) R = 3f (d) R = 4f
Ê (b) For a spherical mirror, radius of
curvature = 2 × focal length
i.e., R = 2 f
87. A lemon kept in water in a glass
tumbler appears to be larger than its
actual size. It is because of
(a) reflection of light
(b) scattering of light
(c) refraction of light
(d) polarization of light
Ê (c) A lemon kept in water in a glass
tumbler appears to be larger than its
actual size due to refraction of light.
Light gets refracted as it passes from
water into air. In this case, the tumbler
with water acts as a convex lens which
is curved outwards in the middle and
can focus light rays to magnify objects.
88. Light enters the eye through a thin
membrane called
(a) Retina (b) Cornea
(c) Pupil (d) Iris
Ê (b) Light enters the eye through a thin
membrane called ‘cornea’. Cornea is the
front part of the eye. It forms a thin
membrane and lets light enter into the eye.
89. Name the scientist who first used a
glass prism to obtain the spectrum
of sunlight.
(a) CV Raman (b) Lord Rayleigh
(c) Isaac Newton (d) S. Chandrasekhar
Ê (c) Isaac Newton was the first Scientist,
who used a glass prism to obtain
spectrum of sunlight.
Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
90. The cost of energy to operate an
industrial refrigerator that
consumes 5 kW power working 10
h per day for 30 days will be (Given
that the charge per kWh of energy
= ` 4)
(a) ` 600 (b) ` 6000
(c) ` 1200 (d) ` 1500
Ê (b) Given, power P = 5 kW
Consumption time per day, t = 10 h
Energy consumption per day
= P × t = 5 kW × 10 h = 50 kWh
Cost per kWh = ` 4
Daily cost = 50 × 4 = ` 200
Cost for 30 days = 30 × 200 = ` 6000
91. Which one of the following
statements regarding magnetic field
is not correct?
(a) Magnetic field is a quantity that has
direction and magnitude
(b) Magnetic field lines are closed curves
(c) Magnetic field lines are open curves
(d) No two magnetic field lines are found
to cross each other
Ê (c) Magnetic field lines are always
closed curves because magnetic
monopoles do not exist.
92. Which one of the following
statements is not correct?
(a) Buckminsterfullerence is an allotrope
of carbon
(b) Diamond is a good conductor of
electricity
(c) Graphite is a good conductor of
electricity
(d) In graphite, each carbon atom is
linked to three other carbon atoms
Ê (b) Statement (b) is not correct whereas
statement (a), (c) and (d) are correct.
Diamond is a poor conductor of
electricity because here each carbon
atom is bonded of four other carbon
atoms forming rigid three dimensional
structure.
93. How many covalent bonds are
present in a Chloropropane
molecule having molecular formula,
C 3 H 2 CI?
(a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 9 (d) 10
Ê (d) Ten covalent bonds are present in
Chloropropane having molecular
formula C 3H 7Cl
H H H
 
 
 
2 5 8
7
1 
HC 4 C C 
10 Cl
3 6 9
H H H
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
94. Which one of the following is the
most fundamental characteristic of
an element?
(a) Melting point (b) Atomic number
(c) Colour (d) Atomic weight
Ê (b) Atomic number is the most
fundamental characteristic of an
element. It is defined as the number of
protons found in the nucleus of every
atom of that element.
95. Neutrons were discovered by
(a) James Chadwick
(b) Ernest Rutherford
(c) JJ Thomson
(d) John Dalton
Ê (a) Neutrons were discovered by James
Chadwick. Neutrons are uncharged
particles found within all atomic nucleus.
96. Atomic mass of an element is equal
to the sum of number of
(a) electrons and protons only
(b) protons and neutrons only
(c) electrons and neutrons only
(d) electrons, protons and neutrons
Ê (b) Atomic mass of an element is equal
to the sum of number of protons and
neutrons only. e.g. carbon atom,
proton = 6 nuetron = 6
Atomic mass = 6 + 6 = 12
97. Which one of the following
element’s isotope is used in the
treatment of cancer?
(a) Uranium (b) Cobalt
(c) Sodium (d) Iodine
Ê (b) Isotope of Cobalt (Co) is used in the
treatment of cancer. Cobalt therepy is
the medical use of gamma rays from
the radioisotope cobalt-60 to treatment
of cancer.
98. Which one of the following cell
organelles may play a role in
expelling excess water and wastes
in case of unicellular organisms?
(a) Lysosome
(b) Vacuole
(c) Golgi body
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Ê (b) In some unicellular eukaryotic
organisms (e.g Amoeba), cellular
nitrogenous waste such as ammonia
and excess water are excreted by
exosmosis via contractile vacuole.
These are special types of vacuoles,
which regulates osmotic pressure of
cell through osmosis and control water
movement across the cell membrane.
When these vacuoles merge with the
cell membrane they expel wastes into
the external aquatic environment.
99. Which one of the following terms
describes the practice of growing
two or more crops simultaneously
on the same piece of land?
(a) Crop rotation (b) Mixed cropping
(c) Intercropping (d) Mixed farming
Ê (b) Mixed cropping means the practice
of growing two or more crops
simultaneously on the same piece of
land. In this system, pulses and some
oilseeds are grown with maize,
sorghum and pearl millet. It prevents
complete loss of crop due to
inadequate rain, pests invasion and
pathogen infection on a particular crop.
Crop rotation involves growing different
crops on the same land in the
preplanned succession.
Intercropping is the practice of growing
more than one crop on the same field at
the same time in different row pattern.
Mixed farming involves the growing of
crops as well as the raising of the
livestock. On the same piece of land.
100. Which one of the following
statements is correct about effects
of antibiotics on viruses?
(a) Viruses are ‘non-living’ entities but it
can interact with antibiotics
(b) Taking antibiotics cures viral
infections
(c) Viruses do not possess metabolic
pathways on which antibiotics can
function, whereas bacteria have such
pathways
(d) Viruses are resistant to antibiotics
Ê (c) Virus is an acellular structure which
is a non-living particle outside of the
body of its host. Thus, its lacks
protoplasm which is the site of most of
the metabolic activities, antibiotics
which are effective against bacteria
(living prokaryotic cell), are ineffective
on viruses.
101. The Panama Canal opened in 1914,
links
(a) Red sea and Mediterranean sea
(b) Atlantic ocean and Pacific ocean
(c) Indian ocean and Pacific ocean
(d) Adriatic sea and Black sea
Ê (b) The Panama Canal opened in 1914,
links Atlantic ocean and Pacific ocean.
This canal (82 km), cuts across Isthmus
of Panama and is a conduit for maritime
trade. Construction of this canal started
under French in 1881 and completed
under the United States in 1914.
The administrative control of this canal
is under the Republic of Panama.
Suez canal joins Red sea and
Mediterranean sea.
25
Strait of Malacca joins Pacific ocean
and Indian ocean.
102. The United Nations Charter was
signed by 51 original members of
the United Nations in 1945 at the
(a) Hague Conference
(b) London Conference
(c) San Francisco Conference
(d) Berlin Conference
Ê (c) The United Nations Charter was
signed by SI original members of the
United Nations in 1945 at the San
Franciso conference. 850 delegates
from 51 nations deliberated, discussed
and finalised the charter which initially
divided into 4 sections. It was passed
unanimously on 26th June, 1945.
London conference (officially named as
Declaration of St. James’ palace) was
signed on 12th June, 1941. This
conference led to the idea of formation
of United Nation.
The Hague Conference, 1954 is related
to protection of cultural property in the
Event of Armed Conflict.
Berlin conference of 1884-1885
regulated European Colonisation and
trade in Africa.
103. Land Revenue Records maintained
in India have categorised land-use
into
(a) 6 categories (b) 9 categories
(c) 15 categories (d) 21 categories
Ê (b) Land Revenue Records maintained
in India have categorised land-use into
9 categories. The following are the
land-use categories in India
(i) Forests
(ii) Land put to non-agricultural use
(iii) Barren and wasteland
(iv) Area under permanent pasture
and grazing land
(v) Area under miscellaneous tree
crops and groves
(vi) Culturable wasteland
(vii) Current fallow
(viii) Fallow other than current fallow
(ix) Net sown area
104. Dry land farming in India is largely
confined to areas with rainfall less
than
(a) 100 cm (b) 85 cm (c) 80 cm (d) 75 cm
Ê (d) Dry land farming is largely confined
to the areas with rainfall less than 75
cm. These regions grow hardy and
drought resistant crops such as ragi,
bajra, moong, gram and guar. Farmers
in this areas practise various measures
of soil moisture conservation and rain
water harvesting.
26
105. For an area to be excluded from the
drought-prone category, what
percentage of its gross cropped area
should be under irrigation?
(a) 10% or more (b) 20% or more
(c) 25% or more (d) 30% or more
Ê (d) For an area to be excluded from the
drought-prone category, 30% or more
of its gross cropped area should be
under irrigation. The irrigation
commission considers both rainfall and
irrigation as factors in identifying a
drought. It recommended that areas
with more than 30% coverage of
irrigation should be excluded from
being listed as drought prone areas.
According to the vulnerability profile of
NDMA, around 68% of India’s cultivable
area is vulnerable to droughts.
106. Which one of the following is not a
current of Pacific ocean?
(a) Oyashio current (b) Alaska current
(c) Agulhas current (d) California current
Ê (c) Agulhas current is not a current of
Pacific ocean. It flows South along the
East coast of Africa in India ocean. The
source of this current is East
Madagascar current and Mozambique
current. It acts as an oceanic
convergence zone which enhances its
primary productivity as compared to
surrounding waters.
Oyashio current is a cold current which
circulates counter clockwise in the
western North Pacific ocean.
Alaska current is current of Pacific
ocean, which circulate alongside the
West coast of the North American
continent.
California current is cold water current
of Pacific ocean which moves
Southward along the Western coast of
North America.
107. The duration of monsoon in India
extends for an average period of
(a) 80–140 days (b) 100–120 days
(c) 90–130 days (d) 100–140 days
Ê (a) The duration of monsoon in India
extends for an average period of 80-140
days. The rainfall received from the
South-West monsoon is seasonal in
character, which occurs between June
and September.
Generally, the monsoon arrives at the
southern tip of Indian Peninsula by the
first week of June. Subsequently, it
divided into two branches, viz the
Arabian sea branch and the Bay of
Bengal branch. The retreat of monsoon
which is characterised by clear skies
NDA/NA
and rise in temperature starts in early
September.
108. Which one of the following is the
natural vegetation of South-East
China?
(a) Subtropical broadleaf evergreen
forest
(b) Tropical broadleaf evergreen forest
(c) Tropical deciduous forest
(d) Temperate evergreen forest
Ê (a) The natural vegetation of South-East
China is subtropical broadleaf
evergreen forests. The South-East
China experiences temperate monsoon
type of climate which is characterised
by warm moist summer and a cool and
dry winter. It receives moderate rainfall
between 25 inches to 60 inches, which
is evenly distributed throughout the
year. The well distributed rainfall all the
year round make the regions look green
at all times. The flora of this region
includes oak, camphor, camelia and
magnolia.
Tropical Deciduous forest, also known
as Monsoon forests are found in the
belt along the equator between Tropic
of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
Temperate Evergreen forests are found
in temperate areas with warmer
summers and cool winter. There are
mostly located in the coastal region with
mild winter and drier climates and are
dominated by large trees.
109. Which one of the following is a cold
local wind?
(a) Santa Ana (b) Chinook
(c) Mistral (d) Loo
Ê (c) Mistral is a cold local wind. It blows
around Alps mountain in France. It
brings good health, sunshine and
dryness to the adjoining regions.
Santa Ana is a hot local wind which
blows in South California.
Chinook is a hot and dry local wind
which blows in the Rocky Mountains of
USA and Canada.
Loo is a hot and dry local wind which
blows from West in summer season of
Northern India.
110. What was the consequence of
Permanent Settlement on rural
society in Bengal?
(a) The zamindars invested capital and
enterprise to improve agriculture
along lines of British yeoman farmers
(b) A group of rich peasants known as
Jotedars succeeded in consolidating
their position in the villages
(c) The ryots prospered as a result of
fixed revenue levy imposed on them
Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
(d) The system of Collectorate
introduced by the Company for
exercising supervisory control on
zamindars failed to take off
Ê (b) The main consequences of
Permanent settlement on rural society in
Bengal was the rise of group of rich
peasants known as Jotedars. They
succeeded in consolidating their
positions in the villages. They lived in
villages, advanced loans to peasants
and resisted efforts by Zamindars to
increase the Jama of the village. They
also purchased the estates of
Zamindars when they failed to pay
timely revenue.
Permanent settlement was introduced
by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Eastern
parts of the country. It fixed the land
revenue and recognised Zamindar as
owners of land.
111. What was Damin-i Koh in Rajmahal
area?
(a) A large area of land demarcated and
declared to be the land of the
Santhals
(b) The land of the Paharias cultivated
exclusively for paddy
(c) The British territory marked for their
military camp
(d) The land earmarked for locating
settled agriculturists
Ê (a) Damin-i Koh in Rajmahal area was
large area of land demarcated and
declared to be the land of the Santhals.
It was declared in 1832 to persuade
Santhals to do settled agriculture in
previously forested area. This region
was enclosed by boundary pillars and
was separated from the world of settled
agriculturists of plains and Pahariyas of
the hills.
112. Which one of the following
statements about the Revolt of 1857
is correct?
(a) It was a Revolt carefully organised
and planned by the Rajas, Nawabs
and Taluqdars
(b) Rumours and prophecies did not play
any role in its outbreak and spread
(c) The rebel proclamations in 1857
repeatedly appealed to all sections of
the population irrespective of their
caste and creed.
(d) The British succeeded in quickly and
easily controlling the rebels
Ê (c) The Rebel proclamations in 1857
repeatedly appealed to all sections of
the population irrespective of their caste
and creed. During the course of revolt,
many proclamations and notifications
were issued by the rebels. Many of this
proclamations were issued by Muslim
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
princes or in their names but they took
care of Sentiments of every
communities of the area. Famous
proclamations were Delhi proclamation
and Azamgarh proclamations.
This revolt was poorly organised and
planned by the Rajas, Nawabs and
Taluqdars which was greatest
weakness of Revolt of 1857.
Rumours and prophecies played huge
role in inciting the sentiments of masses
against the Britishers.
Britishers found very difficult to supress
the revolt due to huge participation of
masses alongside rebels in Awadh area.
113. Which one among the following
was not a Panch sheel principle?
(a) Peaceful Co-existence
(b) Mutual respect for territorial integrity
(c) Nuclear deterrence
(d) Non-interference in internal affairs
Ê (c) Nuclear deterrence was not a Panch
Sheel principle. It is a theory which
provides that a nuclear power nation
however weak, it can successfully
protect itself against much powerful
nation state.
Panch Sheel principles were agreed
between India and China under the
leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru and
Zhou Enlai respectively in 1954 to
establish close relations between the
two countries. They are
• Mutual respect for each other’s
territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each
other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence
114. Who among the following had
organised, in 1904, a secret society
of revolutionaries named Abhinav
Bharat?
(a) Khudiram Bose
(b) Shyamji Krishna Verma
(c) Har Dayal
(d) VD Savarkar
Ê (d) VD Savarkar organised in 1904, a
secret society of revolutionaries named
Abhinav Bharat. Based in Pune, it
prepared youths for revolutionary
activities and promoted the cause of
national independence.
Khudiram Bose was revolutionary
freedom fighter who attempted to
assassinate a British Judge, Douglas
Kingsford in Muzaffarpur.
Shyamji Krishna Verma was
revolutionary freedom fighter who
organised India House in London.
He also published a monthly magazine
Indian sociologist.
Har Dayal was revolutionary freedom
fighter who founded Gadar Party in 1913.
115. The principle that the framing of
the new Constitution for
independent India should be
primarily (though not solely) the
responsibility of Indians
themselves, was for the first time
conceded in the
(a) Government of India Act, 1935
(b) August Offer of Viceroy Linlithgow
(c) Cripps Proposals
(d) Cabinet Mission
Ê (b) The principle that the framing of new
Constitution for Independent India
should be primarily (though not solely)
the responsibility of Indians themselves
was for the first time conceded in the
August offer of Viceroy Linlithgow.
Made on 8th August, 1940, it also
offered the expansion of Viceroy’s
executive council besides
establishment of an advisory war
council. However, Congress Party
rejected the offer as it provided
dominion status.
Government of India Act, 1935 provided
for establishment of All India federation,
division of subjects into three lists and
provincial autonomy.
Cripps proposals were made in March,
1942 it promised dominion status,
Constituent Assembly besides control
of defence under the British.
Cabinet Mission, 1946 proposed a very
loose confederation with centre
controlling merely defence, foreign
affairs and communication.
116. Which one of the following is a
major environmental issue in
Eastern Canada ?
(a) Acid precipitation
(b) Groundwater depletion
(c) Land degradation
(d) Desertification
Ê (a) Acid precipitation or rain is a major
environmental issue in eastern Canada.
Acid rain occurs when gaseous
emissions of combustion of coal and
other fossil fuels like Sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide transform into their
Secondary pollutants by combining with
atmospheric moisture (H 2O). These
secondary pollutants such as sulphuric
27
acid and nitric acid fall on land with
precipitation.
The Eastern region of Canada and it’s
neighbour USA is highly industrialised
zone. This alongwith other causes such
as Vehicular emissions are the main
reason for Acid rain in Eastern Canada.
Groundwater depletion is the depletion
of ground water level caused by
sustained ground water pumping.
• Land degradation is the decline in the
productive capacity of land for some
time or permanently.
• Desertification is the persistent
degradation of dryland ecosystems
by climate variation and human
activities.
117. Which one of the following
mountains lies in between Caspian
sea and Black sea ?
(a) Caucasus (b) Carpathians
(c) Apennine (d) Elburz
Ê (a) Caucasus mountain lies in between
Caspian sea and Black sea. This
mountain ranges adjoins Vast Eurasian
landmass stretching from Russia to
Turkey. Mount Elburz the highest peak
in Europe lies in this mountain range.
Carpathians is a mountain system
extending South-eastwards from
Southern Poland and Slovakia into
Romania.
Apennine is a mountain range
extending in North-South direction in
Italian Peninsula.
Mount Elburz is the highest peak of
Europe. It is a type of dormant volcano
which lies in territory of Russia.
118. Bagalihar, Dulhasti and Salal hydro
power projects have been
developed on which of the
following rivers?
(a) Chenab and Jhelum
(b) Chenab and Indus
(c) Ravi
(d) Chenab only
Ê (d) Bagalihar, Dulhasti and Salal hydro
power projects have been developed
on Chenab.
Bagalihar hydro power project with
installed capacity of 900 MW is situated
in the Ramban district of UT of Jammu
and Kashmir.
Dulhasti is a 390 MW hydroelectric
power plant in Kishtwar district of UT of
Jammu and Kashmir. It is a run off river
type hydro project build on Chandra
river a tributary of Chenab.
28
Salal hydroelectric power station is a
run off the river project on Chenab
rivers in the Reasi district of UT of
Jammu and Kashmir.
119. Which of the following statements
with regard to Biosphere Reserve
is/are correct?
1. The idea of Biosphere Reserve
was initiated by UNESCO in
1973-74.
2. There are 18 designated
Biosphere Reserves in India.
3. All Biosphere Reserves in India
have been included in world
network of Biosphere Reserves
of UNESCO.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (b) The concept of Biosphere Reserve
was initiated by UNESCO in 1971, when
it launched Man and Biosphere
Programme (MAB). It aims to establish
a Scientific basis for the improvement of
relationship between people and their
environments.
In India, there is 18 Biosphere reserves
recognised by the government to
protect man and environment. Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu and
Kerala, was the first to be included in
this list.
In India, 11 out of 18 Biosphere
Reserves have been included in world
network of Biosphere Reserves of
UNESCO.
120. Which one of the following
countries does not have direct
access to the sea/ocean ?
(a) Syria (b) Jordan
(c) Azerbaijan (d) Armenia
Ê (d) Armenia does not have direct
access to the sea/ocean. It is
landlocked country in the western Asia.
It is bordered by Turkey to the West,
Georgia to the North, Artsakh and
Azerbaijan to the East and Iran to the
South. Yerevan is the capital of
Armenia.
Syria is a country in Western Asia with
its capital at Damascus. It is bordered
by the Mediterranean sea to the West.
Jordan is a country in Western Asia with
its capital at Amman. It has 26 km
coastline on the Red sea in its extreme
South-West.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus Ê (d) Amongst the given options,
region of Eurasia. It is bounded by the 2
kg-metre/sec is not the unit of energy.
caspian sea to the East. kg-(metre) 2/sec 2 is the unit of energy.
All other options are the units of energy.
121. In an incandescent electric bulb, the
filament of the bulb is made up of 124. Which one of the following
which metal? statements is not correct?
(a) Aluminium (b) Copper (a) Biomass is a renewable source of
(c) Tungsten (d) Silver energy
(b) Gobar gas is produced - when
Ê (c) In an incandescent electric bulb, the cowdung, crop residues, vegetable
filament of the bulb is made up of
waste and sewage are allowed to
tungsten because it has very high
decompose in the absence of oxygen
melting point (3400°C). (c) Biogas generation reduces soil and
122. Two equal resistors R are connected water pollution
(d) Heating capacity of biogas is very low
in parallel, and a battery of 12 V is
connected across this combination. Ê (d) The heating capacity or calorific
value of biogas is high due to which it is
A dc current of 100 mA flows
used for lighting.
through the circuit as shown below:
R 125. In prokaryotic organisms, nuclear
region is not surrounded by a
membrane. This undefined nuclear
100 mA R region is known as
(a) Nucleic acid (b) Nucleoid
12 V (c) Nucleolus (d) Nucleosome
The value of R is Ê (b) Prokaryotic organisms such as
bacteria lack true nucleus, as their
(a) 120 Ω (b) 240 Ω
nuclear region is not bound by outer
(c) 60 Ω (d) 100 Ω
R nuclear membrane. It is known as
Ê (b) Nucleoid. It has a circular DNA without
histone proteins, which is the main
genetic material of bacteria.
100 mA R
126. Which one of the following plant
tissues has dead cells ?
12 V
(a) Epidermis (b) Parenchyma
In the above circuit, both resistance of
(c) Collenchyma (d) Sclerenchyma
RR are connected in parallel
combination. Ê (d) Sclerenchyma is a dead permanent
tissue. Its cells These have heavily
Hence, Equivalent resistance of circuit
is,
thickened secondary walls containing
lignin. The cells are rigid,
R.R
Req = non-stretchable and lack protoplasma.
R+R They provide protection and
R
Req = mechanical support to plant. They are
2 usually found in non-growing regions of
Here, I = 100 mA = 100 × 10 −3 A = 0.1A plant bodies such as the bark protective
layering of seeds and fruits or mature
V = 12 V
stems. Rest epithelium, paranchyma
Using ohm’s law and collenchyma have living tissues.
V = I Req
V 127. Cartilage is not found in
⇒ Req = (a) larynx (b) nose
I
R 12 (c) ear (d) urinary bladder
⇒ =
2 01. Ê (d) Cartilage is not found urinary
bladder. Urinary bladder consists of
⇒ R = 240 Ω
epithelium on the lumen surrounded by
123. Which one of the following is not a collagen rich connective tissue and
the unit of energy? muscle layer. Hyaline Cartilage is the
(a) Joule (b) Watt-hr type of cartilage found in areas such as
(c) Newton-metre (d) kg-metre/sec 2 nose, ears and larynx of the human
body.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2020 (I & II) 29

128. Two planets orbit the Sun in A proton enters a magnetic field at Ê (c) Maintaining sacred groves is not a
circular orbits, with their radius of right angles to it, as shown above. reason of decreasing biodiversity. It is
orbit as R1 = R orbit as R 2 = 4 R. The direction of force acting on the an in-situ conservation method which
proton will be provide protection to the organisms in
Ratio of their periods (T1 / T2 ) (a) to the right (b) to the left some area in its natural habitat. Rest
around the Sun will be (c) out of the page (d) into the page three are the causes of decrease of
(a) 1/16 (b) 1/8 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/2 biodiversity.
Ê (c) According to Fleming’s left hand
Ê (b) According to Kepler’s 3rd law, rule, the direction of force on conductor 137. Which one of the following is not a
T2 ∝ R3 ⇒ T ∝ R 3/ 2 is perpendicular to the direction of
cause of depletion in groundwater?
magnetic field and current. The
∴As per question, (a) Afforestation
direction of current is taken same as the
3/ 2 (b) Loss of forests
T1  R1  direction of motion of positive charge
=  (c) Excessive pumping of groundwater
T2  R 2  (proton), therefore, the force on proton (d) Construction of large scale concrete
3/ 2 3/ 2 is directed out of the page. buildings
T1  R 
=  
1
⇒ = 
T2  4R   4 133. Which one of the following Ê (a) Groundwater will not be depleted in
1/ 2 statements about sound is not case afforestation. Afforestation refers
T1  1  1
⇒ =  = correct? to planting of various types of trees over
T2  64  8 a particular area.
(a) Sound travels at a speed slower than
129. A metallic wire having resistance of the speed of light This allows rain and surface water to
percolate with in the soil and prevents
20 Ω is cut into two equal parts in (b) Sound waves are transverse waves
(c) Sound waves are longitudinal waves surface run off of water. It also helps in
length. These parts are then (d) Sound travels faster in moist air than recharging or refilling the groundwater
connected in parallel. The in dry air level. Hence, the water table rises up
resistance of this parallel and clear uncontaminated water is
Ê (b) Sound waves are longitudinal waves,
combination is equal to but they are not transverse waves. In available.
(a) 20 Ω (b) 10 Ω (c) 5 Ω (d) 15 Ω sound waves, the individual particles of But in all other options, groundwater will
the medium move in a direction parallel be depleted without getting recharge.
Ê (c) As, Resistance ∝ length
to the direction of propagation of the
∴When wire of resistance 20 Ω is cut 138. Which one of the following types of
disturbance.
into two equal parts in length, the radiations has the smallest
resistance of each part will be 134. When the short circuit condition
R 20 wavelength ?
= = 10 Ω occurs, the current in the circuit (a) Microwaves
2 2
(a) becomes zero (b) Infra-red
Equivalent resistance of parallel (b) remains constant (c) Visible light
combination. (c) increases substantially (d) X-rays
1 1 1 (d) keeps on changing randomly
= + ⇒ Req = 5Ω Ê (d) X-rays have the smallest wavelength
Req 10 10
Ê (c) In short circuit condition the amongst the other three options.
resistance of the circuit is zero. The range of wavelengths for these
130. Light of uniform intensity impinges
So, as per ohm’s law waves are :
perpendicularly on a totally
reflecting surface. If the area of the Ishort =
V
=
V
=∞ Microwaves : 10 −3 to 3 × 10 −1 m
R 0
surface is halved, the radiation Infra-red : 8 × 10 −7 to 5 × 10 −2 m
So, current increases substantially in
force on it will become short circuit condition. Visible light : 4 × 10 −7 to 7 × 10 −7m
(a) double (b) half
135. Which one of the following is not a X-rays : 10 −13 to 3 × 10 −8 m
(c) four times (d) one fourth
Ê (b) As, Radiation force ∝ Area of surface component of human male 139. The instrument used for detecting
so, if area of the surface is halved, reproductive system ? the presence of electric current in a
radiation force will also get halved. (a) Cervix circuit is
(b) Urethra
131. The part of the human eye on (c) Seminal vesicle (d) Vas deferens
(a) Refractometer (b) Galvanometer
which the image is formed is (c) Viscometer (d) Diffractometer
Ê (a) Cervix is a part of female
(a) pupil (b) cornea
reproductive system. Rest Urethra, Ê (b) Galvanometer is an instrument used
(c) retina (d) iris for detecting the electric current in a
seminal vesicle and Vas deferens are
Ê (c) Retina is the light sensitive surface of circuit. Galvanometer is used to
parts of male reproductive system. It is
eye on which the image is formed. measured small amount of current in
the lower part of uterus having marrow
the circuit.
132. Consider the following image: tube-like structure forming vegina.
Proton 136. Which one of the following is not a 140. Which one of the following is the
reason of decrease in biodiversity? largest composition in biogas?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(a) Large scale deforestation
Magnetic field (b) Methane
(b) Exploitation of forest produce
(c) Hydrogen
(c) Maintaining sacred groves
(d) Hydrogen sulphide
(d) Encroachment in forest areas
30
Ê (b) Biogas is generally composed of
methane (55-65%), carbondioxide
(35-45%), nitrogen (0-3%), hydrogen
(0-1%) and hydrogen sulfide (0-1%).
Thus, methane has the largest
composition in biogas.
141. The Sun appears reddish during
sunrise and sunset. The
phenomenon in optics which is
responsible for this appearance of
the Sun is
(a) Reflection
(b) Total internal reflection
(c) Scattering
(d) Interference
Ê (c) The Sun appears reddish during
sunrise and sunset due to scattering of
light.
142. A lens has a power of +2·0 Dioptre.
Which one of the following
statements about the lens is true?
(a) The lens is concave and has a focal
length of 0.5 m
(b) The lens is convex and has a focal
length of 2.0 m
(c) The lens is convex and has a focal
length of 0.5 m
(d) The lens is concave and has a focal
length of 2.0 m
Ê (c) Power, P = + 2 D
1 1
Focal length, f = = = 0.5 m
p 2
The converging (or convex) lens has
positive focal length.
So, the lens is convex with focal length of
0.5 m.
143. At nearly 70°C, sodium bicarbonate
shows the property of gradually
decomposing, which makes it
usable in bakery products. The
product of decomposition
responsible for this use of sodium
bicarbonate is
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Hydrogen
(c) Water vapour
(d) Oxygen
Ê (a) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) at
70°C gradually decomposes to give
sodium carbonate (Na 2CO 3), water
(H 2O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2).
Complete reaction is as follows
Heat
2NaHCO 3 → Na 2CO 3 + H 2O + CO 2
NDA/NA
144. Number of molecules of water of
crystallisation in copper sulphate,
sodium carbonate and gypsum are
(a) 5, 10 and 2 respectively
(b) 10, 2 and 5 respectively
(c) 5, 2 and 10 respectively
(d) 2. 5 and 10 respectively
Ê (a) Number of molecules of water of
crystallisation of copper sulphate,
sodium carbonate and Gypsum are 5,
10 and 2 respectively.
Complete chemical formula are as
follows
Copper sulphate — CuSO 4 . 5H 2O
Sodium Carbonate — Na 2CO 3 . 10H 2O
Gypsum — CaSO 4 .2H 2O
145. Which one of the following is the
correct sequence of change in
colours when a turmeric stain on
white clothes is scrubbed by soap
and then washed with water?
(a) Yellow-pink-blue
(b) Yellow-reddish brown-yellow
(c) Yellow-reddish brown-blue
(d) Yellow-blue-pink
Ê (b) When a turmeric stain appear on
white clothes it becomes reddish brown
when it come in contact with soap,
which is basic in nature it turns yellow
again when the cloth is washed with
plenty of water.
146. Which one of the following
statements regarding bleaching
powder and DDT is correct?
(a) Both are inorganic compounds
(b) Both are organic compounds
(c) Both contain chlorine
(d) Both contain calcium
Ê (c) Both bleaching powder (CaOCl 2)
and Dichloro Diphenyl Tricholoroethane
(DDT) contain chlorine. Bleaching
powder is inorganic compound, but
DDT is an organic halogen compound.
structures are as follows
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Ca
O-Cl
Cl Cl
CaOCl2 DDT
Solved Paper 2020 (I & II)
147. Which one of the following is the
best example of desiccant?
(a) Silica gel
(b) Polystyrene
(c) Sodium chloride
(d) Sodium carbonate
Ê (a) Silica gel is the best example of
desiccant. It is hygroscopic in nature.
It absorbs water from the surrounding.
148. Which one of the following was the
first mineral acid discovered?
(a) Sulphuric acid (b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Nitric acid (d) Phosphoric acid
Ê (a) Sulphuric acid (H 2SO 4 ) was the first
mineral acid discovered.
149. The refractive index of fused quartz
is 1·46 and that of sapphire is 1·77.
If Vq is the speed of light in quartz
and vs is the speed of light in
sapphire, then which one of the
following relations is correct?
(a) v q > v s (b) v s > v q
v
(c) v s = v q (d) v s = q
2
Ê (a) As, Refractive index
Speed of light in vacuum
=
Speed of light in medium
i.e., µ =
c
⇒µ ∝
1
v v
As, µ quartz < µ sapphire ⇒ vq > v s
150. In case of a concave mirror, if an
object is kept between principal
focus F and pole P of the mirror,
then which one of the following
statements about the image is not
correct?
(a) The image will be virtual
(b) The image will be enlarged or
magnified
(c) The image will be formed at infinity
(d) The image will be erect
Ê (c) If the object is placed between F
and P of concave mirror, the image is
formed behind the mirror. The image
formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
A
A
C FB P B
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2019 (II)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. If both p and q belong to the set 3. If A , B and C are subsets of a given Ê (c) Let α, β be the roots of equation.
{1, 2, 3, 4 }, then how many equations set, then which one of the following 2 x 2 − 2( k − 2 ) x − ( k + 1) = 0
of the form relations is not correct? 2( k − 2 )
Qα + β = = k − 2,
px 2 + qx + 1 = 0 will have real roots? (a) A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∪ B 2
(b) A ∩ ( A ∪ B) = A − ( k + 1)
(a) 12 (b) 10 αβ =
(c) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ C )
(c) 7 (d) 6 2
(d) ( A ∪ B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C )
Ê (d) Equation px + qx + 1 = 0, has real
2
We know that
Ê (a) Let U be the set and A, B andC are the
roots, where p and q belong to the set α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ
subset of U.
{1, 2, 3, 4}. We know that, A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A, k+1
= ( k − 2 )2 + 2 ×
∴ q 2 − 4p ≥ 0 So option (a) is not correct. 2
[Q for real roots of a quadratic equation A ∩ ( A ∪ B) = A, so option (b) is correct. = k 2 + 4 − 4k + k + 1
( A ∩ B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ C ), = k 2 − 3k + 5
b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0]
so option (c) is correct. 9 9
= k 2 − 3k + − + 5
It is possible if value of and ( A ∪ B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) 4 4
( p, q ) = (1, 2 ), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4) so option (d) is correct. 2
 3 11
and ( 3, 4) = k −  +
4.  2 4
Hence, the number of equations are 6.
If the sum of first n terms of a series
is (n + 12), then what is its third  3
α 2 + β 2 is minimum, if  k −  = 0
2.  2
What is the value of term? 3
1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ...... + 101? (a) 1 (b) 2 ⇒ k=
2
(a) 51 (b) 55 (c) 3 (d) 4
6. If the roots of the equation
(c) 110 (d) 111 Ê (a) Sum of first n term of a series = n + 12
⇒ a1 + a2 + a3 + .........+ an = n + 12 a( b − c )x 2 + b(c − a )x + c( a − b ) = 0
Ê (a) Given series,
= 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ...... + 101 Put n = 1, a1 = 1 + 12 = 13 are equal, then which one of the
= (1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + 101) Put n = 2, a1 + a2 = 2 + 12 ⇒ a1 + a2 = 14 following is correct?
(a) a, b and c are in AP
− (2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 100) ⇒ 13 + a2 = 14 ⇒ a2 = 1 (b) a, b and c are in GP
= (1 + 3 + 5 + .... 51 terms) Put n = 3 (c) a, b and c are in HP
− (2 + 4 + 6 + ...... 50 terms) a1 + a2 + a3 = 3 + 12 (d) a, b and c do not follow any regular
51 ⇒ 13 + 1 + a3 = 15 pattern
= [2 + ( 51 − 1) × 2 ]
⇒ a3 = 15 − 14 = 1
2 Ê (c) The roots of the equation
−
50
[4 + ( 50 − 1) × 2 ] 5. What is the value of k for which the a( b − c ) x 2 + b(c − a ) x + c( a − b ) = 0
2 are equal.
sum of the squares of the roots of
[Q both series are AP and
2x 2 − 2(k − 2)x − (k + 1) = 0 is ∴b 2(c − a )2 − 4a( b − c ). c( a − b ) = 0
n
S n = [2 a + ( n − 1)d ] minimum? [Q ax 2 + bx + c = 0 of roots are real if
2
51 50 (a) − 1 (b) 1 b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
= × 102 − × 102 (c)
3
(d) 2
2 2 ⇒ b 2(c 2 + a 2 − 2ca ) − 4ac ( ab − b 2
2
= 2601 − 2550 = 51 − ac + bc ) = 0
2 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

⇒ b 2c 2 + a 2b 2 – 2 ab 2c − 4a 2bc 9. Ê (d) Given equation,

If a set A contains 3 elements and
+ 4ab 2c + 4a 2c 2 − 4abc 2 = 0 another set B contains 6 elements, x 0 2 3x 0 2
then what is the minimum number 2x 2 1 + x2 2 1 = 0
⇒ b c + a b + 2 ab c
2 2 2 2 2

of elements that ( A ∪ B ) can have? 1 1 1 0 1 1

− 4a 2bc − 4abc 2 + 4a 2c 2 = 0
(a) 3 (b) 6 ⇒ x(2 − 1) − 0 + 2(2 x − 2 ) + 3 x(2 − 1)
⇒ b 2(c 2 + a 2 + 2 ac ) − 4abc ( a + c ) (c) 8 (d) 9
− 0 + 2 ( x 2 − 0) = 0
+ 4a 2c 2 = 0 Ê (b) n( A ) = 3, n( B) = 6
[expression w.r.t. first row]
⇒ b (c + a ) − 4abc ( a + c ) + (2 ac ) = 0
2 2 2 ∴The minimum number of elements in
⇒ x + 4 x − 4 + 3 x + 2 x2 = 0
⇒ [b(c + a ) − 2 ac ]2 = 0 A∪B= 6
⇒ 2 x2 + 8 x − 4 = 0
i.e n( A ∪ B) = 6
⇒ b (c + a ) − 2 ac = 0
(because max n( A ∩ B) = 3 ⇒ x2 + 4 x − 2 = 0
2 ac
⇒ b(c + a ) = 2 ac ⇒ b = −4 ± 16 − 4 (1) ( −2 )
c+ a 10. What is the number of diagonals of ⇒ x=
2
So, a, b and c are is HP. an octagon?
−4 ± 24 −4 ± 2 6
(a) 48 = =
7. If | x 2 − 3x + 2| > x 2 − 3x + 2, then (b) 40 2 2
which one of the following is (c) 28 = −2 ± 6
correct? (d) 20
13. If x + a + b + c = 0, then what is the
(a) x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 2 (b) 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 Ê (d) The number of vertices of an octagon
(c) 1 < x < 2 =8 x +a b c
(d) x is any real value except 3 and 4 ∴The number of points in a plane = 8 value of a x +b c ?
Ê (c)| x − 3 x + 2| > x − 3 x + 2
2 2
∴ Total number of straight line form by 8
points = 8C 2
a b x +c
⇒ − ( x2 − 3 x + 2 ) > x2 − 3 x + 2
[Q 1 straight line form by 2 (a) 0 (b) ( a + b + c )2
[if x 2 − 3 x + 2 < 0, and x 2 − 3 x + 2 > 0 (c) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 (d) a + b + c − 2
points]
not possible]
=
8!
=
8×7
= 28
Ê (a) Given, x + a + b + c = 0
⇒ − 2( x − 3 x + 2 ) > 0
2
x+ a b c
2 ! 6! 2
⇒ x2 − 3 x + 2 > 0 x+ b
∴ The number of diagonals of an octagon a c
⇒ x2 − 2 x − x + 2 > 0 = Total number a b x+c
⇒ ( x − 2 )( x − 1) > 0 of straight line form by 8 points − number x+ a+ b+c b c
∴ 1 < x < 2 is correct. of sides of octagon
= x+ a+ b+c x+ b c
= 28 − 8 = 20
8. A geometric progression (GP) x+ a+ b+c b x+c
consists of 200 terms. If the sum of 11. What is the value of the determinant [byC1 → C1 + C 2 + C 3]
odd terms of the GP is m, and the 1! 2! 3! 1 b c
sum of even terms of the GP is n, = ( x + a + b + c) 1 x + b c
2! 3! 4! ?
then what is its common ratio? 1 b x+c
(a) m / n (b) n / m 3! 4 ! 5!
(c) m + ( n / m) (d) n + ( m / n) [ x + a + b + c common from C1] = 0
(a) 0 (b) 12
2 [Q x + a + b + c = 0]
Ê (b) Let a, ar, ar ...... 200 terms be a (c) 24 (d) 36
geometric progression. Ê (c) Given determinant 14.  1 −1
1! 2 ! 3 ! 1 2 6 1 0 0 If A =  , then the expression
−1 1 
Where, a is the first terms and r be the
common ratio. = 2 ! 3! 4! = 2 6 24 = 2 2 6
GP of odd terms a, ar 2, ar 4 , ..... 100 terms. A 3 − 2A 2 is
3! 4! 5! 6 24 120 6 12 48
GP of even terms ar, ar 3, ar 5, …… 100 (a) a null matrix (b) an identity matrix
[by C 2 → C 2 − 2C1, C 3 → C 3 − 3C 2] (c) equal to A (d) equal to − A
terms. = 1( 96 − 72 ) − 0 + 0  1 −1
∴Sum of odd terms of the GP = m [expression w.r.t. first row]
Ê (a) A =  −1 1 
 
a{ r 200 − 1} = 24
⇒ =m …(i)  1 −1  1 −1
r−1 ∴ A2 = A ⋅ A =  ⋅ 
12. What are the values of x that satisfy  −1 1   −1 1 
Sum of even terms of the GP = n
the equation  1 + 1 −1 − 1  2 −2 
ar( r 200 − 1} = = 
⇒ =n …(ii) x 0 2 3x 0 2  −1 − 1 1 + 1   −2 2 
r −1
2x 2 1 + x 2
2 1 = 0?  2 −2   1 −1
Dividing of Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), and A 3 = A 2 ⋅ A =  . 
1 1 1 0 1 1  −2 2   −1 1 
1 m n
⇒ = ⇒r =  2 + 2 −2 − 2   4 −4
(a) −2 ± 3 = =
r n m

n (b) −1 ± 3  −2 − 2 2 + 2   −4 4 
Hence, the common ratio of the GP is . (c) −1 ± 6
m (d) −2 ± 6
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 3

Now, 17. What is the value of 19. In a school, 50% students play cricket
 4 −4 2 −2 
A3 − 2 A2 =   − 2  −2 i + 3 
2019
i − 3 
2019 and 40% play football. If 10% of
 − 4 4   2 
  +  ? students play both the games, then
 4 −4  −4 4   2   2  what per cent of students play
= +  
 −4 4   4 −4 (a) 1 neither cricket nor football?
 4 − 4 −4 + 4  0 0 (b) − 1 (a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 20% (d) 25%
= =
 −4 + 4 4 − 4   0 0 (c) 2 i Ê (c) Students, who play cricket = 50%
(d) − 2 i Students, who play football = 40%
= a null matrix
i + 3
2019
i − 3
2019
Students who play both games = 10%
15. Let m and n(m < n ) be the roots of the Ê (c)   +   Students who play only cricket
 2   2 
equation x 2 − 16x + 39 = 0. If four 2019 2019
= 50 − 10 = 40%
 3 1   3 1  Students who play only football
terms p , q , r and s are inserted = + i − − i
between m and n to form an AP, then  2 2   2 2  = 40 − 10 = 30%
2019
what is the value of p + q + r + s ? = cos
π π
+ i sin 
∴Total students who play any game
(a) 29 (b) 30  6 6  = 40 + 30 + 10 = 80%
2019
(c) 32 (d) 35 π π ∴ Students who play neither cricket nor
– cos − i sin 
Ê (c)2 m and n be the roots of the equation  6 6  football = 100 − 80 = 20%
x − 16 x + 39 = 0 ( m < n). 2019 π 2019 π
= cos + i sin 20. If A = { x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} and B = {y : y is
∴ m + n = 16 …(i) 6 6 a prime number}, then what is
and mn = 39 …(ii) 2019 π 2019 π A ∩ B equal to?
− cos + i sin
We know that, n − m = ( m + n)2 − 4mn 6 6 (a) φ (b) {1} (c) {2} (d) {1, 2}
[De-moivre’s theorem
(Q m < n) Ê (c) A = { x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} = { 0, 1, 2}
(cos θ ± i sin θ)n = cos nθ ± i sin n θ]
= 256 − 156 = 100 and B = { y : y is a prime number}
2019 π
n − m = 10 …(iii) = 2 i sin = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ..... }
6
Solving the Eqs. (ii) and (iii), n = 13, m = 3  3π  ∴ A ∩ B = { 0, 1, 2} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ......}
= 2 i sin  168 × 2 π + 
Four terms p, q , r and s are inserted  6  = {2}
between m and n to form an AP. 3π
= 2 i sin 21. If x = 1 + i , then what is the value of
∴ AP is 3, p, q , r, s, 13 6
Here, a = 3, l = 13, n = 6 [Q sin (2 nπ + θ) = sin θ, n is an integer] x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + 1?
π (a) 6i − 3 (b) −6i + 3
∴ l = a + ( n − 1)d = 2 i sin = 2 i
2 (c) −6i − 3 (d) 6i + 3
13 = 3 + ( 6 − 1)d
⇒ d =2 18. If α and β are the roots of Ê (c) Given, x = 1 + i
∴ p = a + d = 3 + 2 = 5,  1 i 
= 2  + 
x 2 + x + 1 = 0, then what is  2 2
q = a + 2d = 3 + 4 = 7 3
 π π
r = a + 3 d = 3 + 6 = 9,
d = a + 4 d = 3 + 8 = 11
∑ (α j + β j ) equal to? = 2  cos
 4
+ i sin 
4
j =0
Now, p + q + r + s = 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 Now, x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + 1
(a) 8 (b) 6
= 32 = x 4 ( x 2 + 1) + 1( x 2 + 1)
(c) 4 (d) 2
16. Under which one of the following = ( x 2 + 1) ( x 4 + 1)
Ê (d) α and β are the roots of the equation  2

conditions will the quadratic x2 + x + 1 = 0  π π
= ( 2 )2  cos + i sin  + 1
equation   4 4  
∴ α + β = −1
x 2 + mx + 2 = 0 always have real and αβ = 1  4 π π
4

( 2 )  cos + i sin  + 1
roots? 3   4 4  
∑ (α + β j ) = (α 0 + β 0 )
j
(a) 2 3 ≤ m2 < 8 (b) 3 ≤ m2 < 4 Now,
j=0   2π 2π 
(c) m ≥ 8
2
(d) m ≤2
3 = 2  cos + i sin  + 1
+ (α1 + β ) + (α 2 + β 2 ) + (α 3 + β 3 )
1
  4 4  
Ê (c) The quadratic equation   4π 4π  
x 2 + mx + 2 = 0, = (1 + 1) + ( −1) + {α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ − 2αβ}  4 cos 4 + i sin 4  + 1
 
have real roots. + (α + β ) (α 2 + β 2 − αβ )
[Q (cos θ + i sinθ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ]
∴ m2 − 4(1)(2 ) ≥ 0 = 2 − 1 + {(α + β ) − 2αβ} + ( −1)
2
  π π 
[quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 = 2  cos + i sin  + 1
{α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ − 3αβ}   2 2  
have real roots if b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0] = 1 + {( −1)2 − 2(1)} − {(α + β )2 − 3(1)} [4(cos π + i sin π ) + 1]
⇒ m2 − 8 ≥ 0
= 1 − 1 − {( −1)2 − 3} = [2( 0 + i ) + 1] [4( −1 + 0) + 1]
⇒ m2 ≥ 8 = (2 i + 1) ( −4 + 1) = − 6i − 3
= − (1 − 3) = 2
4 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

22. What is the value of Ê (d) Given expansion, 27. If n ! has 17 zeros, then what is the
1 (1 + 2 x + x 2 )5 + (1 + 4 y + 4 y 2 )5 value of n?
2+ ?
1 = [(1 + x )2 ]5 + [(1 + 2 y)2 ]5
2+ (a) 95 (b) 85
1 (c) 80
2+ = (1 + x )10 + (1 + 2 y)10 (d) No such value of n exists
2 + ... ∞ ∴ Total number of terms in given Ê (b) We know that each interval of 5!is one
(a) 2 − 1 (b) 2 + 1 (c) 3 (d) 4 expansion. zero.
1 = (10 + 1) + (10 + 1) = 22
Ê (b) Let, x = 2 + 1
i.e. 5! has one zero.
2 + [Q total number of terms in expansion of 10! has two zeros.
1
2 + (1 + x )n = n + 1] ∴85! has 17 zeros.
2 + ... ∞
1 Hence, the value of n is 85.
⇒ x=2 + ⇒ x2 = 2 x + 1 25. If the middle term in the expansion
x
 1
2n 28. Let A ∪ B = { x |( x − a )( x − b ) > 0,
⇒ x2 − 2 x − 1 = 0 of  x 2 +  is 184756x 10 , then where a < b }. What are A and B equal
 x
2± ( −2 )2 − 4(1) ( −1) to?
⇒ x= what is the value of n?
2 (a) A = { x| x > a} and B = { x| x > b}
2 ± 8 2 ±2 2 (a) 10 (b) 8 (b) A = { x| x < a} and B = { x| x > b}
= = = 1± 2 (c) 5 (d) 4 (c) A = { x| x < a} and B = { x| x < b}
2 2
(d) A = { x| x > a} and B = { x| x < b}
= 2+1 (Q x > 2 ) Ê (a) The middle term in the expansion of
 2 1
2n
Ê (c) Let A ∪ B = { x :( x − a)( x − b ) > 0,
23. If P (n, r ) = 2520 and C (n, r ) = 21, x +  where a < b}.
 x
then what is the value of  2n  It is possible if x − a < 0 and x − b < 0
= + 1 th term [Q 2 n is even]
C (n + 1, r + 1) ?  2  or x < a and x < b
(a) 7 (b) 14 = ( n + 1)th term. ∴ A = { x : x < a} and B = { x : x < b}
(c) 28 (d) 56
According to the question,
Ê (c) If P( n, r ) = 2520 and C ( n, r ) = 21,
29. If the constant term in the expansion
Value of middle term = 184756 x10 10
∴ n
pr = 2520  k 
of  x − 2  is 405, then what can
n
2 2n − n  1
n! ⇒ 2n
Cn ( x )   = 184756 x
10
 x 
⇒ = 2520 …(i)  x
( n − r )!
[Q Tr +1 = nC r x n − r a r in expansion be the values of k?
and C r = 21
n
(a) ±2 (b) ±3
of ( x + a )n]
n! (c) ±5 (d) ±9
⇒ = 21 …(ii)
r ! ( n − r )! ⇒ C n( x )4 n − 2n − n = 184756 x10
2n
Ê (b) Let ( r + 1)th term in the expansion of
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ C n( x )n = 184756 x10
2n
 k
10
 x − 2  is constant.
2520 Comparing the power of x both sides  x 
= 21
r! n = 10  −k 
r
2520 ∴ Tr +1 = 10C r ( x )10 − r  2 
⇒ r! = = 120 26. 1 2  x 
21
  1 2 = nC r x n − r a r in expansion
⇒ r! = 5 ! If A = 2 3 and B =   , then [Q Tr +1
3 4 2 1
∴ r=5   of ( x + a )n]
Putting the value of r in Eq. (i), 10 − r
which one of the following is − 2r
n! ⇒ 405 = 10C r ( x ) 2 ⋅ ( − k )r
= 2520 correct?
( n − 5)! 10 − 5r
(a) Both AB and BA exist ⇒ 405 = 10
C r ( x) 2 ⋅ ( − k )r …(i)
⇒ n( n − 1) ( n − 2 ) ( n − 3)( n − 4) (b) Neither AB nor BA exists
= 7 × 6× 5× 4× 3 (c) AB exists but BA does not exist For constant term
(d) AB does not exist but BA exists 10 − 5r
∴ n=7 = 0 ⇒ 10 − 5r = 0
 1 2 2
Now, C ( n + 1, r + 1) = n + 1C r + 1    1 2
Ê (c)We have, A =  2 3 and B =   ∴ r=2
7 +1  3 4  2 1
= C 5 + 1 = 8C 6   Putting the value of r, in Eq. (i),
8! 8×7 order of A = 3 × 2 and order of B = 2 × 2 405 = 10C 2.( − k )2
= =
6 !2 ! 2 Q Number of column of A = Number of 10 !
⇒ 405 = × k2
= 28 row of B 2 ! 8!
∴ AB exists. 10 × 9 2
24. How many terms are there in the ⇒ 405 = .k
and number of column of B ≠ Number of 2
expansion of 405
raw of A ⇒ k2 =
( 1 + 2x + x 2 ) 5 + ( 1 + 4y + 4y 2 ) 5 ? ∴BA does not exist. 45
(a) 12 (b) 20 ⇒ k2 = 9
Hence, AB exists but BA does not exist.
(c) 21 (d) 22 ⇒ k=± 3
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 5

30. What is C ( 47, 4 ) + C (51, 3) + C (50, 3) 33. Let Sn be the sum of the first n terms 36. If x log 7 x > 7 where x > 0, then which
+ C ( 49, 3) + C ( 48, 3) + C ( 47, 3) equal of an AP. If S 2n = 3n + 14n 2 , then one of the following is correct?
to? 1 
what is the common difference? (a) x ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) (b) x ∈  , 7 
(a) C( 47, 4) (b) C( 52, 5) 7 
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) C( 52, 4) (d) C( 47, 5)  1
(c) 7 (d) 9 (c) x ∈  0,  ∪ (7, ∞ )
Ê (c) C ( 47, 4) + C ( 51, 3) + C ( 50, 3)  7
Ê (c) S 2n = 3n + 14n (S n be the sum of first
2
1 
+ C ( 49, 3) + C ( 48, 3) + C ( 47, 3) n terms of an AP) (d) x ∈  , ∞ 
7 
= 47C 4 + 51C 3 + 50C 3 + 49C 3 3 7
⇒ S 2n = .(2 n) + (2 n)2
Ê (b) x 7 > 7 where x > 0.
log x
+ 48
C3 + 47
C3 2 2
Put 2 n = n Taking log on base 7 both sides
= C3 +
51 50
C3 + C3 +
49 48
C3
3n 7 n 2 log 7 x. log 7 x > log 7 7
we get, S n = +
+ 47
C3 + 47
C4 2 2 [Q log a mn = nlog a m]
= C3 +
51 50
C3 + C3 +
49
C3 +
48 48
C4 ∴ Tn = S n − S n −1
⇒ (log 7 x )2 > 1 [Q log a a = 1]
n +1
[Q nC r + nC r − 1 = Cr ] 3 7 n2 3 7
= n+ − ( n − 1) − ( n − 1)2 ⇒ log 7 x > ( ± 1)
2 2 2 2
= C3 +
51 50
C3 + C3 +
49 49
C4 ∴ x > 71 ⇒ x > 7
3 7 3 3 7 7 7
= C3 +
51 50
C3 + 50
C4 = n + n2 − n + − n2− + .2 n and x < 7 −1 ⇒ x <
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7
= C3 +
51 51
C4 Tn = 7 n − 2 1 
= C 4 = C( 52, 4)
52 Hence, x ∈  , 7 
Put n = 1, 2, .... 7 
T1 = 7(1) − 2 = 5
31. Let a, b, c be in AP and k ≠ 0 be a real 37. How many real roots does the
T2 = 7(2 ) − 2 = 12
number. Which of the following are equation x 2 + 3| x | + 2 = 0 have?
∴ d = T2 − T1 = 12 − 5 = 7
correct? (a) Zero (b) One
1. ka, kb, kc are in AP 34. If 3rd, 8th and 13th terms of a GP are (c) Two (d) Four
2. k − a, k − b, k − c are in AP p , q and r respectively, then which Ê (a) Given equation, x + 3| x| + 2 = 0
2

a b c one of the following is correct? Case I x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0 (when x > 0)

3. , , are in AP
k k k (a) q 2 = pr (b) r 2 = pq
(c) pqr = 1 (d) 2q = p + r ⇒ x2 + x + 2 x + 2 = 0
Select the correct answer using the
code given below. Ê (a) Let first term and common ratio of a ⇒ x( x + 1) + 2( x + 1) = 0
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only GP be a and R. ⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) = 0
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 ∴ T3 = aR 2 = p …(i) ∴ x = − 1, − 2
Ê (d) a, b,c are in AP. T8 = aR 7 = q …(ii) Hence, no real roots because x > 0.
We know that equal number addition, T13 = aR12 = r …(iii) Case II x 2 − 3 x + 2 = 0 (when x < 0)
subtraction and multiply, divide, by equal ⇒ x2 − 2 x − x + 2 = 0
number of each term of an AP, the Multiplying of Eqs. (i) and (iii)
( aR 2 ) ( aR12 ) = pr ⇒ x( x − 2 ) − 1( x − 2 ) = 0
resultent, series be an AP.
⇒ ( x − 2 )( x − 1) = 0
∴ka, kb, kc are in AP (multiplying by k). ⇒ 2 14
a R = pr
∴ x = 1, 2
k − a, k − b, k − c are in AP (subtraction ⇒ ( aR ) = pr
7 2
a b c Hence, no real roots because x < 0.
from k) and , , are in AP (divide by k)
k k k ⇒ q 2 = pr [from Eq. (ii)] ∴ The number of real roots of given
equation is zero.
Hence, option (d) is correct answer.
35. What is the solution of x ≤ 4, y ≥ 0
32. How many two-digit numbers are 38. Consider the following statements in
and x ≤ − 4, y ≤ 0?
divisible by 4? respect of the quadratic equation
(a) x ≥ − 4, y ≤ 0 (b) x ≤ 4, y ≥ 0
(a) 21 (b) 22 (c) x ≤ − 4, y = 0 (d) x ≥ − 4, y = 0 4( x − p )( x − q ) − r 2 = 0,
(c) 24 (d) 25
Ê (c) Given inequalities where p , q and r are real numbers.
Ê (b) Series of two-digit number that x ≤ 4, y ≥ 0 …(i) 1. The roots are real.
divisible by 4 is and x ≤ − 4, y ≤ 0 …(ii) 2. The roots are equal, if p = q and
12, 16, 20, ........., 96 Possible value of x and y. r = 0.
This series is an AP
x = { 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, − 4, − 5, ...} Which of the above statements is/are
Here, A = 12,d = 4, l = 96 correct?
y = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 .....} …(i)
Let total number of terms be n. (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
and x = { −4, − 5, − 6, − 7, ...}, (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
∴ l = a + ( n − 1)d y = { 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, − 4 ...} …(ii)
⇒ 96 = 12 + ( n − 1) 4 Ê (c) Given quadratic equation,
Take combine (i) and (ii), 4( x − p) ( x − q ) − r = 0
2

⇒ 84 = ( n − 1)4 x = { −4, − 5, − 6, − 7 ... }, y = 0 ⇒ 4 x 2 − ( 4q + 4 p) x + 4 pq − r 2 = 0

⇒ n − 1 = 21 x ≤ − 4, y = 0.
or Comparing it Eq. by ax 2 + bx + c = 0
⇒ n = 21 + 1 = 22
6 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

a = 4, b = − 4 ( p + q ), c = 4 pq − r 2 and tanθ =
P 21k 21
= = Ê (c) Given, radius of circle = 1 unit
b − 4ac = 16 ( p + q ) − 4 × 4 ( 4 pq − r )
2 2 2 B 20k 20
Angle subtends at the centre of circle by
Now, 4 sec θ + 4 tan θ
= 16 p2 + 16 q 2 + 32 pq − 64 pq + 16r 2 29 21 chord = θ
=4× + 4×
= 16 p2 + 16 q 2 − 32 pq + 16r 2 20 20 We know that, length of chord
50 θ θ θ
= 16( p − q )2 + 16r 2 =4× = 10 = 2 r sin = 2 × 1 sin = 2 sin
20 2 2 2
Q b 2 − 4ac will be positive.
42. Consider the following statements 45.   1 
So, the roots are real. What is tan 2 tan −1    equal to?
1. cos θ + sec θ can never be equal to   3 
If p = q and r = 0, then b 2 – 4ac = 0
1.5. 2 3 3
So, the roots are equal. 2. tan θ + cot θ can never be less (a) (b) (c)
3 4 8
Hence, the statements both 1 and 2 are than 2. 1
correct. (d)
Which of the above statements is/are 9
39. Let S = {2, 4, 6, 8, ......,20}. correct?  −1  1  
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 Ê (b) tan 2 tan   
What are the maximum number of (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2  3 
subsets of S? 
Ê (b) We know that, − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 and 1 
(a) 10 (b) 20  2 × 
 3 
(c) 512 (d) 1024 − 1 ≤ sec θ ≤ ∞ but cos θ = sec θ ifθ = 0 = tan  tan−1 2
and θ = 180°   1
Ê (d) S = {2, 4, 6, 8, ......., 20} 1−   
∴ − 2 ≤ cos θ + sec θ ≤ ∞   3  
Here, number of elements of set 
S = 10 ( n) So, cos θ + sec θ = 15 . is possible.  −1 −1 2 x 
∴Maximum number of subsets of set and again 0 ≤ tan θ ≤ ∞ and Q 2 tan x = tan 
 1 − x2 
S = 2 n = 2 10 = 1024 0 ≤ cot θ ≤ ∞ , but tan θ = cot θ
2
if θ = 45°   2 ×9 3
−1
40. A binary number is represented by = tan tan  3  = =
∴ 2 ≤ tanθ + cot θ ≤ ∞  8 3 × 8 4
(cdccddcccddd )2 , where c > d . What So, tan θ + cot θ can never be less than 2.  9
is its decimal equivalent? Hence, only the Statement 2 is correct.
(a) 1848 (b) 2048 46. What is the scalar projection of
(c) 2842 (d) 2872 43. A ladder 9 m long reaches a point 9 m a = $i − 2$j + k$ on b = 4 i$ − 4 $j + 7 k$ ?
Ê (d) Binary number = (cdccddcccddd )2 below the top of a vertical flagstaff.
6 919 6
where, c > d . We know that only two bit From the foot of the ladder, the (a) (b) (d)(c)
9 19 9 19
(digits) 0 and 1 be any binary number. elevation of the flagstaff is 60°. What
Ê (b) a = i − 2 j + k, b = 4 i − 4 j + 7k
$ $ $ $ $ $
∴Given binary number is the height of the flagstaff?
= (101100111000)2 (a) 9 m (b) 10.5 m Projection of a on b
(c) 13.5 m (d) 15 m a ⋅b
= (1 × 2 11 + 0 × 2 10 + 1 × 2 9 + 1 × 2 8 + =
Ê (*) Let AP be a ladder and QR be a vertical |b|
+ 0 × 27 + 0× 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 flagstaff. P is a point 9 m below the top on ( $i − 2 $j + k$ ) . ( 4$i − 4$j + 7k$ )
+ 1 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 2 1 + 0 × 2 0 )10 flagstaff. A is the foot of ladder and h is the =
height of point P from the ground. 16 + 16 + 49
= (2048 + 512 + 256 + 32 + 16 + 8)10 4+ 8+7 19
∴ AP = 9 m, PR = 9 m, PQ = hm = =
= (2872 )10 81 9
PQ
In ∆ AQP, sin θ =
41. If cosec θ = 29 , where 0 < θ < 90°, AP
47. If the magnitude of the sum of two
21 h 3 h
⇒ sin 60° = ⇒ = non-zero vectors is equal to the
then what is the value of 9 2 9
4 sec θ + 4 tan θ? magnitude of their difference, then
9 3
⇒ 9 3 = 2h ⇒ h = which one of the following is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20 2
9 × 173
. 15.57
correct?
29 = = = 7.7 m
Ê (b) Given, cosec θ = 2 2
(a) The vectors are parallel
21 (b) The vectors are perpendicular
where, 0 < θ < 90° ∴Height of flagstaff
(c) The vectors are anti-parallel
H 29 = h + 9 = 7.7 + 9 (d) The vectors must be unit vectors
Qcosec θ = = = k (let) = 167 . m
P 21
Ê (b) Let a and b are the two non-zero
∴ H = 29k, P = 21 k 44. What is the length of the chord of a vectors.
∴ B = ( H )2 − ( P )2 = (29k )2 – (21k )2 unit circle which subtends an angle θ According to the question,
at the centre? |a + b| = |a − b|
= 841k 2 − 441k 2 θ θ
(a) sin   (b) cos   ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + 2a ⋅ b = a 2 + b 2 − 2a ⋅ b
= 400k 2 = 20k 2 2
θ θ ⇒ 4a ⋅ b = 0 ⇒ a ⋅ b = 0
H 29k 29 (c) 2 sin   (d) 2 cos  
∴sec θ = = = 2 2 So, a and b are perpendicular.
B 20k 20
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 7

48. Consider the following equations for Ê (b) Given,|a| = 1,|b| = 1 [Q Distance between two points ( x1, y1 )
We know that, and ( x2, y2 )
two vectors a and b.
|a − b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2a ⋅ b = | ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2|
1. (a + b) . (a − b) = | a| 2 − | b| 2
⇒|a − b| = 1 + 1 − 2 |a||b|cos θ
2
m2 cos 2 2β + m2 cos 2 2α
2. (| a + b| ) (| a − b| ) = | a| 2 − | b| 2
⇒|a − b|2 = 2 − 2 cos θ
= | − 2 m2 cos 2β cos 2α + m2 sin2 2β
3. | a ⋅ b| + | a × b| = | a 2 | b| 2 ⇒|a − b|2 = 2 (1 − cos θ)
+ m2 sin2 2α − 2 m2 sin 2β sin2α|
Which of the above statements are  θ
⇒|a − b|2 = 2  1 − 1 + 2 sin2 
correct?  2 (cos 2 2β + sin2 2β )
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Only 1 and 2  θ
= | m + (cos 2α + sin 2α )
2 2
⇒|a − b|2 = 2 ⋅  2 sin2 
(c) Only 1 and 3 (d) Only 2 and 3  2 − 2 (cos 2β cos 2α
Ê (c) I : (a + b ) ⋅ (a − b ) ⇒ sin2
θ |a − b|2
= + sin 2β sin 2α )|
= a ⋅ a − a ⋅ b + b⋅ a − b⋅ b 2 4
= | m 1 + 1 − 2 cos (2α − 2β )|
|a|2 − a . b + a . b − |b|2 51. The equation ax + by + c = 0 = | m 2 [1 − cos 2(α − β )]|
[Q a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a ] represents a straight line 2(α − β )
= | m 2 [1 − 1 + 2 sin2 |
= |a|2 − |b|2 (a) for all real numbers, a, b and c 2
(b) only when a ≠ 0
So, Statement 1 is correct. (c) only when b ≠ 0 = | m 2 × 2 sin2 (α − β )|
2. (|a + b|) (|a − b|) = |a + b||a − b| (d) only when at least one of a and b is = | 2 m sin (α − β )|
≠ |a|2 − |b|2 non-zero.
54. An equilateral triangle has one
Ê (d) The equation ax + by + c = 0
So, Statement 2 is not correct. vertex at ( −1, − 1) and another vertex
represents a straight line only when at
3.|a ⋅ b|2 + |a × b|2 = ||a||b|cos θ|2 at( − 3, 3 ). The third vertex may lie
least one of a and b is non zero.
+ ||a||b|sin θ|2 on
52. What is the angle between the lines
= |a | |b| cos θ + |a| |b|2 sin2 θ
2 2 2 2 (a) ( − 2 , 2 ) (b) ( 2 , − 2 )
x cos α + y sin α = a and (c) (1, 1) (d) (1, − 1)
= |a | |b| (cos θ + sin θ)
2 2 2 2
x sin β − y cos β = a ?
(a) β − α (b) π + β − α Ê (c) Consider two vertices of an equilateral
= |a |2 |b|2 [Q cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1] ( π + 2β + 2α ) ( π − 2β + 2α ) triangle are A( −1, − 1) and B( − 3, 3 ).
(c) (d) Let third vertex x be C ( x, y).
So, statement 3 is correct. 2 2
Hence, only Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Q ∆ABC is equilateral
Ê (d) The equations of given lines
x cos α + y sin α = a … (i) ∴ AC = AB ( x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2
49. Consider the following statements. and x sin β − y cos β = a … (ii)
1. The magnitude of a × b is same as − cos α = ( − 3 + 1)2 + ( 3 + 1)2
Slope of Eq. (i), m1 = = − cot α
the area of a triangle with sides a sin α ⇒ x + 1 + 2 x + y2 + 1 + 2 y
2

and b π  = 3 + 1− 2 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 3
= tan  + α 
2. If a × b = 0, where a ≠ 0 ,b ≠ 0, 2 
⇒ x 2 + y2 + 2 x + 2 y + 2 = 8
then a = λ b. Slope of Eq. (ii), m2 =
− sin β
= tan β
Which of the above statements is/are − cos β ⇒ x 2 + y2 + 2 x + 2 y = 6
correct? Let θ be the angle between the lines, then From option only point (1, 1) is satisfying
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 m − m2 of it equation. Hence, the third vertex may
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 tan θ = 1 lie on (1, 1).
1 + m1m2
Ê (b) 1. We know that, π  55. If the angle between the lines joining
Area of triangle with sides a and b tan  + α  − tan β
2  the end points of minor axis of the
1
= |a × b| =
1 + tan ( π − α ) tan β x2 y2
2 ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 with one of the
π 
So, statement 1 is not correct. tan θ = tan  + α − β  a b
2. a × b = 0, where a ≠ 0, b = 0, 2  π
π π + 2α − 2β its foci is , then what is the
So, a and b are parallel. θ= + α −β= 2
⇒ a = λb 2 2 eccentricity of the ellipse?
So, Statement 2 is correct. 1 1 3 1
53. What is the distance between the (a) (b) (c) (d)
Hence, only statement 2 is correct. points P (m cos 2α, m sin 2α ) and 2 2 2 2 2
50. If a and b are unit vectors and θ is the Q (m cos 2β, m sin 2 β )? x2 y2
Ê (b) Equation of the ellipse, 2 + 2 = 1
angle between them, then what is (a)|2 m sin (α − β )| (b)|2 m cos (α − β )| a b
(c)| m sin (2α − 2β )|
 θ End points of minor axis are
sin 2   equal to? (d)| m sin (2α − 2β )| ( 0, b ), ( 0, − b ) and one foci is ( ae, 0)
 2
Ê (a) Given points, p( m cos 2α, m sin 2α ) 0−b b
|a + b|2 |a − b|2 Slope of line BS = =− ( m1 )
(a) (b) and Q ( m cos 2β, m sin 2β ) ae − 0 ae
4 4 ( m cos 2β − mcos 2α )2 +
∴PQ = | 0+ b b
|a + b|2 |a − b|2 Slope of line B′ S = = ( m2 )
(c) (d) ( m sin 2β − m sin 2α )2| ae − 0 ae
2 2
8 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

According to the question, angle between From option, point (2, 5, 5) is satisfying 3 3 1
π ∴ l1 = , m1 = , n1 =
BS and B′ S is . the given equation of line. 4 4 2
2 Q 2 − 1 = 5 − 3 = 5 + 2 ⇒ 1 = 1 = 1 3 3 1
  and l 2 = − , m2 = − , n2 =
i.e. BS and B′ S are perpendicular, 1 2 7 4 4 2
∴ m1m2 = − 1 Hence, the coordinates of required point We know that,
−b b (2, 5, 5). cos θ = | l1l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2|
× = − 1 ⇒ b 2 = a 2e 2 … (i) 3 9 1
ae ae ⇒ cos θ = − − +
b2
58. If the line x − 4 = y − 2 = z − k lies 16 16 4
We know that, e = 1 − 2 1 1 2 −3 − 9 + 4 −8
a = =
on the plane 2x − 4y + z = 7, then 16 16
⇒ ae =a −b
2 2 2 2
what is the value of k? 1
⇒ a 2e 2 = a 2 − a 2e 2 [from Eq. (i)] cos θ = = cos 60°
(a) 2 (b) 3 2
⇒ 2 a 2e 2 = a 2 ⇒ e 2 =
1 (c) 5 (d) 7 ∴ θ = 60°
2 Ê (d) Equation of line
1 60. If the points ( x , y , − 3), (2, 0, − 1) and
⇒ e = x− 4 y−2 z−k
2 = = = =r C ( 4, 2, 3) lie on a straight line, then
1 1 2 what are the values of x and y
56. A point on a line has coordinates ∴ ( r + 4, r + 2, 2 r + k ) point lies on the respectively?
( p + 1, p − 3, 2p ) where p is any line. (a) 1, − 1 (b) −1, 1
This line lies on the plane (c) 0, 2 (d) 3, 4
real number. What are the direction
cosines of the line? 2 x − 4y + z = 7 Ê (a) Points, A( x, y, − 3), B (2, 0, − 1) and
1 1 1 1 1 1 Then, the point ( r + 4, r + 2, 2 r + k ) lies ( 4, 2, 3). These points lie on a straight
(a) , , (b) , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 on the plane, we get line, then direction ratios of AB = λ
1 1 1 2( r + 4) − 4 ( r + 2 ) + (2 r + k ) = 7 (direction ratios of BC )
(c) , ,−
2 2 2 ⇒ 2 r + 8 − 4r − 8 + 2 r + k = 7 ∴(2 − x, 0 − y, − 1 + 3)
(d) Cannot be determined due to ⇒ k=7 = ( 4 − 2, 2 − 0, 3 + 1)
insufficient data
Hence, the value of k is 7. ⇒ (2 − x, − y, 2 ) = (2, 2, 4)
Ê (d) Coordinate of a point on a line is ⇒ (2 − x, − y, 2 ) = 2(1, 1, 2 )
( p + 1, p − 3, 2 p), p is any real 59. A straight line passes through the
Comparing both sides,
number. point (1, 1, 1) makes an angle 60°
with the positive direction of Z -axis, 2 − x =1 ⇒ x = 1
Equation of a line, whose direction ratios
are a, b and c and passing through the and the cosine of the angles made by and − y = 1 ⇒ y = − 1
point ( x1, y1, z1 ) it with the positive directions of the 61. What is the minimum value of
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 Y -axis and the X -axis are in the ratio
= = =r a2 b2
a b c 3 : 1. What is the acute angle 2
+ where a > 0 and
∴ ( ar + x1, br + y1, cr + z1 ) any point on cos x sin 2 x
between the two possible positions
the line. b > 0?
of the line?
According to the questions, (a) ( a + b )2 (b) ( a − b )2
(a) 90° (b) 60° (c) a 2 + b 2 (d)| a 2 + b 2|
( ar + x1, br + y1, cr + z1 ) (c) 45° (d) 30°
a2 b2
= ( p + 1, p − 3, 2 p) Ê (b) Let the straight line makes the angle Ê (*) Let p = +
cos x sin2 x
2
∴ ar = p + 1 − x1 … (i) with X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis be α, β
and γ. = a 2 sec 2 x + b 2 cosec 2 x
br = p − 3 − y1 … (ii)
cos β 3 − 2 ab sec x cosec x
cr = 2 p − z1 …(iii) ∴γ = 60° and =
cos α 1 + 2 ab sec x cosec x
Squaring and adding of (i), (ii) and (iii)
= ( a sec x − b cos ec x )2
( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )r 2 = ( p + 1 − x1 )2 If l, m and n are the direction cosines of
the lines, then + 2 ab sec x cosec x
+ ( p − 3 − y1 ) + ( 2 p − z1 )
2 2
1
n = cos γ = cos 60° = For minimum value of p,
We can not find the values of a, b and c. 2
a sec x − b cos ec x = 0
Hence, the direction cosines of the line m cos β 3
and = = ⇒ a sec x = b cos ec x
can not be determined due to insufficient l cos α 1
sec x b
data. ⇒ =
m 3
⇒ = = k (Let) cos ec x a
57. A point on the line l 1 b
x −1 y −3 z +2 ∴ m = 3k, l = k ⇒ tan x =
= = a
1 2 7 We know that, l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 b a
∴ sin x = , cos x =
has coordinates 1
k 2 + 3k 2 + = 1 a + b
2 2
a + b2
2

(a) (3, 5, 4) (b) (2, 5, 5) 4 ∴Minimum value of p

(c) ( − 1, − 1, 5) (d) (2, − 1, 0) 1 3
⇒ 4k 2 = 1 − = a 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) b 2( a 2 + b 2 )
Ê (b) Equation of the line 4 4 = +
a2 b2
x−1 y− 3 z+ 2 3 3
= = ⇒ k2 = ⇒k=± = 2( a + b )
2 2
1 2 7 16 4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 9

A A
62. If the angles of a triangle ABC 65. If 2 tan A = 3 tan B = 1, then what is cos 2 − sin2
2 cos A
2 2
are in AP and b : c = 3 : 2, then tan ( A − B ) equal to? =
A A
=
A A
1 1 sin cos 2 sin cos
what is the measure of angle A? (a) (b) 2 2 2 2
5 6 2 cos A
(a) 30° (b) 45° = = 2 cot A
1 1 sin A
(c) 60° (d) 75° (c) (d)
Ê (d) Angles of a triangle ABC are in AP, 7 9 69. What is cot A + cosec A equal to?
then 2 B = A + C Ê (c) Given, 2 tan A = 3 tan B = 1  A
(a) tan  
 A
(b) cot  
We know that, A + B + C = 180° 1 1 2 2
∴tan A = , tan B =
⇒ 3B = 180° ⇒ B = 60° 2 3  A  A
(c) 2 tan   (d) 2 cot  
sin A sin B sin C Now, tan ( A − B) 2 2
By sine rule, = =
a b c tan A − tan B Ê (b) cot A + cos ec A
=
sin A sin 60° sin C 1 + tan A tan B cos A + 1
⇒ = = =
cos A
+
1
=
a b c 1 1 3−2 sin A sin A sin A
sin 60° sin C −
= 2 3 1
Take II and III, = = 6 = A
b c  1  1 6+1 7 2 cos 2 − 1+ 1
1+     = 2
sin 60° b 3 /2 3  2   3 6 A A
⇒ = ⇒ = 2 sin cos
sin C c sin C 2 2 2
66. What is cos 80° + cos 40° − cos 20°
[Q Given, b : c = 3 : 2 ] equal to? 2 cos 2
A
cos
A
2 2  A
3 2 1 = = = cot  
⇒ sin C = × = (a) 2 (b) 1 A A A 2
2 3 2 (c) 0 (d) −19 2 sin cos sin
2 2 2
⇒ sin C = sin 45° ⇒ C = 45° Ê (c) cos 80° + cos 40° − cos 20°
∴ A = 180° − ( B + C ) 70. What is tan 25° tan 15° + tan 15°
= 180° − ( 60° + 45° ) = 75° 80° + 40° 80° − 40° tan 50° + tan 25° tan 50° equal to?
= 2 cos . cos
2 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
63. If tan A − tan B = x and − cos20° (c) 2 (d) 4
cot B − cot A = y , then what is the Ê (b)Q tan 50° = tan( 90° − 40° )
= 2 cos 60° cos 20° − cos 20°
value of cot ( A − B )? 1
= 2 × cos 20° − cos 20° ⇒ tan 50° = cot 40°
1 1 1 1
(a) + (b) − 2 1
x y y x ⇒ tan 50° =
xy 1 = cos 20° − cos 20° = 0 tan 40°
(c) (d) 1 + 1
x + y xy 67. If angle C of a triangle ABC is a right ⇒ tan 50° =
tan (25° + 15° )
Ê (a) Given, tan A − tan B = x … (i) angle, then what is tan A + tan B
1 − tan25° tan15°
andcot B − cot A = y … (ii)
equal to ? ⇒ tan 50° =
a −b 2 2
a 2 tan25° + tan15°
From Eq. (i), tan A − tan B = x (a) (b)
ab bc ⇒ tan25° tan 50°+ tan15° tan 50°
1 1
⇒ − = x b2 c2 = 1 − tan25° tan15°
cot A cot B (c) (d)
ca ab ⇒ tan25° tan15° + tan15° tan 50°
cot B − cot A
⇒ = x Ê (d) In ∆ABC , ∠C = 90° + tan25° tan 50° = 1
cot A cot B
∴ c 2 = a2 + b 2
y 71. What is the area of the region
⇒ cot A cot B = [from Eq. (ii)] [by Pythagoras theorem] … (i)
x a b bounded by | x | < 5, y = 0 and y = 8?
cot A cot B + 1 tan A = , tan B = (a) 40 sq units (b) 80 sq units
Now, cot ( A − B) = b a
(c) 120 sq units (d) 160 sq units
cot B − cot A Now, tan A + tan B = +
a b
y b a Ê (b) Given curve y = 0 and y = 8 and
+1 a2 + b 2 c 2 | x| < 5
y+ x 1 1 = = [from Eq. (i)]
= x = = +
y xy x y ab ab Case I When x < 0, then

64. What is 68. What is cot  A  − tan  A  equal area of the region bounded
 2  2 0 0
= ∫−5 0 dx − ∫−5 8 dx = 0 − 8 [ x]−5
0
sin (α + β ) − 2 sin α cos β +
sin (α − β ) equal to? to?
= − 8 [0 + 5] = − 40
(a) 0 (b) 2 sin α (a) tan A (b) cot A
(c) 2 tan A (d) 2 cot A = 40 sq units
(c) 2 sin β (d) sin α + sin β
A A [Qarea will not be negative]
Ê (a) sin (α + β ) − 2 sin α cos β Ê (d) cot − tan
2 2 Case II when x > 0, then
+ sin (α − β ) A A Area of the region bounded
cos sin
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β 5 5
= 2 − 2 = ∫0 0 dx − ∫0 8 dx = 0 − 8 [ x]0
5
− 2 sin α cos β + sin α cos β A A
sin cos
− cos α sin β = 0 2 2 = − 8[5 − 0] = − 40 = 40 sq units
10 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

∴Required area = 40 + 40 = 80 sq units 74. What is the degree of the differential Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 76-78)
Y Given curve y = me mx where m > 0
equation
y=8
2 d y 
2
d 3y  dy  4 QCurve intersects Y-axis at a point P, then
+   − x   = 0? x=0
dx 3  dx   dx 4 
Case I Case II ∴ y = me 0 ⇒ y = m
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 ∴Point P ( 0, m)
Now, differentiation w.r.t x of given curve,
X¢ y=0 X Ê (a) Given differential equation, dy
d 3y  dy 
2
 d 4 y = m.e mx . m
+   − x2  4  = 0 dx
x=–5 x=5 3
dx  dx   dx  dy
= m2e mx
Y¢ 1  d 3y
2
d4y 1  dy  dx
⇒ −  3 − 2   = 0
72. Consider the following statements in dx 4
x  dx 
2
x  dx  at point P( 0, m),
dy
= m2e 0 = m2
respect of the function dx
We know that power of the heighest order
 1 Ê 76. (b) Slope of the curve at the point
f ( x ) = sin   for x ≠ 0 andf (0) = 0 : of differentiation is the degree of
x differential equation. P( 0, m)
1. lim f ( x ) exists  dy 
So, the degree of it equation is 1. =   at point P ( 0, m) = m2
x→ 0  dx 
2. f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0 75. Which one of the following is the
second degree polynomial function Ê 77. (c) Let the tangent makes the angle
Which of the above statement is/are with X-axis be θ, then
correct? f ( x ) where, f (0) = 5, f ( −1) = 10 and  dy 
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 f (1) = 6? tan θ =   at P ( 0, m)
 dx 
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) 5x 2 − 2 x + 5 (b) 3x 2 − 2 x − 5
sin 1 , x ≠ 0 (c) 3x 2 − 2 x + 5 (d) 3x 2 − 10x + 5 ⇒ tan θ = m2 ⇒ θ = tan−1 m2

Ê (d) Given, f( x) =  x Ê (c) From the option (c), Now, the tangent will make the angle with
 0 ,x=0 Y-axis
f( x ) = 3 x 2 − 2 x + 5
 1  1  π π
LHL = lim sin  = lim sin  f( 0) = 3( 0)2 − 2( 0) + 5 = −θ = − tan−1 m2
x→ 0−  x  h→ 0  0 − h  2 2
=5 π
 1
= lim − sin  = − sin ∞ = cot −1 m2 Q tan−1 x + cot −1 x = 
h→ 0  h f( −1) = 3( −1)2 − 2( −1) + 5  2 
= − (a rational number) = 3 + 2 + 5 = 10  1 
[Q sin θ lies between −1to1] = sin−1  
and f(1) = 3(1)2 − 2(1) + 5  1 + m4 
 1  1   
RHL = lim sin  = lim sin  = 3−2 + 5= 6
x→ 0 +  x  h → 0  0 + h   
Hence, the required polynomial  1 
 1 Q cot −1 x = sin
= lim sin  = sin ∞ f( x ) = 3 x 2 − 2 x + 5.   1 + m2  
h→ 0  h   
= a rational number Ê 78. (d) Equation of tangent to curve at P is
[Q sin θ lies between − 1to1] Directions (Q. Nos. 76-78) Read the  dy 
y − y1 =   ( x − x1 )
Q LHL ≠ RHL following information and answer the  dx  ( x
1 , y1 )
So, f( x ) does not exists. three items that follow .
A curve y = memx where m > 0 intersects ⇒ y − m = m2 ( x − 0)
Q f( x ) = 0 at x = 0
⇒ y = m2 x + m
∴LHL ≠ RHL ≠ f( 0) Y-axis at a point P.
So, f( x ) is not continuous. 76. What is the slope of the curve at the
Hence, the statements neither 1 nor 2 Directions (Q. Nos. 79 and 80) Read
point of intersection P? the following information and answer
correct.
(a) m (b) m2 the two items that follow.
73. What is the value of lim sin x ° ? (c) 2 m (d) 2 m2
Let f ( x ) = x 2, g( x ) = tan x and
x→ 0 tan 3x ° 77. How much angle does the tangent at h( x ) = log x.
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 P make with y-axis? 79. π
4 3 2 (a) tan−1 m2 For x = , what is the value of
 sin x  2
sin x °  x×  (b) cot −1(1 + m2 )
=  x  [ho( gof )]( x )?
Ê (b) lim
x→ 0 tan 3 x °
lim
x→ 0 tan 3 x    π π
(c) sin−1  
3x × 1 (a) 0 (b) 1 (b) (d)
 3x   1 + m4  4 2
 
 sin x 
  (d) sec −1 1 + m4 80. What is [ fo( fof )](2) equal to ?
1  x  1
= lim =
3 x→ 0  tan 3 x  3 (a) 2 (b) 8
  78. What is the equation of tangent to
 3x  (c) 16 (d) 256
the curve at P ?
Q lim sin θ = 1 and lim tanθ = 1 Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 79 and 80) Given,
 (a) y = mx + m (b) y = − mx + 2 m f( x ) = x , g ( x ) = tan x and h( x ) = log x
2
 θ → 0 θ θ→0 θ
(c) y = m2x + 2 m (d) y = m2x + m
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 11

Ê 79. (a) ( gof ) ( x) = g { f( x)} = tan x

2 Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get
Ê (d) Suppose,
dx  1
Now, [ho( gof )] ( x ) = h {( gof )( x )} I= ∫ x (1 + ln x)n (where n ≠ 1)
dy
(1 + log x ).1 − x  0 + 
 x
= log (tan x 2 ) =
π Let 1 + ln x = t
dx (1 + log x )2
for x =
dy 1 + log x − 1
2 Diff. w.r.t. x, we get =
 π  π 1 dt dx dx (1 + log x )2
[ho( gof )]   = log tan   0+ = ⇒ = dt
 2   4 x dx x dy log x
=
= log 1 = 0 dt t −n + 1 dx (1 + log x )2
∴ I=∫ n= +c
t −n+1
Ê 80.(d) ( fof ) ( x) = f{ f( x)} dy
Ê 84. (a)Q =
log x
= (x ) = x
2 2 4
=−
1
+c
dx (1 + log x )2
( n − 1) t n −1 dy log 1
Now, [fo( fof )] ( x ) = f{( fof ) ( x )} At x = 1, =
1 dx (1 + log 1)2
= ( x 4 )2 = x 8 =− +c
( n − 1) (1 + log x )n − 1 0
∴[fo( fof )] (2 ) = 2 = 256
8 =0 = [Q log 1 = 0]
1
83. Which one of the following is the dy log x
81. What is Ê 85. (b)Q =
∫
dx
equal to? differential equation that represents dx (1 + log x )2
2x 2 − 2x + 1 1
the family of curves y = 2 , Differentiation. w.r.t. x, we get
tan−1(2 x − 1) 2x − C
(a) +c 1
2 (1 + log x )2. − (log x ).
−1 where C is an arbitrary constant? x
(b) 2 tan (2 x − 1) + c
dy dy 1  1
tan−1 (2 x + 1) (a) = 4 xy 2 (b) = 2 (1 + log x )  0 + 
(c) +c 
dx dx y d 2y x
−1
2 =
(d) tan (2 x − 1) + c (c)
dy
= x 2 y (d)
dy
= − 4 xy 2 dx 2 (1 + log x )4
dx dx dx
Ê (d) Let I = ∫ 2
1
(1 + log x ) (1 + log x − 2 log x )
2x −2x + 1 Ê (d) The differential equation of family of = x
1 dx 1 (1 + log x )4
= ∫ curves y = … (i)
2 x2 − x + 1 2 x2 − C 1
(1 + log x ) (1 − log x )
2 (where, C is any arbitrary constant) = x
1 dx (1 + log x )4
= ∫ Differentiation w.r.t. x of Eq. (i)
2 x2 − x + 1 − 1 + 1 d 2y ( + 0) (1 − 0)
11
dy 1 d At x = 1 = =1
4 4 2 =− (2 x 2 − C )
1 dx dx (2 x − C )
2 2
dx dx 2 (1 + 0)4
= ∫ 2
2  1 1 dy
x−  + ⇒ = − y 2. ( 4 x − 0)
 2 4 dx Directions (Q.Nos. 86-88) Read the
1 dx dy following information and answer the
= ∫ ⇒ = − 4 xy 2, it is required differential
2  2 2 dx three items that follow.
1  1
x−  +   equation. Consider the function
 2 2 f ( x ) = g( x ) + h( x )
 1   x
  x − 2  
−1 
Directions (Q. Nos. 84 and 85) Read where, g( x ) = sin  
1
= .2 tan  +c the following information and answer  4
2  1   4x
 2 
the two items that follow. and h( x ) = cos  
Consider the equation x y = ex − y  5
 dx 1 x
Q ∫ 2 = tan−1  dy 86. What is the period of the function
 a + x2 a a 84. What is at x = 1 equal to?
= tan−1(2 x − 1) + c
dx g ( x )?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) π (b) 2 π
82. What is (c) 2 (d) 4 (c) 4 π (d) 8 π
∫ x (1 + ln x )n
dx
equal to 2
d y
85. What is at x = 1 equal to? 87. What is the period of the function
dx 2
(n ≠ 1)? (a) 0 (b) 1 h ( x )?
1 (c) 2 (d) 4 4π
(a) +c (a) π (b)
( n − 1) (1 + ln x )n − 1 Solutions (Q. Nos 84 and 85) 5
1− n Given equation, x y = e x − y 5π 3π
(b) +c (c) (d)
2 2
(1 + ln x )1 − n On taking log both sides, we get
n+1 y log x = ( x − y) log e 88. What is the period of the function
(c) +c
(1 + ln x )n + 1 ⇒ y log x = x − y[Q loge e = 1] f (x ) ?
1 (a) 10 π (b) 20 π
(d) − +c ⇒ (1 + log x ) y = x ⇒ y =
x
( n − 1) (1 + ln x )n − 1 (1 + log x ) (c) 40 π (d) 80 π
12 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

Ê 89. (b) f( x) is increasing, if f ′( x) ≥ 0 Ê 92. (d) 1. f[g ( x)] = 25 x + 310 x + 955

2
Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 86-88)
Given, f( x ) = g ( x ) + h( x ), 12 x − 60 x − 24 x + 288 ≥ 0
3 2
f[g ( x )] is a polynomial of degree 2.
 x
where, g ( x ) = sin   and ⇒ x 3 − 5 x 2 − 2 x + 24 ≥ 0 So, Statement 1 is not correct.
 4
⇒ ( x + 2 )( x 2 − 7 x + 12 ) ≥ 0 2. g [g ( x )] = 25 x + 180
 4x
h( x ) = cos   ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3) ( x − 4) ≥ 0
 5 g [g ( x )] is a polynomial of degree 1.
∴ x ≤ − 2, x ≥ 3, x ≥ 4 So, Statement 2 is not correct.
 x
Ê 86. (d) g ( x) = sin   Hence, f( x ) is increasing the interval Hence, the Statement neither 1 nor 2
4
( 3, 4). correct.
 x + 8π 
g ( x + 8 π ) = sin  
 4  Ê 90. (a) f( x) is decreasing, if f ′( x) ≤ 0 Ê 93. (b) Given, h( x) = 5f( x) − xg ( x)
 x 12 x 3 − 60 x 2 − 24 x + 288 ≤ 0 = 5( x 2 + 2 x − 5) − x ( 5 x + 30)
= sin  2 π + 
 4 ⇒ x 3 − 5 x 2 − 2 x + 24 ≤ 0 = 5 x 2 + 10 x − 25 − 5 x 2 − 30 x
 x ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 − 7 x + 12 ) ≤ 0 = − 20 x − 25
= sin   = g ( x )
 4
⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3) ( x − 4) ≤ 0 Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get
∴ Period of the function g ( x ) = 8 π ∴ x ≥ − 2, x ≤ 3, x ≤ 4 h′ ( x ) = − 20
 4x Hence f( x ) is decreasing the interval Hence, derivative of h( x ) is −20.
Ê 87. (c) h( x) = cos   ( −2, 3).
5
 5π  4 5π 
Directions (Q.Nos. 94 and 95) Read
hx+  = cos  x +  Directions (Q.Nos. 91-93) Read the the following information and answer
 2  5 2 
following information and answer the the questions given below.
 4x
= cos  2 π +  two items that follow . Consider the integrals
 5 π
Let f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 5 I1 = ∫
xdx
and
 
4 x 0 1 + sin x
= cos   = h( x ) and g( x ) = 5x + 30
 5 π (π − x )dx
5π 91. What are the roots of the equation I2 = ∫
∴ Pperiod of the function h( x ) = 0 1 − sin (π + x )
2 g [( f ( x )] = 0?
Ê 88. (c) f( x) = g ( x) + h( x) (a) 1, − 1 (b) −1, − 1 94. What is the value of I 1?
 x  4x (c) 1, 1 (d) 0, 1 π
= sin   + cos   (a) 0 (b) (c) π (d) 2 π
 4  5 92. Consider the following statements. 2
 x + 40 π  4
f( x + 40 π ) = sin   + cos 1. f [ g ( x )] is a polynomial of degree 95. What is the value of I 1 + I 2 ?
 4  5
3. π
( x + 40 π ) (a) 2 π (b) π (c) (d) 0
2. g [ g ( x )] is a polynomial of degree
 x  4x 2
= sin 10 π +  + cos  32 π +  2.
 4  5
Which of the above statements is/are Ê Solutions (Q.Nos. 94 and 95)
 x  4x π xdx
= sin 5 × 2 π +  + cos  16 × 2 π +
 4  5
 correct? Given, I1 = ∫0 1 + sin x,
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
 x  4x ( π − x ) dx
= sin   + cos   = f( x ) (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 π
 4  5 I2 = ∫0 1 − sin ( π +
∴Period of the function f( x ) = 40 π
93. If h( x ) = 5 f ( x ) − xg ( x ), then what x)
π xdx
is the derivative of h ( x )?
(a) −40 (b) −20
I1 = ∫0 1 + sin x
…(i)
Directions (Q. Nos. 89 and 90) Read (c) −10 (d) 0 π ( π − x ) dx
the following information and answer
Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 91-93) Given,
= ∫0 1 + sin ( π − x)
the two items that follow.
f( x ) = x + 2 x − 5, g ( x ) = 5 x + 30
2
Q f( x ) dx = f( a − x ) dx 
a a
 ∫0 ∫0
consider the function
∴g [f( x )] = 5( x 2 + 2 x − 5) + 30 
f ( x ) = 3x 4 − 20 x 3 − 12x 2 + 288 x + 1
= 5 x 2 + 10 x + 5 π ( π − x ) dx
I1 = ∫ … (ii)
89. In which one of the following f[g ( x )] = ( 5 x + 30)2 + 2( 5 x + 30) − 5 0 1 + sin x

intervals is the function increasing? = 25 x 2 + 900 + 300 x + 10 x + 60 − 5 Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(a) ( −2, 3) (b) ( 3, 4) π ( x + π − x ) dx π π dx
= 25 x 2 + 310 x + 955 2 I1 = ∫ =∫
(c) ( −3, − 2 ) (d) ( −4, − 3)
and g [g ( x )] = 5( 5 x + 30) + 30
0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x
90. In which one of the following = 25 x + 180 π (1 − sin x ) dx
intervals is the function decreasing?
= π ∫0 (1 − sin2 x )
Ê 91. (b) The equation, g [f( x)] = 0
(a) ( −2, 3) (b) (3, 4) 5 x + 10 x + 5 = 0
2 π (1 − sin x ) dx
(c) (4, 6) (d) (6, 9)
⇒ x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
= π ∫0 cos 2 x
Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 89 and 90) π
= π ∫0 (sec x − sec x tan x ) dx
2
Given function, ⇒ ( x + 1)2 = 0
f( x ) = 3 x 4 − 20 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 288 x + 1 ∴ x = − 1, − 1 = π [tan x − sec x ]π0
Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get Hence, the roots of this equation are = π [(tan π − sec π )
f ′ ( x ) = 12 x 3 − 60 x 2 − 24 x + 288 −1, − 1. − (tan 0 − sec 0)
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 13

= π [( 0 + 1) − ( 0 − 1)] 98. For what value of k is the function 100. x 3 5x 2

2 I1 = π (1 + 1) = 2 π  If f ( x ) = − + 6x + 7 increases
1 3 2
⇒ I1 = π 2x + , x < 0 in the interval T and decreases in the
π ( π − x ) dx  4
Now, I2 = ∫  interval S, then which one of the
0 1 − sin ( π + x ) f ( x ) = k , x = 0 continuous?
following is correct?
π ( π − π + x ) dx  2
= ∫0 1 − sin ( π − π −   x + 1 , x > 0 (a) T = ( −∞, 2 ), ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) and S = (2, 3)
x)
  (b) T = φ and S = ( −∞, ∞ )
2
(c) T = ( −∞, ∞ ) and S = φ
Q af( x ) dx = a
x ) dx 
 ∫0 ∫0 f ( a − 1 1 (d) T = (2, 3) and S = ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
4 2 x3 5 x2
π xdx Ê (a) Given, f( x) = − + 6x + 7
= ∫0 1 − sin ( − x ) Ê (a) Given, 3 2
π
 1 Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
xdx 2 x + , x < 0
= ∫0 1 + sin x [Q sin (− θ) = sin θ]  4 f ′( x) =
3 x2 5
− . 2 x + 6 = x2 − 5 x + 6
f( x ) =  k , x = 0 continuous. 3 2
= I1 = π  2 Q f( x ) is increases in interval T,
π xdx   x +  , x > 0
1
Ê 94. (c) I1 = ∫0 1 + sin x = π   2
∴ f ′( x) ≥ 0
⇒ x2 − 5 x + 6 ≥ 0
 1
Ê 95. (a) I1 + I2 = π + π = 2 π LHL = lim f( x ) = lim  2 x +  ⇒ x2 − 3 x − 2 x + 6 ≥ 0
x → 0− h → 0−  4
⇒ x( x − 3) − 2 ( x − 3) ≥ 0
96. The differential equation which
= lim 2( 0 − h) +
1
⇒ ( x − 3) ( x − 2 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 2, x ≥ 3
represents the family of curves given h→ 0  4 
∴ T = ( − ∞,2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
by tan y = C (1 − e x ) is  1 1
= lim  −2 h +  = Again, f( x ) is decreases in interval S.
h → 0 4 4
(a) e tan ydx + (1 − e ) dy = 0
x x
∴ f ′( x) ≤ 0
(b) e x tan ydx + (1 − e x ) sec 2 ydy = 0 and f( 0) = k ⇒ x2 − 5 x + 6 ≤ 0
(c) e x (1 − e x ) dx + tan ydy = 0 Q The function f( x ) is continuous at x = 0
⇒ x2 − 3 x − 2 x + 6 ≤ 0
(d) e x tan ydy + (1 − e x ) dx = 0 ∴ LHL = f( 0) = RHL
1 ⇒ x( x − 3) − 2( x − 3) ≤ 0
Ê (b) The equation of the family of curves. ⇒ LHL = f( 0) ⇒ =k
4 ⇒ ( x − 3) ( x − 2 ) ≤ 0
tan y = C (1 − e ) x
… (i)
1 ⇒ 2 < x < 3 ⇒ x ∈ (2, 3)
Hence, k =
Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get 4 ∴ S = (2, 3)
dy
sec 2 y . = C(0 − e x ) 99. What is the area of the region
dx 101. A coin is biased so that heads comes
⇒ sec 2 y .
dy
= − Ce x … (ii)
enclosed between the curve y 2 = 2x up thrice as likely as tails. For three
dx and the straight line y = x ? independent tosses of a coin, what is
EleminatingC from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 4 the probability of getting at most
(a) sq unit (b) sq unit
dy tan y 3 3 two tails?
sec 2 y. = − e x 1
dx (1 − e x ) (c) sq unit (d) 1 sq unit (a) 0.16 (b) 0.48
3 (c) 0.58 (d) 0.98
⇒ (1 − e ) sec y dy = − e tan y. dx
x 2 x

Ê (a) Equations of curves, Ê (d) Let X be a random variable, it

⇒ e x tan y dx + (1 − e x ) sec 2 y dy = 0 y2 = 2 x … (i) represents of the number tail comes of
three tosses of a coin.
97. What is the derivative of 2(sin x ) 2
and y= x … (ii)
∴Possible value of X are 0, 1, 2, 3.
with respect to sin x? From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
According to the question, the coin is
2 y 2 = 2 y ⇒ y( y − 2 ) = 0
(a) sin x 2 (sin x ) ln 4 biased in which the probability to comes
(b) 2 sin x 2 (sin x ) ln 4
2 ∴ y = 0, 2 head is thrice as likely as tails.
2  3 1
2
y2 ∴P(H) = and P(T) =
(c) ln (sin x ) 2 (sin x )
2
∴Required area = ∫0  2 − y dy

4 4
(d) 2 sin x cos x 2 (sin x ) 3
 3 27
(sin x )2
2 P(X = 0) = P({HHH}) =   =
Ê (a) Derivative of 2 with respect to  1 y3 y2   4 64
= . − 
sin x 2 3 2 0 P( X = 1) = P (2 heads and 1 tail)
d (sin x )2 2 d
2 2 (sin x ) log 2 (sin x )2 1 (2 )2  = P({HHT}) + P ({HTH}) + P({THH})
= dx = dx =  (2 )3 − −0 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
d cos x  6 2  = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
(sin x ) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
dx 8 4 8 − 12
2 = − = 27
2 (sin x ) log 2. 2 sin x.cos x 6 2 6 =
= 64
cos x 4 −2 2
2
=− = = sq unit P( X = 2 ) = P (1 head and 2 tails)
= 2 log 2. (sin x ). 2 (sin x ) 6 3 3
= P({HTT}) + P({THT}) + P({TTH})
2 (∴area will not be negative)
= sin x. 2 (sin x ) .log 4
14 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 1
= ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 104. Arithmetic mean of 10 observations and r=− or −
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 2
is 60 and sum of squares of
=
9 = − 0.5
deviations from 50 is 5000. What is
64
the standard deviation of the 107. The class marks in a frequency table
∴Required probability
observations? are given to be 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,
= P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2 )
(a) 20 (b) 21 40, 45, 50. The class limits of the first
27 9 27
= + + (c) 22.36 (d) 24.70 five classes are
64 64 64
63 Ê (a) Arithmetic mean of 10 observations (a) 3-7, 7-13, 13-17, 17-23, 23-27
= = 0.98 = 60 (b) 2.5-7.5, 7.5-12.5, 12.5-17.5,
64
∴Σxi = 60 × 10 = 600 Q x = Σxi  17.5-22.5, 22.5-27.5
 n  (c) 1.5-8.5, 8.5-11.5, 11.5,-18.5,
102. A bag contains 20 books out of
If, A = 50, then Σd i = 5000
2 18.5-21.5, 21.5-28.5
which 5 are defective. If 3 of the (d) 2-8, 8-12, 12-18, 18-22, 22-28
books are selected at random and Q d i = xi − A
∴ Σd i = Σ( xi − A ) = Σxi − AΣ1 Ê (b) Given, class marks in a frequency
removed from the bag in succession table are
without replacement, then what is = 600 − 50 × n [Q Σ1 = n]
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50.
the probability that all three books = 600 − 50 × 10 = 100
Let L1 and L2 be the lower limit and upper
are defective? 2
Σd i2  Σd i  limit of first interval.
Now, SD = − 
(a) 0.009 (b) 0.016 n  n  L + L2 L + L2
(c) 0.026 (d) 0.047 Q Class mark = 1 5= 1
2 2 2
5000  100 
Ê (a) Total books in bag = 20 = −  ⇒ L1 + L2 = 10 … (i)
10  10 
Defective books = 5 and L2 − L1 = Class interval
= 500 − 100 = 400 = 20
∴Undefective books = 20 − 5 = 15 or L2 − L1 = 5 … (ii)
∴ Probability to selected three books are 105. If p and q are the roots of the Solving Eq. (i) and (ii),
defective without replacement
equation x 2 − 30x + 221 = 0, what is L2 = 7.5 and L1 = 2.5
5 4 3
= × × the value of p 3 + q 3 ? ∴Class limit of first classes is 2.5 − 7.5
20 19 18
Similarly find class limit of other classes.
6 (a) 7010 (b) 7110
= Hence, class limits of the first five classes
684 (c) 7210 (d) 7240
are
= 0.0087 = 0.009 Ê (b) Since, p and q are the roots of the
equation 2.5 − 7.5, 7.5 − 12.5, 12.5 − 17.5,
103. The median of the observations 22, x 2 − 30 x + 221 = 0 17.5 − 22.5, 22.5 − 27.5.
24, 33, 37, x + 1, x + 3, 46, 47, 57, 58 in
∴ p + q = 30 and pq = 221 108. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and
ascending order is 42. What are the
Now, p3 + q 3 = ( p + q ) ( p2 + q 2 − pq ) variance is 8.24. If three of the five
values of 5th and 6th observations
respectively? = 30 [ p2 + q 2 + 2 pq − 3 pq ] observations are 1, 2 and 6, then what
are the other two observations?
(a) 42, 45 (b) 41, 43 = 30 [( p + q )2 − 3 pq ]
(c) 43, 46 (d) 40, 40 (a) 9, 16 (b) 9, 4
= 30 [( 30)2 − 663] (c) 81, 16 (d) 81, 4
Ê (b) The observations in ascending order
are = 30 [900 − 663] Ê (b) Let x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 are five
22, 24, 33, 37, x + 1, x + 3, 46, 47, 57, 58 = 30 × 237 = 7110 observations.
Here, n = 10 ∴ x1 = 1, x2 = 2 , and x3 = 6
106. For the variables x and y, the two x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
∴Median
regression lines are 6x + y = 30 and ∴ x= 1
N 5
Value of the observations + 3x + 2y = 25. What are the values of
2 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
x , y and r respectively? ⇒ 4.4 =
N  5
Values of  + 1 th observations 20 35
, − 0.5
20 35
2  (a) , (b) , , 0.5 ⇒ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 22
= 3 9 3 9
2
(c)
35 20
, , − 0.5 (d)
35 20
, , 0.5 ⇒ 1 + 2 + 6 + x4 + x5 = 22
Value of 5th observations + 9 3 9 3 ⇒ x4 + x5 = 22 − 9
⇒ 42 =
Value of 6th observation Ê (c) Given lines, 6 x + y = 30 …(i) ⇒ x4 + x5 = 13 …(i)
2
and 3 x + 2 y = 25 …(ii) and variance,
⇒ 84 = x + 1 + x + 3 where, x and y are two variables. ( x1 − x )2 + ( x2 − x )2 + ( x3 − x )2 +
⇒ 2 x = 84 − 4 Solving these equations, ( x4 − x )2 + ( x5 − x )2
80 σ2 =
⇒ x= = 40 35
x = , and y =
20 5
2 9 3
∴ 5th observation = x + 1 = 40 + 1 = 41 (1 − 4.4)2 + (2 − 4.4)2 + ( 6 − 4.4)2 +
These lines are regression,
and 6th observation ( x4 − 4.4)2 + ( x5 − 4.4)2
35 20 . =
⇒ 824
= x + 3 = 40 + 3 = 43 Then, x = , y = 5
9 3
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 15

⇒ 824
. × 5 = 1156. + 576 . + 2.56 111. Two Ê (c) Let E1, E 2 and E 3 represent the events
dice are thrown
+ ( x4 − 4.4)2 + (13 − x4 − 4.4)2 simultaneously. What is the of two-headed coin, a fair coin and
[from Eq. (i)] probability that the sum of the biased coin respectively.
1 1 1
⇒ 4120
. = 19.88 + ( x4 − 4.4)2 + ( 8.6 − x4 )2 numbers appearing on them is a ∴P( E1 ) = , P( E 2 ) = , P( E 3 ) =
prime number? 2 2 4
⇒ 4120
. − 19.88 = x42 + 19.36 − 8.8 x4  E 1  E 1  E 1
5 1 P  = , P  = , P  =
+ 73.96 + x42 − 17.2 x (a) (b)
12 2  E1  2  E 2  2  E 3  4
⇒ 2132
. = 2 x42 − 26 x4 + 93.32 7 2
(c) (d) Apply Baye’s theorem,
⇒ 2 x42 − 26 x4 + 72 = 0 12 3
 E
⇒ x42 − 13 x4 + 36 = 0 Ê (a) Total number of sample space of two P( E1 ) ⋅ P  
dice are thrown, n( s ) = 6 × 6 = 36 E   E1 
⇒ x42 − 9 x4 − 4 x4 + 36 = 0 P 1  =
 E  E  E
⇒ x4 ( x4 − 9) − 4 ( x4 − 9) = 0 Total number of favourable outcomes the P( E1 ) ⋅ P   + P( E 2 ) ⋅ P  
sum of numbers appearing on them is a  E1   E2 
⇒ ( x4 − 9) ( x4 − 4) = 0
∴ x4 = 4, 9 prime number.  E
+ P( E 3 ) ⋅ P  
From Eq. (i), x5 = 9, 4 (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3),  E3 
Hence, other two observations are 9 (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), 1 1 1
and 4. (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5) .
= 2 2 = 4
∴ n( E ) = 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. + . + . + +
1
109. If a coin is tossed till the first head
n( E ) 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 16
appears, then what will be the ∴Required probability =
n(S ) 1
sample space? 4
15 5 = 4 =
(a) {H} (b) {TH} = = 4+ 4+1 9
(c) {T, HT, HHT, HHHT, ………} 36 12
16
(d) {H, TH, TTH, TTTH, ………} 112. If 5 of a Company’s 10 delivery
Ê (a) A coin is tossed till the first head trucks do not meet emission
114. Consider the following statements:
appears, then the sample space will be 1. If A and B are mutually exclusive
standards and 3 of them are chosen
= {H}
for inspection, then what is the events, then it is possible that
110. Consider the following discrete probability that none of the trucks P ( A ) = P ( B ) = 06.
.
frequency distribution. chosen will meet emission 2. If A and B are any two events
standards? such that P ( A / B ) = 1, then
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 3 P ( B / A ) = 1.
(a) (b)
f 3 15 45 57 5 36 25 9 8 8
0
Which of the above statement is/are
1 1
(c) (d) correct?
What is the value of median of the 12 4 (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
distribution? Ê (c) Total trucks of a company’s = 10 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 Number of trucks that do not meet Ê (b) Statement 1 : A and B are mutually
emission standards = 5 exclusive events, then P( A ∩ B) = 0
Ê (b)
x f C
Number of trucks that are chosen for ∴P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B)
inspection = 3 = 0.6 + 0.6
1 3 3 5
C
2 15 18 ∴Required probability = 10 3 = 1.2 , it is not possible
C3
3 45 63 So, Statement 1 is not correct.
5!
4 57 120 Statement 2 : A and B are any two events
5 !7 !
5 50 170 = 3 !2 ! = such that
10 ! 10 !2 !
6 36 236  A
7 25 261 3 !7 ! P  = 1
5⋅ 4⋅ 3 1  B
8 9 270 = =
10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 12 P( A ∩ B)
N = 270 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ P( A ∩ B) = P( B) … (i)
P( B)
Here, N = 270 113. There are 3 coins in a box. One is a
∴Median ∴P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
two-headed coin; another is a fair
N coin; and third is biased coin that P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( B)
Value of th term + value of
2 comes up heads 75% of time. When [from Eq. (i)]
N  one of the three coins is selected at ⇒ P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) … (ii)
 + 1 th term
2  random and flipped, it shows heads.  B  P( B ∩ A ) P( A ∪ B)
= Now, P   = =
2 What is the probability that it was  A P( A ) P( A )
Value of 135th term + Value of the two-headed coin? 1 − P ( A ∪ B) 1 − P( A )
136th term 2 1 = = =1
= (a) (b) 1 − P( A ) 1 − P( A )
2 9 3
5+ 5 4 5 So, Statement 2 is correct.
= =5 (c) (d)
2 9 9 Hence, only the Statement 2 is correct.
16 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

115. If a fair die is rolled 4 times, then Q Y = 40 + 3 X 119. A car travels first 60 km at a speed of
∴ Ymin = 40 + 3 Xmin 3 v km/h and travels next 60 km at 2
what is the probability that there are
exactly 2 sixes? = 40 + 3( 0) [Q Xmin = 0] v km/h. What is the average speed of
5 25 = 40 the car?
(a) (b)
216 216 and Ymax = 40 + 3 Xmax (a) 2.5 v km/h
125 175 = 40 + 3(25) [Q Xmax = 25] (b) 2.4 v km/h
(c) (d) (c) 2.2 v km/h
216 216 = 40 + 75 = 115 (d) 2.1 v km/h
Ê (b) Let X be a random variable that Now, R Y = Ymax − Ymin Ê (b) Time taken for first 60 km with speed 3
represents to appearing 6 of rolled a die.
= 115 − 40 = 75 v km/h
Probability of to get 6 to rolled a die, 60 20  Distance 
1 118. If V is the variance and M is the mean = = h Q Time = Speed 
p= 3v v  
6 of first 15 natural numbers, then
Time taken for next 60 km with speed
∴Probability of not get 6 to rolled a die, what is V + M 2 equal to? 2v km/h
1 1 5
q = 1− = 1− = 124 148 60 30
p 6 6 (a) (b) = = h
3 3 2v v
Here, n = 4, r = 2 (c)
248
(d)
124
Total distance
∴Average speed =
∴Required probability = nC r prq n − r 3 9
Total time
[By Bernoulli distribution] Ê (c) Mean of first 15 natural numbers, M 60 + 60
=
2 2 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 20 30
 1  5 +
= 4C 2     + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 v v
 6  6 =
15 120 v
4! 1 25 =
= × × 15(15 + 1) 50
2 !2 ! 36 36 =
2 × 15 = 2.4 v km/h
4⋅ 3 1 25 25
= × × = Q 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = n( n + 1)
2 ⋅ 1 36 36 216   120. The mean weight of 150 students in a
2
116. Mean of 100 observations is 50 and certain class is 60 kg. The mean
=8 weight of boys is 70 kg and that of
standard deviation is 10. If 5 is added Variance of first 15 natural numbers, V girls is 55 kg. What are the number
to each observation, then what will 1
be the new mean and new standard = [(1 − 8)2 + (2 − 8)2 + ( 3 − 8)2 of boys and girls respectively in the
15 class?
deviation respectively? + ( 4 − 8)2 + ( 5 − 8)2 + ( 6 − 8)2 (a) 75 and 75
(a) 50, 10 (b) 50, 15
(c) 55, 10 (d) 55, 15 + (7 − 8)2 + ( 8 − 8)2 + ( 9 − 8)2 (b) 50 and 100
(c) 70 and 80
Ê (c) Mean of 100 observations = 50 + (10 − 8)2 + (11 − 8)2 + (12 − 8)2 (d) 100 and 50
and standard deviation = 10 + (13 − 8)2 + (14 − 8)2 + (15 − 8)2 ] Ê (b) Let number of boys and girls be x and
We know that, if k is added to each 1 y respectively.
= [( − 7 )2 + ( − 6)2 + ( − 5)2 + ( − 4)2 + ( − 3)2
observation, then new mean will be more 15 ∴ x + y = 150 … (i)
than k and standard deviation no change. + ( − 2 )2 + ( − 1)2 + 0 + (1)2 + (2 )2 + ( 3)2 Mean weight of 150 students = 60 kg
∴After 5 added to each observation. ∴Total weight of 150 students
+ ( 4)2 + ( 5)2 + ( 6)2 + (7 )2 ]
mean = 50 + 5 = 55 2 2 = 60 × 150
= [1 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 + 6 2 + 7 2 ]
and standard deviation = 10 15 = 9000kg.
2 7(7 + 1) (14 + 1) Mean weight of boys = 70 kg
117. If the range of a set of observations = ×
15 6 ∴Total weight of boys = 70 x kg
on a variable X is known to be 25
and if Y = 40 + 3X , then what is the Q 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n2  and mean weight of girls = 55 kg
 
range of the set of corresponding  = n ( n + 1) (2 n + 1)  ∴Total weight of girls = 55 y kg
observations on Y ?  6  ∴Total weight of 150 students = 9000 kg
(a) 25 (b) 40 2 7 × 8 × 15 56
= × = ⇒ 70 x + 55 y = 9000
(c) 75 (d) 115 15 6 3
⇒ 14 x + 11y = 1800 … (ii)
Ê (c) Range of set of observations on a Now, V + M =2 56
+ 64
variable, X = 25 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3
x = 50
We know that 56 + 192
= y = 100
Range, R X = Xmax = Xmin 3
⇒ 25 = Xmax − 0 [Q Xmin = 0] 248 Hence, the number of boys and girls are
= 50 and 100 respectively.
⇒ Xmax = 25 3
 PAPER II English Language and General Studies
Part A (English Language)
1. He is always anxious. 7. His language is political and 13. He wrote an incisive article on
(a) worried (b) dispassionate vitriolic. corruption in politics.
(c) sluggish (d) torpid (a) imaginative (b) sprightly (a) vague (b) penetrating
Ê (a) ‘Worried’ is the correct synonym of (c) vivacious (d) abusive (c) trenchant (d) precise
‘anxious’. Both words mean ‘feeling Ê (d) ‘Abusive’ is the correct synonym of Ê (a) The word ‘incisive’ means ‘something
uneasy about something with an the word ‘vitriolic’. Both words mean that is sharp or direct’. Its antonym is
uncertain outcome.’ ‘violent hate and anger expressed ‘vague’ which means ‘uncertain or indistinct’.
Some other synonyms are - uneasy, through severe criticism’. Some other
agitated, etc. synonyms are - acrimonious, bitter, etc.
14. Rakesh is an eccentric prodigal.
(a) extravagant (b) profligate
2. The poems of Kabir are ecstatic in 8. The Managing Director of the (c) wasteful (d) thrifty
nature. company declared that he is broke Ê (d) The word ‘prodigal’ means ‘spending
(a) efficacious (b) eerie and there is a need to seek support money or using resources freely and
(c) rapturous (d) reverential from the government. recklessly’. Its antonym is ‘thrifty’, which
means ‘using money and other
Ê (c) ‘Rapturous’ is the correct synonym of (a) bankrupt (b) rich
‘ecstatic’. Both words mean ‘feeling or (c) making profit (d) having liabilities resources carefully’.
expression overwhelming happiness’. 15. Friendship is always reciprocal.
Ê (a) ‘Bankrupt’ and ‘broke’ are synonyms.
Some other synonyms are - joyful, Both words mean ‘having completely run (a) mutual (b) one-sided
overjoyed, etc. out of money.’ Some other synonyms are (c) shared (d) corresponding
3. Ravi loves seclusion. Therefore, he - insolvent, penniless, etc.
Ê (b) The word ‘reciprocal’ means ‘mutual
lives in the mountain. 9. He loves doing nasty things. or complementary’. Its antonym is
(a) nature (b) scripture (a) nice (b) fastidious ‘one-sided’ meaning ‘having or
(c) seafaring (d) solitariness (c) foul (d) finicky occurring on side of something only’.
Ê (d) ‘Solitariness’ is the correct synonym Ê (c) ‘Foul’ is the correct synonym of 16. The debate was highly stimulating.
of ‘seclusion’. Both words mean ‘being ‘nasty’. Both words mean ‘something (a) arousing (b) invigorating
separate and apart from others’. unpleasant or disagreeable’. (c) boring (d) stirring
Some other synonyms are - solitude, Some other synonyms are - awful,
isolation, etc. disgusting, etc. Ê (c) The word ‘stimulating’ means ‘exciting
or arousing’. Its antonym is ‘boring’
4. Hitler was a despot. 10. He could not muster courage to which means ‘not interesting’.
(a) conservative (b) dictator speak the truth before his friend. 17. Malaria is a widespread disease.
(c) passionate (d) monstrous (a) injure (b) spoil (a) endemic (b) pervasive
Ê (b) ‘Dictator’ is the correct synonym of (c) gather (d) maim (c) common (d) rare
‘despot’. Both words refer to ‘a ruler or
Ê (c) ‘Gather’ is the correct synonym of Ê (a) The word ‘widespread’ means ‘extensive
other person who holds absolute power.’ ‘muster’. Both words mean ‘assemble or or distributed over a large area’.Its
Some other synonyms are - autocrat, bring together’. antonym is ‘endemic’ which means
authoritarian, etc. Some other synonyms are - gather, ‘native and restricted to a certain place’.
5. The imagery used in the poem is assemble, etc.
18. The bill received a vehement
vivid. 11. His conversations are always absurd. resistance from the opposition party
(a) lively (b) inert (a) farcical (b) foolish in the Parliament.
(c) ebullient (d) caustic (c) preposterous (d) rational (a) animated (b) apathetic
Ê (a) ‘Lively’ is the correct synonym of Ê (d) The word ‘absurd’ means (c) fervent (d) vigorous
‘vivid’. Both words refer to ‘something
which is very clear and true to life.’
‘unreasonable or inappropriate’. Its Ê (b) The word ‘vehement’ means ‘showing
antonym is ‘Rational’ which means ‘in strong feelings or shown with great
Some other synonyms are - realistic, accordance with reason or logic.’ energy or force’. Its antonym is
lifelike, etc. ‘apathetic’ which means ‘showing no
12. The politician was a dissident. enthusiasm or concern’.
6. A human being is always
(a) Agitator (b) Rebel
vulnerable to other human beings. (c) Conformist (d) Revolutionary 19. He has been obstinate since his
(a) resilient (b) elastic childhood.
(c) defenceless (d) crude Ê (c) The word ‘dissident’ means ‘a person (a) stubborn (b) dogged
who opposes official policy’.
(c) amenable (d) rigid
Ê (c) ‘Defenceless’ is the correct synonym Its antonym from the given option is
of ‘vulnerable’. Both words mean ‘open ‘conformist’, which means ‘someone Ê (c) The word ‘obstinate’ means ‘stubborn
to attack or damage.’ who conforms to the accepted or determined’. Its antonym is
Some other synonyms are - unprotected, behaviour or established practices’. ‘amenable’ which means ‘responsive to
unguarded, etc. suggestion’.
18 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

20. Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most prominent leaders of 28. Many a man has succumbed to this temptation. No error
his times. (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) renowned (b) distinguishable Ê (d) The given sentence has no error.
(c) eminent (d) unknown
29. A time slot of fifteen minutes are allowed
Ê (d) The word ‘prominent’ means ‘readily noticeable.’ Its antonym is
‘unknown’ which means ‘not known or familiar’. (a) (b)
to each speaker. No error
21. He had arrived at Cairo a few months before (c) (d)
(a) (b) Ê (b) Here part (b) has an error. As ‘time slot’ given in part (a) is
protests shook the Arab world. No error singular noun, so the verb used with it, should also be singular.
(c) (d) Hence, ‘is allowed’ should be used in place of ‘are allowed’ to make
the given sentence grammatically correct.
Ê (a) Here part (a) has an error. As sentence is in past tense, so we
should use Simple Past tense ‘arrived’ without the use of had. 30. He asked whether either of the brothers
22. Most of us who are older competitive runners (a) (b)
(a) were at home. No error
are not able to race anywhere at the same speed (c) (d)
(b) Ê (c) Here part (c) has an error. ‘Were at home’ is incorrect.
as we do when we were 30. No error It should be replaced with ‘was at home’, as either is always
(c) (d) followed by the singular verb.

Ê (b) Here part (b) has an error. ‘At the same speed’ is incorrect. It 31. Be over the hill
should be ‘with the same speed’, to make the given sentence
grammatically correct. Because ‘at’ is used to show only a definite (a) To be on a mountain top
speed; e.g. at 80mph etc. (b) To travel in the jungle
(c) To be too old to do things
23. Work hard lest you do not fail. No error (d) To do something in the most complete way
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ê (c) Idiom ‘Be over the hill’ means ‘to be too old to do things’. Hence,
Ê (b) Here part (b) has an error. With ‘lest’ we should always use option (c) is a suitable choice.
‘should’. Replace ‘do not’ with ‘should’ to make the given sentence
grammatically correct. 32. Bite your tongue
(a) To stop yourself from saying something because it would be
24. The Eastern Ghats are home of 2600 plant species better not to
(a) (b) To bite off your tongue while eating
and this habitat fragmentation can pose a serious (c) To feel sorry
(b) (c) (d) To ask someone something that you want
threat to endemic plants. No error
Ê (a) Idiom ‘Bite your tongue’ means ‘to stop yourself from saying
(d) something because it would be better not to’. So option (a) is a
Ê (a) Here part (a) has an error. ‘Home of’ is incorrect expression. suitable choice.
It should be replaced with ‘home to’ as it refers to the place where
you live or from where you belonged.
33. Turn a blind eye
(a) To run away
25. Turbidity current is a fast-moving current (b) To begin to be have in a more positive manner
(a) (c) To change a situation
that sweeps down submarine canyons, (d) To choose to ignore behaviour that you know is wrong
(b) Ê (d) The given idiom ‘Turn a blind eye’ means ‘to ignore something
carrying sand and mud into the deep sea. No error that you know is wrong’. So, option (d) is the correct choice.
(c) (d)
34. Yellow journalism
Ê (c) Here part (c) has an error. Replace ‘carrying sand’ with ‘that (a) Paid storytelling
carries sand’ as the reference is to a particular thing (Turbidity
current). (b) Government reports published on yellow coloured papers
(c) Writings in newspapers that try to influence people’s opinion by
26. Every one of the boys love to ride. No error using strong language and false information
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) Journalism which agrees completely with the policies of the
government and capitalists
Ê (c) Here part (c) has an error. With ‘everyone’ singular verb should
be used. So, use ‘loves’ in place of ‘love’ to make the given Ê (c) Idiom ‘Yellow Journalism’ means ‘writing in newspapers that try
sentence grammatically correct. to influence people’s opinion by using strong language and false
information’. So, option (c) is a suitable choice.
27. Neither praise nor blame seem to affect him.
(a) (b) (c) 35. To be in seventh heaven
No error (a) To fly in the ail
(d) (b) To be extremely happy
Ê (b) Here part (b) has an error of use of verb. ‘Seem’ should (c) To be completely alone
be replaced with ‘seems’ as the sentence is in Simple Present (d) To visit a place which is in the lit of the seven wonders of the
tense. world.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II) 19
Ê (b) Idiom ‘To be in seventh heaven’ means ‘to be extremely happy’. particulars, one by one; but the general counsels and the plots and
So, option (b) is the correct choice. marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.
36. closely monitor the situation by the disturbing To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much
for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their
P Q
allegations we are deeply concerned rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are
R perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural
and will continue to plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do
S give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in
(a) R Q S P (b) S P Q R by experience.
(c) S P R Q (d) P R S Q Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them and wise
Ê (a) RQSP is the correct sequence. men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a
wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read
37. relieve nausea, pain and stress aromatherapy may not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted;
P Q nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
also help using lavender oil on their skin
Q R 41. According to the author, why should one study?
but patients are cautioned against (a) To gather information about the world
(b) To pass the time in a creative way
S (c) For pleasure, enhance capability and holistic growth
(a) R Q P S (b) S Q P R
(d) To become only worldly wise
(c) Q P S R (d) R P S Q
Ê (c) As stated in the passage, studies should be done for pleasure,
Ê (c) QPSR is the correct sequence. enhancing capability and for holistic growth of a mind.
38. without any mandate of law the plea filed 42. Why does the author not recommend too much of studies?
P (a) Because it reflects idleness
(b) Because it requires too much money
through the advocate online is illegal and submitted (c) Because it is dangerous for the health of the mind
(d) Because it makes men crafty
Q R
that the sale of drugs and prescription medicines Ê (a) The author does not recommend too much of studies as it can
make a person lazy or idle.
S
(a) R Q S P (b) Q S R P
43. According to the author, how can the studies be perfected?
(c) Q R S P (d) P R S Q (a) By reflection (b) By application
(c) By conversation (d) By experience
Ê (b) Q S R P is the correct sequence.
Ê (d) According to the author, studies can be perfected via
39. humans and machines have co-existed dating back experience.
P 44. What kind of human beings denounce studies?
to the invention of the potter’s wheel in ancient
(a) Innocent (b) Cunning
Q R
(c) Stupid (d) Wise
Mesopotamia at the physical level for millennia.
S Ê (b) Crafty or Cunning human beings denounce studies.
(a) R S P Q (b) Q S P R 45. According to the author, one should read to
(c) Q R P S (d) P S Q R
(a) only argue (b) only believe
Ê (d) P S Q R is the correct sequence. (c) evaluate and understand (d) preach and believe
40. a sell-off as US Treasury yields Ê (c) As stated in the passage, a person should read to ‘evaluate and
P understand’.
surged to multi-year highs on robust economic data
Q R
46. The Election Commission on Saturday …… that the
global markets also witnessed Assembly elections in the five States will be held from
S November 12th to December 7th.
(a) R S Q P (b) P Q S R (a) pronounced (b) announced
(c) Q R P S (d) S P Q R (c) promulgated (d) issued
Ê (d) SPQR is the correct sequence. Ê (b) ‘Announced’ is the appropriate word to fill the given blank.
Announce means ‘make a formal public statement about a fact,
occurrence or intention’.
Passage 1 47. The victims were fruit vendors and they were going in an
Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief auto when they … an accident on the way.
use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in (a) met with (b) ran into (c) experienced (d) heard
discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of Ê (a) According to the given sentence, ‘Met with’ is the correct
business. For expert men can execute and perhaps judge of alternative to fill the blank as it means ‘to experience something,
such as an accident’.
20
48. Scores of villagers are ………… a sit-in
protest against the consruction of a
new underpass.
(a) performing (b) sitting
(c) staging (d) standing
Ê (c) ‘Staging’ is the appropriate word for
the given blank. Staging means ‘the
method of presenting a play or other
dramatic performance.’
51. A thin disc and a thin ring, both have
mass M and radius R. Both rotate
about axes through their centre of
mass and are perpendicular to their
surfaces at the same angular
velocity. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) The ring has higher kinetic energy.
(b) The disc has higher kinetic energy.
(c) The ring and the disc both have the
same kinetic energy.
(d) Kinetic energies of both the bodies
are zero, since they are not in linear
motion.
Ê (a) Given, a thin disc and a thin ring have
equal mass and radius.
Angular velocity of thin disc
= Angular velocity of thin ring
ωring = ωdisc
∴ Kinetic energy of ring
= Kinetic energy of disc
1 1
Iringωring = Idiscω 2disc
2
2 2
1 1  MR 2  2
( MR 2 ) ωring
2
=   ωdisc
2 2  2 
1
(Q Iring = MR 2 or Idisc = MR 2)
2
ω2
ωring
2
= disc , 2ωring
2
= ωdisc
2
2
Hence, KEring > KE.disc
So, the ring has higher kinetic energy.
52. Let there be an object having
some chemicals in it. It starts moving
with a uniform velocity v and a
chemical reaction starts happening.
In this case, which of the following
statement(s) is/are correct?
1. Chemical reactions happening in
the system cannot change the
velocity (v) of the centre of mass of
the object.
2. Chemical reactions happening in
the system cannot change kinetic
energy of the particles inside with
respect to the centre of mass of
object.
49. It is common for patients to stop
……… medicine as soon as they start
feeling better.
(a) earing (b) gulping
(c) swallowing (d) taking
Ê (d) According to the given sentence,
option (d) ‘taking’ is the correct
alternative to fill the blank as ‘taking
medicine’ refers to swallow medicine.
Other words are irrelevant.
Part B (General Studies)
Select the correct answer using the
code given below:
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (a) A chemical reaction is an internal
process, so there is no change in
momentum and mass (since, mass is
conserved in a chemical reaction).
But in a chemical reaction, the kinetic
energy of the particle is changes with
respect to centre of mass of whole body.
Hence, statement 1 is correct are
stakines 2 is incorrect.
53. In which of the following phenomena
do heat waves travel along a straight
line with the speed of light?
(a) Thermal conduction
(b) Thermal convention
(c) Thermal radiation
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Ê (c) Thermal radiations are heat waves
(infrared waves) which are
electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic
waves travel in straight line with the
speed of light. It depends on the
temperature of the body and nature of
radiating surface of the body.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
54. Which one of the following
statements regarding Ohm’s law is
not correct?
(a) Ohm’s law is an assumption that
current through a conductor is always
directly proportional to the potential
difference applied to it.
(b) A conducting device obeys Ohm’s
law when the resistance of a device is
independent of magnitude and polarity
of applied potential difference.
(c) A conducting material obeys Ohm’s
law when the resistance of material is
independent of the magnitude and
direction of applied electric field.
(d) All homogeneous materials obey
Ohm’s law irrespective of whether the
field is within range or strong.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
50. A four-year-old girl got a new lease
of life after doctors at a hospital
……… a cancerous tumour from one
of her kidneys.
(a) rejuvenated (b) removed
(c) displaced (d) replaced
Ê (b) Here, ‘removed’ is the correct
alternative to fill the given blank as
‘removed’ means ‘take something off or
away’. Other words do not fit in the blank.
Ê (d) Statement (d) is not correct, because
in strong electric field, heating effect will
dominant and here is deviations of curve,
i.e. it does not obey Ohm’s law.
55. When a ball bounces off the ground,
which of the following changes
suddenly? (Assume no loss of energy
to the floor)
(a) Its speed
(b) Its momentum
(c) Its kinetic energy
(d) Its potential energy
Ê (b) When a ball bounces off the ground,
there will be sudden change in the
momentum of the ball.
● It includes the mass and the velocity of
the object.
● It shows the sudden change of the
velocity of the object according to its
mass.
● If the mass is large, the change will be
greater and if it is small, then the
velocity will be lesser.
56. Which one of the following
compounds does not exhibit a
different oxidation number of the
same element?
(a) Pb 3O 4 (b) Fe 3O 4
(c) Fe 2O 3 (d) Mn3O 4
Ê (c) Among the given species/
compounds, only Fe 2O 3 does not exhibit
different oxidation number of Fe, in this
species can be calculated as :
Let x be the O.N. of Fe.
∴ 2 x + 3( − 2 ) = 0, x = + 3
Hence, Fe is in only + 3 oxidation state in
Fe 2O 3, whereas in rest of the species, the
same metal exhibits different oxidation
states.
57. Which one of the following statements
about glass is not correct?
(a) Glass is often said to be a
supercooled liquid.
(b) Glass has no definite melting point.
(c) Soda glass is harder than pyrex glass.
(d) Boron is present in pyrex glass.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
Ê (c) Pyrex glass is harder than soda lime
glass. This is because, pyrex glass,
(a particular blend of borosilicate glass)
has a higher proportion of silicone dioxide
than soda lime glass. Due to which,
pyrex glass does not expand on heating,
while soda lime glass is not likely to be
directly and strongly heated.
Thus, the high heating tolerance of pyrex
glass makes it harder than soda lime glass.
Hence, option (c) is incorrect.
Rest of the given statements are correct.
58. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) Both boiling and evaporation are
surface phenomena.
(b) Boiling is a surface phenomenon, but
evaporation is a bulk phenomenon.
(c) Both boiling and evaporation are bulk
phenomena.
(d) Boiling is a bulk phenomenon, but
evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
Ê (d) Boiling is a bulk phenomenon, but
evaporation is a surface phenomenon is
the correct statement. This is because,
during evaporation, the high energy
molecules from the liquid go into the
gaseous phase only through the surface.
While, in boiling, the vaporisation occurs
throughout the bulk of the liquid and the
vapours expand freely into the surrounding.
59. Which one of the following
statements about diamond and
graphite is not correct?
(a) Diamond has a tetrahedral structure,
whereas graphite has a hexagonal
planar structure.
(b) Both physical and chemical properties
of diamond and graphite are different.
(c) Graphite is soft, but diamond is hard.
(d) Graphite is a good conductor of
electricity, while diamond is not.
Ê (b) Statement given in option (b) is
incorrect. The correct statement is, the
physical properties of both diamond and
graphite are same. But, as the both
diamond and graphite are allotropes of
same element (carbon).
Thus, they both exhibits similar chemical
properties.
So, option (b) is the correct answer.
60. The raw materials used for the
manufacture of Portland cement are
(a) lime, silica and sulphur dioxide
(b) lime, silica and carbon dioxide
(c) lime, silica and alumina
(d) lime, silica and boric acid
Ê (c) The raw materials used for the
manufacture of Portland cement are
lime, clay (provides alumina and silica)
and gypsum.
Thus, the correct option is (c).
21
1
61. Which one of the following Idisc
MR 2
5
statements about water is not true? So, = 2 = … (i)
Isphere 2 2 4
(a) Hydrogen bonds are present in liquid MR
5
water.
Hence, from Eq. (i), we get
(b) Water has a high boiling point.
Idisc > Isphere
(c) Water has a high heat of fusion. So, the disc has higher moment of inertia.
(d) Water is a non-polar molecule.
Ê (d) The option (d) contains incorrect
65. Two substances of densities ρ1 and
statement. Water is a polar molecule in ρ2 are mixed in equal volume and
which central oxygen atom is their relative density is 4. When
sp3-hybridised. they are mixed in equal masses,
Out of four sp3-hybrid orbit, two for
relative density is 3. The values of ρ1
and ρ2 respectively, are
σ bond with H-atom and rest two are
(a) 6, 2 (b) 3, 5 (c) 12, 4 (d) 9, 3
occupied by lone pair of electrons.
Ê (a) When substances are mixed in equal
Thus, due to V-shaped structure
volume.
of H 2O is a polar molecule (µ = 1840).
Then, relative density,
62. A sample of ‘soft soap’ contains Vρ + Vρ 2
4= 1
(a) caesium (b) potassium V + V
(c) calcium (d) magnesium [Q volume(V) x density (ρ) = mass (M)]
Ê (b) Soaps are the sodium or potassium ⇒ ρ1 + ρ2 = 8 …(i)
salts of long chain fatty acid (RCOONa). Similarly, when substances are mixed in
e.g. stearic acid (C 17H 35COOH), oleic equal mass.
acid (C 17H 33COOH) and palmitic acid Relative density,
(C 15H 31COOH). Therefore, a sample of
M + M 2ρ1ρ2
soft soap contains sodium or potassium. 3= = … (ii)
M
+
M ρ1 + ρ2
Thus, the option (b) is correct.
ρ1 ρ2
63. If an object moves at a non-zero Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
constant acceleration for a certain
ρ1 = 6 and ρ2 = 2
interval of time, then the distance it
covers in that time 66. A car starts from Bengaluru, goes 50
(a) depends on its initial velocity km in a straight line towards South,
(b) is independent of its initial velocity immediately turns around and
(c) increases linearly with time returns to Bengaluru. The time
(d) depends on its initial displacement taken for this round trip is 2h. The
magnitude of the average velocity of
Ê (a) If object moving with non-zero constant the car for this round trip
acceleration, then the displacement
(a) is zero (b) is 50 km/h
covered by it, is given by equation
1 (c) is 25 km/h
s = ut + at 2 (d) cannot be calculated without knowing
2
acceleration
where, s = displacement, u = initial
velocity, a = acceleration and t = time. Ê (a) According to question, a round trip
is mentioned by a car. But as we
Hence, from above equation, displacement
know, for round trip the displacement is
is dependent to initial velocity. Distance
zero. So,
covered is a non-linear curve of time.
displacement 0
vav = = = 0 ms − 1
64. A solid disc and a solid sphere have time 2
the same mass and same radius. Hence, option (a) is correct.
Which one has the higher moment
of inertia about its centre of mass? 67. “The sum of emf’s and potential
(a) The disc differences around a closed loop
(b) The sphere equals zero” is a consequence of
(c) Both have the same moment of inertia (a) Ohm’s law
(d) The information provided is not (b) conservation of charge
sufficient to answer the question (c) conservation of momentum
(d) conservation of energy
Ê (a) As we know, moment of the inertia
1 2 Ê (d) It is Kirchhoff’s second law also
Idisc =MR 2 and Isphere = MR 2 known as loop’s law.
2 5
i.e. ΣE = iR
Q Given, Mdisc = Msphere and
It is based on conservation of energy,
Rdisc = Rsphere
since work done in a closed path is zero.
22 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)

68. A student measures certain lengths 71. Which one of the following 75. Which one of the following
using a meter scale having least count statements regarding lenses is not substances is not a mixture?
equal to 1 mm. correct? (a) Tin (b) Sea water
Which one of the following (a) A convex lens produces both real and (c) Soil (d) Air
virtual images.
measurement is more precise? Ê (a) A mixture is a type of matter which has
(a) 0.50 mm (b) A concave lens produces both real variable composition throughout.
(b) 29.07 mm and virtual images. Among the given options, only Sn(tin) is
(c) 0.925 mm (c) A convex lens can produce images not a mixture, while rest are the examples
(d) 910 mm equal, greater and smaller than the of mixture. Sn is an element which
size of the object.
Ê (c) Using instrument of higher precision (d) A concave lens always produces
contains only one kind of particles or
improving experimental techniques, etc., atoms.
images smaller than the size of the
we can reduce the least count error.
Here, option (c) 0.925 mm is more
object. 76. Which one of the following is
precise than other. Ê (b) A concave lens always formes virtual termed as ‘dry ice’?
image, whereas convex lens forms both (a) Ice present in ice-cream
69. If the work done on the system or by real and virtual images. (b) Solid water at Antarctica
the system is zero, then which one of Hence, option (b) is incorrect. (c) Solid state of carbon dioxide
the following statement for a gas (d) Solid water of ionosphere
kept at a certain temperature is
72. 10 g of ice at − 10° C is mixed with 10
g of water at 0°C. The amount of heat Ê (c) When liquefied CO 2 is allowed to
correct? expand rapidly, it gets converted in the
required to raise the temperature of
(a) Change in internal energy of the form of solid CO 2 which is also called
system is equal to flow of the heat in or
mixture to 10°C is dry ice. Thus, dry ice is solid state of the
out of the system. (a) 400 cal (b) 550 cal carbon dioxide.
(b) Change in internal energy of the (c) 1050 cal (d) 1200 cal
77. Net movement of water from a dilute
system is less than heat transferred. Ê (c) Heat require by 10 g of water at
(c) Change in internal energy of the − 10° C to 0°/C is to a concentrated solution through a
system is more than the heat flow. H1 = ms∆θ selectively permeable membrane is
(d) Cannot be determined. = 10 × ( 0.50) ( 0 − ( − 10) = 50 cal
called
Ê (a) For first law of thermodynamics, (a) Diffusion (b) Dispersion
Now, latent heat of melting of 10 g of ice
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W (c) Osmosis (d) Absorption
H2 = mL = 10 × 80 = 800 cal
where, ∆Q = heat, Now, there is 20 g of water at 0°C, so heat
Ê (c) The net movement of water from a
dilute to concentrated solution through a
∆U = change in internal energy required to reach the temperature of selectively permeable membrane is
and ∆W = work done. + 10° C. called osmosis. This term is used
Since, ∆W = 0 H3 = ms∆θ = 20 × 1 × (10 − 0) = 200 cal specifically to refers to the diffusions of
So, ∆Q = ∆U Total heat required, water across semi or selectively
Hence, there is change in internal energy H = H1 + H2 + H3 permeable membrane.
of the system is equal to flow of heat in or = 50 + 800 + 200 = 1050 cal Water moves from a region of higher
out of the system, option (a) is correct. concentration to a region of lower
73. Which one of the following does not concentration until an equilibrium is
70. Consider the following part of an represent the salt, calcium reached.
electric circuit. carbonate?
2W 78. Blood is a type of
(a) Lime water (b) Limestone
(a) epithelial tissue
(c) Chalk (d) Marble
4W 1W
(b) muscular tissue
Ê (a) Calcium carbonate is also known as (c) nervous tissue
limestone and has a molecular formula is (d) connective tissue
8W CaCO 3. It is found in nature in the form of
chalk, marble etc. Thus, limestone. chalk Ê (d) Blood is a type of connective tissue,
which forms 30-32% of total extracellular
The total electrical resistance in the and marble represents calcium
fluid. The connective tissues have a
given part of the electric circuit is carbonate. Whereas, lime water is the
15 15 special function of linking and supporting
(a) Ω (b) Ω aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2.
other tissues/organs of the body.
8 7 Thus, the correct option is (a).
17 Blood is a fluid, which helps in the
(c) 15 Ω (d) Ω
3 74. Soaps clean surfaces on the principle transportation of various substances in
of based on the body. It is red because it contains a
Ê (b) There are three resistances (2 Ω, 4Ω red pigment called haemoglobin in its
and 8Ω) are in parallel. (a) viscosity (b) floatation
(c) elasticity (d) surface tension red blood cells.
1 1 1 1 8
So, = + + ⇒ R1 = Ω
R1 2 4 8 7 (d) Soaps clean surfaces on the principle 79. Mitochondria are able to produce
of based on surface tension. Soap is a their own
Now, R1 is in series with 1 Ω resistance.
surface active agent or surfactant. It (a) nucleus
8 15
So, Req = 1 Ω + R1 = 1 + = Ω helps to reduce the surface tension of (b) proteins
7 7 water and thereby speed up the cleaning (c) chloroplasts
Hence, option (b) is correct. process of soaps. (d) digestive enzymes
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
Ê (b) Mitochondria are able to produce their
own protein. It acts as the cell’s power
producer and also called as powerhouse
of the cell.
It possesses single circular DNA
molecules, a few RNA molecules,
ribosomes and the components required
for the synthesis of proteins. It provides
energy for energy requiring processes of
the cell like muscle contraction, nerve
impulse, conduction, etc. It may store
and release calcium when required.
80. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels,
xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres
(b) Flexibility in plants is due to
sclerenchyma
(c) Parenchyma have no intercellular
spaces
(d) Xylem consists of sieve plate, sieve
tube and companion cells
Ê (a) The statement given in option (a) is
correct. Rest of the statements are
incorrect and can be corrected as
(b) Flexibility in plants is due to the
permanent tissue collenchyma.
Sclerenchyma provides mechanical
support to organs.
(c) Parenchyma cells are thin walled
with small intercellular spaces.
(d) Phloem consists of sieve plates,
sieve tube and companion cells.
81. Who among the following popularised
the use of embryological characters
in taxonomy?
(a) Carl Linnaeus
(b) Panchanan Maheshwari
(c) Birbal Sahni
(d) Bentham and Hooker
(b) Panchanan Maheshwari popularised
the use of embryological characters in
taxonomy. He is also known as ‘The
Father of Indian Plant Embryology’.
82. Water is heated with a coil of
resistance R connected to domestic
supply. The rise of temperature of
water will depend on
1. supply voltage
2. current passing through the coil
3. time for which voltage is supplied
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2
(c) Only 1 (d) 2 and 3
Ê (a) Heat generated by a resistance coil is
given by
H = I 2Rt
V
From Ohm’s law, I =
R Force between the masses
23
H = I   Rt = IVt
V
So, G(2 M ) (2 M ) 16 GM 2
 R F′ = 2
= … (ii)
 R R2
Hence, option (a) is correct.  
2
83. A pendulum clock is lifted to a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
height where the gravitational F ′ = 16 F
acceleration has a certain value of g. Hence, option (a) is correct.
Another pendulum clock of same
length, but of double the mass of the 86. Light rays move in straight lines.
bob is lifted to another height where But through an optical fibre, they
g can move in any type of zig-zag path
the gravitational acceleration is . because
2
The time period of the second (a) the holes through the fibres are
pendulum would be extremely fine
(b) light rays are absorbed at the entry
(in terms of period T of the first end and relieved at the exit end of the
pendulum) fibre
1
(a) 2 T (b) T (c) scattering of light occurs inside the
2 fibre
(c) 2 2 T (d) T (d) successive total internal reflections
Ê (a) Time period of a pendulum, occur as a ray moves through the fibre
l Ê (d) The working of optical fibre is based
T = 2π ...(i)
g on the total internal reflection. Its inner
When acceleration due to gravity part is core of higher refractive index
g surrounded by another layer of glass of
changed to , then time period,
2 lower refractive index. It is surrounded by
l  l  plastic jacket.
T′ = 2 π = 2 2 π 
g /2  g When light enters from the one end of the
core and moves towards cladding, then
[from Eq. (i)]
total internal reflection takes place again
⇒ T′ = 2 T
and again and light propagate through it.
Hence, option (a) is correct.
Optical fibres are used in decorative
84. The loudness of sound depends table lamps.
upon the 87. Which one of the following
(a) velocity of sound waves in the statements regarding cathode rays
medium
is not correct?
(b) amplitude of the sound waves
(a) Cathode ray particles are electrons.
(c) frequency of the sound waves
(b) Cathode ray particles start from
(d) frequency and velocity of the sound
anode and move towards cathode.
waves
(c) In the absence of electrical and
Ê (b) Loudness of sound wave is depend magnetic fields, cathode rays travel in
on its amplitude, while sharpness of straight lines.
sound wave is depend on its frequency. (d) Television picture tubes are cathode
Hence, option (b) is correct. ray tubes.
85. Two bodies of mass M each are Ê (b) Cathode rays start from cathode
placed R distance apart. In another and move towards anode, because
system, two bodies of mass 2M each they are made of negatively charged
electrons.
R
are placed distance apart. If F be Hence, option (b) is incorrect statement.
2
the gravitational force between the 88. A very large volume of hydrogen can
bodies in the first system, then the be accommodated by making
gravitational force between the (a) non-metallic hydrides
bodies in the second system will be (b) hydrogen peroxide
(c) non-stoichiometric hydrides
(a) 16 F (b) 1 F
(d) alkali metal hydrides
(c) 4F (d) None of these
Ê (c) A very large volume of hydrogen can
Ê (a) Situation I, be accommodated by making
Force between the masses
non-stoichiometric hydrides.
GMM GM 2
F = = … (i) Such hydrides are formed by some of the
R2 R2 metals (e.g. Pd, Pt). This property of
Situation II, hydrogen has high potential for
hydrogen storage .
24
89. Which one of the following is not a
monoatomic element?
(a) Copper (b) Helium
(c) Iodine (d) Barium
Ê (c) Among the given species, only iodine
is not a monoatomic element. It exists in
the form of I 2 (diatomic), while rest occur
as monoatomic element.
90. Which one of the following
represents the correct order of
electron releasing tendency of
metals?
(a) Zn > Cu > Ag (b) Ag > Cu > Zn
(c) Cu > Zn > Ag (d) Cu > Ag > Zn
Ê (a) The correct order of electron releasing
tendency of given metals is
Zn> Cu > Ag.
This can be explained on the basis of
standard reduction potentials of given
° to synthesise their food. They are inert,
elements. More negative be the Ered
value, greater is the tendency of element
to release electron.
° Once they infect a cell, they takeover the
Zn has highly negative Ered value, while
°
Cu has least negative Ered value.
Thus, the correct order is
Zn > Cu > Ag
91. Which one of the following is the
major constituent of biogas?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Nitrous oxide
(c) Methane (d) Oxygen
Ê (c) Biogas usually contains 45-70%
methane and 30-45% carbon dioxide. It
also contains small amounts of nitrogen,
hydrogen sulphide, halogenated compound
and organic silicon compounds. Thus,
among the given options, methane is the
major constituent of biogas.
92. Thyroid gland produces a hormone
called ‘thyroxine’ which
(a) controls blood glucose levels
(b) controls ovulation
(c) controls metabolic rate
(d) maintains pregnancy
Ê (c) Thyroid gland produces a hormone
called thyroxine, which controls the
metabolic rate of the body. It acts to
increase the basal metabolic rate and
affects protein, fat and carbohydrate
metabolism affecting how human cells
use energetic compounds.
93. Which one of the following is a
bacterium that causes disease in the
human body?
(a) Varicella zoster
(b) Trypanosoma gambiense
(c) Salmonella typhi
(d) Plasmodium falciparum
Ê (c) Salmonella typhi is a bacterium which
causes typhoid fever in the human body.
This fever is contracted by the ingestion
of contaminated food and water.Varicella
zoster is a virus causing chickenpox.
Trypanosoma gambiense and
Plasmodium falciparum are protozoans
which cause sleeping- sickness and
malaria, respectively in the human body.
94. Which one of the following statements
regarding viruses is not true?
(a) Viruses need living cells to reproduce
(b) All viruses are parasites
(c) Viruses can synthesise their food
through photosynthesis
(d) Viruses are similar to chemical
substances outside the host
Ê (c) The statement given in option (c) is
not true and can be corrected as
Viruses do not perform photosynthesis
crystalline structure outside the living
cell.
machinery of the host cell to replicate
themselves, killing the host.
Rest of the statements are correct.
95. Which one of the following diseases
may be caused by the deficiency of
vitamin-C?
(a) Rickets (b) Rabies
(c) Hepatitis (d) Scurvy
Ê (d) The deficiency of vitamin-C (ascorbic
acid) causes scurvy. This condition is
characterised by general weakness,
anaemia, gingivitis and skin haemorrhage.
96. Compared to audible sound waves,
ultrasound waves have
(a) higher speed (b) higher frequency
(c) Both (a) and (b (d) long wavelength
Ê (b) Ultrasound waves have higher
frequency than audible sound waves.
The audible range of sound for human
beings is form 20 to 20,000 Hz. Children
under the age of 5 and some animals
such as dogs can hear upto 25,000 Hz.
As people grow older, their ears become
less sensitive to higher frequency.
Ultrasonic sound of frequency higher
than 20,000 Hz, which cannot be heard
by human beings.
97. A rigid body of mass 2 kg is dropped
from a stationary balloon kept at a
height of 50 m from the ground. The
speed of the body when it just
touches the ground and the total
energy when it is dropped from the
balloon are respectively.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
(Take, acceleration due to
gravity, g = 9.8 m /s2 )
(a) 980 ms − 1 and 980 J
(b) 980 ms − 1 and 980 J
(c) 980 ms − 1 and 980 J
(d) 980 ms − 1 and 980 J
Ê (d) Given, M = 2 kg and height = 50 m
Speed of body at the ground,
v 2 − u 2 = 2 gH
v = 2 gH [Qu = 0]
= 2 × 9.8 × 50
⇒ v = 980 ms –1
Hence, the total energy = kinetic energy
1
⇒ TE = Mv 2
2
1
= × 2 × ( 980 )2 = 980 J
2
Hence, option (d) is correct.
98. The temperature of a place on one
sunny day is 113 in Fahrenheit scale.
The Kelvin scale reading of this
temperature will be
(a) 318 K (b) 45 K
(c) 62.8 K (d) 335.8 K
Ê (a) Given, temperature,
Tf = 113 F
10
As, we know Tk = 273 + (Tf − 32 )
18
10
⇒ Tk = 273 + (113 − 32 )
18
⇒ Tk = 318 K
99. Radiations coming from the sun are
mostly in the form of
(a) light only
(b) light and long wavelength infrared
(c) light and short wavelength infrared
(d) Both short and long wavelength
infrared
Ê (b) The mode of transfer of heat from one
body to another without any actual
movement the particles involved and
without heating the intervening medium,
is called radiation. For radiation, there is
no need of any medium because it is of
electromagnetic nature.
So, radiation coming from the sun are
mostly in form of light and long
wavelength infrared.
100. Which of the following are the
characteristics of electromagnetic
waves?
1. They are elastic waves.
2. They can also move in vacuum.
3. They have electric and magnetic
components which are mutually
perpendicular.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
4. They move with a speed equal to 3
lakh meters per second.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
Ê (c) Electromagnetic waves or EM waves
are waves that are created as a result of
vibrations between an electric field and a
magnetic field. They are formed when an
electric field comes in contact with a
magnetic field. The electric field and
magnetic field of an electromagnetic
wave are perpendicular (at right angles)
to each other. They are also
perpendicular to the direction of the EM
wave.
These waves travel with a constant
velocity of 3.0 × 10 8m / s in vacuum. They
are deflected neither by the electric field
nor by the magnetic field.
Hence-statement 2 and 3 are correct.
101. In the Manusmriti which form of
marriage results from the ‘Voluntary
union of a maiden and her lover’?
(a) Eighth form (b) Fifth form
(c) Seventh form (d) Sixth form
Ê (b) In the Manusmriti, fifth (Gandharva
form of marriage) results from the
‘Voluntary union of a maiden and her
love’. In Gandharva Marriage, a groom
and his bride could getmarried without
their parents knowledge or sanction.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
102. Which one of the following is a Rabi
crop in the Northern States of India?
(a) Rice (b) Bajra
(c) Barley (d) Ragi
Ê (c) Rabi crops are winter crops which are
sown in October-November and
harvested in March. The Rabi crops in
Northern states of India includes Barley,
wheat, oats, gram, linseed and mustard.
103. The rivers of North-West Europe
are good examples of
(a) parallel pattern of drainage
(b) radial pattern of drainage
(c) barbed pattern of drainage
(d) trellis pattern of drainage.
Ê (c) The rivers of North-West Europe are
good examples of barbed drainage
pattern. Barbed drainage pattern is a
rare kind of drainage pattern which is
formed when the tributaries flow in
opposite direction to their master
streams.
A parallel pattern of drainage system is
a pattern of river caused by steep slopes
with some relief. Because of the steep
slopes, the streams are swift and
straight, with very few tributaries and all
flow in the same direction.
Radial drainage patterns form when
streams and rivers flow off a central peak
or dome like a volcano.
In a trellis pattern, the river forms a net
like system and the tributaries flow
roughly parallel to each other.
104. Which one of the following ocean
currents is a cold current?
(a) South Atlantic Drift
(b) Mozambique Current
(c) East Australian Current
(d) Caribbean Current
Ê (a) South Atlantic Drift/Current is an
eastward flowing cold ocean current, fed
by the Brazil Current. It is continuous with
the northern edge of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current.
The Mozambique current is a warm
ocean current flowing along the east
coast of Africa in Indian ocean. It flows
between Mozambique and Madagascar
islands.
The East Australian Current (EAC) is a
warm ocean current that flows along the
eastern cost of Australia.
The Caribbean Current is a warm ocean
current that flows northwestward through
the Caribbean sea along the coast of
South America and into the Gulf of
Mexico.
105. Paradip Port is located on the delta
of river
(a) Rihand (b) Ganga
(c) Mahanadi (d) Bitarani
Ê (c) It is a natural, deep-water port on the
East coast of India in Jagatsinghpur
district of Odisha. Paradip Port is
situated at confluence of the Mahanadi
river and the Bay of Bengal.
106. Which one of the following
hypothesis/theory explains the
origin of the Universe?
(a) Nebular Hypothesis
(b) Binary Theory
(c) Big Bang Theory
(d) Planetesimal Hypothesis
Ê (a) Nebular Hypothesis was given by
Immanuel Kant explain about the origin of
Universe. According to this theory, plants
were formed out of a cloud (nebula) of
hydrogen, helium & dust surrounding the
sun. Binary theory explain about the
existence of companion star of the sun.
According to Big Bang theory, all matter
or substance forming this universe
existed at one place as a tiny ball. This
tiny ball had infinite density and
temperature. At the Big Bang Theory the
tiny ball exploded and started a process
25
of expansion of the universe which
continues to a day.
According to Planetesimal Hypothesis,
when a planetary system was forming,
there was a proto planetary disc with
materials form the nebula from which the
system came.
107. Which among the following
struggles, based on Gandhi’s
philosophy of Satyagraha, involved
the industrial working class?
(a) Champaran (b) Kheda
(c) Ahmedabad (d) Bardoli
Ê (c) Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918 was
based on Gandhi’s philosophy of
Satyagraha, that involved the industrial
working class. The industrial dispute for
wage hike was between the owners and
workers of a cotton mill in Ahmedabad.
The result of peaceful strike led by
Gandhiji was successful and workers got
a 35% wage increase.
108. Consider the following statements
related to the Virashaiva tradition of
Karnataka.
1. The Virashaiva Movement was led
by a Brahmana named Basavanna,
a minister in the court of the
Kalachuri ruler in the twelfth
century.
2. The Virashaivas encouraged
practices, approved by the
Dharmashastras, like post-puberty
marriage and remarriage of
widows.
Which of the statement(s) given
above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (a) The twelfth century witnessed the
emergence of a new movement called
Virashaiva Movement in Karnataka. The
movement was led by a Brahmana
named Basavanna (1106-68) who was
initially a Jaina and a minister in the court
of a Kalachuri ruler (Chalukya, king of
Gujarat). His followers were known as
Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or
Lingayats (wearers of the linga). The
Chalukyas were contested for the
suzerainty by the kalachuris of Southern
India in that period. Hence, statement (1)
is correct.
Also, the Dharmashashtras did not
permit widow remarriages and
post-puberty marriages. But the
Virashaivas undertook them as a sign of
refusal of the sacred Brahmanical
scriptures. Hence, statement (2) is in
correct.
26
109. Consider the following statements
related to Wellesley’s
administration.
1. In the six years of Wellesley’s
administration, the army
accounted for 42.5% of the
Company’s total expenditure.
2. Wellesley’s administrative
measures were restricted to the
affairs to the Company and had
nothing to do with the commercial
and military affairs of the Indian
ruling families.
Which of the statement(s) given
above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) During Lord Wellesley’s tenure, army
was an expensive machinery of the
British East India Company. He had
waged war on many Princely States and
native rulers like Mysore, Marathas,
Nizams etc. Hence, to sustain such a
larger army, he spent huge amounts
(42.5% of the compary’s total
expenditure) on army.He also devised
the infamous Subsidiary Alliance System
which required to maintain British army in
native ruler’s courts. Hence, statement
(1) is correct.
Wellesley was an excellent administrator.
He used his Subsidiary Alliance System
to interfere with the commercial and
military affairs to Indian rulers by making
them mandatorily consult him on
important decisions.
Hence, statements (2) is also correct.
110. Consider the following statements
concerning the Russian Revolution.
1. The Bolsheviks believed that in a
repressive society like Tsarist
Russia, the party should be
disciplined and should control the
number of its members.
2. The Mensheviks believed that the
party should be opened to all (as in
Germany).
Selects the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were
the two factions of Russian Social
Democratic Labour Party formed under
leaderships of Vladimir Lenin and Julius
Martov respectively.
Bolsheviks believed in limiting the
membership of party to a core
professional member body as it was
easier to manage them which was
NDA/NA
necessary in a repressive society like
Tsarist Russia.
Hence, statement (1) is correct.
On the other hand Mensheviks believed
in power of masses and advocated
liberal thoughts like entry of common
masses in the party. Hence, statement
(2) is also correct.
114. According to the Koppen climatic
111. Which of the following was/were
among the decisions taken by the
First Continental Congress held in
Philadelphia in September, 1774?
1. It rejected a plan for a colonial
union under the British authority.
2. It drew up a statement of
grievances.
3. It agreed upon a scheme to stop
trade between the Colonies and
England.
Which of the statement(s) given
above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 (b) Only 2
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (d) The First Continental Congress held in
Philadelphia in September, 1774 is a
115. In which one of the following folds
major landmark in the history of USA. It
was attended by representatives of 12
out of 13 British Colonies in USA, at the
Carpenter’s Hall. It was held in response
to British impasses over the historic
Boston Tea Party of December, 1773.
The major outcomes of this Congress
were
● Rejection of Union of colonies under
British Crown.
● Scheme for boycott of trade between
the colonies and the Britishers.
● Mechanism of grievance discussion.
Hence, all the statements are correct.
112. Which one of the following land
territories of Indonesia is not
touched by the Equator?
(a) Sumatra (b) Sulawesi
116. How many Ramsar convention
(c) Java (d) Kalimantan
Ê (c) Java island is located to the South of
equator at around 5°S latitude in a West
to East orientation, so Java is not
touched by the equator. However,
equator passes through the Sumatra,
Sulawesi and Kalimantan portion of
Borneo island in Indonesia.
113. Which one of the following
sedimentary rocks is organically
formed?
(a) Shale (b) Chert
(c) Halite (d) Chalk
117. The Munda language group belongs
Ê (d) Organically formed sedimentary rocks
are formed from the remains of living
organisms such as corals & shell fish
(calcareous rock); or from vegetative
Solved Paper 2019 (II)
remains like forests & swamps
(carbonaceous rocks). Some examples
of organically formed sedimentary rocks
are chalk, limestone, peat, lignite & coal.
Shale is a mechanically formed
sedimentary rock. Halite & chert are
chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
classification, the letter code Cfa
denotes.
(a) Tropical wet climate
(b) Humid subtropical climate
(c) Tundra Climate
(d) Tropical wet and dry climate
Ê (b) Koeppen’s climate classification is
based on annual & monthy average
temperatures and precipitation.
According to this classification Cfa
denotes Humid subtropical climate.
This type of climate is characterised by
warm summer and absence of dry
season. Tropical wet climate is denoted
by Af; Tundra climate is denoted by ET
and Tropical wet & dry climate is denoted
by Aw.
in the axial plane found to be
virtually horizontal?
(a) Isoclinal (b) Anticlinal
(c) Recumbent (d) Monoclinal
Ê (c) In recumbent fold, aecial plane found
to be horizontal. The axial plane of a fold
is the plane or surface that divides the
fold as symmetrically as possible.
In Isoclinal fold, the axial surface and
limbs slope in the same direction and at
approximately the same angle.
An Anticlinal fold is an arch like fold
which is convex upward.
Monoclinal fold is a step-like fold
consisting of a zone of steeper dip within
or otherwise horizontal topography.
sites have been enlisted from India
so far?
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 27 (d) 62
Ê (c) Has 27 Ramsar sites like Dal lake,
Pong Dam, Harike Wetland, Chilika lake
etc.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an
international treaty on conservation and
sustainable use of Wetlands. It was
signed in Ramsar, a city in Iran in 1971.
India Chilika lake was first to be
designated as a Ramsar site in India.
to which family?
(a) Austric (b) Dravidian
(c) Sino-Tibetan (d) Indo-European
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
Ê (a) Munda language belongs to the
Austroasiatic or Austric group of
language. It is a group of language with
more than 9 million user from central and
eastern India.
Dravidian languages are Tamil, Telugu,
Kannada and Malyalam. Sion-Tibetan
languages includes chinese and the
Tibeto-Busman languages.
Indo-European languages are dialects
in Asia and Europe.
118. Which one of the following
statements about the Suez Canal is
not correct?
(a) The Suez Canal was constructed in
1869.
(b) It links the Mediterranean Sea and the
Read Sea.
(c) It has a six lock system and ships
cross the different levels through
these locks.
(d) It has given Europe a new gateway to
the Indian Ocean.
Ê (c) Option, (c) is not the correct statement
about the Suez Canal because. It has no
lock system as the water level in
Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea through
Gulf of Suez is nearly same. The Suez
Canal in Egypt connects the Red Sea
with Mediterranean Sea. It was
constructed between 1859 to 1869 and
officially opened in 1869.
It gives Europe a new gateway to the
Indian Ocean allowing huge trade and
cargo movement between the Europe
and Asian Countries.
119. Which among the following
statements is not correct about the
Reign of Terror?
(a) The Jacobins dashed out the
Girondists with the help of
Sans-Culottes.
(b) The Jacobins were in league with the
French clergy.
(c) The arrest for anti-revolutionary
activities was by law restricted to the
political class.
(d) The Reign of Terror came to an end
with the execution of Robespierre by
guillotine in July, 1794.
Ê (c) Reign of Terror was the period in
French revolution in 1793 to 1794,
marked by widespread violence and
executions by the Jacobins, in
association with the Sans-Culottes.
The Jacobins wre in league with the
French clergy.
Jacobins dashed out Girondists with
help of Sans–Culottes and were actively
conspiring against Aristocracy. The laws
for arresting were not limited to political
class instead it was vaguely defined and
anyone could be arrested. Hence,
option (c) is not correct about the Reign
of Terror. The reign came to an end on
27th July, 1794 with the execution of
Robespierre by guillotine.
Hence, option (c) is incorrect.
120. Who among the following was the
first Indian to qualify for the Indian
Civil Service?
(a) Satyendranath Tagore
(b) Surendranath Banerjee
(c) RC Dutt
(d) Subhas Chandra Bose
Ê (a) Satyendranath Tagore was the first
Indian to join the Indian Civil Service. He
was selected in 1863 and posted in
Bombay Presidency as a Civil Servant.
121. Which among the following
was/were among the factors for
England to experience the Industrial
Revolution first?
1. The scientific inventions had paved
the way for Industrial Revolution.
2. It had favourable social and
political structures in place.
3. Navigable rivers had made inland
transport easier.
4. It had seen the ascendancy of
capitalist practices.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) Only 4 (d) All of these
Ê (d) Industrial Revolution was the
technological implementation in mass
production during the second half of
18th century in England. It was a period
of transition with new machines
technologies and steam power driving
the production capacity. The causes/
factors for England to experience the
Industrial Revolution first were
1. Scientific innovations.
2. Favourable Social and Political
Structure
3. Navigable rivers
4. Higher Capital in hands for setting
up enterprise.
Hence, all the statements are correct.
122. Article-46 of the Constitution of
India refers to the promotion of
educational and economic interests
of
(a) religious minorities
(b) Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and other weaker sections
(c) displaced persons from large
irrigation projects
(d) the economically deprived
27
Ê (b) Article 46 in part IV of the Constitution
of India is related to the promotion of
educational and economic interests of
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other weaker sections. Article 46
also provides that the state shall protect
the weaker sections of the society from
social in justice and all forms of exploitation.
123. Who was the Education Minister in
the first Cabinet of Independent India?
(a) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(c) Maulana Abul kalam Azad
(d) Acharya Narendra Dev
Ê (c) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the
Education Minister in the first Cabinet of
Independent India.
National Education Day is celebrated on
11th November every year to
commemorate the birth anniversary of
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
124. Who among the following died in exile?
(a) Rani Laxmibai
(b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(c) Tantia Tope
(d) Nana Saheb
Ê (b) Bahadur Shah Zafar → Died in
Rangoon while in exile in 1862.
Rani Laxmibai→ Died on the battlefield in
Gwalior on 18th June, 1858.
Tantia Tope → Executed by Britishers in
1859 at Shivpuri.
Nana Saheb → Escaped to Nepal and is
thoughts to have died in 1859.
125. The normal lapse rate of temperature
of Earth’s atmosphere drops to 0°C
at the
(a) upper part of ionosphere
(b) upper boundary of the tropopause
(c) lower part of mesosphere
(d) upper boundary of stratopause
(b) The normal lapse rate of temperature
of Earth’s atmosphere drops to 0°C at the
upper boundary of the tropopause. The
lapse rate is the rate at which
temperature in Earth’s atmosphere
changes with altitude.
126. The headquarters of National Research
Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural
Property (NRLC) is located at
(a) New Delhi (b) Lucknow
(c) Kolkata (d) Bhopal
(b) The National Research Laboratory for
Conservation of Cultural Property
(NRLC) is a scientific institution of the
Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
It is responsible for the Conservation of
Cultural Heritage. The NRLC was
established in 1976 with its headquarters
located at Lucknow.
28
127. Loktak lake is situated in the State of
(a) Sikkim (b) Manipur
(c) Odisha (d) Mizoram
Ê (b) Loktak Lake is located at Moirang in
Manipur, India. It is the largest fresh
water lake of North-East India & is
famous for phumdis (floating vegetative
mass). Keibul Lamjao National Park, one
of the phumdis of the Lake, is the only
floating national park in the world. It is
also the last natural habitat of endagered
Sangai deer.
128. Stalactite, stalagmite and pillars are
the depositional landforms of
(a) running water (b) wind
(c) glacier
(d) underground water
Ê (d) Stalactite, stalagmite and pillars are
the depositional landforms of
underground water. Stalactite and
stalagmite are formed when the calcium
carbonate dissolved in groundwater.
129. A deep valley characterised by steep
step like slope is known as
(a) U-shaped valley (b) Blind valley
(c) Gorge (d) Canyon
Ê (d) Canyon is a deep valley characterised
by steep step like slopes. A U-shaped
valley is a glaciated landform having a
characteristic U-shape with steep
straight sides & a flat or rounded bottom.
A blind valley is a deep, narrow & flat
bottomed valley with an abrupt ending.
A Gorge is a deep, narrow valley with
steep sides.
130. Which one of the following is a
major plate?
(a) Pacific Plate (b) Cocos Plate
(c) Arabian Plate (d) Philippine Plate
Ê (a) Among the given options, Pacific plate
is a major plate. The outer shell of Earth,
Lithosphere is broken into tectonic
plates.
There are seven major tectonic plates
which include Pacific Plate, North
American Plate, Eurasian Plate, African
Plate, Antarctic Plate, Indo-Australian
Plate and South American Plate. There
are about 20 minor plates including
Cocos Plate, Nazca plate Arabian Plate
Philippine plate and Caroline Plate etc.
131. Lithosphere consists of
(a) upper and lower mantle
(b) crust and core
(c) crust and uppermost solid mantle
(d) mantle and core
(c) Lithosphere is the solid outer part of
the Earth. It consists of the crust and solid
outermost layer of the upper mantle.
Hence option (c) is correct answer.
132. The principal component(s) of
Nehru-Mahalanobis strategy of
economic development was/were
1. Restructuring economic dependency
on metropolitan capitalism into
independent economic development.
2. Transition from semi-feudal
agricultural to capitalist farming.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(d) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) The Nehru-Mahalanobis strategy was
developed by PC Mahalanobis, under
the guidance of Jawaharlal Nehru in
1953. The Principal components of this
development strategy were
(i) Restructuring economic dependency
on metropolitan capitalism into
independent economic development.
(ii) State capitalist and capitalist develop-
ments in the urban sector and
(iii) Transition from semi-feudal
agricultural to capitalist farming.
Hence, Statements 1 and 2 both are correct.
133. The provisions of the Fifth Schedule
of the Constitution of India shall not
apply to the administration and
control of the Scheduled Areas and
Scheduled Tribes in
1. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha
2. Assam and Tripura
3. Meghalaya and Mizoram
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (c) The provisions of the Fifth Schedule of
the Constitution of India apply to the
administration and control of the
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
in 10 states namely: Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and
Telangana.
134. Consider the following statements
related to Dayanand’s idea of social
reform
1. Dayanand’s reform envisaged a
social order, where different castes
performed functions suitable to
their status determined by merit.
2. Dayanand’s ‘robust Vedic counter-
part’ challenged the masculine West
that had enslaved the Aryavarta.
Which of the statement(s) given
above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
Ê (c) Both the statements are correct as
Dayanand was critical of the ancient
caste system. He criticised it to its length
and breadth. He envisioned a homogenous
society where the profession/function
performed by the person was determinant
of their merit. Also, Dayanand’s ‘robust
Vedic counterpart’ challenged the masculine
West that had enslaved the Aryavarta.
135. Consider the following statements
concerning the American War of
Independence.
1. The Americans raised the slogan, ‘No
taxation without representation’.
2. The American merchants resorted
to the boycott of the British products.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) During the American War of
Independence, in 1774, the first
Continental Congress was held in
Philadelphia which actively advocated
three agendas—
1. Rejection of Union of Colonies
under British authority.
2. Scheme of boycott of trade with
England and Britain.
3. No taxation without representation
and redressal of grievances.
So, both statements are correct. Hence,
option (c) is correct.
136. The first Utkrisht Double Decker
Air-Conditioned Yatri (UDAY)
Express train runs between
(a) Delhi and Kalka
(b) Bengaluru and Coimbatore
(c) Chennai and Visakhapatnam
(d) Chennai and Bengaluru
Ê (b) The first Utkrisht Double Decker
Air-Conditioned Yatri (UDAY) Express
was a specially designed trains which
started service between Coimbatore and
Bengaluru in June, 2018. Second, such
service was launched in September,
2019 that runs between Visakhapatnam
and Vijayawada.
137. Who among the following were
selected for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel
Ratna Award, 2019?
(a) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt
(b) Sakshi Malik and Jitu Rai
(c) Virat Kohli and Mirabai Chanu
(d) Bajrang Punia and Deepa Malik
Ê (d) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award is the
highest sporting honour of India. It is
annually awarded to players by the
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
Bajrang Punia (Wrestling) and Deepa
Malik (Parathlete) were awarded with this
award in 2019.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (II)
138. Betel leaf of which one of the
following states has been accorded a
GI tag recently?
(a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Kerala (d) Mizoram
Ê (c) The Tirur Vettila (Betel leaf) from
Kerala has got its GI tag. The leaf given
its unique component i.e., Eugenol in
leaves along with high protein and
chlorophyll content has several medicinal
properties. Apart from this Arnamula
Kannadi, Payyannur Pavithra Ring,
Navara Rice, Alleppey Coir also gets GI
tag in Kerala.
139. SAMARTH is a flagship skill
development scheme of which one
of the following Ministries?
(a) Ministry of Textiles
(b) Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare
(c) Ministry of Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship
(d) Ministry of Human Resources
Development
Ê (a) SAMARTH is a flagship skill
development scheme of Ministry of
Textiles, Government of India. The
objective of the scheme is to provide skill
development to the youth for gainful and
sustainable employment in the textile
sector.
140. CORAS is a separate Commando
Unit of
(a) National Security Guard
(b) Central Industrial Security Force
(c) Railway Protection Force
(d) Central Reserve Police Force
(c) The Ministry of Railways had
launched the Commando for Railway
Security (CORAS) of Indian railways in
August, 2019. CORAS is a separate
Commando Unit of Railway Protection
Force and are raised keeping in mind the
threat from disruptive forces. The first
deployment of the unit will be in the
naxalism affected Chhattisgarh state.
141. Which one of the following state-
ments is not true about Ijarah system?
(a) It was a system of revenue farming.
(b) It encouraged the role of middlemen.
(c) Under this system, land revenue was
fixed for the peasant.
(d) The Ijaradar paid a fixed amount to the
state treasury.
Ê (c) The Ijarah system was developed
during sultanate period and gained
prominence in Mughals after Akbar. It
was a system of revenue farming. In this
system, the revenue was collected by a
middlemen called Ijaradars who had to
pay a certain sum to ruler and keep rest
with him. This led to ruthless extration of
revenue from poor peasants. The
revenue was not fixed and varied upon
the production. Hence, statement (c) is
incorrect.
142. During the Swadeshi movement, a
National College was started in
Calcutta under the principalship of
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) Aurobindo Ghosh
(c) Rajani Kant Sen
(d) Syed Abu Mohammad
Ê (b) Aurobindo Ghosh founded the Bengal
National College at Calcutta on 15th
August, 1906 and became its first
Principal. But following his trial in the
cases like Bande Mataram (Sedition
case), 1907 and Alipore Bomb
Conspiracy Case, 1908, he resigned
from the post.
143. The ruins of Vijayanagar (Hampi)
were brought to public light in the
year 1800 by the following British
surveyor and engineer
(a) James Prinsep (b) Colin Mackenzie
(c) James Rennell (d) Charles Metcalfe
Ê (b) Colin Mackenzie an engineer and
antiquarian in East Indian Company
found the ruins of Vijayanagar (Hampi) in
1800. He prepared the first survey map
of Hampi. James Prinsep, deciphered
Kharoshti and Brahmi scripts.
James Rennell, produce first accurate
maps of Bengal and the outlines of India.
Charles Metcalfe, appointed as acting
Governor-General of India in 1835.
144. Which country among the
following was not a part of the
Third Coalition against Napoleon?
(a) Russia (b) Prussia
(c) Sweden (d) France
Ê (d) The third coalition was an alliance of
Russia, Britain, Prussia, Austria and
Sweden against the Napoleon I of
France. Hence, France was a party to
war, but not a coalition member.
145. Which one of the following pairs of
travellers and their nationality is
not correctly matched?
(a) Ibn Battuta-Moroccan
(b) Duarte Barbosa-Portuguese
(c) Jean Baptiste Tavernier-Dutch
(d) Niccolao Manucci-Venetian
Ê (c) Option (c) is not correctly matched
because Jean Baptiste Tavernier was a
French gem merchant and traveller. He
made 6 voyages to Persia and India in
his lifetime from 1630 to 1668 and has
left valuable accounts of Mughal empire,
Nizams of Hyderabad, etc.
29
146. World Humanitarian Day is
celebrated on
(a) 26th June (b) 17th July
(c) 19th August (d) 27th September
Ê (c) World Humanitarian Day is an
international day celebrated on 19th
August every year to recognise the
humanitarian personnel and those who
laid down their lives for the causes of
humanity. It was designated by the
United Nation General Assembly for the
first time in 2009 on 19th August.
147. Which one of the following is the
name given to the lander of
Chandrayaan-2?
(a) Vigyan (b) Anusandhan
(c) Pragyan (d) Vikram
Ê (d) Chandrayaan-2 was the second lunar
exploration mission of Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO). It consisted
of a lunar orbiter, lander named ‘Vikram’
and lunar rover called ‘Pragyan’. The
Mission’s Lander was named after Vikram
Sarabhai, who is widely regarded as the
founder of Indian Space Programme.
148. Along with Pranab Mukherjee, how
many more persons were conferred
the Bharat Ratna Award in the year
2019?
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
Ê (b) In the year 2019, along with Pranab
Mukherjee, two personalities were
awarded Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian
award of India. The awardees were:
1. Pranab Mukherjee →
Former President of India.
2. Nanaji Deshmukh →
Social Activist from Maharashtra.
3. Bhupen Hazarika →
Assamese Composer, Musician
and Lyricist.
149. Aishwarya Pissay excels in which
one of the following sports?
(a) Badminton (b) Boxing
(c) Motorsports (d) Chess
Ê (c) Aishwarya Pissay is an Indian circuit
and off road motor cycle racer. She
became the first ever Indian athlete to
won a world title in motorsports.
150. Which one of the following films
was adjudged as the Best Feature
Film in the 66th National Film Awards?
(a) Bulbul can Sing (b) Hellaro
(c) Badhaai Ho (d) Uri
Ê (b) The movie ‘Hellaro’ won the National
Film ward for the Best Feature Film in the
66th National Film Awards. ‘Hellaro’ is a
Gujarati language period drama,
co-written and directed by Abhishek
Shah.
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2019 (I)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. What is the nth term of the sequence ∴R is symmetric. 4. If A = { x ∈ Z : x 3 − 1 = 0} and
25, − 125, 625, − 3125, …? Hence, R is neither reflexive nor
B = { x ∈ Z : x + x + 1 = 0}, where, Z
2
(a) ( −5)2n−1 (b) ( −1)2n 5 n +1 transitive but symmetric.
is set of complex numbers, then
(c) ( −1)2n−1 5 n +1 (d) ( −1)n−1 5 n +1 3. A relation R is defined on the set N of what is A ∩ B equal to?
Ê (d) Given, sequence 25, natural numbers as (a) Null set
−125, 625, − 3125 xRy ⇒ x 2 − 4 xy + 3y 2 = 0. Then,  −1 + 3i −1 − 3i 
T T (b)  , 
Here, 2 = 3 = ........... which one of the following is
T1 T2  2 2 
correct?
 −1 + 3i −1 − 3i 
So, this sequence in GP whose common (a) R is reflexive and symmetric, but not (c)  , 
ratio is −5. transitive  4 4 
then a = 25, r = −5 (b) R is reflexive and transitive, but not  1 + 3i 1 − 3i 
(d)  ,
∴n th term of sequence = ar n−1
symmetric
 2 2 
= 25( − 5)n − 1 (c) R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Ê (b) We have, A = { x ∈ Z : x − 1 = 0}
3
(d) R is reflexive, but neither symmetric
= ( − 1)n − 1 5 2 × 5 n − 1 = ( − 1)n − 1 5 n + 1 nor transitive
and B = { x ∈ Z : x 2 + x + 1 = 0}
Ê (d) Given, xRy ⇒ x − 4 xy + 3 y = 0
2 2
2. Suppose X = {1, 2, 3, 4 } and R is a  − 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i 
For reflexive A = 1, , 
relation on X. If  2 2 
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), xRx ⇒ x 2 − 4 x 2 + 3 x 2 = 0
 − 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i 
So, ( x, x ) ∈ R, ∀ x ∈ N B= , 
(2,3), (3, 2)}, then which one of the 2 2
 
following is correct? Hence, R is reflexive.
− 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i 
(a) R is reflexive and symmetric, but not For symmetric A∩B=  , 
 2 2 
transitive xRy ⇒ x 2 − 4 xy + 3 y 2 = 0
(b) R is symmetric and transitive, but not
∴ yRx ⇒ y 2 − 4 xy + 3 x 2 5. Consider the following statements
reflexive
(c) R is reflexive and transitive, but not for the two non-empty sets A and B.
It is not clear, that y − 4 xy + 3 x is equal
2 2
symmetric 1. ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
to zero or not.
(d) R is neither reflexive nor transitive, but
i.e. ( x, y)∈ R but ( y, x ) ∉R ⋅ ∀ x, y ∈ N
=A∪B
symmetric 2. ( A ∪ ( A ∩ B )) = A ∪ B
Hence, R is not symmetric.
Ê (d) We have, X = {1, 2, 3, 4} For transitive
Which of the above statements
R = { (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3),
is/are correct?
xRy ⇒ x 2 − 4xy + 3 y 2 = 0 (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
yRz ⇒ y 2 − 4 yz + 3 z2 = 0 (let) (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Since, ( 4, 4) ∉ R,
xRz ⇒ x 2 − 4xz + 3 z2 Ê (a) We have,
Hence, R is not reflexive.
It is not clear, that x 2 − 4xz + 3 z2 is 1. ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∪ B
Since, (1, 2 ) ∈ R, (2, 3) ∈ R but
equal to zero or not. LHS ≡ ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B)
(1, 3) ∉ R, R is not transitive. So, ( x , y) ∈ R ,( y, z)∈ R = { A ∩ ( B ∪ B )} ∪ ( A ∩ B)
(1, 2), (2, 3) ∈ R ⇒( x , z) ∉ R ∀ x , y, z ∈ N [by distributive property]
and also (2, 1), (3, 2) ∈ R Hence, R is not transitive.
2 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

= ( A ∩ U ) ∪ ( A ∩ B) B31 = 0, B32 = 0, B33 = 8 10. x − 3i

1
[Q B ∪ B = U ]
= A ∪ ( A ∩ B)
 B11 B12 B13  ′ If y i  = 6 + 11i , then what
1
adj B =  B21 B22 B23   
= ( A ∪ A ) ∩ ( A ∪ B)    0 2i −i 
= U ∩ ( A ∪ B)= A ∪ B = RHS  B31 B32 B33 
are the values of x and y
Hence, 1 is correct.  0 0 − 2 ′  0 0 0 respectively?
2. A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∪ B =  0 0 −1 =  0 0 0 (a) −3, 4 (b) 3, 4
   
LHS ≡ A ∪ ( A ∩ B )  0 0 8   − 2 − 1 8  (c) 3, − 4 (d) −3, −4
= ( A ∪ A) ∩ ( A ∪ B) x − 3i 1
= U ∩ ( A ∪ B) 8. i = 6 + 11 i
What are the roots of the equation Ê (a) We have, y 1
= A∪B ≠ A ∪ B
Hence, 2 is false.
| x 2 − x − 6| = x + 2? 0 2i −i
∴Only 1 is correct. (a) −2, 1, 4 (b) 0, 2, 4 ⇒ x ( − i + 2 ) − y ( − 3 − 2 i ) = 6 + 11 i
(c) 0, 1, 4 (d) −2, 2, 4
6. ⇒ 2 x + 3 y + ( − x + 2 y) i = 6 + 11 i
Let X be a non-empty set and let
Ê (d) We have, On equating real and imaginary parts, on
A , B, C be subsets of X . Consider the | x 2 − x − 6| = x + 2 both sides,
following statements. we get 2 x + 3 y = 6
⇒ | ( x − 3) ( x − 2 )| = x + 2 ...(i)
1. A ⊂ C ⇒ ( A ∩ B ) ⊂ (C ∩ B ), Case I x < 2 and − x + 2 y = 11 ...(ii)
( A ∪ B ) ⊂ (C ∪ B ) x2 − x − 6 = x + 2 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2. ( A ∩ B ) ⊂ (C ∩ B ) for all sets x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0
x = − 3 and y = 4
B ⇒A ⊂C 11. The common roots of the equations
 x2 − 4 x + 2 x − 8 = 0 
3. ( A ∪ B ) ⊂ (C ∪ B ) for all sets  
B ⇒A ⊂C  x ( x − 4) + 2 ( x − 4) = 0 z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0
Which of the above statements are ( x − 4) ( x + 2 ) = 0 and z 2017 + z 2018 + 1 = 0 are
correct? x = − 2 but x ≠ 4 [Q x < 2] (a) −1, ω (b) 1,ω 2
(a) Only 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 and 3 (c) −1, ω 2 (d) ω, ω 2
Case II 2 ≤ x < 3
(c) Only 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
x2 − x − 6 = − ( x + 2 ) Ê (d) We have, z + 2 z + 2 z + 1 = 0
3 2

Ê (d) Let X = {1,2, 3, 4}

x − x−6+ x+2 =0
2
( z + 1) ( z2 + z + 1) = 0
A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3, 4}, C = {1, 2, 3}
x2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ z + 1 = 0 or z2 + z + 1 = 0
A⊂C
A ∩ B = {2}, C ∩ B = {2, 3} x=±2 z = −1
Clearly, ( A ∩ B) ⊂ (C ∩ B) x = 2 but x ≠ − 2 [Q x ∈ (2, 3)] −1 ± 1 − 4
or z=
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, (C ∪ B) = {1, 2, 3, 4} Case III x ≥ 3 2
( A ∪ B) ⊂ (C ∩ B) x2 − x − 6 = x + 2 −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
= , = ω, ω 2
Hence, Statement 1 is correct. x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0 2 2
2.( A ∩ B) ⊂ (C ∩ B) for all sets B ⇒ A ⊂ C Now, z2017 + z2018 + 1 = 0
( x + 2 ) ( x − 4) = 0
Hence, Statement 2 is also correct.
x = 4 but x ≠ − 2 [Q x ≥ 3] Put z = − 1,
3. ( A ∪ B) ⊂ (C ∪ B) for all sets LHS = ( −1)2017 + ( −1)2018 + 1
∴ x = − 2, 2, 4
B⇒A⊂ C
= − 1+ 1+ 1
Hence, Statement 3 is also correct. 9. 0 1
If A =  , then the matrix A is = 1 ≠ 0 (RHS)
7. 3 2 0 1 0 ∴ z = − 1 is not a root of equation.
If B = 2 4 0, then what is adjoint a/an Put z = ω,
  (a) singular matrix
1 1 0 LHS = (ω )2017 + (ω )2018 + 1
(b) involutory matrix
of B equal to? (c) nilpotent matrix = (ω 3 )672.ω + (ω 3 )672.ω 2 + 1
 0 0 0  0 0 −2  (d) idempotent matrix = ω + ω2 + 1 [Q ω 3 = 1]
(a)  0 0 0 (b)  0 0 −1  0 1 [Q1 + ω + ω 2 = 0]
    Ê (b) We have, A =  1 0 
 −2 −1 8  0 0 8    = 0 = RHS
| A| = − 1 ∴ z = ω is a root of equation.
0 0 2 
put z = ω 2,
(c)  0 0 1 (d) It does not exist Since,| A | ≠ 0
 
 0 0 0 Hence, A is not singular. LHS = (ω 2 )2017 + (ω 2 )2018 + 1
 3 2 0  0 1  0 1 = ω 4034 + ω 4036 + 1
A2 = A ⋅ A =  ⋅ 
Ê (a) We have, B =  2 4 0   1 0  1 0 = (ω 3 )1344 .ω 2 + (ω 3 )1345.ω + 1
 1 1 0   1 0 
=  = ω 2 + ω + 1 = 0 RHS
Co-factor of B,  0 1 ∴ z = ω 2 is a root of equation.
B11 = 0, B12 = 0, B13 = − 2 A =I
2
Hence, ω, ω 2 are the common roots of
B21 = 0, B22 = 0, B23 = − 1 Hence, A is involutory matrix.
these equations.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 3

12. If C (20, n + 2) = C (20, n − 2), then Directions (Q. Nos. 16 and 17) Read 20. From 6 programmers and 4 typists,
the information carefully and answer an office wants to recruit 5 people.
what is n equal to
the given questions. What is the number of ways this can
(a) 8 (b) 10 In a school, all the students play atleast one
(c) 12 (d) 16 be done so as to recruit atleast one
of three indoor games– chess, carrom and
typist?
Ê (b) We have, C (20, n + 2 ) = C (20, n − 2 ) table tennis. 60 play chess, 50 play table
tennis, 48 play carrom, 12 play chess and (a) 209 (b) 210
⇒ 20
Cn + 2 = 20
Cn − 2 (c) 246 (d) 242
carrom, 15 play carrom and table tennis, 20
⇒ n + 2 + n − 2 = 20 play table tennis and chess. Ê (c) We have,
[Q nC x = nC y ⇒ x + y = n] 6 programmers and 4 typists
16. What can be the minimum number of Number of ways of 5 recruit people such
∴ n = 10
students in the school? that atleast one typist
13. There are 10 points in a plane. No (a) 123 (b) 111 (c) 95 (d) 63 = 4C1 6C 4 + 4C 2 6C 3 + 4C 3 6C 2
three of these points are in a straight Ê (b) Let + 4C 4 6C1
line. What is the total number of A = Student play chess = 4 × 15 + 6 × 20 + 4 × 15 + 1 × 6
straight lines which can be formed B = Student play table tennis = 60 + 120 + 60 + 6 = 246
by joining the points? C = Student play carrom
(a) 90 (b) 45 Given, n( A ) = 60, n( B) = 50, n(C ) = 48
21. What is the number of terms in the
(c) 40 (d) 30 n( A ∩ B) = 20, n( B ∩ C ) = 15 expansion of [(2x − 3y )2 (2x + 3y )2 ]2 ?
Ê (b) Given, 10 points in a plane where no n( A ∩ C ) = 12 (a) 4 (b) 5
three of these points are in straight line. (c) 8 (d) 16
For minimum number of students in
Total number of straight line formed from
Ê (b) Given, [(2 x − 3 y) (2 x + 3 y) ]
school 2 2 2
10 points is
n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) must be zero. = [4x 2 − 9 y 2 ]4
10 ! 10 × 9
10
C2 = = = 45 ∴n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A ) + n( B) + n(C ) ∴ Total number of terms = 4 + 1 = 5
2 ! 8! 2
− n( A ∩ B) − n( B ∩ C )
14. The equation px 2 + qx + r = 0 − n( A ∩ C ) + n( A ∩ B ∩ C )
22. In the expansion of (1 +ax )n , the first
(where p , q , r , all are positive) has = 60 + 50 + 48 − 20 − 15 − 12 + 0 = 111 three terms are respectively 1, 12x
distinct real roots a and b. Which one and 64 x 2 . What is n equal to?
of the following is correct? 17. What can be the maximum number of
(a) 6 (b) 9
(a) a > 0, b > 0 students in the school? (c) 10 (d) 12
(b) a < 0, b < 0 (a) 111 (b) 123
(c) a > 0, b < 0 (c) 125 (d) 135 Ê (b) Given, first three terms of expansion
(1 + ax ) is 1, 12 x, 64 x ,
n 2
(d) a < 0, b > 0 Ê (b) For maximum number of students in Now,
Ê (b) Given, px + qx + r = 0,
2
where school n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) must be 12. n( n − 1) 2 2
∴ n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) (1 + ax )n = 1 + nax + a x +K
p, q , r > 0 and a and b are distinct roots. 2
−q = 60 + 50 + 48 − 20 − 15 − 12 + 12 On equating first three terms, we get
∴ a+ b= and ab = r
p = 123 n ( n − 1) 2
na = 12 and a = 64
Now, r> 0 18. If A is an identity matrix of order 3, 2
On putting the value of a in
∴ ab > 0 then its inverse ( A −1 ) n ( n − 1) 2
⇒ a > 0, b > 0 ...(i) a = 64, we get
(a) is equal to null matrix 2
or a < 0, b < 0 ...(ii) (b) is equal to A n ( n − 1)  12 
2
−q
< 0 q, p > 0
(c) is equal to 3 A (d) does not exist   = 64
Now, 2  n
p  1 0 0
144 ( n − 1)
∴ a+ b< 0 Ê (b) Given, A =  0 1 0  ⇒
2n
= 64
a < 0, b < 0 ...(iii)  0 0 1  ∴ n=9
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get  1 0 0
∴ a < 0 and b < 0 ∴ A −1 =  0 1 0  = A
23. The numbers 1, 5 and 25 can be three
  terms (not necessarily
15. If A = { λ , { λ ,µ }}, then the power set  0 0 1 
consecutive)of
of A is 19. A is a square matrix of order 3 such (a) only one AP
(a) { φ, { φ}, { λ}, { λ,µ }} that its determinant is 4. What is the (b) more than one but finite numbers of
(b) {φ, { λ},{ λ,µ },{ λ,{ λ,µ }}} APs
determinant of its transpose? (c) infinite number of APs
(c) { φ, { λ},{ λ,µ },{ λ,{ λ,µ }}} (a) 64 (b) 36 (d) finite number of GPs
(d) {{ λ},{ λ,µ },{ λ,{ λ ,µ }}} (c) 32 (d) 4
Ê (d) We have, 1, 5, 25 be three terms.
Ê (b) We have, A = { λ, { λ, µ }} Ê (d) Given, | A | = 4 Clearly, 1, 5, 25 are finite number of GPs.
P( A ) = { φ, { λ}, {{ λ, µ }}, { λ, { λ, µ }}} ∴ | A′ | = 4 [Q | A | = | A ′ |]
4 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

24. The sum of ( p + q )th and ( p − q )th 26. What is the least value of Directions (Q. Nos. 29 and 30) Read
terms of an AP is equal to 25 cosec2 x + 36sec2 x ? the information carefully and answer
the given questions.
(a) (2 p) th term (b) (2q ) th term (a) 1 A complex number is given by
(c) twice the p th term (b) 11
(d) twice the q th term 1 + 2i
(c) 120 z= .
Ê (c) Let a is first term and d is common (d) 121 1 − (1 − i )2
difference of AP.
Ê (d) Given, 25 cosec x + 36 sec x
2 2

ap + q = a + ( p + q − 1) d
29. What is the modulus of z?
= 25 (1 + cot 2 x ) + 36 (1 + tan2 x ) 1
and ap − q = a + ( p − q − 1) d (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
= 25 + 25 cot x + 36 + 36 tan x
2 2 2
Sum of ( p + q ) th and ( p − q ) th terms 1 + 2i
= ap + q + ap − q = 2 a + (2 p − 2 ) d = 25 + 36 + 25 cot 2 x + 36 tan2 x Ê (c) We have, z =
1 − (1 − i )2
= 2 ( a + ( p − 1) d ) = 2 ap 1 + 2i
= 61 + ( 5 cot x − 6 tan x )2 + 2 × 5 × 6 z=
= twice of p th term 1 − (1 − 1 − 2 i )
≥ 61 + 60 = 121 [Qminimum value of
25. If A is a square matrix of order n > 1, 1 + 2i
( 5 cot x − 6 tan x )2 = 0] = =1
then which one of the following is 1 + 2i
∴ Minimum value of
correct? ∴ | z| = 1
25 cosec 2 x + 36 sec 2 x = 121
(a) det ( − A ) = det A 30. What is the principal argument of z?
(b) det ( − A ) = ( −1)n det A
(c) det ( − A ) = − det A Directions (Q. Nos. 27 and 28) Read π π
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) π
(d) det ( − A ) = n det A the information carefully and answer 4 2
the given questions. −1  lm( z) 
Ê Sol. (b) We know that if A is a square Ê (a) arg ( z) = tan  
matrix of order n > 1, then Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices with det A = 4  Re ( z)
det( − A ) = ( −1)n det A and det B = 3 .  0
= tan−1   = tan−1 0 = 0
2 3 27. What is det (2AB ) equal to?  1
For example If A =  ,
 4 5 (a) 96
31. What is the value of
 −2 −3 (b) 72
then − A =   (c) 48 sin 34 ° cos 236° − sin 56° sin 124 °
 −4 −5 ?
(d) 36 cos 28° cos 88° + cos 178° sin 208°
2 3
∴det A =  = 10 − 12 = − 2 …(i) Ê (a) A and B be ( 3 × 3) matrices with (a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 1
4 5 det A = 4 and det B = 3
−2 −3 Ê (a) We have,
and det( − A ) =   = 10 − 12 = − 2 We know that, sin 34° cos 236° − sin 56° sin 124°
−4 −5 det ( KAB) = K ndet( A ) × det( B) cos 28° cos 88° + cos 178° sin 208°
= ( −1)2( −2 ) [Q here n = 2] where, n is the order or A and B, K is a real sin 34° cos (180° + 56° )
= ( −1)2 det A [from Eq. (i)] number. − sin 56° sin ( 90° + 34° )
=
∴det(2 AB) = (2 )3detA × detB cos 28° cos 88° + cos ( 90° + 88° )
1 2 3 
[Q n = 3 and k = 2] sin (180° + 28° )
if A =  3 1 0 
  =8×4×3 − sin 34° cos 56° − sin 56° cos 34°
 4 3 −2  =
= 96 cos 28° cos 88° + sin 88° sin 28°
 −1 −2 −3
28. What is det (3AB −1 ) equal to? − sin ( 56° + 34° ) − sin 90°
Then, − A =  −3 −1 0  = =
  cos ( 88° − 28° ) cos 60°
(a) 12 (b) 18
 −4 −3 2  −1
(c) 36 (d) 48 = = −2
1 2 3 1
∴ det A = 3 1 0
Ê (c) A and B be ( 3 × 3) matrices with
2
det A = 4 and det B = 3
4 3 −2
We know that, 32. tan54° can be expressed as
= 1( −2 − 0) − 2( −6 − 0) + 3( 9 − 4) 1 sin 9° + cos 9° sin 9° − cos 9°
det( KAB−1 ) = K ndet( A ) × , (a) (b)
= − 2 + 12 + 15 = 25 det( B) sin 9° − cos 9° sin 9° + cos 9°
 −1 −2 −3 cos 9° + sin 9° sin 36°
where n is the order of A and B, K is a (c) (d)
and det ( − A ) =  −3 −1 0 cos 9° − sin 9° cos 36°
  real number]
 −4 −3 2
∴det ( 3 AB−1 ) = ( 3)3det( A ) ×
1 Ê (c) We have, tan 54° = tan ( 45° + 9° )
= − 1( −2 − 0) + 2( −6 − 0) − 3( 9 − 4) det B tan 45° + tan 9° 1 + tan 9°
1 = =
= 2 − 12 − 15 = − 25 = 27 × 4 × 1 − tan 45° tan 9° 1 − tan 9°
= ( −1)325 [here n = 3] 3
cos 9° + sin 9°
= 36 =
= ( −1)3det A [from Eq. (i)] cos 9° − sin 9°
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 5

Directions (Q. Nos. 33-35) Read the Directions (Q. Nos. 36 and 37) Read 39. What is the value of
given information carefully and answer the given information carefully and −1 4 −1 5 π
the given questions. answer the given questions. sin + sec − ?
5 4 2
If p = X cosθ − Y sin θ, It is given that cos(θ − α) = a,
π π
cos(θ − β ) = b. (a) (b)
q = X sin θ + Y cos θ and 4 2
p2 + 4 pq + q2 = AX 2 + BY 2 , 36. What is cos(α − β ) equal to ? (c) π (d) 0
π Ê (d) We have,
0 ≤θ ≤ . (a) ab + 1 − a2 1 − b 2
2 4 5 π
sin−1 + sec −1 −
5 4 2
33. What is the value of θ? (b) ab − 1 − a 2
1− b 2
4 4 π
π π = sin−1 + cos −1 −
(a) (b) 5 5 2
2 3 (c) a 1 − a2 − b 1 − a2
  1 
π π Q sec −1 x = cos −1  
(c) (d)   x  

4 6 (d) a 1 − b 2 + b 1 − a2
π π  π
Ê (c) We have, = − = 0 Q sin−1 x + cos −1 x =
 2 
p = X cos θ − Y sin θ ...(i)
Ê (a) Given cos (θ − α ) = a 2 2
cos (θ − β ) = b
q = X sin θ + Y cos θ ...(ii) 40. 2p 1 −q 2
cos (α − β ) = cos {(θ − β ) − (θ − α )} If sin −1 − cos −1
and p2 + 4 pq + q 2 = AX 2 + BY 2 ...(iii) 1+ p2 1+q2
= cos (θ − β ) cos (θ − α ) + sin (θ − β )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
sin (θ − α ) −1 2x
p2 + q 2 = ( X cos θ − Y sin θ)2 = tan , then what is x equal
= ab + 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 1−x2
+ ( X sin θ + Y cos θ) 2
to?
⇒ p2 + q 2 = X 2 + Y 2 37. What is sin 2 (α − β ) + 2ab cos(α − β) p+ q p−q
(a) (b)
and pq = ( X cos θ − Y sin θ) equal to? 1 + pq 1 + pq
( X sin θ + Y cos θ) (a) a2 + b 2 (b) a2 − b 2
⇒ pq = ( X 2 − Y 2 )sin θ cos θ (c) b 2 − a2 (d) −(a2 + b 2 ) pq p+ q
(c) (d)
+ XY cos 2θ 1 + pq 1 − pq
Ê (a) sin (α − β ) + 2 ab cos (α − β )
2
∴ p2 + 4 pq + q 2 = X 2 + Y 2 + 2
= 1 − cos 2 (α − β ) + 2 ab cos (α − β ) Ê (b) Given,
( X 2 − Y 2) 2p 1− q2
sin−1 − cos −1  
2
sin 2θ + 4 XY cos 2θ = 1 − ( ab + 1 − a2 1 − b 2 )2 + 2 ab 1+ p 2
1 + q 
Given, p2 + 4 pq + q 2 = AX 2 + BY 2 ( ab + 1 − a2 1 − b2 ) = tan−1
2x
∴ X + Y + 2 (X − Y )
2 2 2 2 1 − x2
= 1 − [a 2b 2 + (1 − a 2 ) (1 − b 2 ) + 2 ab
⇒ 2 tan−1 p − 2 tan−1 q = 2 tan−1 x
sin 2 θ + 4 XY cos 2θ = AX + 2 BY 2 2
1 − a2 1 − b 2 ] + 2 a 2b 2 + 2 ab  p−q 
Coefficient of XY = 0 ⇒ tan−1  −1
 = tan x
 1 + pq 
∴ cos 2θ = 0 ( 1 − a 2 ) ( (1 − b 2 )
π p−q
⇒ 2θ = = 1 − a 2b 2 − 1 + a 2 + b 2 − a 2b 2 ∴ x=
2 1 + pq
π − 2 ab 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 + 2 a 2b 2 + 2 ab 1 1
∴ θ= 41. If tanθ = and tan φ = , then what
4 1− a 2
1− b 2
2 3
34. What is the value of A? is the value of (θ + φ )?
= a2 + b 2
(a) 4 π
(a) 0 (b)
(b) 3 38. If sin α + cos α = p, then what is 6
π π
(c) 2 cos 2 (2α ) equal to? (c) (d)
(d) 1 4 2
π (a) p2 (b) p2 − 1 1 1
Ê (b) X + Y + 2 ( X − Y ) sin
2 2 2 2
(c) p2 (2 − p2 ) (d) p2 + 1 Ê (c) Given, tan θ = , tan φ =
2 2 3
tan θ + tan φ
= AX 2 + BY 2 Ê (c) We have, sin α + cos α = p tan (θ + φ) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
⇒ X 2 + Y 2 + 2 X 2 − 2 Y 2 = AX 2 + BY 2 sin2 α + cos 2 α + 2 sin α cos α = p2 1 1
+
⇒ 3 X − Y = AX + BY
2 2 2 2
⇒ 1 + sin 2 α = p2 ⇒ tan (θ + φ) = 2 3
1 1
∴ A = 3, B = − 1 ⇒ sin2α = p2 − 1 1− ×
2 3
35. What is the value of B ? ⇒ sin2 2α = ( p2 − 1)2 3+2 5
⇒ tan (θ + φ) = = =1
(a) −1 (b) 0 ⇒ 1 − cos 2 2α = p4 − 2 p2 + 1 6−1 5
(c) 1 (d) 2 ⇒ tan (θ + φ) = 1
⇒ cos 2 2α = 2 p2 − p4
Ê (a) B = − 1 π
∴ cos 2 α = p (2 − p )
2 2 2 ⇒ θ + φ = tan−1 1 =
4
6 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

3
42. If cos A = , then what is the value Ê (b) Given, sin 2θ = cos 3θ 49. If p = cosecθ − cot θ and
4 q = (cosecθ + cot θ )−1, then which
⇒ 2 sin θ cos θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ
 A   3A 
of sin   sin   ? ⇒ 2 sin θ = 4 cos 2 θ − 3 one of the following is correct?
 2  2 
[Qcosθ ≠ 0] (a) pq =1 (b) p = q
5 5 5 7 ⇒ 2 sin θ = 4(1 − sin2 θ) − 3 (c) p + q = 1 (d) p + q = 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 16 24 32
⇒ 4 sin2 θ + 2 sinθ − 1 = 0 Ê (b) Given, p = cosec θ − cot θ
3
Ê (b) Given, cos A = −2 ± 4 + 16 q = (cosec θ + cot θ)−1
4 ⇒ sinθ = ⇒
A 3A 2 ×4
Now, sin sin  1   cosec θ − cot θ 
2 2 − 2 ± 2 5 − 1± 5 q =  
⇒ sin θ = =  cosec θ + cot θ   cosec θ − cot θ 
1 2 A 3A 2 ×4 4
=  sin sin  ⇒ q = cosec θ − cot θ
2  2 2  5 −1   π 
∴ sin θ = Q θ ∈ 0, ∴ q = p
 3A    2  

cos  −
1 A 3A A 4
=  − cos  + 
    2   50. If the angles of a triangle ABC are in
2  2 2 2
46. If the roots of the equation the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then the
1
= [cos A − cos 2 A ] x 2 + px + q = 0 are tan19° and
2 corresponding sides are in the ratio
1 tan26°, then which one of the (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1
= (cos A − 2 cos 2 A + 1)
2 following is correct ? (c) 1 : 3 : 2 (d) 1 : 3 : 2
1 3 9  (a) q − p = 1 (b) p − q = 1 Ê (c) We have, angle of triangle ABC are in
= −2 × +1
2  4 16  (c) p + q = 2 (d) p + q = 3 the ratio 1 : 2 : 3
1 3 9  1  6 − 9 + 8 5 Ê (a) Given, tan 19° and tan 26° are roots of ∴ x + 2 x + 3 x = 180°
= − +1 = =
2  4 8  2  8  16 x 2 + px + q = 0. ⇒ x = 30°
∴tan 19° + tan 26° = − p ∴ Angles of triangle are 30° , 60° , 90°.
43. What is the value of tan 75° + cot 75° ? We know that, sine rule
tan 19° ⋅ tan 26° = q
(a) 2 (b) 4 tan 19° + tan 26° a b c
tan (19° + 26° ) = = =
(c) 2 3 (d) 4 3 1 − tan 19° tan 26° sin A sin B sinC
a b c
Ê (b) We have, tan 75° + cot 75° −p −p = =
⇒ tan 45° = ⇒1 = sin 30° sin 60° sin 90°
= tan ( 90° − 15° ) + cot ( 90° − 15° ) 1− q 1− q
a b c
= cot 15° + tan 15° ⇒ = =
⇒ 1− q = − p 1 3 1
cos 15° sin 15°
= + ∴ q − p=1 2 2
sin 15° cos 15°
cos 2 15° + sin2 15° 47. What is the fourth term of an AP of n ∴ a : b : c = 1: 3 : 2
=
sin15° cos 15° terms whose sum is n (n + 1)? 51. Consider the following statements
1 (a) 6 (b) 8 1. For an equation of a line,
= (c) 12 (d) 20
sin 15° cos 15° x cos θ + y sin θ = p , in normal
2 Ê (b) Given, form, the length of the
=
2 sin 15° cos 15° Sum of n terms of an AP perpendicular from the point
2 2 i.e. S n = n ( n + 1) ( α, β ) to the line is
= = =4
sin 30° 1 a4 = S 4 − S 3 [Q an = S n − S n−1] | α cos θ + β sin θ + p |.
2 a4 = 4( 4 + 1) − 3 ( 3 + 1)
The length of the perpendicular
a4 = 20 − 12 = 8 from the point (α,β ) to the line
44. What is the value of
∴ Fourth term of an AP = 8 aα + bβ − ab
cos 46° cos 47 ° cos 48° cos 49 ° x y
cos 50° .....cos 135°? 48. What is − sec 2 α sec 2 β equal to? + = 1 is .
 a +b 
a b 2 2
(a) −1 (b) 0
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) Greater than 1
(c) 2 (d) 4
Which of the above statements
Ê (b) We have, is/are correct?
Ê (a) We have, (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
cos 46° cos 47 ° cos 48° (1 + tan α tan β )2 + (tanα − tanβ )2
cos 49° cos 50° … cos 90° … cos 135° (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
− sec 2α sec 2β
=0 [Qcos 90° = 0] Ê (d) 1. Equation of line
π = 1 + tan2 α tan2 β + 2 tanα tanβ x cos θ + y sin θ = p
45. If sin 2θ = cos 3θ, where 0 < θ < , + tan2 α + tan2 β Perpendicular distance from (α,β ) to the
2
then what is sinθ equal to ? − 2 tanα tanβ − sec 2α sec 2β given line is
= 1 + tan2 α tan2 β + tan2 α + tan2 β α cos θ + β sin θ − p
5 +1 5 −1
(a) (b) − sec 2α sec 2 β
4 4 cos 2 θ + sin2 θ
5 +1 5 −1 = (1 + tan α ) (1 + tan β ) − sec α sec β
2 2 2 2
= (α cos θ + β sinθ − p)
(c) (d)
16 16 = sec 2αsec 2β − sec 2αsec 2β = 0 Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 7

2. Length of the perpendicular from the 54. The equation 2x 2 − 3y 2 − 6 = 0 Ê (c) The lines 3 y + 4 x = 1, y = x + 5 and
x y
point (α,β ) to the line + = 1 is 5 y + bx = 3 are concurrent.
a b represents
 3 4 − 1
α β  (a) a circle
 1 − 1 − 5 = 0
 + − 1  ∴
a b αb + aβ − ab (b) a parabola  
 = 
 
 (c) an ellipse  5 b − 3
 1
+
1   a2 + b 2 
2 (d) a hyperbola ⇒ 3 ( 3 + 5b ) − 4( − 3 + 25) −1( b + 5) = 0
 a b 2
Ê (d) Given, 2 x − 3 y − 6 = 0
2 2
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect. ⇒ 9 + 15b + 12 − 100 − b − 5 = 0
∴ Neither 1 nor 2. ⇒ 2 x 2 − 3 y2 = 6 ⇒ 14b = 84
∴ b=6
52. A circle is drawn on the chord of a x2 y2
⇒ − =1
circle x + y = a as diameter. The
2 2 2 3 2 58. What is the equation of the straight
Which represents the equation of a line which is perpendicular to y = x
chord lies on the line x + y = a. hyperbola. and passes through (3, 2)?
What is the equation of the circle?
55. The two parabolas y 2 = 4ax and (a) x − y=5
(a) x 2 + y2 − ax − ay + a2 = 0 (b) x + y=5
(b) x 2 + y2 − ax − ay = 0 x = 4ay intersect
2
(c) x + y=1
(c) x 2 + y2 + ax + ay = 0 (a) at two points on the line y = x (d) x − y=1
(d) x 2 + y2 + ax + ay − 2 a2 = 0 (b) only at the origin Ê (b) Equation of line perpendicular to y = x
(c) at three points one of which lies on is x + y = λ.
Ê (b)2 Given, equation of circle is y+ x =0
x + y 2 = a 2. Since, this line is passes through (3, 2)
(d) only at (4a, 4a)
x + y = a is chord of a circle. ∴ 3 + 2 = λ⇒λ = 5
Ê (a) Given, y = 4ax
2
Hence, equation of required line is
(0, a) and x 2 = 4ay x + y = 5.
The graph of given curve is clearly from 59. The straight lines x + y − 4 = 0,
graph the given curve is intersect at two
points on the line y = x 3x + y − 4 = 0 and x + 3y − 4 = 0
y=x form a triangle, which is
(a

(a) isosceles (b) right angled

,0
)

(c) equilateral (d) scalene

Ê (a) Given, equation of line
x+ y=4 ...(i)
∴End points of diameter of required circle 3x + y = 4 ...(ii)
is (a,0) and ( 0, a ). x + 3y = 4 ...(iii)
∴Equation of circle is A (0, 4)
x ( x − a) + y ( y − a) = 0
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − ax − ay = 0 56. The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two
opposite vertices of a rectangle. The
4

53. The sum of the focal distances of a 3x+y=4

y=

other two vertices lie on the line

x+

point on an ellipse is constant and y = 2x + c . What is the value of c?

equal to (a) 2 (b) −2
(a) length of minor axis (c) 4 (d) −4
(b) length of major axis
(c) length of latusrectum Ê (d) The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two B (4, 0) x+3y=4 C (1, 1)
opposite vertex of rectangle. The other
(d) sum of the lengths of semi major On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
two vertices lie on the line y = 2 x + c.
and semi minor axes
∴ The mid point of vertices lie on the line x = 0, y = 4, A = ( 0, 4)
Ê (b) The sum of the focal distance of a  1 + 5 3 + 1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
point on a ellipse is constant and equal i.e.  ,  ≡ ( 3, 2 ) lie on the line
 2 2  x = 4, y = 0, B = ( 4, 0)
to the length of major axis.
y = 2x + c On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
We know that, PS + PS ′ = 2 a
∴ 2 = 2( 3) + c x = 1, y = 1, C = (1, 1)
P ⇒ c=−4 Clearly, AC = BC
57. If the lines 3y + 4 x = 1, y = x + 5 and ∴Triangle is an isosceles.
5y + bx = 3 are concurrent, then 60. The circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 7y + 12 = 0,
S S′ what is the value of b?
(a) 1 (b) 3
cuts an intercept on Y -axis equal to
1 (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d)
2 (c) 4 (d) 7
8 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

Ê (a) Given, x + y + 4 x − 7 y + 12 = 0
2 2 ⇒ 1 + λ ( − 3) = 0 67. If the position vectors of points A
For intercept on Y-axis put x = 0, we get 1
⇒ λ= and B are 3$i − 2$j + k$ and 2$i + 4 $j − 3k$
y 2 − 7 y + 12 = 0 3
1 respectively, then what is the length
( y − 4) ( y − 3) = 0 On putting λ = in Eq. (i), we get
y = 3, y = 4 3 of AB ?
Length of intercept on Y-axis (2 x + y + 2 z − 9) (a) 14 (b) 29
1 (c) 43 (d) 53
= | y2 − y1 | = | 3 − 4 | = 1 + ( 4 x − 5 y − 4 z − 1) = 0
Ê (d) We have , OA = 3 i − 2 j + k
$ $ $
3
61. The centroid of the triangle with ⇒ 6 x + 3 y + 6 z − 27 + 4 x − 5 y − 4 z OB = 2 $i + 4$j − 3k$
vertices A(2, − 3, 3), B(5, − 3, − 4 ) and
− 1= 0 ∴| AB | = | OB − OA |
C(2, − 3, − 2) is the point
⇒ 10 x − 2 y + 2 z − 28 = 0
(a) (−3, 3, − 1) = | (2 $i + 4$j − 3k$ ) − ( 3$i − 2 $j + k$ )|
(b) (3, − 3, − 1) ∴ 10 x − 2 y + 2 z = 28
= | ( − $i + 6$j − 4k$ |
(c) (3, 1, − 3) 64. The distance between the parallel
(d) (−3, − 1, − 3) = ( − 1)2 + ( 6)2 + ( − 4)2
planes 4 x − 2y + 4z + 9 = 0 and
Ê (b) Given vertices of triangle ABC are 8x − 4y + 8z + 21 = 0 = 1 + 36 + 16 = 53
A(2, − 3, 3), B( 5, − 3, − 4) 1 1
(a) (b) 68. If in a right angled triangle ABC,
and C(2, − 3, − 2 ) 4 2
∴ Centroid of ∆ABC 3 7 hypotenuse AC = p , then what is
(c) (d)
2 + 5 + 2 − 3 − 3 − 3 3 − 4 − 2 2 4 AB ⋅ AC + BC ⋅ BA + CA ⋅ CB equal
= , , 
 3 3 3  to?
Ê (a) Given equation of planes
9 −9 −3  (a) p2 (b) 2 p2
=  , ,  = ( 3, − 3, − 1)
4x − 2 y + 4z + 9 = 0 ...(i)
p2
3 3 3  (c) (d) p
and 8 x − 4 y + 8 z + 21 = 0 2
62. What is the radius of the sphere 21
⇒ 4x − 2 y + 4z + = 0 ...(ii) Ê (a) In right angled ∆ABC, we have
2 ∠ABC = 90°
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x + 8y − 10z + 1 = 0?
Distance between parallel planes (i) C
(a) 5 (b) 2 and (ii)
(c) 7 (d) 3
 21 − 9 
 
Ê (c) Given, equation of sphere = 2  p
x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 6 x + 8 y − 10 z + 1 = 0 ( 4)2 + ( − 2 )2 + ( 4)2
On comparing with
3 3 θ
x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2u x + 2 vy + 2 wz A B
2 1
+ d = 0, we get = = 2 = Let ∠BAC = θ
16 + 4 + 16 6 4
2 u = − 6, 2 v = 8, 2 w = − 10, d = 1 Then, ∠ACB = ( 90° − θ)
⇒ u = − 3, v = 4, w = − 5, d = 1 65. What are the direction cosines of ∴AB ⋅ AC + BC ⋅ BA + CA ⋅ CB
∴Radius of sphere = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d Z -axis? = | AB || AC | cos θ + | BC || BA |
(a) <1, 1, 1> (b) <1, 0, 0> cos 90°+ | CA || CB | cos ( 90° − θ)
= ( − 3)2 + ( 4)2 + ( − 5)2 − 1
(c) <0, 1, 0> (d) <0, 0, 1> = | AB || AB | + 0 + | CB || CB |
= 9 + 16 + 25 − 1 = 49 = 7
Ê (d) Direction cosines of Z-axis are = | AB |2 + | CB |2
63. The equation of the plane passing < cos 90° , cos 90° , cos 0°> < 0, 0,1 >
= | AC |2 = p2
through the intersection of the 66. If a = i$ − 2$j + 5k$ and b = 2$i + $j − 3k$ ,
planes 2x + y + 2z = 9,
69. The sine of the angle between
then what is ( b − a ) ⋅ (3a + b) equal vectors
4 x − 5y − 4z = 1 and the point
to ? a = 2 $i − 6$j − 3k$ and b = 4$i + 3$j − k$ is
(3, 2, 1) is
(a) 106 (b) −106 1 5
(a) 10x − 2 y + 2 z = 28 (c) 53 (d) −53 (a) (b)
(b) 10x + 2 y + 2 z = 28 26 26
Ê (b) We have, a = i − 2 j + 5k
$ $ $ 5 1
(c) 10x + 2 y − 2 z = 28 (c) (d)
(d) 10x − 2 y − 2 z = 24 b = 2 $i + $j − 3k$ 26 26

Ê (a) Equation of the plane passing through ∴b − a = (2 $i + $j − 3k$ ) − ( $i − 2 $j + 5k$ ) Ê (b) Let θ be the angle between vectors a
the intersection of plane and b
= $i + 3$j − 8k$ a ⋅b
2 x + y + 2 z = 9, 4 x − 5 y − 4 z = 1 is ∴ cos θ =
and 3 a + b = 3( $i − 2 $j + 5k$ ) | a || b |
(2 x + y + 2 z − 9)
+ (2 $i + $j − 3k$ ) Since,
+ λ ( 4 x − 5 y − 4 z − 1) = 0 ...(i)
= 5 i − 5 j + 12k$
$ $ a ⋅ b = (2 $i − 6$j − 3k$ ) ⋅ ( 4$i + 3$j − k$ )
Since, plane (i) passes through the point
∴(b − a ) ⋅ (3a + b ) = 8 − 18 + 3 = − 7
(3, 2, 1)
= ( $i + 3$j − 8k$ ) ⋅ ( 5$i − 5$j + 12k$ ) | a | = 2 2 + ( − 6)2 + ( − 3)2
∴ (2 × 3 + 2 + 2 × 1 − 9)
+ λ ( 4 × 3 − 5 × 2 − 4 × 1 − 1) = 0 = 5 − 15 − 96 = − 106 = 49 = 7
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 9

| b| = 4 2 + 3 2 + ( − 1)2 = 26 73. A function f defined by 76. For r > 0, f (r ) is the ratio of

−7 1 perimeter to area of a circle of radius
∴ cos θ = =− f ( x ) = ln( x + 1 − x ) is
2
7 × 26 26 r . Then, f (1) + f (2) is equal to
5 (a) an even function
∴ sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = (b) an odd function
(a) 1 (b) 2
26 (c) both even and odd function (c) 3 (d) 4
70. What is the value of λ for which the (d) neither even nor odd function Ê (c) We have,
Perimeter of a circle with radius r
vectors 3i$ + 4 $j − k$ and f( r )=
Ê (b) We have, f( x) = log ( x + 1 − x)
2 Area of a circle with radius r
−2i + λ j + 10k are perpendicular?
$ $ $
⇒ f( r ) =
2 πr 2
=
∴ f( − x ) = log ( x 2 + 1 + x ) πr 2 r
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4  ( x 2 + 1 + x) ( x 2 + 1 − x) ∴
2 2
f(1) = = 2 ⇒ f(2 ) = = 1
= log  
1 2
Ê (d) Since, given vectors are  x2 + 1 − x 
  ∴ f(1) + f(2 ) = 2 + 1 = 3
perpendicular.
 x2 + 1 − x2 
∴ ( 3 $i + 4$j − k$ ) ⋅ ( − 2 $i + λ $j + 10 k$ ) = 0 = log   77. If f ( x ) = 31 + x , then f ( x ) f (y ) f (z )
 x2 + 1 − x 
⇒ − 6 + 4λ − 10 = 0   is equal to
⇒ 4λ − 16 = 0   (a) f( x + y + z) (b) f( x + y + z + 1)
1
= log   (c) f( x + y + z + 2 ) (d) f( x + y + z + 3)
∴ λ=4  x + 1 − x 
2
 1 +x
Ê (c) We have, f( x) = 3
71. What is the derivative of
= − log ( x + 1 − x )
2
Similarly, f( y) = 31 + y
sec 2 (tan −1 x ) with respect
= − f( x ) and f( z) = 31 + z
to x?
∴ f( x ) f( y) f( z) = 31 + x +1 + y +1 + z
(a) 2x (b) x 2 + 1 74. The domain of the function f 1 +2 +x +y +z
=3
(c) x + 1 (d) x 2 defined by
−1 f ( x ) = log x 10 is = f(2 + x + y + z)
Ê (a) Let y = sec (tan x)
2

(a) x > 10 78. The number of real roots for the

On differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get (b) x > 0 excluding x = 10
dy d (c) x ≥ 10
equation x 2 + 9| x | + 20 = 0 is
= sec 2 (tan−1 x )
dx dx (d) x > 0 excluding x = 1 (a) zero
= 2 sec (tan−1 x ) ⋅ sec (tan−1 x ) (b) one
Ê (d) We have, f( x) = log x 10 (c) two
d
tan (tan−1 x ) (tan−1 x ) log 10 1 (d) three
dx = =
log x log x
Ê (a) Given, x + 9| x | + 20 = 0
2
1
= 2 sec 2(tan−1 x ) ⋅ x ⋅ ∴ f( x ) is define when x > 0 and x ≠ 1.
1 + x2 ⇒ x 2 + 9 x + 20 = 0

= 2 (1 + tan2 (tan−1 x )) ⋅
x 1 − cos 4 x 3
or x 2 − 9 x + 20 = 0
1+ x 2 75. lim is equal to
x→ 0 x2 ⇒ x 2 + 4 x + 5 x + 20 = 0
x (a) 0 (b) 12
= 2 (1 + x ) ⋅
2
= 2x or x 2 − 4 x − 5 x + 20 = 0
1 + x2 (c) 24 (d) 36
1 − cos 3 4 x  0  ⇒ x ( x + 4) + 5 ( x + 4) = 0
72. If f ( x ) = log10 (1 + x ), then what is Ê (c) xlim  0
form
 or x ( x − 4) − 5 ( x − 4) = 0
→0 x2
4 f ( 4 ) + 5 f (1) − log10 2 equal to? ⇒ ( x + 4) ( x + 5) = 0
On apply L′ Hospital rule we get
or ( x − 4) ( x − 5) = 0
(a) 0 − 3 cos 2 ( 4 x ) ( − sin 4 x ) ( 4)
lim ⇒ x = − 4, − 5, or 4, 5
(b) 1 x→ 0 2x
(c) 2 But these values of x does not satisfy the
12 cos 2 4 x sin 4 x  0
(d) 4 = lim form given equation.
x→ 0 2x  0 
Ê (d) We have, f( x) = log10 (1 + x) Again, apply’s L′ Hospital rule, we get
Hence, number of real roots of the given
equation is zero.
∴ 4f( 4) = 4 log10 (1 + 4) = 4 log10 5 12 [2 cos ( 4 x ) ( − sin 4 x ) ( 4)
5f(1) = 5 log10 (1 + 1) = 5 log10 2 79. If f ( x ) = sin(cos x ), then f ′( x ) is
sin 4 x + cos 2 4 x (cos 4 x ) ( 4)] equal to
∴ 4f( 4) + 5f(1) − log10 2 lim
x→ 0 2 (a) cos(cos x )
= 4 log10 5 + 5 log10 2 − log10 2 12 [− 8 cos 4 x sin2 4 x (b) sin( − sin x )
= 4 log10 5 + 4 log10 2 + 4 cos 3 4 x ] (c) (sin x )cos(cos x )
= lim
= 4 (log10 5 × log10 2 ) x→ 0 2 (d) (− sin x )cos(cos x )
= 4 log10 ( 5 × 2 ) = 6 ( − 8 × 0 + 4) Ê (d) Given, f( x) = sin (cos x)
= 4 log10 10 = 4 × 1 = 4 = 24 ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = cos (cos x ) ( − sin x )
10 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

π π − h (π + 2)
80. The domain of the function = [sin x + cos x ]04 + [− cos x − sin x ]π2 ⇒ 2r =
π
f ( x ) = (2 − x )( x − 3) is 4
⇒
2r − (π + 2)
= ⇒
h
=
− π
 1 1   h π 2r π+2
(a) ( 0, ∞ ) (b) [0, ∞ ) =  +  − ( 0 + 1)
(c) [2, 3] (d) (2, 3)  2 2  Neglecting − sign as r and h can not be
  1 1  negative.
Ê (c) We have, f( x) = (2 − x) ( x − 3) + ( − 0 − 1) − − − 
  2 2   ∴
h
=
π
f( x ) will be define if (2 − x ) ( x − 3) ≥ 0 2r π+2
2 2 4
⇒ ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3) ≤ 0 = − 1− 1+ = −2
2 2 2 85. π
∴ 2 ≤ x≤ 3
∫02 e
sin x
= 2 2 − 2 = 2 ( 2 − 1) cos xdx is equal to
81. The solution of the differential (a) e + 1 (b) e − 1
83. If y = a cos 2x + b sin 2x , then
equation (c) e + 2 (d) e
2 2 π
d y d y
dy (a) + y=0 (b) + 2y = 0
= cos(y − x ) + 1 is I= ∫02 e
sin x
dx 2 dx 2 Ê (b) Let cos x dx
dx
d 2y d 2y sin x = t
(a) e x [sec( y − x ) − tan( y − x )] = c (c) − 4y = 0 (d) + 4y = 0 Let
dx 2 dx 2 ⇒ cos x dx = dt
(b) e x [sec( y − x ) + tan( y − x )] = c
(c) e x sec( y − x ) tan( y − x ) = c
Ê (d) Given, y = a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x ...(i) π
When x = , t = 1
dy 2
(d) e x = c sec( y − x ) tan( y − x ) ⇒ = − 2 a sin 2 x + 2 b cos 2 x
dy dx x = 0, t = 0
Ê (a) Given, = cos ( y − x) + 1 ...(i) d 2y 1 t
dx ⇒
dx 2
= − 4a cos 2 x − 4b sin 2 x ∴ I= ∫0 e dt = [et ]10
Let y− x = t
d 2y = e1 − e 0 = e − 1
dy dt dy dt ⇒ = − 4 ( a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x )
⇒ − 1= ⇒ = 1+
dx dx dx dx dx 2 86. If f ( x ) = x − 2 , x ≠ −2, then what is
From Eq. (i), 1 +
dt
= cos t + 1 d 2y x +2
⇒ = − 4y [using Eq. (i)]
dx dx 2 −1
dt f ( x ) equal to ?
⇒ = cos t d 2y 4( x + 2 ) x+2
dx ∴ + 4y = 0
dx 2 (a) (b)
x −2 4( x − 2 )
⇒ sec t dt = dx
84. A given quantity of metal is to be x +2 2(1 + x )
On integrating both sides, we get (c) (d)
cast into a half cylinder x −2 1−x
∫ sec t dt = ∫ dx (i.e. with a rectangular base and x−2 x−2
log (sec t + tan t ) = x + a Ê (d) Given, f( x) = ⇒ y=
semicircular ends). If the total x+2 x+2
+a
⇒ sec t + tan t = e x surface area is to be minimum, then ⇒ x − 2 = xy + 2 y
⇒ sec t + tan t = e x ⋅ e a the ratio of the height of the half ⇒ x − xy = 2 y + 2
cylinder to the diameter of the ⇒ x (1 − y) = 2 y + 2
ex
⇒ = e −a semicircular ends is 2 ( y + 1)
sec t + tan t ⇒ x=
(a) π :( π + 2 ) (b) ( π + 2 ) : π 1− y
e (sec t − tan t )
x
(c) 1 : 1 (d) None of these
⇒ = e −a 2 ( y + 1)
(sec t + tan t ) (sec t − tan t ) ⇒ f −1( y) =
Ê (a) Let r be the radius and h be the height 1− y
of the half cylinder,
e x (sec t − tan t ) 2 ( x + 1)
⇒ = e −a Then, surface area, S = πrh + πr 2 + 2 rh ∴ f −1( x ) =
sec 2 t − tan2 t 1− x
⇒ e x (sec t − tan t ) = e − a
87. What is ∫ ln( x 2 )dx equal to?
⇒ e [sec ( y − x ) − tan ( y − x )] = e − a
x

(a) 2 x ln( x ) − 2 x + C
∴ e x [sec ( y − x ) − tan ( y − x )] = c, 2
(b) + C
[where, c = e − a] h x
(c) 2 x ln( x ) + C
82. π

∫
2 ln( x )
2 |sin x − cos x | dx is equal to (d) −2x + C
0 x
(a) 0 (b) 2( 2 − 1) Ê (a) Let I = ∫ ln ( x 2 ) dx = ∫ 2 ln x dx
(c) 2 2 (d) 2( 2 + 1)
π dS = ln x ∫ 2 dx
∴ = πh + 2 πr + 2 h
Ê (b) ∫02| sin x − cos x | dx d
dr − ∫  (ln x ) ∫ (2 dx ) dx
π dS  dx
=0
= ∫04 (cos x − sin x) dx On putting
dr 1
π ( πh + 2 h) = ln x ⋅ 2 x − ∫ ⋅ 2 x dx
⇒ 2r = − x
+ ∫ π2(sin x − cos x) dx π
= 2 x ln x − 2 x + C
4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 11

88. The minimum distance from the 90. Consider the following in respect of c2 
⇒ z = a2 x + b 2   ...(ii)
point (4, 2) to y 2 = 8x is equal to the differential equation :  x
2 On differentiability Eq. (ii) both sides, we
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 d 2y  dy 
+ 2  + 9 x = x get
(c) 2 (d) 3 2 dx 2  dx  dz b 2c 2
= a2 − ...(iii)
Ê (b) Let ( x, y) be any point on the curve 1. The degree of the differential dx x2
y 2 = 8 x. equation is 1. d 2z 2 b 2c 2
Then, the distance between ( x, y) and ⇒ = ...(iv)
2. The order of the differential dx 2
x3
( 4, 2 ) is equation is 2. dz
For maxima and minima, we put =0
D 2 = ( x − 4)2 + ( y − 2 )2 Which of the above statements dx
2
 y2  is/are correct ? b 2c 2
⇒ D2 =  − 4 + ( y − 2 )2 ...(i) ∴ a2 − =0
(a) Only 1 x2
 8  (b) Only 2 b 2c 2
[Q y 2 = 8 x] (c) Both 1 and 2 ⇒ = a2
x2
dD 2 y 2   2 y (d) Neither 1 nor 2
bc
⇒ =2  − 4   + 2 ( y − 2 ) ⇒ x=±
dy  8  8 Ê (c) The order of highest order derivative a
 2 y3 occuring in the differential equation is 2 bc d 2 z 2 a 3
2 y At x = = >0
=2  −4×  + 2 (y − 2) and its degree is 1. ,
 64 8 a dx 2 bc
y3 y3 91. What is the general solution of the ⇒ Gives minimum value
=
− 2y + 2y − 4= −4
16 16 differential equation
dy x
+ = 0? − bc d 2 z 2 a3
At x = , 2 =− <0
d 2D 2 3 y 2 dx y a dx bc
⇒ 2 =
d y 16 (a) x 2 + y 2 = C (b) x 2 − y 2 = C Gives maximum value
bc
dD 2 y3 (c) x 2 + y 2 = Cxy (d) x + y = C ∴ Minimum value of z at x = is
On putting =0 ⇒ −4=0 a
dy 16 Ê (a) Given differential equation, abc + abc = 2 abc.
⇒ y = 64 ⇒ y = 4
3 dy x
+ =0
d D 2 2 dx y 94. What is ∫ e x ln(a )dx equal to?
At y = 4, >0 dy − x
d 2y ⇒ = ax ex
So, it is point of minima. dx y (a) +C (b) +C
ln(a) ln(a)
∴Minimum D = (2 − 4)2 + ( 4 − 2 )2 ⇒ ydy = − xdx
ex ae x
Integrating both sides, we get (c) +C (d) +C
= 4+ 4= 8 =2 2 ln(ae ) ln(a)
y2 − x 2
= + C1 x
89. The differential equation of the 2 2 Ê (a) Let I = ∫ e
x ln a
dx = ∫ elna dx
system of circles touching theY -axis ∴ x 2 + y2 = C [where,C = 2C1] ax
= ∫a dx = +C
x
at the origin is
92. The value of k which makes ln a
dy
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy =0
sin x , x ≠ 0 95. What is the area of one of the loops
dx
f (x ) =  continuous at
(b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy
dy
=0  k, x =0 between the curve y = c sin x and
dx
dy x = 0, is X -axis ?
(c) x 2 − y 2 + 2 xy =0 (a) c (b) 2c
dx (a) 2 (b) 1
dy (c) −1 (d) 0 (c) 3c (d) 4c
(d) x 2 − y 2 − 2 xy =0 π
dx Ê (d) Given, f( x) is continuous at x = 0. Ê (d)∴ Required area = 2 ∫0 c sin x dx
Ê (c) The system of circles touching the ∴ lim f( x ) = f( 0) Y
Y-axis at the origin is x→ 0

( x − a) + y = a
2 2 2 ⇒ lim sin x = k y = csin x
x→ 0
∴ k=0 X′ X
⇒ x + a − 2 ax + y = a
2 2 2 2
O π π
93. What is the minimum value of 2
⇒ x 2 − 2 ax + y 2 = 0 ...(i)
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get a 2 x + b 2y where xy = c 2 ? Y′
π
= 2c ∫0 sin x dx = 2c[− cos x ]π0
2 x −`2 a + 2 yy′ = 0 (a) abc (b) 2 abc
⇒ x + yy′ = a (c) 3abc (d) 4abc = 2c [− (cos π − cos 0)]
= 2c (2 ) = 4c sq units
Ê (b) Let z = a x + b y
Put value of a in Eq. (i), we get 2 2
...(i)
x 2 − 2 ( x + yy′ ) x + y 2 = 0 Since, xy = c 2 96. If sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ, then what
⇒ x 2 − 2 x 2 − 2 xyy′ + y 2 = 0 c2 is (cos θ − sin θ ) equal to ?
⇒ y=
⇒ − x 2 − 2 xyy′ + y 2 = 0 x
(a) − 2 cosθ (b) − 2 sinθ
c2
dy On putting y = in Eq. (i), we get
∴ x − y + 2 xy
2 2
=0 x (c) 2 sinθ (d) 2sinθ
dx
12 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

Ê (c) Given, sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ 100. The angle of elevation of a tower of 103. A problem is given to three students
⇒ sin θ = ( 2 − 1) cos θ ...(i) height h from a point A due South of A , B and C whose probabilities of
Now, cos θ − sin θ it is x and from a point B due East of solving the
= cos θ − ( 2 − 1) cos θ [from Eq. (i)] A is y. If AB = z , then which one of
= cos θ [1 − ( 2 − 1)] = cos θ [2 − 2 ] 1 3 1
the following is correct ? problem are , and respectively.
= cos θ ⋅ 2 ( 2 − 1) 2 4 4
(a) h2 (cot 2 y − cot 2 x ) = z2
= 2 sin θ [using Eq. (i)] What is the probability that the
97. In a circle of diameter 44 cm, the (b) z2 (cot 2 y − cot 2 x ) = h2
problem will be solved if they all
length of a chord is 22 cm. What is solve the problem independently ?
(c) h2 (tan2 y − tan2 x ) = z2
the length of minor arc of the chord? 29 27
(a) (b)
484 242 (d) z (tan y − tan x ) = h
2 2 2 2 32 32
(a) cm (b) cm 25 23
21 21 (c) (d)
(c)
121
cm (d)
44
cm Ê (a) P 32 32
21 7 1 1
Ê (a) We have, P( A ) = , P( A ) =
2 2
Ê (a) Given, diameter of a circle be 44 cm. h 3 1
P( B) = , P( B ) =
4 4
y 1 3
and P(C ) = , P(C ) =
O B 4 4
O
∴ Required probability
cm x
22

22 = 1 − P( A ) P( B ) P(C )
cm

1 1 3 29
A 22 cm B A = 1− × × =
Here, OP be the tower, 2 4 4 32
⇒ 2 r = 44 OA = h cot x 104. A pair of fair dice is rolled. What is
⇒ r = 22 OB = h cot y the probability that the second dice
⇒ ∆OAB is an equilateral triangle. In right-angled ∆OAB, lands on a higher value than does the
⇒ ∠AOB = 60°
h2 cot 2 y = z2 + h2 cot 2 x first?
∴ Length of minor arc
1 1
60°  ∴ z2 = h2 (cot 2 y − cot 2 x ) (a) (b)
=   × 2 π × 22 4 6
 360°  5 5
1 22
101. From a deck of cards, cards are taken (c) (d)
= ×2 × × 22 out with replacement. What is the 12 18
6 7
484 probability that the fourteenth card Ê (c) Total number of possible outcomes
= cm = 36
21 taken out is an ace?
1 4 1 1 Favourable outcomes
1 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
98. If sinθ = − and tanθ = , then in 51 51 52 13 = (1, 2 ), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
2 3 (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5),(2, 6) ( 3, 4),
which quadrant does θ lie? Ê (d) Total number of possible outcomes ( 3, 5), ( 3, 6), ( 4, 5), ( 4, 6), ( 5, 6)
= 52
(a) First ∴Total number of favourable outcomes
And number of favourable outcomes = 4
(b) Second = 15
4 1 15 5
(c) Third ∴Required probability = = ∴Required probability = =
(d) Fourth 52 13 36 12
(c) We know that, if θ lies in third quadrant 102. If A and B are two events such that
then, sinθ < 0 and tanθ > 0.
P ( A ) = 0.5, P ( B ) = 06
. and 105. A fair coin is tossed and an unbiased
99. How many three digit even numbers P ( A ∩ B ) =0. 4, then what is dice is rolled together. What is the
can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, P ( A ∪ B ) equal to ? probability of getting a 2 or 4 or 6
4 and 5 when repetition of digits is not (a) 0.9 (b) 0.7 along with head?
allowed? (c) 0.5 (d) 0.3 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 6
(a) 36 (b) 30 Ê (d) P( A ∪ B) = 1 − P( A ∪ B)
(c) 24 (d) 12
We have, Ê (c) Total number of possible outcomes
= 2 × 6 = 12
Ê (c) Here, unit digit can be filled by 2 or 4. P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
so number of ways is 2. Since repetition And favourable outcomes
is not allowed therefore hundred place = 0.5 + 0.6 − 0.4 = (H, 2), (H, 4), (H, 6)
and ten place can be fill in 4 C 2 × 2 ways = 11
. − 0.4 ∴Total number of possible outcomes = 3
∴ Total number of three digits even = 07. ∴Required probability =
3
=
1
number = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 ∴ P( A ∪ B) = 1 − 07 . = 0.3 12 4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 13

106. If A , B and C are three events, then 109. The mean of 100 observations is 50 111. Two symmetric dice flipped with
what is the probability that atleast and the standard deviation is 10. If 5 each dice having two sides painted
two of these events occur together ? is subtracted from each observation red, two painted black, one painted
(a) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ) and then it is divided by 4, then what yellow and the other painted
(b) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ) will be the new mean and the new white. What is the probability that
− P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) standard deviation respectively ? both land on the same colour ?
(c) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ) (a) 45, 5 3 2
(a) (b)
− 2 P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) (b) 11.25, 1.25 18 9
(c) 11.25, 2.5 5 1
(d) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ) (c) (d)
(d) 12.5, 2.5
− 3P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) 18 3
Ê (c) Given, mean ( x ) = 50 2 2
Ê (c) If A, B and C are three events, then Ê (c) P (two sides painted red) = ×
50 − 5 6 6
atleast two events occur i.e. The new mean =
4 2 2
( A ∩ B ∩ C ′ ) ∪ ( A ∩ B′ ∩ C ) P (two sides painted black) = ×
45 6 6
∪ ( A′ ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = = 11.25
4 1 1
P (one side painted yellow) = ×
∴Required probability And standard deviation ( σ ) = 10 6 6
= P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ) ∴The new standard deviation 1 1
and P (other side painted white) = ×
−2 P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) 10 6 6
=
107. If two variables X and Y are 4 ∴ Required probability that both land on
= 2.5 the same colour
independent, then what is the
Since, addition and subtraction does not 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
correlation coefficient between them? = × + × + × + ×
effect standard deviation. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
(a) 1 (b) −1
110. If two fair dice are rolled, then what 4 + 4 + 1+ 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these =
is the conditional probability that 36
Ê (c) Correlation coefficient between two
the first dice lands on 6, given 10 5
independent variables is zero. = =
that the sum of numbers on the 36 18
108. Two independent events A and B are dice is 8?
2 112. There are n socks in a drawer, of
such that P( A ∪ B ) = and (a)
1
which 3 socks are red. If 2 of the
3 3
1 1 socks are chosen randomly and the
P ( A ∩ B ) = . If P ( B ) < P ( A ), then (b)
probability that both selected socks
6 4
1 1
what is P ( B ) equal to ? (c) are red is , then what is the value
5 2
1 1 1
(a) (b) (d) of n ?
4 3 6
1 1 (a) 3
(c) (d)
2 6 Ê (c) Let E1 = Event of first dice on 6 (b) 4
2 E 2 = Event of the sum of numbers on (c) 5
Ê (b) Given, P( A ∪ B) = dices 8 (d) 6
3
and P( A ∩ B) =
1 ∴ Total number of sample space of two Ê (b) Total number of socks = n
6 dices are rolled, n( s ) = 36
3
⇒ P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) Possible outcomes of E1 (6, 2) P (first socks is red) =
2 1 n
⇒ = P( A ) + P( B) − Possible outcomes of E 2 (2, 6) (3, 5)
3 6 2
(4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2) P (second socks is red) =
2 1 n−1
⇒ P( A ) + P( B) = + 1
3 6 ∴ P( E1 ∩ E 2 ) = According to the question,
5 36
⇒ P( A ) + P( B) = ...(i) 5
3
×
2
=
1
6 and P( E 2 ) = n n−1 2
1 36
And also, P( A ∩ B) = ⇒ n2 − n = 12
6 E 
∴Required probability = P  1 
1  E2  ⇒ n − n − 12 = 0
2
⇒ P( A ) P( B) = ...(ii)
6 P( E1 ∩ E 2 ) ⇒ n − 4n + 3n − 12 = 0
2
= ,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get P( E 2 )
1 1 ⇒ n ( n − 4) + 3 ( n − 4) = 0
P( A ) or P( B) = or when P( E 2 ≠ 0)
2 3 ⇒ ( n − 4) ( n + 3) = 0
1 ∴ n = 4, − 3
Also, given P( B) < P( A )
36 1
1 = =
∴ P( B) = 5 / 36 5
3
14 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

113. Two cards are chosen at random Ê (b) Given, P( A ∩ B ) = 0 118. If all the natural numbers between 1
from a deck of 52 playing cards. ⇒ P( A ∪ B) = 0 and 20 are multiplied by 3, then what
What is the probability that both of ⇒ 1 − P( A ∪ B) = 0 is the variance of the resulting
them have the same value ? series?
⇒ P( A ∪ B) = 1
1 3 (a) 99.75 (b) 199.75
(a) (b) We know that,
17 17 (c) 299.25 (d) 399.25
5 7 P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
(c) (d) Ê (c) Variance of first n natural number
17 17 ⇒ 1 = 0.5 + 0.6 − P( A ∩ B) n2 − 1 20 2 − 1
4
C 2 × 13 = =
Ê (a)∴ Required probability = ⇒ P( A ∩ B) = 01. 12 12
52
C2 ( A ∩ B)
P   =
A P 399
4 × 3 × 13 ∴ = = 33 .25
=  B P( B) 12
52 × 51 If all the natural number between 1 and 20
01
. 1
1 = =
= 0.6 6 multiplied by 3, then
17 ∴Required variance = 9 × 33 .25
116. Consider the following statements = 299 .25
114. In eight throws of a die, 5 or 6 is
considered a success. The mean 1. The algebraic sum of deviations
of a set of values from their 119. What is the probability that an
and standard deviation of total interior point in a circle is closer to
number of successes is respectively arithmetic mean is always zero.
2. Arithmetic mean > Median > the centre than to the
given by circumference?
8 16 8 4
Mode for a symmetric
(a) , (b) , distribution. 1 1
(a) (b)
3 9 3 3 4 2
4 4 4 16 Which of the above statements 3
(c) , (d) , is/are correct? (c)
3 3 3 9 4
(a) Only 1
1 1 1 (d) It cannot be determined
Ê (b) We have, p (success) = + = (b) Only 2
6 6 3 (c) Both 1 and 2 Ê (a) Let radius of circle be r, then the points
2
∴ q = 1− p= (d) Neither 1 nor 2 closer to centre if circumference will lie
3 r
Ê (a) We know that, the algebraic sum of within radius of .
Given, n = 8 2
1 8 deviations of a set of values from their
∴ Mean = np = 8 × = arithmetic mean is always zero. So, the favourable outcome would be the
3 3 points inside the area of circle with radius
Standard deviation = npq 117. Let the correlation coefficient r
whereas the total possible outcomes
1 2 between X and Y be 0.6. Random 2
= 8× ×
3 3 variables Z and W are defined as could be all the points inside the area of
Y circle with radius r.
=
16 4
= Z = X + 5 and W = . What is the 2
π  
9 3 3 r
correlation coefficient between Z 2 1
∴ Required probability = =
115. A and B are two events such that A andW ? πr 2 4
and B are mutually exclusive. If (a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 120. If A and B are two events, then what
P ( A ) = 0.5 and P ( B ) = 06,
. then what (c) 0.36 (d) 0.6
is the probability of occurrence of
is the value of P ( A / B ) ? Ê (d) Since, the correlation coefficient is either event A or event B ?
1 1 independent of change of origin and
(a) (b) (a) P( A ) + P( B) (b) P( A ∪ B)
scale. It is given that correlation
5 6 (c) P( A ∩ B) (d) P( A ) P( B)
2 1 coefficient between X and Y be 0.6.
(c) (d) Ê (b) If A and B are two events, then the
5 3 So, correlation coefficient between Z
and W be 0.6. probability of occurrence of either event
A or event B is P( A ∪ B).
 PAPER II English Language and General Studies
1. Opening his letters, (a)/ reading
them carefully and sending for his
clerk, (b)/ he dictated answers with
them. (c)/ No error (d)
Ê (c) Here, the use of preposition ‘with’ is
incorrect here. Replace it with ‘to’, to
make the given sentence grammatically
correct. ‘Dictated to’ refers ‘to say
something aloud so that somebody else
can write or type it.’
2. He was my school-friend, (a)/ but
becoming a great man, (b)/ he has
grown proud enough to forget his old
friends. (c)/ No error (d)
Ê (b) Here ‘but becoming’ is incorrect in
part (b). It should be replaced with ‘but
after becoming’ as preposition ‘after’
indicates ‘at a later time’ which makes
the given sentence grammatically
correct.
3. Rabindranath Tagore, (a)/ a Nobel
laureate and the author of the
National Anthem, (b)/ found
Shantiniketan. (c)/ No error
(d)
Ê (c) As the given sentence is in Simple
Past Tense, verb ‘found’ should be
replaced with its past form ‘founded’ to
make the given sentence grammatically
correct.
4. The art of printing was introduced
into England (a)/ during the reign of
Edward IV (b)/ by William Caxton, a
native of Kent. (c)/ No error (d)
Ê (a) Here part (a) has an error. Use of
preposition ‘into’ is incorrect. Replace it
with preposition ‘in’ as it is used to
indicate a location or place while
preposition ‘into’ is used to indicate
movement toward the inside of a place.
5. From thirty years (a)/ he devoted
himself to public affairs (b)/without
taking a holiday. (c)/ No error (d)
Ê (a) Here, use ‘for’ in place of ‘from’ to start
the sentence. Use of preposition ‘for’
shows time period, which is
grammatically correct.
6. If Ramesh will be promoted (a)/ he
will get (b)/ a higher salary. (c) No
error (d)
Ê (a) Here use of ‘is promoted’ in place of
‘will be promoted’ make the sentence
Part A (English Language)
grammatically correct. In conditional
sentences, condition is expressed by ‘If’
clause and Simple Present tense is used
to show a future result of that activity.
7. My brother goes (a)/ to the office
(b)/ five day week. (c) No error (d)
Ê (c) Here, the use of ‘Five days a week’ is
more appropriate in place of ‘five day
week’ to make the given sentence
grammatically correct. Five is plural, so
days should be used and ‘a’ is used for
denoting one week.
8. If you lend Mohan a pen (a)/ he will
lend it to someone else (b)/ and
never you will get it back. (c)/ No
error (d)
Ê (c) Here, part (c) of the given sentence has
an error. ‘And never you will get it back’ is
incorrect because adverb should be followed
by helping verb. So, the correct phrase will
be - ‘and you will never get it back’.
9. One of most widely spread (a)/ bad
habits (b)/
is the use of tobacco. (c) No error (d)
Ê (a) Here part (a) has an error. Article ‘the’
should be used before superlative
degree (most). ‘One of the most’ is the
correct phrase to make the given
sentence grammatically correct.
10. A great part (a)/ of Arabia (b)/ is
desert. (c) No error (d)
Ê (d) There is no error. The sentence is
grammatically correct.
11. Some people complain when they
encounter a small misfortune in the
course of their thoroughly happy life.
(a) run into (b) run away
(c) run down (d) run with
Ê (a) ‘Run into’ means the same as ‘encounter’.
Both words mean ‘meet someone
unexpectedly’. Some other synonyms
are-‘collide with’ or ‘bump into.’
12. This world is full of miseries.
(a) indifferent love
(b) perfect happiness
(c) great suffering
(d) moderate sympathies
Ê (c) ‘Great suffering’ is a perfect synonym
of word ‘miseries’. ‘Miseries’ means ‘a
state or feeling of great physical or
mental distress’. Some other synonyms
are-unhappiness, distress, etc.
13. A glance at a beautiful object gives
us delight.
(a) wisdom (b) happiness
(c) purity (d) peace
Ê (b) ‘Happiness’ is the appropriate
synonym of word ‘delight’. Both words
mean ‘a feeling of great pleasure and
satisfaction.’ Some other synonyms
are-pleasure, joy, etc.
14. It is terrible for people to die of
starvation.
(a) starch (b) staple
(c) plenty (d) hunger
Ê (d) ‘Hunger’ is the correct synonym of
word ‘starvation’. ‘Starvation’ means ‘the
state of having no food for a long period,
often causing death’.
Some other synonyms are-lack of food,
famine, deprivation, etc.
15. The university has constituted a
grievance redressal committee to
look into the matter.
(a) depression (b) complaint
(c) abrasion (d) gratefulness
Ê (b) ‘Complaint’ means the same as the
word ‘grievance’. ‘Grievance’ means ‘an
official statement of a complaint over
something believed to be wrong or
unfair’. Some other synonyms are -
grudge, grumble, etc.
16. Rakesh delivered a slanderous speech.
(a) abusive (b) praiseworthy
(c) moderate (d) inspiring
Ê (a) ‘Abusive’ is similar in meaning to the
word ‘slanderous’. ‘Slanderous’ means ‘a
false spoken statement about someone
that damages their reputation’. Some
other synonyms of ‘slanderous’ are –
malicious, damaging, derogatory, etc.
17. Suddenly, the sky was darkened by
a gigantic bird.
(a) winged (b) small
(c) tiny (d) enormous
Ê (d) ‘Enormous’ means the same as
‘gigantic’. The word ‘gigantic’ means
‘something of very great size or extent’.
Some other synonyms of the word are –
huge, vast, expansive, etc.
18. To abolish poverty would be to
destroy the soil upon which mankind
produces the virtues conducive to
higher civilisation.
(a) detest (b) eradicate
(c) nurture (d) assimilate
16 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

Ê (b) ‘Eradicate’ is similar word in meaning
to the word ‘abolish’. Both words mean
‘to remove forever’.
Some other synonyms are – eliminate,
wipe out, terminate, get rid of, etc.
19. The Arabs who are not in the cities
live in the desert throughout the
year, shifting from one oasis to
another.
(a) sandbank (b) mound
(c) dune (d) spring
Ê (d) ‘Spring’ is the most suitable synonym
from the given options. ‘Oasis’ means ‘a
fertile spot in a desert where water is
found’.
Some other synonyms can be– watering
hole, watering place, etc.
20. The various facets of life can be
found reflected in large city.
(a) several (b) similar
(c) valuable (d) singular
Ê (a) ‘Various’ means ‘several or different’.
So, ‘several’ is a perfect synonym of
word ‘various’.
Some other synonyms are-varied,
varying, etc.
21. Ramesh is a very dubious character.
(a) shady (b) suspicious
(c) trustworthy (d) doubtful
Ê (c) ‘The word ‘dubious’ means ‘of
doubtful character’. Hence, its antonym
is ‘trustworthy’ which means ‘reliable or
dependable’.
22. Do not indulge in unmindful
activities, please.
(a) vigilant (b) careless
(c) stupid (d) fatuous
Ê (a) The word ‘unmindful’ means ‘paying
no heed or being careless’. Its antonym
is ‘vigilant’, which means ‘watchful or
observant, alert’ etc.
23. He is suffering from a curable
disease.
(a) remediable (b) treatable
(c) terminal (d) operable
Ê (c) The word ‘curable’ means ‘treatable
or remediable’. Its antonym is ‘terminal’
which means ‘incapable of being treated
or untreatable’.
24. He was born on a very auspicious
day.
(a) propitious (b) fortunate
(c) ominous (d) opportune
Ê (c) ‘Auspicious’ means ‘favourable or
conducive to success’. Its antonym is
‘ominous’ which means ‘something sinister
or inauspicious or doomy, unfavourable’.
25. He had deeper hostility towards Ê (c) Idiom ‘A show-stopper’ means ‘a
Mohan. performance in a show that is extremely
good’. So, option (c) expresses the
(a) animosity (b) belligerence
correct meaning of the given idiom.
(c) malice (d) friendship
Ê (d) ‘The word ‘hostility’ means ‘malice or 33. A jack of all trades
unfriendliness or opposition’. Its (a) Someone who has many skills
antonym is ‘friendship’ which means (b) A confident and not very serious
‘close association or bond’. young man
(c) Someone who has hit the jackpot
26. His life is rather monotonous. (d) a great businessman
(a) exciting (b) dreary
(c) tedious (d) uneventful Ê (a) Idiom ‘A jack of all trades’ means
‘someone who has many skills’. So,
Ê (a) The word ‘monotonous’ means ‘boring option (a) is a suitable choice.
or unexciting’. Its antonym is ‘exciting’
which means ‘thrilling or stimulating’. 34. Fight tooth and nail
(a) To quarrel with someone
27. Macbeth is a morally repulsive (b) To attack someone with a lot of force
character. (c) To try hard to prevent something from
(a) abominable (b) attractive happening
(d) To try very hard to achieve something
(c) obnoxious (d) ugly
Ê (b) The word ‘repulsive’ means ‘arousing Ê (d) Idiom ‘Fight with tooth and nail’ means
intense distaste’. Its antonym is ‘attractive’ ‘to try very hard to achieve something’.
which means ‘pleasing or agreeable’. So, option (d) is a suitable choice.
28. The serene beauty of Kashmir had a 35. Fair and square
soothing effect on his mind. (a) in an honest way
(a) placid (b) pleasing (b) in a critical way
(c) tranquil (d) turbulent (c) neither very good nor very bad
(d) in a foolish way
Ê (d) ‘The word ‘serene’ means ‘peaceful or
calm’. Its antonym is ‘turbulent’ which Ê (a) Idiom ‘Fair and square’ means ‘in a
means ‘unstable, chaotic or stormy’. honest way and according to the rules’.
So, option (a) expresses the correct
29. Life is transient in nature. meaning of the given idiom.
(a) brief (b) momentary
(c) eternal (d) short-lived
36. S1 : We do not know what to do
with our knowledge.
Ê (c) The word ‘transient’ means
S6 : In the course of time they may
‘temporary or short lived’. Its antonym is
‘eternal’, which means ‘everlasting or rule over us altogether.
immortal, perpetual’. P : For example, we are unable to
manage our machines.
30. Sohan is a vain person. Q : We already find it difficult to do
(a) modest (b) arrogant without machines.
(c) conceited (d) proud R : Machines should be fed
properly and waited upon
Ê (a) The word ‘vain’ means ‘proud or
arrogant’. Its antonym is ‘modest’ which attentively; otherwise they refuse to
means ‘humble or unpretentious’. work or cause destruction.
S : Science has given us
31. A dark horse
superhuman powers, which we do
(a) A black coloured horse
not use properly.
(b) A person who wins a race or
The proper sequence should be
competition although no one
(a) S P R Q (b) P S Q R
expected him to
(c) A person who keeps secrets (c) Q R P S (d) S R P Q
(d) An ignorant person Ê (a) SPRQ is the correct sequence of the
given sentences to form a meaningful
Ê (b) Idiom ‘a dark horse’ means ‘an unknown passage.
and unexpected winner of a race or
contest’. Hence, option (b) expresses 37. S1 : The British rule in India has
the correct meaning of given idiom. brought about moral, material,
32. A show-stopper cultural and spiritual ruination of
this great country.
(a) Someone who stops the show
(b) Someone who organises the show S6 : We are not to kill anybody but it
(c) A performance that is extremely good is our dharma to see that the curse of
(d) A fashionable person this government is blotted out.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
P : I regard this rule as a curse.
Q : Sedition has become my
religion.
R : Ours is a non-violent battle.
S : I am out to destroy this system
of government.
The proper sequence should be
(a) S P R Q (b) P S Q R
(c) Q R P S (d) S R P Q
(b) PSQR is the correct sequence of the
given sentences to form a meaningful
passage.
38. the urban local body elections
(P)/unidentified gunmen (Q)/and
injured another during (R)/ shot
dead two workers (S)
(a) Q S R P (b) P Q S R
(c) S P R Q (d) R P S Q
Ê (a) QSRP is the correct sequence.
39. both intense political and (P)/ this
state has a history of (Q)/of
syncretic accomplishments (R)/
religious contestation and (S)
(a) S Q P R (b) P Q S R
(c) S Q R P (d) Q P S R
Ê (d) QPSR is the correct sequence.
40. the father also (P)/in his quest for
justice (Q)/ by the system (R)/ feels
let down (S)
(a) S Q P R (b) P S R Q
(c) S Q R P (d) P Q R S
Ê (b) PSRQ is the correct sequence.
Passage 2
I do not wish to suggest that because we
were one nation, we had no differences,
but it is submitted that our leading men
travelled throughout India either on foot
or in bullockcarts. They learned one
another languages and there was no
aloofness amongst them. What do you
think could have been the intention of
those farseeing ancestors of ours who
established Setubandha (Rameshwar) in
the South, Jagannath in the East and
Haridwar in the North as places of
pilgrimage? You will admit they were no
fools. They knew that worship of God
could have been performed just as well at
home. They taught us that those whose
hearts were aglow with righteousness had
the Ganges in their own homes. But they
saw that India was one undivided land so
made by nature. They, therefore, argued
that it must be one nation.
Arguing thus, they established holy places
in various parts of India and fired the
people with an idea of nationality in a
manner unknown in other parts of the
world. And we Indians are one as no two
Englishmen are. Only you and I and others
who consider ourselves civilised and
superior persons imagine that we are many
nations. It was after the advent of railways
that we began to believe in distinctions and
you are at liberty now to say that it is
through the railways that we are beginning
to abolish those distinctions.
An opium-eater may argue the advantage
of opium-eating from the fact that he
began to understand the evil of the opium
habit after having eaten it. I would ask you
to consider well what I had said on the
railways.
41. According to the author, India
(a) has never been one nation
(b) has been an aggregate of several
nations
(c) has always been one nation along
with differences
(d) became a nation after the British
came
Ê (c) The author has stated in the passage
that India has always been one nation
along with diversities or differences.
42. Why did the great sages of India
establish pilgrimages in the
different corners of the country?
(a) Because they wanted to push people
to travel to different places.
(b) Because they could observe the
underlying unity of the country as
made by nature.
(c) Because they themselves had
travelled to these places.
(d) Because they wanted people to be
religious everywhere.
Ê (b) The great sages of India established
pilgrimages in the different corners of the
country because they could observe the
underlying unity of the country as made
by nature. For them, India was one
undivided nation.
43. In the passage, the author’s attitude
towards the railways is
(a) critical (b) sympathetic
(c) indifferent (d) apathetic
Ê (a) The author’s attitude towards the
railways is critical. According to the
author, due to railways people have been
able to see the diversities of nature,
people, food, etc. But railways have
also helped to unite people of different
states.
44. What does the author mean when
he says that ‘‘Whose hearts were
aglow with righteousness had the
Ganges in their own homes’’?
17
(a) One need not visit the Ganges to take
holy bath
(b) The Ganges had been polluted, so
one should bath at
home
(c) One should take a holy dip in the
Ganges to purify one’s heart
(d) The purity of heart is superior to
observance of any ritual
Ê (d) According to the author, if one’s heart
is pure, there is no need to observe any
rituals like going on pilgrimages or
visiting different temples and other
prayer structures. God resides in a pure
heart.
45. The passage is written in a
(a) dialogic style (b) prescriptive style
(c) descriptive style (d) analytical style
Ê (c) The passage is written in a descriptive
style. In descriptive writing style, the author
specifies an event, an object or a thing.
46. .......... forest prevent erosion.
(a) Lean (b) Dense (c) Sparse (d) Tidy
Ê (b) ‘Dense’ is the appropriate word for the
blank as it means ‘containing a lot of
things (trees) close together.’ Other
words do not fit in the blank.
47. Three people were arrested and an
illegal arms unit was ........ by the
police in a raid.
(a) revealed (b) searched
(c) discovered (d) busted
Ê (d) ‘Busted’ is the appropriate word for
the blank. It means ‘raid or search by the
police where illegal activity is suspected.’
Other words do not fit in the blank to
make the sentence meaningful.
48. A woman got into the car and ... .
(a) drove off (b) broke down
(c) rode in (d) drove in
Ê (a) ‘Drove off’ is the correct phrase to
make the sentence meaningful. It means
‘force someone to go away and to stop
attacking or threatening you.’
49. The lecture was not very interesting.
Infact I ....... in the middle of it.
(a) showed off (b) put off
(c) dozed off (d) plugged off
Ê (c) ‘Dozed off’ is correct phrasal verb to
be filled in the blank. It means ‘to fall into
a light sleep unintentionally.’
50. The cops ......... murder by kin.
(a) suspect (b) afford
(c) manage (d) administer
Ê (a) ‘Suspect’ is the appropriate word for
the blank to make the sentence
meaningful. Suspect means ‘to have
doubts or mistrust.’
Other words are not relevant here.
18
51. Which one of the following cell
organelles does not possess nucleic
acid?
(a) Nucleolus (b) Chloroplast
(c) Ribosome (d) Plasma membrane
Ê (d) The cell organelle given in option (d),
i.e. plasma membrane does not contain
nucleic acids. It is made up of lipids and
proteins. Chloroplast contains deoxyrib-
onucleic acid whereas ribosomes are
made up of ribonucleic acids and proteins.
Nucleolus is made up of proteins and
ribonncleic acids (RNA) and the site for
the synthesis of ribosoural RNA.
52. Which one of the following cell
organelles does not possess its own
genetic material encoding proteins?
(a) Ribosome (b) Nucleus
(c) Mitochondria (d) Chloroplast
Ê (a) Ribosome is the cell organelles, which
does not possess its own genetic
material (DNA) encoding proteins.
Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast
contain DNA which code for proteins
needed by these cell organelles.
53. Which one of the following is not a
component of conducting tissue in
plants?
(a) Fibres (b) Tracheids
(c) Pericycle (d) Sieve tubes
Ê (c) Pericycle is not the component of
conducting tissue. It is a part of the
innermost layer of cortex.
Xylem and phloem both contain fibres.
Tracheids are the part of xylem whereas
sieve tubes are found in phloem.
54. Which one of the following organisms
has vascular tissues?
(a) Cladophora (b) Penicillium
(c) Marsilea (d) Anabaena
Ê (c) Marsilea is pteridophytic plant, which
has primitive vascular tissues. Cladophora
is an algae, Penicillium is a fungi.
Anabaena is Blue-Green Algae (BGA).
55. Which one of the following
organisms represents the primary
consumer category in an
ecosystem?
(a) Caterpillar (b) Crabapple tree
(c) Frog (d) Sparrowhawk
Ê (a) Caterpillar is primary consumer in an
ecosystem. It is because it feeds on
leaves and is a herbivore.
Crabapple trese is a producer. Frog is a
secondary consumer. Sparrowhawk is a
top consumer.
Part B (General Studies)
56. Spring tides refer to
(a) greatest difference in the sea level at
high and low tides
(b) lowest difference in the sea level at
high and low tides
(c) no difference in the sea level at high
and low tides
(d) counteraction of gravitational pull of
the Sun to that of Moon
Ê (a) The periodic rise & fall of sea level,
once or twice a day, is called a Tide.
When the Sun, the Moon and the Earth
are in a straight line, the height of tides will
be higher than normal. These are called
spring tides, which occur on new Moon or
full Moon day. At these times, high tides
are very high & low tides are very low.
Thus, spring tides refer to the greatest
difference in the sea level at high and low
tides.
57. Which one of the following energy is
stored in the links between the atoms?
(a) Nuclear energy (b) Chemical energy
(c) Potential energy (d) Thermal energy
Ê (b) Chemical energy is stored in the
bonds of atoms and molecules.
Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus
of an atom.
Potential energy is the energy of
position or gravitational potential energy.
Thermal energy or heat is the vibration
or movement of atoms and molecules in
substances.
58. The light energy escaping from the
sun can be spread by
(a) a shower of rain drops
(b) a plane mirror
(c) a convex lens
(d) a combination of a convex lens and a
concave lens
Ê (a) The light energy escaping from the
sun can be spread by a shower of rain
drops. The sunlight shines on a water
droplet.
As the light passes into the droplet, the
light bends or refracts, a little because
light travels slower in water than in air
(because water is denser). Then, the light
bounces off the back of water droplet
and goes back the way it came, bending
again as its speeds up when it exist the
water droplet.
Hence, the light energy escaping from
the sun can be spread. A disperse the
light into VIBGYOR and spread it.
59. The correct sequence of energy
transfer that occurs when an apple
falls to the ground is
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
(a) gravitational potential energy → heat
energy to air → kinetic energy → heat
energy to ground and apple→ sound
energy
(b) gravitational potential energy →
sound energy → kinetic energy →
heat energy to air → heat energy to
ground and apple
(c) gravitational potential energy →
kinetic energy → heat energy to air →
heat energy to ground and apple →
sound energy
(d) gravitational potential energy →
kinetic energy → sound energy →
heat energy to air → heat energy to
ground and apple
Ê (c) When apple is on highest position,
then it has only gravitational potential
energy. When, it falls to the ground the
first its gravitational potential energy
starts converting into kinetic energy.
Due to air friction some kinetic energy
losses and converts into heat energy to
air. When apple falls on the ground, then
its remaining energy converts into heat
energy to ground and sound energy.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
60. Which one of the following mineral
is used as a fuel in nuclear power
stations?
(a) Bauxite (b) Quartz
(c) Feldspar (d) Pitchblende
(d) Uraninite, formerly known as
pitchblende is a radioactive uranium rich
mineral which is used as a fuel in nuclear
power stations. It is an ore with a
chemical composition that is largely
UO 2, but due to oxidation the mineral
typically contains variable proportions of
U 3O 8.
61. Which one of the following is not a
synthetic detergent?
(a) CH 3(CH 2 )10CH 2OSO −3Na +
(b) [CH 3(CH 2 )15 N (CH 3 )3 ] + Br −
(c) CH 3(CH 2 )16COO −Na +
(d) CH 3(CH 2 )16COO(CH 2CH 2O)n ⋅
CH 2CH 2OH
Ê (d) Synthetic detergents are chemically
alkyl sulphate or sulphonate or
ammonium salt of long chain fatty acids.
Thus, CH 3(CH 2 )16COO(CH 2CH 2O)n ⋅
CH 2CH 2OH, option (d) is not a synthetic
detergent, while the remaining options
contain synthetic detergents.
62. Which one of the following is an
example of a clean fuel?
(a) Coke (b) Propane
(c) Petrol (d) Wax
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 19

Ê (b) Clean fuels are fuels that have a lower
carbon intensity than the standard for the
fuel it replaces. Examples of clean fuels
include ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas,
biogas, propane and hydrogen.
63. Which one of the following metals
does not react with cold water?
(a) Calcium (Ca) (b) Potassium (K)
(c) Magnesium (Mg) (d) Sodium (Na)
Ê (c) Magnesium (Mg) does not react with
cold water, but reacts with hot water,
Mg + 2H 2O → Mg(OH)2 + H 2 ↑
Mg + H 2O → MgO + H 2 ↑
On the other hand, calcium (Ca),
potassium (K) and sodium (Na) are react
with cold water.
Thus, option (c) is correct.
64. In which of the following pairs are
the isoelectronic ions?
(a) Mg 2 + , Ar (b) Na + , O 2−
(c) Al 3 + , Cl − (d) K + , Ne
Ê (b) According to question,
Ion Atomic Number of
Number Electrons
Mg 2 + 12 12 − 2 = 10
Ar 18 18
Na + 11 11 − 1 = 10
O 2− 8 8 + 2 = 10
Al 3 + 13 13 − 3 = 10
Cl − 17 17 + 1 = 18
K+ 19 19 − 1 = 18
Ne 10 10
The species containing same number of
electrons are isoelectronic. Thus, Na +
and O 2− are isoelectronic species.
Hence, option (b) is correct.
65. Which one of the following is used
as a binder in paints?
(a) Titanium dioxide (b) Novolac
(c) Phthalocyanine (d) Silicones
Ê (d) Binder refers to the substances that
hold the particles of pigment together in
paints.
Silicones are used as a binder in paints.
They are synthetic organo-silicon polymers
containing repeated R 2SiO units.
66. Which one of the following is NOT
true in reference to Air mass?
(a) Air mass forms either in tropical or in
polar region
(b) Air mass develops on continents as
well as over ocean
(c) Air mass develops in a cyclonic
condition
(d) Air mass changes the weather
condition
Ê (c) “Air mass develops in a cyclonic
condition” this option are not true in
reference of air mass. Air mass is a
volume of air defined by its temperature
and water vapour content. Air masses
cover many hundreds or thousands of
miles, and adapt to the characteristic of
the surface below them. They are
classified according to latitude and their
continental or maritime source regions.
When air masses reaches a new region,
it might clash with another air mass that
has a different temperature and humidty.
There are four type of air masses-Polar,
tropical, continental and maritime.
67. National Water Academy, a centre
of excellence in training and
capacity building in water resource,
is located at
(a) New Delhi (b) Kolkata
(c) Pune (d) Chennai
Ê (c) National Water Academy (NWA), a
centre of excellence in training and
capacity building in water resource, is
located in Pune (Maharashtra). It was
set-up under Central Water Commission
by the Ministry of Water Resources in
1988.
The NWA is invisaged to function as
‘Centre of Excellence’ for in-service
training of water resources engineering
personnel.
It is addressing the wider training needs
of water resources engineers of State
and Central Agencies in the field of
planning, design, evaluation,
construction, operation and monitoring
of water resources projects.
68. ‘Campos’ and ‘Llanos’, Tropical Savanna
grasslands are generally found in
(a) Australia (b) Central Africa
(c) South America (d) East Asia
Ê (c) ‘Campos’ and ‘Llanos’ are the tropical
savanna grasslands found in South
America. Campos is located in Brazilian
Highlands and Llanos in Orinoco basin.
Tropical Grasslands are located near the
Equator, between the tropic of Cancer
and the tropic of Capricorn. They are
also known as ‘Savannas’. It is a
transitional zone found between the
equatorial rainforests and the hot
deserts. They includes savannas of
Africa and Campos and Llanos of South
America.
69. ‘Viticulture’ is a common feature of
which one of the following
Australian cities?
(a) Adelaide (b) Darwin
(c) Hobart (d) Brisbane
Ê (a) Viticulture is a common feature of
Adelaide, which is the capital of South
Australia. Viticulture is the cultivation and
harvesting of grapes. The Adelaide Hills
wine region is a famous economic region
of country for production of wine from
grapes.
70. ‘Shamal’ warm and dry wind is a
Local wind found in
(a) East Asia
(b) West Coast of Africa
(c) Sahara of Africa
(d) Mesopotamia
Ê (d) ‘Shamal local’ winds are found in
Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is a region
covering Iraq, Iran and the Arabian
Peninsula. Shamal is a hot, dusty and dry
wind which blows from the North or
North-West in Mesopotamia. Other
important warm local winds are Chinook
in North America, Foehn in the Alps,
Khamsin in Egypt, Sirocco in North Africa
and Harmattan in West Africa.
71. ‘Inversion of Rainfall’ is associated
with
(a) Orographic rainfall
(b) Convectional rainfall
(c) Cyclonic rainfall (Tropical)
(d) Cyclonic rainfall (Temperate)
Ê (a) ‘Inversion of Rainfall’ is associated
with orographic rainfall. The orographic
rainfall occurs due to the ascent of air
forced by a mountain barrier. The
mountain barrier should be across the
wind direction, so that the moist air is
forced in obstruction to move upward
and get cooled. The amount of the
rainfall increases with increasing height
of the barrier, but this is up to certain
limit. After that there is a marked
decrease due to lesser moisture content
of the air and this phenomenon is called
‘Inversion of Rainfall’.
72. Who was the author of the book
‘History of British India’?
(a) Charles Grant (b) John Stuart Mill
(c) James Mill (d) William Jones
Ê (c) James Mill (1773-1836) was the
author of the book ‘History of British
India’. This book is a history of company
rule in India. Hence, option (c) is correct
73. The Azamgarh Proclamation of 25th
August, 1857 stressed on which one
of the following issues?
(a) Hindu-Muslim divide
(b) Support to the English government
(c) The return of the Badshahi
(d) The imposition of heavy Jumas
(revenue demand)
Ê (a) The Azamgarh Proclamation of 25th
August, 1857 stressed on Hindu-Muslim
divide. It was published in Delhi Gazette in
the midst of the Sepoy Mutiny (1857). The
author was most probably Firoz Shah
(grandson of Bahadur Shah Zafar), who
20
fought against the British in Lucknow and
Awadh (Oudh). The original document
was published in Urdu.
74. Which Viceroy had made the
observation, ‘It’s a beautiful world if
it wasn’t for Gandhi ...’?
(a) Lord Irwin (b) Lord Wavell
(c) Lord Mountbatten (d) Lord Willingdon
Ê (d) Lord Willingdon was 22nd Viceroy of
India from 1931 to 1936. He mentioned
Mahatma Gandhi in a letter written in
1933 by saying, ‘‘It’s a beautiful world if it
was not for Gandhi who is really a perfect
nuisance.’’ Hence option (d) is corrrect.
The important events of his period
include Second and Third Round Table
Conferences, relaunching of Civil
Disobedience Movement, Communal
Award by Ramsay MacDonald (1932),
Poona Pact (1932), the Government of
India Act, 1935 and Separation of Burma
from India.
75. Which Indian businessman favoured
‘healthy capitalism’ in helping Gandhiji
to work towards a ‘common object’?
(a) Ghanshyam Das Birla
(b) Ambalal Sarabhai
(c) Sir Biren Mukherjee
(d) TT Krishnamachari
Ê (a) Ghanshyam Das Birla, an Indian
businessman favoured ‘healthy
capitalism’ in helping Gandhiji to work
towards a ‘common object.’ Birla was a
close associate and a steady supported
of Mahatma Gandhi, whom he met for
the first time in 1916. Gandhiji stayed at
Birla’s home in New Delhi during the last
four months of his life. In 1957, GD Birla
was awarded India’s second highest
civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan by
the Government of India.
76. The art piece ‘In Memoriam’ was a
creation of which one of the
following European painters?
(a) Thomas Jones Barker
(b) Joseph Noel Paton
(c) Thomas Daniell
(d) Charles D’Oyly
Ê (b) The art piece ‘In Memoriam’ was a
creation of the European painter, Joseph
Noel Paton. He was a Scottish artist,
illustrator and sculptor. In 1844, Paton’s
first painting, Ruth Gleaning, was
exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy.
77. Which one of the following can
charge an insulator?
(a) Current electricity
(b) Static electricity
(c) Magnetic field
(d) Gravitational field
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
Ê (b) Static electricity can charge an 82. Which one of the following statements
insulator. Charging of insulator by is not correct for the given reaction?
induction process, static charge is Fe(s ) + CuSO 4 (aq )
required.
→ FeSO 4 ( aq ) + Cu(s)
A static electric charge can be created
(a) Iron is the reducing agent
whenever two surfaces contact and
(b) The solution turns green in colour
separate at least one of the surfaces has
a high resistance to electric current. after the reaction
(c) Copper is a more reactive metal than
78. At 20°C, the speed of sound in water iron
is approximately (d) The reaction is an example of a redox
reaction
(a) 330 m/s (b) 800 m/s
(c) 1500 m/s (d) 5000 m/s Ê (c) A more reactive metal displaces a less
(c) The speed of sound in water at 20°C is reactive metal from its solution.
approximately 1500 m/s. Fe( s ) + CuSO 4 ( aq ) → FeSO 4 ( aq )
+Cu( s )
79. Which one of the following could be In the above given reaction, iron (Fe)
the melting point of iron? displaces copper (Cu) from its solution
(a) 25°C (b) 37°C
(CuSO 4 ), thus copper is less reactive
(c) 500°C (d) 1500°C
than iron. Therefore, option (c) is
(d) Iron (Fe) is a chemical element with incorrect, while the remaining options are
atomic number 26. It is a metal that correct.
belongs to the first transition series and
group 8 of the periodic table. Its melting 83. Which one of the following is an
point is 1538°C (~1500°C) or 1811 K. organic acid?
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Nitric acid
80. Let us consider a copper wire (c) Acetic acid (d) Sulphuric acid
having radius r and length l. Let its
resistance be R. If the radius of Ê (c) An organic acid is an organic
compound with acidic properties. The
another copper wire is 2r and the most common organic acids are the
length is l/2, then the resistance of carboxylic acids. Among the given
this wire will be options, acetic acid (CH 3COOH) is an
(a) R (b) 2 R organic acid. The remaining options
contains inorganic acids.
(c) R/4 (d) R/8
Ê (d) Given, length of copper wire = l and 84. Dinitrogen (N2 ) and dioxygen (O 2 )
radius of copper wire = r are the main constituents of air, but
∴Resistance, they do not react with each other to
l l form oxides of nitrogen because,
R = ρ = ρ ⋅ 2 (Q A = πr 2 )…(i)
A πr (a) the reaction requires initiation by a
For second wire, catalyst
l (b) oxides of nitrogen are unstable
length, l1 = and radius, r1 = 2 r
2 (c) the reaction is endothermic and
Resistance of wire, requires very high temperature
l l /2 (d) the stoichiometry of N 2 and O 2 in air
R1 = ρ ⋅ 1 2 = ρ ⋅ is not ideal for the reaction to take
πr1 π(2 r )2
place
l 1 l
= ρ⋅ = ⋅ρ⋅ 2 Ê (c) The reaction of dinitrogen (N 2) and
2 × π ⋅ 4r 2 8 πr dioxygen (O 2) is endothermic and
1
= ⋅R [from Eq. (i)] requires very high temperature.
8
R N 2 + O 2 —→ 2NO
=
It is because, the nitrogen-nitrogen triple
8
bond (N ≡≡ N) is very strong.
81. Basic scientific principle behind a The energy cost to break that bond as
nuclear reactor is well as theO == O is not compensated by
(a) nuclear fusion the formation of nitrogen-oxygen
(b) controlled nuclear fusion (N == O) double bond.
(c) uncontrolled nuclear fission Thus, they do not react with each other.
(d) controlled nuclear fission
(d) Basic scientific principle behind a 85. Who among the following has
nuclear reactor is controlled nuclear explained the phenomenon of
fission, in which a heavy atomic nucleus photoelectric effect?
splits into two smaller nuclei and a large (a) Max Planck (b) Albert Einstein
amount of energy is released in this (c) Neils Bohr
process. (d) Ernest Rutherford
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
Ê (b) The experiment of photoelectric effect
is performed by Heinrich Hertz, but the
phenomenon was explained by Albert
Einstein. It is the phenomenon of ejection
of electrons from the structure of a metal
when light of suitable frequency strikes it.
86. The equivalent weight of oxalic acid
in C 2H2O 4 ⋅ 2H2O is
(a) 45 (b) 63
(c) 90 (d) 126
Ê (b) Equivalent weight of an acid
Molecular weight
=
Basicity
Molecular weight of C 2H 2O 4 ⋅ 2H 2O
= 2 × 12 + 2 × 1 + 4 × 16 + 2 × 18 = 126
∴ Equivalent weight of C 2H 2O 4 ⋅ 2H 2O
126
= = 63
2
87. Which one of the following is not a
west flowing river?
(a) Periyar (b) Bharathapuzha
(c) Pamba (d) Tamraparni
Ê (d) Tamraparni is not a West flowing river
while others are west flowing rivers.
Tamraparni river originates from Pothigai
hills of Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu). It
flows through Tamil Nadu and falls into
Gulf of Mannar. It has been historically
Known as ‘Podhigai’. It is mentioned in
the ancient Sangam and Tamil texts.
88. Which one of the following rivers
was earlier known as ‘Vitasta’?
(a) Tista (b) Jhelum
(c) Tungabhadra (d) Bharathapuzha
Ê (b) ‘Jhelum river’ was earlier known as
‘Vitasta’, while Tista was known as
‘Trisrota’, Tungabhadra as ‘Pampa’ and
Bharathapuzha as ‘Pratichi’.
Jhelum river rises from northern slopes
of Pir Panjal ranges at Verinag Spring. It
flows through Srinagar and Wular lake
before entering Pakistan. It is a tributary
of the Indus river.
89. River Sharda drains in the Northern
Plains of Uttar Pradesh. Before entering
in the Plains, Sharda is known as
(a) Saraswati (b) Bhagirathi
(c) Kali (d) Pindar
Ê (c) The Sharda river originates from the
greater Himalayas at Kalapaani in the
Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. The
river is named after the Goddess Kali
whose temple is situated in Kalapaani. It
drains the Northern plains of Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is known as
‘River Sharda’, when it reaches the plains
of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. It
forms India’s continous border between
India and Nepal.
90. ‘Mission Indradhanush’ is related to
(a) Bullet train project
(b) Agriculture development
(c) Women empowerment
(d) Full immunisation
Ê (d) ‘Mission Indradhanush’ is related to
full immunisation. This health mission
was launched by the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare on 25th December,
2014.
The scheme seeks to drive towards 90%
full immunisation coverage of India and
sustain same by year 2020. Vaccination
is being provided against eight vaccine
preventable diseases, i.e.
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio,
Measles, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B,
Meningitis, Rotavirus, Diarrhea and
Japanese Encephalitis.
91. Which of the following is/are
environmental effects of Rotation of
the Earth?
1. Daily or diurnal rhythm in
day-light and air temperature
2. Flow path of both air and water
are turned consistently in a
sideward direction.
3. The movement of the tides
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Only 3
Ê (c) Statement 1, 2 and 3 all are correct.
The rotation of the earth causes day and
night. This results in the diurnal changes
in day-light and air temperature. So,
statement 1 is correct.
Earth’s rotation results in the Coriolis
effect. This deflects winds and streams of
water to the right in Northern Hemisphere
and to the left in Southern Hemisphere.
So, statement 2 is correct.
Tides are caused by the gravitational
attractive forces of the moon and the sun
as well as the centrifugal force due to the
Earth’s rotation. So, statement 3 is also
correct.
92. Who among the following
historians have described the Quit
India Movement as a ‘spontaneous
revolution’?
(a) Gordon Johnson
(b) David Arnold
(c) FG Hutchins
(d) Peter Robb
Ê (c) FG Hutchins described the Quit India
Movement as a ‘spontaneous
revolution’. Quit India Movement, 1942
was an important event of the Indian
freedom struggle.
21
Directions (Q. Nos. 93-95) The
following questions items consist of two
statements, statement I and statement
II. Examine these two statements
carefully and select the correct answer
using the codes given below.
Codes
(a) Both the statements are individually
true and statement II is the correct
explanation of statement I.
(b) Both the statements are individually
true and statement II is not the correct
explanation of statement I.
(c) Statement I is true, but statement II is
false.
(d) Statement I is false, but statement II is
true.
93. Statement I Abul Fazl shaped,
represented and articulated the
ideas associated with the reign of
Akbar.
Statement II The qualities of Abul
Fazl impressed Akbar who found
the former suitable as an adviser
and spokesperson for his policies.
Ê (a) Abul Fazl shaped, represented and
articulated the ideas associated with the
reign of Akbar because the qualities of
Abul Fazl impressed Akbar, who found
the former suitable as an adviser and
spokesperson for his policies.
So, Both the given statements are
individually true and statement II is the
correct explanation of statement I.
94. Statement I The Kisan Manifesto
adopted by the All India Kisan Sabha
in August, 1936 contained radical
demands.
Statement II The All India Kisan
Sabha was a part of the Congress
and maintained close relationship
with the Provincial Congress
Committees.
Ê (d) The kisan manifesto released in
August 1936, demanded abolition of the
zamindari system and cancellation of
rural debts.
All India Kisan Sabha was separate
entity. It was founded at Lucknow in 1936
with Swami Sahajanand as its first
President and NG Ranga as its General
Secretary. So, statement I is false, but
statement II is true. Hence, option (d) is
correct.
95. Statement I The British ruled India
through a modern bureaucracy
headed by the Indian Civil Service,
whose members were recruited
through merit based on open
competition.
22 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

Statement II The Indian Civil
Service was based on the whole
hearted participation of Indians.
Ê (c) The British ruled India through a
modern bureaucracy headed by the
Indian Civil Service, whose members
were recruited through merit based on
open competition. Hence, statement (1)
is correct.
The Indian Civil Services was not based
on the whole hearted participation of
Indians. Hence, statement (2) is not
currect. So, the statement I is true. But,
the statement II is not true. Thus,
option(c) is correct here.
96. Two metallic wires A and B are
made using copper. The radius of
wire A is r while its length is l. A DC
voltage V is applied across the wire
A, causing power dissipation P. The
radius of wire B is 2r and its length is
2l and the same DC voltage V is
applied across it causing power
dissipation P1. Which one of the
following is the correct relationship
between P and P1?
(a) P = 2 P1 (b) P = P1/2
(c) P = 4P1 (d) P = P1
Ê (b) For metallic wire A,
l 1 light year = 9.46 × 1015 m
resistance, R A = ρ ⋅
πr 2
Therefore, power dissipation in wire A,
when a DC voltage V is applied,
V2 V2 V 2 ⋅ πr 2
P= = =
RA ρ ⋅ l ρl
πr 2
π r 2V 2
P=
ρl
For metallic wire B,
l B = 2 l, rB = 2 r, then resistance of wire B,
l 2l 2l
RB = ρ ⋅ B 2 = ρ ⋅ = ρ⋅
πrB π(2 r )2 4 πr 2
3. The magnetic field strength in a
solenoid depends upon the
diameter of the solenoid.
Which of the statements given
above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2
Ê (d) Magnetic field strength in a solenoid is
given by
B = µ 0ni
where, µ 0 = permeability of free space,
n = number of turns per unit length
and i = current flowing through solenoid.
So, it is clear that magnetic field strength
B in a solenoid depends on n and i only, it
does not depends on diameter of
solenoid. Therefore, statements 1 and 2
are correct.
98. Light year is a unit of measurement
of
(a) very large distances
(b) time interval in years
(c) amount of light received on earth in a
year
(d) mass of atoms
Ê (a) Light year is a unit of measurement of
very large distances.
It is a distance travelled by light in
vacuum in one year.
99. The focal length of the objective
lens of a telescope is 50 cm. If the
magnification of the telescope is
25, then the focal length of the
eyepiece is
(a) 12.5 cm (b) 5 cm
…(i) (c) 2 cm (d) 10 cm
Ê (c) Given, focal length of objective lens,
fo = 50 cm and magnification of
telescope m = 25
If fe be the focal length of eyepiece, then
m=−o
f
Work done by non-conservative forces
depends on the path of the body moving
from one point to another point.
Therefore, frictional force is a non-central
and non-conservative force.
101. On exposure to moist air, copper
gains a green coat on its surface due
to formation of which one of the
following compounds?
(a) Copper carbonate
(b) Copper oxide
(c) Copper sulphate
(d) Copper nitrate
Ê (a) On exposure to moist air, copper gains
a green coat on its surface due to
formation of copper carbonate.
102. Which one of the following will not
produce carbon dioxide on reacting
with an aqueous solution of
hydrochloric acid?
(a) Limestone (b) Quicklime
(c) Chalk (d) Marble
Ê (b) Calcium carbonate occurs in nature in
several form like limestone,chalk,
marble, etc. It reacts with aqueous
solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to
liberate carbon dioxide.
CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H 2O
+ CO 2 ↑
Quicklime on reaction with HCl does not
liberate CO 2.
CaO + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H 2O
Quicklime
103. Which one of the following
substances is not a mixture?
(a) Ice (b) Ice-cream
(c) Air (d) Honey
Ê (a) Mixtures are obtained by mixing two or
more substances in any proportions.
Thus, among the given options, ice is not
a mixture as it contains only water
(liquid). The other substances, i.e.,
ice-cream, air and honey are mixtures.

∴Power dissipation in wire B,

fe 104. Which one of the following is an
⇒ 25 = −
50 example of Salt-Crystal growth?
V2 V2 2 π r 2V 2
P1 = = = = 2P fe (a) Chemical weathering
RB ρ⋅2l ρl 50 (b) Physical weathering
4 πr 2 ⇒ fe = − = −2 cm
[from Eq. (i)] 25 (c) Biological weathering
P1 (d) Bio-chemical weathering
∴ P= | fe| = 2 cm
2 Ê (b) Physical weathering is an example of
100. Which one of the following force is Salt-Crystal growth. Physical weathering
97. Consider the following statements non-central and non-conservative? is a term used in science that refers to the
about a solenoid. (a) Frictional force geological process of rocks breaking
1. The magnetic field strength in a (b) Electric force apart without changing their chemical
solenoid depends upon the (c) Gravitational force composition. Over time, movements of
the earth and environment can break
number of turns per unit length (d) Mechanical force
apart rock formation, causing physical
in the solenoid. Ê (a) A force on body which does not weathering. It can also refers to other
2. The magnetic field strength in a always act towards a fixed point, is called things in the environment, breaking
solenoid depends upon the non-central force. down, like soil and mineral, pressure,
current flowing in the wire of the The forces that do not store energy are warm temperature, water and ice can
solenoid. called non-conservative forces. cause physical weathering.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I) 23

105. Which one of the following is the and Falkland ocean currents. Hence, 111. The sun is seen little before it rises
correct sequence of proved coal option (c) is correct.
and for a short while after it sets.
reserves in the Indian States in 108. What is the time gap in occurrence This is because of
decreasing order? of two successive tides at a given (a) total internal reflection
(a) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, place on the ocean surface? (b) atmospheric refraction
West Bengal
(a) 12 hr (b) 12 hr 26 min (c) apparent shift in the direction of sun
(b) Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
(c) 24 hr (d) 24 hr 52 min (d) dispersion
West Bengal
(c) Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, (b) A lunar day has a length of 24 hours Ê (b) The sun is seen little before it rises and
Chhattisgarh and 52 minutes. Earth rotates through for short while after it sets due to
(d) Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, two tidal ‘bulges’ every lunar day. So, atmospheric refraction.
Jharkhand coastal areas experience two high and When light enters from vacuum to earth’s
two low tides in every 24 hours and 52
Ê (b) Coal is the main source of energy in atmosphere, it basically enters from rarer
India as it fulfils about 67% of the total minutes. There are two high tides occur in to denser medium and bends towards
commercial energy consumed in the the interval of 12 hours and 26 minutes. horizon.
country. Hence option (b) is correct answer. During sunrise, when the sun is just
The decreasing order of proved coal 109. Tooth enamel is made up of which one below the horizon, our atmosphere
reserve is given below causes the light rays to bend and we see
of the following calcium compounds?
State Proved Coal Reserve the sun early.
(a) Calcium carbonate
(million tonnes) (b) Calcium sulphate Similarly, at sunset, the apparent position
Jharkhand 45563 (c) Calcium hydroxide of the sun is visible to us and not the
(d) Calcium phosphate actual position due to the same bending
Odisha 37391
(d) Enamel is the hardest substance in of light rays effect.
Chhattisgrah 20428
the human body. It contains the highest 112. The figure shown below gives the
West Bengal 14156
percentage of minerals, 96% with water time (t ) versus position ( x ) graph of
Hence option (b) is correct answer. and organic material composing the rest.
three objects A , B and C. Which one
The primary mineral present in enamel is
106. Consider the following statements hydroxyapatite which is a crystalline
of the following is the correct
relating to Richter scale calcium phosphate. relation between their speeds v A , v B
1. It was devised in 1935 by Charles and v C , respectively at any instant
F Richter. 110. Suppose there are two planets, (t > 0)?
2. It describes the quantity of energy 1 and 2, having the same density, but
released by a single earthquake. their radii are R1 and R 2 respectively, Time C
3. Richter scale has no upper limit. where R1 > R 2 . The accelerations (t) B
due to gravity on the surface of A
Which of the statement(s) given
above is/are correct? these planets are related as
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 (a) g 1 > g 2 (b) g 1 < g 2 O Position (x)
(c) 2 and 3 (d) All of these (c) g 1 = g 2 (a) v A < v B < vC
(d) Cannot say anything > v B > vC
Ê (b) Richter scale is a scale of number (b) v A
used to indicate the magnitude of Ê (a) Acceleration due to gravity on the (c) v A = v B = vC ≠ 0
earthquakes. Charles Francis Richter surface of first planet, (d) v A = v B = vC = 0
developed the Richter scale in 1935. This GM1
scale describes the quantity of energy g1 = 2
…(i) Ê (b) From figure,
R1 t
released by earthquake. Numbers for the
Richter scale range from 0 to 9. So, here where, M1 is the mass of first planet. C2 C
statements (1) and (2) are correct. 4 B2 B
But, M1 = πR13 ⋅ ρ1
3 θC
107. Which one of the following ocean (Q mass = volume × density) A2 A
currents is not a cold ocean current? θB
where, ρ1 = density of the first planet.
(a) Canary current (b) California current
(c) Kuroshio current(d) Oyashio current
4
G ⋅ πR13 ⋅ ρ1 O θA C1 B1 A1 x
g1 = 3 [from Eq. (i)]
Ê (c) Ocean current is a continuous R1
2 Velocity of object A,
movement of ocean water from one OA1
4 vA = = cot θ A
place to another. It is created by wind, g 1 = Gπρ1R1 …(ii) AA1
water temperature, salt content and 3
gravitational force of Moon. It is of two Similarly, acceleration due to gravity on Velocity of object B,
types; cold and warm ocean currents. OB1
the surface of second planet, vB = = cot θ B
Examples of warm ocean current are 4 BB1
Kuroshio, Alaskan, El Nino, East g 2 = Gπρ2R 2 …(iii)
3 OC1
Australian, Florida, Gulf stream, Brazilian Velocity of object C, vC = = cot θC
∴From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get CC1
and Agulhas ocean currents. Examples
of cold ocean current are Humboldt or g1 ρR R Since, θC > θ B > θ A
= 1 1 = 1 (Q ρ1 = ρ2 )
Peruvian, Kuril or Oyashio, California, g 2 ρ 2R 2 R 2 ⇒ cot θ A > cot θ B > cot θC
Antarctica, Okhotsk, Labrador, Canary ⇒ v A > v B > vC
Since, R1 > R 2, hence g 1 > g 2.
24 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)

113. 1 dyne (a unit of force in CGS the glass walls stops heat entering or 120. A fuse wire must be
system) equals to leaving the flask by conduction.
(a) conducting and of low melting point
(a) 10 3 g-cm/s 2 (b) 10 −3 g-cm/s 2 Hence, option (c) is not a correct (b) conducting and of high melting point
(c) 10 5 kg-cm/s 2 (d) 10 −5 kg-m/s 2 statement regarding a thermo flask. (c) insulator and of high melting point
(d) insulator and of low melting point
Ê (d) 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s 116. Black hole is a
2

1g ⋅ 1cm 10 −3kg ⋅ 10 −2m (a) huge black star which has zero
= =
1s 2
1s 2 acceleration due to gravity on its
surface
= 10 −5 kg-m/s 2 (b) star which has moderate acceleration
114. In the given velocity (v ) versus time due to gravity on its surface
(c) star which has collapsed into itself
(t ) graph, accelerated and decelerated
and has large acceleration due to
motions are respectively represented gravity on its surface
by line segments (d) star which has collapsed into itself
and has zero acceleration due to
A D
gravity on its surface
Velocity
(v) Ê (c) A black hole is a star which has
B C
collapsed into itself and has large
Time (t) acceleration due to gravity on its surface.
(a) CD and BC (b) BC and AB A black hole forms when the center of a
(c) CD and AB (d) AB and CD very massive star collapses in upon itself.
The region in space of a black-hole, the
Ê (c) The slope of velocity-time graph gives pulling force of gravity is, so strong that
acceleration produced in the moving body. light is not able to escape.
A D
117. The formula for conversion
Velocity
(v) B C
between Fahrenheit and Celsius is
° F = X + (1.8 × ° C).
θ2 θ1 (a) 32 (b) 22
Time (t) (c) 98 (d) 42
From graph, slope of line segment Ê (a) The formula for conversion between
Fahrenheit and Celsius is
AB = tanθ 2
°C °F − 32
which is negative because =
5 9
90°< θ 2 < 180°. 9°
Therefore , line segment AB represents ⇒ C = ° F − 32
5 2011, Lakshadweep has an area of 32
decelerated motion. ⇒ 1.8 °C = ° F − 32
Slope of line segment CD = tanθ1 ⇒ °F = 32 + 1.8 °C
which is positive because Comparing with given relation of
0°< θ1 < 90°. °F = X + (1.8 × °C)
We get, X = 32
Therefore, line segment CD represents
accelerated motion.
118. When a beam of white light passes
115. Which one of the following through a glass prism, the colour of
light beam that deviates the least is
statement regarding a thermo flask
(a) blue (b) red (c) green (d) violet
is not correct?
(a) The walls of flask are separated by Ê (b) The wavelength of red colour of light is
maximum, therefore when a beam of white
vacuum and made of glass which is a
light passes through a glass prism, then
poor conductor of heat.
(b) The glass walls themselves have the light of red colour deviates the least.
shiny surfaces. 119. LIGO stands for
(c) The surface of inner wall radiates (a) Laser Interferometer Gravitational
good amount of heat and the surface wave Observatory
of outer wall absorbs some of the heat (b) Light Interferometer Gravitational
that is radiated from the inner wall. wave Observatory
(d) The cork supports are poor (c) Light Induced Gravity Observatory
conductors of heat. (d) Laser Induced Gaseous Optics
Ê (c) The thermo flask has the silver coating Ê (a) LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer
on the inner surface which prevents heat Gravitational wave Observatory. It is a
transfer by radiation. The vacuum large scale physics experiment and
between its double wall prevents heat observatory to detect cosmic gravitational
moving by convection. The thinness of waves and to develop gravitational waves
observations as an astronomical tool.
Ê (a) Fuse wire should have high resistance
and low melting point. It is because when
high current pass through the circuit, at
first, it will resist the high current.
A fuse wire protects our electric
appliances from damaging due to
sudden increase in electric current.
121. Kamarajar Port was commissioned
in 2001 to handle thermal coal
requirements. It is situated along
the coast of which Indian State?
(a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Odisha
(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Karnataka
(c) Kamarajar (Ennore) Port is situated
along the coast of Tamil Nadu. It is the
12th major port of India. This port was
commissioned in 2001 to handle thermal
coal requirement.
122. Which one of the following Union
Territories of India is the smallest in
terms of geographical area?
(a) Daman and Diu
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(d) Lakshadweep
(d) Lakshadweep is the smallest Union
Territories of India in terms of
geographical area. According to Census
km 2. It is an archipelago consisting of 36
islands and having the capital at
Kavaratti. Among others, UTs Daman
and Diu has an area of 112 km 2 whereas
Chandigarh and Dadra and Nagar Haveli
has an area of 114 km 2 and 491 km 2
respectively.
123. Which one of the following can be
said to be essentially related to
‘Polar Front Theory’?
(a) Anticyclone
(b) Tropical Cyclone
(c) Temperate Cyclone
(d) Inter Tropical Convergence
Ê (c) The ‘Polar Front Theory’ of cyclogenesis
was developed to explain the formation
of mid-latitudes cyclone or Temperate
cyclone. According to this theory, the
warm-humid air masses from the topics
meet the dry-cold air masses from poles,
and thus a polar front is formed. The cold
air mass pushes the warm air mass
upwards, forming a low pressure
cyclonic system. A mid-latitude cyclone
is a large-scale low pressure system that
is developed. Hence, option (b) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
124. Brahmaputra and Indus rivers are
antecedent rivers. Which one of the
following may be the true definition
of an antecedent drainage?
(a) Which follows the initial slope of the
Himalaya
(b) Which existed before the Himalayan
range came into existence
(c) Which followed the dip or rock beds
of the Himalaya
(d) Which followed the strikes of rock
beds of the Himalaya
(b) An antecedent drainage is one whose
path of flow neithin a valley was
established before the mountainous
structure was uplifted. Antecedent
drainage existed before the Himalayan
range came into existence. The rivers
that existed before the upheaval of the
Himalayas and cut their courses
southward by making gorges in the
mountains are known as the antecedent
rivers. The Indus, Sutlej, Ganga, Kali,
Arun, Tista and Brahmaputra are some of
the important antecedent rivers originated
from beyond the Greater Himalayas.
125. The Karachi Resolution of Congress
in 1931 advocated which one of the
following issues?
(a) State shall not own or control key
industries and services.
(b) State shall handover the key
industries and services to the Indian
business groups.
(c) State should allow the Indian business
group to invest 50% of the capital.
(d) State shall own or control key
industries and services.
Ê (d) The Karachi Resolution of Congress
in 1931 advocated that, ‘State shall own
or control key industries and services’.
The Karachi Resolution was passed by
the INC at its Karchi Session in 1931.
The session was conducted in the
shadow of three major events—
First, Mahatma Gandhi had just been
released from prison following his Salt
Satyagraha.
Second, the Gandhi-Irwin pact had just
been concluded which had brought the
Civil Disobedience Movement to an end.
And third, the British Government had, a
week before the session, executed
Bhagat Singh and two of his associates
in connection with the kakori Conspiracy
Case.
126. The treaty of Schonbrunn (1809)
was signed after which one of the
following battles?
(a) Battle of Austerlitz
(b) Battle of Tilsit
(c) Battle of Wagram
(d) Battle of Lisbon
Ê (c) The treaty of Schonbrunn (1809) or
treaty of Vienna was signed after the
Battle of Wagram. This treaty was
signed between Austria and France.
Battle of Austerlitz (2nd Dec-1805), the
first engagement of the war of the third
coalition and one of Napoleon’s greatest
victories.
Battle of Tilsit fought between French
and Russia on 14th June, 1807.
The battle of Lisbon (1st July to 25th
Oct, 1147) was the military action that
brought the city of Lisbon under definitive
portuguese control and explelled its
Moorish overloads.
127. Which of the following statements
about the New Model Unions is/are
correct?
1. The New Model Unions were
formed in the 1850s.
2. The New Model Unions were
formed in the 1880s.
3. The New Model Unions comprised
a Labour Party idea.
4. The New Model Unions excluded
women in the 1920s.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) 3 and 4 (d) Only 3
Ê (a) New Model Union or New Model
Trade Union (NMTU) were a variety of
Trade Union prominent in the United
Kingdom. These were formed in the
1850s. These were generally tended to
be restricated to individual trades. These
union were not comprised by a Labour
Party idea and it also did not excluded
women. So, here is only statement (1) is
correct. Hence, option (a) is correct.
128. The Truman Doctrine of 1947 was
announced to achieve which one of
the following?
(a) Containment of the USSR
(b) Increasing agricultural production in
the USA
(c) Offering friendship to Europe
(d) Strengthening the UNO
Ê (a) The Truman Doctrine of 1947 was
announced to achieve containment of
the USSR. It was announced by Harry S
Truman on 12th March, 1947 and further
developed on 12th March, 1948.
129. Which of the following statements
is/are correct?
1. In 1948, Burma was admitted to
the United Nations and immediately
supported the USA in the Cold War.
2. In 1948, Burma joined the United
Nations, but refused to denounce
China as the aggressor in the
Korean War.
25
Select the correct answer using the
codes, given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (b) On 4th Jan, 1948 Burma became an
independent republic, under the terms of
the Burma Independence Act, 1947. The
new country was named the Union of
Buma. A pant from this, in 1948, burma
joired the United Nations but refused to
denounce China as the aggressor in the
Korean war. Hence option (b) is correct
answer.
130. Who among the following
presented ‘The April Thesis’ to the
Russian people in 1917?
(a) Stalin (b) Trotsky
(c) Bukharin (d) Lenin
Ê (d) Vladimir Lenin presented ‘The April
Thesis’ to the Russian people in 1917. It
was the series of ten directives issued by
Lenin. It was aimed at fellow Bolsheviks
in Russia and returning to Russia from
exile. The April Thesis influenced the
October Revolution.
131. An Election Commissioner can be
removed from office on the
recommendation of
(a) the Chief Justice of India
(b) the Chief Election Commissioner
(c) the President of India
(d) the Parliament
Ê (b) An Election Commissioner can be
removed from office on the
recommendation of the Chief Election
Commissioner (CEC) by President of
India. Article-324 (5) of the Constitution
safeguards the CEC from arbitrary
removal. CEC can be removed only by
the President, just like Judge of the
Supreme Court.
132. Which one of the following
statements regarding the Rajya
Sabha is not correct?
(a) Its members are elected by the
elected members of the Legislative
Assembly of a State.
(b) The election follows the system of
proportional representation by
means of a single transferable vote.
(c) 1/3rd of its members retire after every
two years.
(d) It is a permanent body, but can be
dissolved earlier by the President.
Ê (d) Option (d) is incorrect because Rajya
Sabha (Article-80) is a permanent body
and not the subject to dissolution. Its
maximum strength is 250. Its members
are elected by the elected member of the
Legislative Assembly of the State.
26
The election of Rajya Sabha members
follows the system of proportional
representation by means of a single
transferable vote. One-third (1/3rd) of its
members retire after every two years.
133. Fundamental Rights guaranteed under
which one of the following Articles
of the Constitution of India is
available only to the citizens of India?
(a) Article-19 (b) Article-20
(c) Article-21 (d) Article-22
Ê (a) Under Article-19 of the Constitution of
India, Fundamental Rights are
guaranteed only to the citizens of India.
There are five fundamental articles which
are only to Indian citizens i.e. Articles-15,
16, 19, 29, 30. This article guarantees the
six rights. These are
1. Right to freedom of speech and
expression
2. Right to assemble peacefully and
without arms.
3. Right to form associations or
unions or co-operations.
4. Right to move freely throughout the
territory of India.
5. Right to reside and settle in any
part of the territory of India.
6. Right to practice any profession or
to carry on any occupation, trade
or business.
While Article 20 deals with the protection
of certain rights incase of conviction for
offences. Article 21 deals with the
protection of life and personal liberty, and
Article 22 grants protection to persons
who are arrested or detained.
134. The treaty of Yandabo was signed in
(a) 1826 (b) 1825
(c) 1824 (d) 1823
Ê (a) The treaty of Yandabo was signed on
24th February, 1826 between the
Britishers and Burmese. It brought peace
between East India Company and the
king of Ava that ended the first
Anglo-Burmese war. This treaty started
the British Rule in Assam.
135. In the Manusmriti which form of
marriage results from the “Voluntary
union of a maiden and her lover”?
(a) Eighth form
(b) Fifth form
(c) Seventh form
(d) Sixth form
Ê (b) “Voluntary union of maiden and her
lover” are the fifth form (Gandharava
Marriage) of marriage result in the
Manusmriti. In this marriage a groom and
his bride will wed without their parents
knowledge.
However, it is not correctly considered as
type of marriage because it does not
have the consent of the parents.
According to Manusmriti there are eight
types of Hindu marriages. These are -
Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Prajapatya,
Gandharva, Asura, Rakshasa and
Paischaca.
136. Consider the following description
of the Samadhi of a former Prime
Minister of India.
Central Samadhi Platform
comprises nine square black
polished granite solid stone blocks,
capped with a ‘Diya’ in the centre.
The number nine holds significance
and represents the Navarasas,
Navaratras and Navagrahas. Then
placement of the Nine-Square
Samadhi is in a circular lotus shaped
pattern. The Nine-Square platform
is accessed in four cardinal
directions by pathways made in
white composite tiles so that the
floor does not get heated.
Identify the Samadhi.
(a) Shakti Sthal (b) Shantivan
(c) Sadaiv Atal (d) Veer Bhumi
Ê (c) The Samadhi, which is mentioned in
above question, is Sadaiv Atal. It is the
crematorium (Samadhi) of former Prime
Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(1924-2018). He served three terms as
the Prime Minister of India. He was the
first Indian Prime Minister who was not a
member of the Indian National Congress
party to have served a full five year term
in office.
Shakti Sthal is a memorial of former
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Shantivan is the Samadhi or Cremation
spot of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
and the Veer Bhumi is a memorial
dedicated to the former Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi.
137. IMBEX is a joint exercise conducted
regularly between Armies of India
and
(a) Malaysia (b) Maldives
(c) Mauritius (d) Myanmar
Ê (d) India-Myanmar Bilateral Army
Exercise (IMBEX) is a joint exercise
conducted regularly between Armies of
India and Myanmar. The first edition of
this exercise was held in 2017 and 2nd
edition was conducted on 14th January
2019 in Haryana.
This joint exercise is also the first of its
kind military training exercise on United
Nations Peacekeeping Operations
between India and Myanmar.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
138. Who among the following was
awarded The Hindu Prize in Fiction
category for the year 2018?
(a) Neelum Saran Gour
(b) N. Kalyan Raman
(c) Manoranjan Byapari
(d) Arunav Sinha
Ê (a) Neelum Saran Gour was awarded The
Hindu Prize in Fiction category for the
year 2018. Neelum Gour got this award
for her novel ‘Requiem in Raga Janki’.
She is the author of five novels, four
collection of short stories and one work of
literary non-fiction. She has also edited a
pictorial volume on the history and
culture of Allahabad.
139. Who among the following was
appointed as Head of the seven
Members committee to look into
revenue shortfall being faced by the
States after the GST rollout in India
and suggest steps for augmenting
collections?
(a) Himanta Biswa Sharma
(b) Thomas Isaac
(c) Sushil Modi
(d) Capt. Abhimanyu
Ê (c) Sushil Modi was appointed as Head
of the seven members committee to look
into revenue shortfall being faced by the
States after the GST rollout in India and
suggest steps for augmenting collections
by the States, since July, 2017.
As per the term of reference of the Group
of Ministers, the Modi led committee will
undertake data analysis using
econometric and statistical tools and
suggest suitable measures for course
correction for revenue augmentation.
140. The 15th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas,
2019 was held in
(a) New Delhi (b) Gandhi Nagar
(c) Prayagraj (d) Varanasi
Ê (d) The 15th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas,
2019 was held in Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
from 21st to 23rd January, 2019. It was
inaugurated by the Prime Minister
Narendra Modi and Prime Minister of
Mauritius, Pravind Jugnauth.
The theme of this Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
was ‘Role of Indian Diaspora in building a
new India’. On 9th January, 2020, 16th
Pravasi Bhartiya Divas was celebrated.
141. Which one of the following cities
was named by UNESCO as World
Capital of Architecture for 2020?
(a) Tokyo
(b) Johannesburg
(c) Rio-de-Janerio
(d) New Delhi
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2019 (I)
Ê (c) Rio-de-Janerio (Brazil) was named by
UNESCO as World Capital of Architecture
for 2020. Rio-de-Janerio will be hosting
the World Congress of the International
Union of Architects in July, 2020.
142. Who among the following was
named ICC's emerging player of the
year 2018?
(a) Rishabh Pant (b) Josh Hazlewood
(c) Hasan Ali
(d) Mustafizur Rahman
Ê (a) India's fast-rising wicket keeper
batsman Rishabh Pant was on Tuesday
named the International Cricket Counils
emerging player of the year in the world
body's annuel a wards. The 21 year old
Pant was picked by the ICC's voting
academy for a stellar show in his break
through test you in 2018.
143. India’s first private sector Howitzer
gun-making unit is located at
(a) Jamshedpur (b) Kolkata
(c) Hazira (d) Gwalior
Ê (c) India’s first private sector Howitzer
gun-making unit is located at Hazira in
Surat (Gujarat). It was inaugurated by
the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on
19th January, 2019 as India’s first
Armoured System Complex (ASC). It is
built by a private company-Larsen and
Toubro (L & T).
144. Which of the following pairs of old
names and new names of islands in
India is/are correctly matched?
1. Ross Island-Shaheed Dweep
2. Neil Island-Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose Dweep
3. Havelock Island-Swaraj Dweep
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2 (d) Only 3
Ê (d) Ross, Neil and Havelock Islands have
been renamed on 75th anniversary of
freedom fighter Subhash Chandra Bose.
The new names of these islands are as
follows:
Ross Island — Netaji Subhash Chandra
Bose Dweep
Neil island — Shaheed Dweep
Havelock Island — Swaraj Dweep
Hence option (d) is correct.
145. Who among the following was
posthumously conferred with the
Ashoka Chakra, India’s highest
peacetime gallantry award, in 2019?
(a) Jyoti Prakash Nirala
(b) Nazir Ahmad Wani
(c) Hangpan Dada
(d) Mohan Nath Goswami
Ê (b) Lance Naik Nazir Ahmad Wani was
posthumously conferred with the Ashoka
Chakra, India’s Highest Peacetime
Gallantry Award, in 2019. He is the first
recipient of the Ashoka Chakra award
from Kashmir region of the Indian State
Jammu and Kashmir. He was from
Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry of the
Indian Army.
146. As per the code of the nomenclature,
which one of the following is the correct
way of writing a biological name?
(a) Amoeba Proteus
(b) Amoeba proteus
(c) amoeba proteus
(d) Amoeba Proteus
Ê (b) Name written in option (b), i.e.
Amoeba proteus is the correct way of
writing biological name of Amoeba.
The first name represents genus and its
first letter is capital. The second name
represents species and its first letter is
small. Both names are underlined
separately when hand written and written
in Italics when typed.
147. Which one of the following statements
regarding electrocardiogram is correct?
(a) Electrocardiogram is graphical
representation of electrical activity of
cornea
(b) Electrocardiogram is graphical
representation of activity of kidney
(c) Electrocardiogram is graphical
representation of activity of brain
(d) Electrocardiogram is graphical
representation of electrical activity of
heart
Ê (d) Statement (d) is correct regarding
electrocardiography. Electrocardiogram
is graphical representation of electrical
activity of heart.
Electrodes are placed on patient’s limbs
and on the surface of the chest and
connected to a machine called electrocar-
diograph. It detects any abnormality in
the functioning of the heart.
27
148. Which one of the following statements
regarding penicillin is correct?
(a) Penicillin resistant bacteria can store
this antibiotic in vacuole
(b) Penicillin resistant bacteria can
degrade this antibiotic by an enzyme
called β-lactamase
(c) Penicillin resistant bacteria can
degrade this antibiotic by an enzyme
called lactic acid dehydrogenase
(d) Penicillin is not absorbed by bacteria,
so most bacteria are resistant
Ê (b) Statement (b) regarding penicillin is
correct. The bacteria which produce
enzyme β-lactamase can degrade
penicillin. Most of the bacteria are
sensitive for penicillin as it interferes cell
wall synthesis.
149. Which one of the following
organelles of mammalian cell is rich
in hydrolytic enzymes?
(a) Mitochondria (b) Ribosomes
(c) Lysosome (d) Nucleus
Ê (c) Cell organelle lysosome is rich in
hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes
degrade the cell debris and recycle its
components within the cells.
Mitochondria is powerhouse of the cell.
Ribosomes are called protein factory.
Nucleus is referred as head of the cell
which controls all cellular activities.
150. Which one of the following
statements regarding cholera is
correct?
(a) Cholera is a disease that causes loss
of memory
(b) Cholera is a disease of muscles due
to consumption of alcohol
(c) Cholera is a disease due to the
consumption of contaminated food
or water
(d) Cholera is a genetic disease
Ê (c) Statement (c) regarding cholera
is correct. It is a waterborne disease
and also spread through contaminated
food. It is caused by bacterium Vibrio
cholerae.
Cholera does not cause loss of memory.
The consumption of alcohol does not
cause cholera and it does not affect the
functioning of muscles. This is also not a
hereditary disease.
Hence, statement (c) is correct, resl of
the steta are incorrect.
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2018 (II)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. What is the value of log 7 log 7 x 5. IfA, B and C are subsets of a
⇒ − 1< − <1
5 universal set, then which one of the
7 7 7 equal to ? ⇒ −2< − < 0
x following is not correct?
(a) 3 log 2 7 (b) 1 − 3 log 2 7 5 (a) A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
7 ⇒ − 10 < − x < 0 (b) A ′∪( A ∪ B) = ( B′∩ A )′ ∪ A
(c) 1 − 3 log 7 2 (d)
8 ⇒ 10 > x > 0 (c) A ′∪( B ∪ C ) = (C ′∩ B)′ ∩ A ′
(d) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ C )
Ê (c) We have, 3. Consider the following expressions
1 1 1 7
1 where A ′ is the complement of A
7 7 7 = 72 ⋅ 74 ⋅ 78 = 78 1. x + x 2 −
x Ê (c) Let A, B and C are subsets of a
Now, log 7 log 7 7 7 7 universal set.
d e
7 2. ax 2 + bx + x − c + − Let A = { 1 } , B = { 2 } , C = { 3 }
= log 7 log 7 (7 )8 x x2
∪ = {1, 2, 3} , A′ = {2, 3}, B′ = {1, 3},
3. 3x 2 − 5x + ab C ′ = {1, 2}
= log 7  
7
 8 2 by checking options, we get
4. 2
= log 7 7 − log 7 8 x − ax + b 3 LHS = A ′∪ ( B ∪ C )
m 1 2 = { 2, 3 } ∪ { }
[Qlog = log m − log n] 5. −
n x x +5 = {2, 3}
= log 7 7 − log 7 2 3 = 1 − 3 log 7 2 Which of the above are rational RHS = (C ′ ∩ B)′ ∩ A ′
[Qlog b a n = n log b a ] expressions? = ( { 1, 2 } ∩ {1, 3} ) ∩ { 2, 3 }
(a) 1, 4 and 5 (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 = ( { 2 } )′ ∩ { 2, 3 }
2. If an infinite GP has the first term x (c) 2, 4 and 5 (d) 1 and 2 = { 1, 3 } ∩ { 2, 3 }
and the sum 5, then which one of the
Ê (a) We know that, rational expressions = { 3}
following is correct? are those expression which can be write LHS ≠ RHS
(a) x < −10 p( x )
(b) −10 < x < 0 in the form of , q ( x) ≠ 0 So, option (c) is wrong
q ( x)
(c) 0 < x < 10
(d) x > 10 So, 1, 4, 5 are rational expressions 6. Let x be the number of integers
lying between 2999 and 8001 which
Ê (c) Given that first term of an infinity GP is 4. A square matrix A is called have at least two digits equal.Then x
x and sum = 5 orthogonal if is equal to
x
∴ =5 (a) A = A 2 (b) A ′ = A −1 (a) 2480 (b) 2481
1− r (c) A = A −1 (d) A = A ′ (c) 2482 (d) 2483
a
[Q sum of infinity GP = ] where A′ is the transpose of A
Ê (b) We have, x be the number lying
1− r
Ê (b) A square matrix is called an between 2999 and 8001
⇒
x
= 1− r orthogonal matrix if AA ′ = I if repetition allowed
5 multiply. by A − 1 total numbers = 5 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 5000
x
⇒ r = 1− ∴ A − 1 ( AA ′ ) = A − 1I ⇒ IA ′ = A − 1 if repetition not allowed
5
⇒ A′ = A− 1 ∴total numbers = 5 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 2520
Where,| r | < 1
2 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

So, x = atleast two digit repeated ⇒ n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A ) 11. What is the coefficient of the middle
= 5000 − 2520 + 1 = 32 + 3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ...(ii) term in the binomial expansion of
= 2481 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ( 2 + 3x ) 4 ?
[Q add 1 because of number 8000] 60 + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 32 (a) 6 (b) 12
7. The (c) 108 (d) 216
sum of the series + 3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Ê (d) We have, (2 + 3 x)
4
1 1 ⇒ 2 n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 28
3 − 1 + − +.... is equal to
3 9 ⇒ n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 14 Here, n = 4, so middle term is
20 9 th
(a) (b)
9. How many students like to play  4 + 1 = 3 rd term
9 20  
9 4 2 
(c) (d) exactly only one game?
4 9 (a) 196 (b) 228 T3 = 4C 2 × 2 2 × ( 3 x )2
(c) 254 (d) 268
Ê (c) Given series [Tr +1 = nC r a r b n − r ]1
1 1
3 − 1 + − + ..... are in GP Ê (c) Number of students like to play
exactly one 4×3
3 9 = × 4 × 9 x2
−1 game = n ( A ) + n ( B) + n (C ) 2 ×1
∴ r=
3 − 2 [n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A )] T3 = 216 x 2
3  a  + 3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Sn = Q S n =  Hence, coefficient of middle term is 216.
 1  1 − r = 125 + 145 + 90 − 2 [32 + 3 × 14]
1 − − 
 3 + 3 × 14 12. For a square matrix A, which of the
3 9 = 360 − 106
following properties hold?
= =
4 4 = 254 1. ( A −1 )−1 = A
3 1
10. If α and β ( ≠ 0) are the roots of the 2. det ( A −1 ) =
Directions (Q. Nos. 8 and 9) det A
quadratic equation x 2 + αx − β = 0,
Consider the information given below then the quadratic expression 3. ( λA )−1 = λA −1, where λ is a scalar
and answer the two items that follow.
− x 2 + αx + β, where x ∈ R has Select the correct answer using the
A survey was conducted among 300
1 code given below.
students. It was found that 125 students (a) Least value −
4 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
like to play cricket, 145 students like to
9 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
play football and 90 students like to play (b) Least value −
tennis. 32 students like to play exactly two 4 Ê (d) For a square matrix A
1
games out of the three games. (c) Greatest value Statement 1
4
( A − 1 )− 1 = A
8. How many stdudents like to play all (d) Greatest value
9
the three games ? 4 Statement 1 is true
(a) 14
(c) 28
(b) 21
(d) 35
Ê (d) α and β are the roots of quadratic Statement 2
1
equation. det ( A − 1 ) =
Ê (a) Let, x + αx − β = 0
2 det A
A be the set of students like to play cricket Statement 2 is correct
So, (αβ = − β ) ⇒ αβ + β = 0
B be the set of students like to play Statement 3
⇒ β (α + 1) = 0
football.
α = −1 [Qβ ≠ 0] ( λA )− 1 = λA − 1, where λ is a scalar.
C be the set of students like to play tennis.
α + β = −α So, Statement 3 is correct.
We have,
⇒ 2α + β = 0 13. Which one of the following factors
n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 300
⇒ β =2 does the expansion of the
n ( A ) = 125
∴ − x 2 + αx + β [Qα = − 1, β = 2 ] determinant
n ( B) = 145
n (C ) = 90 = − x2 − x + 2 x y 3
2 3
n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A ) + n ( B) + n (C )  ( − 1)2  x 5y 9 contain ?
Greatest value = 2 −  
− [n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A )]  4 ( − 1) x 3 10y 5 27
+ n (A ∩ B ∩ C) 2
 b2  (a) x − 3
⇒ 300 = 125 + 145 + 90 [Q Greatest value = c −   ]
 4a  (b) x − y
− [n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A )] (c) y − 3
+ n (A ∩ B ∩ C)  1  (d) x − 3 y
=2 −  
⇒ n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A )  − 4
Ê (a) We have,
= 60 + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ...(i) 1
=2 +  x y 3
Again, 4  x 2 5 y3 9 
n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A ) 9  3 
= 5
 x 10 y 27 
− 3 n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 32 4
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 3

[C1 → C1 − C 3 mes,] 16. There are 17 cricket players, out of − x − x − x 

⇒  c b− x a = 0
 x−3 y 3 which 5 players can bowl. In how  
=  x 2 − 9 5 y3 9  many ways can a team of 11 players  b a c − x
 3 
 x − 27 10 y 27 
5
be selected so as to include 3 1 1 1 
bowlers? ⇒ ( − x ) c b − x a = 0
 1 y 3  
(a) C (17, 11) c − x
= ( x − 3) x+ 3 5 y3 9  (b) C (12, 8) b a
 2  ⇒ x=0
 x + 9 + 3 x 10 y 27 
5
(c) C (17, 5) × C ( 5, 3)
(d) C ( 5, 3) × C (12, 8) Hence, x = 0 is a solution
14. What is the adjoint of the matrix Ê (d) There are 17 cricket players, out of 20. What should be the value of x, so
 cos ( −θ ) − sin ( −θ ) which 5 players can bowl.  2 4
 ? required number of ways = C 8 × 5C 3
12 that the matrix   does not
 − sin ( −θ ) cos( −θ )  −8 x 
= C (12, 8) × C ( 5, 3)
 cos θ − sin θ  have an inverse?
(a)   (b) −16
 − sin θ cos θ 17. What is the value of (a) 16
log 9 27 + log 8 32? (c) 8 (d) −8
 cos θ sin θ  7 19  2 4
(b)  
 sin θ cos θ
(a) (b) (c) 4 (d) 7 Ê (b) Let, A =  − 8 x 
2 6  
 cos θ sin θ  Ê (b) We have, Matrix does not have any solution if
(c)  
 − sin θ cos θ log 9 27 + log 8 32 | A| = 0
= log 32 3 3 + log 2 3 2 5 2 x + 32 = 0
 cos θ − sin θ
(d)   2 x = − 32
 sin θ cos θ  3 5
= log 3 3 + log 2 2 x=−
32
2 3
Ê (a) We have, 2
Q log b n = n log b  x = − 16
 cos ( − θ) − sin ( − θ)   a 
A= 
am
m 
 − sin ( − θ) cos ( − θ)  21. The system of equations
3 5 19
 cos θ sin θ  = + = 2x + y − 3z = 5
A= 
2 3 6
 sin θ cos θ  3x − 2y + 2z = 5
18. If A and B are two invertible square and 5x − 3y − z = 16
Now, C11 = cos θ matrices of same order, then what is (a) is inconsistent
C12 = − sin θ ( AB )−1 equal to? (b) is consistent, with a unique solution
C 21 = − sin θ (a) B−1 A −1 (b) A −1B−1 (c) is consistent, with infinitely many
C 22 = cos θ (c) B−1 A (d) A −1B solutions
(d) has its solution lying along X-axis in
 cos θ − sin θ
T
Ê (a) If A and B are two invertible square three-dimensional space
adj A =   matrices of same order, then
 − sin θ cos θ  Ê (b) The system of equations
( AB)− 1 = B− 1 A − 1
 cos θ − sin θ  2 x + y − 3z = 5
= 
 − sin θ cos θ  19. If a + b + c = 0, then one of the 3x − 2 y + 2 z = 5
solutions of and 5x − 3y − z = 0
15. What is the value of 2 1 −3 
a−x
A=  3 −2 2 
3a 3n c b
 −1 + i 3   −1 − i 3   
  +  c b−x a = 0 is  5 − 3 −1 
 2   2  b a c −x | A | = 2 [− 2 ( − 1) − 2 ( − 3)] − 1 [3 ( − 1) − 2 ( 5)]
where i = −1 ? (a) x = a + ( − 3) [3 ( − 3) − ( − 2 )( 5)]
(a) 3 (b) 2 3 (a2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = 2 ( 8) − 1 ( − 13) − 3(1)
(b) x =
(c) 1 (d) 0 2 = 16 + 13 − 3 = 26 ≠ 0
2 (a2 + b 2 + c 2 ) So, System is consistent with unique
Ê (b) We have, (c) x =
solution.
3n 3n 3
 − 1+ i 3  − 1− i 3 (d) x = 0
  +   22. Which one of the following is correct
 2   2 
Ê (d) We have, in respect of the cube roots of unity?
= (ω )3n + (ω 2 )3n a − x c b  (a) They are collinear
 c b− x a = 0 (b) They lie on a circle of radius 3
 − 1 + i 3 2  − 1 − i 3   (c) They form an equilateral triangle
Q ω = ,ω =  
 b a c − x
 2  2   (d) None of the above
R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3
= (ω 3 )n + (ω 3 )2n Ê (c) We know that, cube roots of unity is
 a+ b +c − x a+ b +c − x a+ b +c − x − 1+ i 3
⇒ b− x = 0 1, ω, ω 2, where ω= and
(1)n + (1)2n [Qω 3 = 1] 
c a
 2
 b a c− x  −1 − i 3
= 1 + 1= 2 ω2 =
2
4 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

ω Y
(a) α > β + γ (b) α < β + γ
(–½, √3 ) Ê (c) Let first term of an AP is a and
2
(c) α = β + γ (d) α = βγ common difference is d
Ê (c) We have,(1 + x)
2n
B Given that,
th 1
Middle term =  + 1 Tm =
2n
120º 120º term n
X´ X  2 
120º A (1,2) 1
= ( n + 1)th term a + ( m − 1) d = ...(i)
ω1 n
(–½, √3 ) C Coefficient of ( n + 1)th term = 2n
Cn 1
2 and Tn =
α = 2n
Cn m
Y´ 1
Again, we have binomial expansion of a + ( n − 1) d = ...(ii)
They form an equilateral triangle. (1 + x )2n − 1 coefficient of middle terms m
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
23. If u, v and w (all positive) are the p th , are,
2n− 1 1 1
q th and r th terms of a GP, then the ∴ β= Cn ( m − 1) d − ( n − 1) d = −
n m
2n − 1
determinant of the matrix and γ = Cn − 1 m−n
⇒ ( m − n) d =
 ln u p 1 Now, β + γ = 2n − 1
Cn + 2n − 1
Cn − 1 mn
  1
 ln v q 1 is [Q C r + C r − 1 =
n n n +1
Cr ] ⇒ d =
 ln w r 1 mn
  = 2n
Cn Put in Eq. (i),
(a) 0 1 1
(b) 1 25. Let A = [ x ∈ R :−1 ≤ x ≤ 1], a + ( m − 1) =
mn n
(c) ( p − q )(q − r ) ( r − p)
(d) ln u × ln v × ln w B = [y ∈ R : − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1] and S be the ⇒ a+ −
1 1
=
1
th th subset of A × B, defined by n mn n
Ê (a) Given that u, v and w are the p ,q 1
and r th term of GP S = [( x , y ) ∈ A × B : x 2 + y 2 = 1]. ⇒ a=
mn
∴u = aR p − 1, v = aRq −1
[Qan = aR n−1
] Which one of the following is Now, Tmn = a + ( mn − 1) d
r −1 correct ?
and w = aR 1 1
= + ( mn − 1)
(a) S is a one-one function from A into B mn mn
 ln u p 1
(b)S is a many-one function from A into B
We have,  ln v q 1 =
1
+ 1−
1
  (c)S is a bijective mapping from A into B mn mn
 ln w r 1 (d) S is not a function
Tmn = 1
 ln a R p − 1 p 1 Ê (d) Given that,
=  ln a R q − 1 q 1 A = { x ∈ R : − 1≤ x ≤ 1 } ,
27. Suppose f ( x ) is such a quadratic

 
 expression that it is positive for all
ln a R r − 1 r 1 B = { y ∈ R : − 1≤ y < 1 }
  real x.
+ − and S = { ( x, y) ∈ A × B : x 2 + y 2 = 1 }
 ln a p 1 ln R p 1
If g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ′( x ) + f ′′ ( x ),
=  ln a + q − 1 ln R q 1 Y
  then for any real x
 ln a + r − 1 ln R r 1 1 (a) g ( x ) < 0 (b) g ( x ) > 0
 ln a p 1  ( p − 1) ln R p 1 (c) g ( x ) = 0 (d) g ( x ) ≥ 0
=  ln a q 1 +  (q − 1) ln R q 1 Ê (b) Given that f( x) is a quadratic
   
 ln a r 1  ( r − 1) ln R r 1 X′ X expression
-1 1
 1 p 1 p−1 p 1 Let f( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c, a > 0
= ln a  1 q 1 + ln R  q − 1 q 1 ∴ b 2 − 4ac < 0 [∴ f( x ) > 0]
    -1
 1 r 1 r−1 r 1 ⇒ b 2 < 4ac
Y′
C2 → C2 − C3 Now, f ′ ( x ) = 2 ax + b
 p − 1 p − 1 1 By vertical line test. when we draw a and f ′ ′ ( x ) = 2 a
= 0 + ln R  q − 1 q − 1 1 vertical line, then line cuts the circle in two We have,
  points. Hence, S is not a function.
 r − 1 r − 1 1 g ( x ) = f( x ) + f ′ ( x ) + f ′ ′ ( x )
=0 26. Let Tr be the r th term of an AP for = ax 2 + bx + c + 2 ax + b + 2 a
r = 1, 2, 3, .... If for some distinct = ax 2 + ( b + 2 a ) x + 2 a + b + c
24. Let the coefficient of the middle term
positive integers m and n we have
of the binomial expansion of Now, ( b + 2 a )2 − 4a (2 a + b + c )
Tm = 1 / n and Tn = 1 / m, then what
(1 + x )2n be α and those of two is Tmn equal to ? = b 2 + 4ab + 4a 2 − 8a 2 − 4ab − 4ac
middle terms of the binomial (a) ( mn)−1 = b 2 − 4ac − 8a 2 < 0
expansion of (1 + x )2n −1be β and γ. (b) m−1 + n−1
[Q b 2 − 4ac < 0]
Which one of the following relations (c) 1
(d) 0 ⇒ g ( x) > 0
is correct?
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 5

28. Consider the following in respect of Ê (c) We have, 34. If A, B and C are the angles of a
matrices A, B and C of same order. ( 0.2 )x = 2 triangle and
1. ( A + B + C )′ = A ′ + B ′ + C ′ taking log10 both side 1 1 1
2. ( AB )′ = A ′ B ′ . = log10 2
x log10 02 I + sin A 1 + sin B 1 + sin C = 0,
3. ( ABC )′ = C ′ B ′ A ′ SinA + sin 2 A sin B + sin 2 B sin C + sin 2 C
x log10   = log10 2
2
⇒
Where A ′ is the transpose of the  10 
matrix A. Which of the above are then which one of the following is
⇒ x [log10 2 − log10 10] = log10 2
correct? correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 ⇒ x [0.3010 − 1] = 0.3010 [Q log a a = 1] (a) The triangle ABC is isosceles
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 0.3010
⇒ x=− ≈ − 0.43 (b) The triangle ABC is equilateral
Ê (c) Given that A, B and C are matrices of 0.6990 (c) The triangle ABC is scalene
same order 32. The total number of 5-digit numbers (d) No conclusion can be drawn with
Statement 1 that can be composed of distinct regard to the nature of the triangle
( A ′ + B + C )′ = A ′ + B′ + C ′ digits from 0 to 9 is Ê (a) We have,
[Q ( A + B)′ = A ′ + B′ ] (a) 45360 (b) 30240
So, Statement 1 is correct (c) 27216 (d) 15120  1 1 1 
 1 + sin A 1 + sin B 1 + sin C 
Statement 2 Ê (c) 5-digit number that can be  
We know that, composed by distinct digits from 0 to 9 is sin A + sin 2
A sin B + sin 2
B Sin C + Sin 2
C 
( AB)′ = B′ A ′ given as =0
Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect R1 → R1 − R 2, R 3 → R 3 − R 2
Statement 3
9 9 8 7 6  − sin A − sin B − sin C 
( ABC )′ = C ′ B′ A ′ [Q ( AB)′ = B′ A ′ ]  1 + sin A 1 + sin B 1 + sin C  = 0
required number = 9 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6  2 
 sin A − 1 sin B − 1 sin C − 1
Hence, Statement 3 is correct. 2 2
= 27216
29. The sum of the binary numbers R 2 → R 2 + R1
(11011)2 , (10110110)2 and 33. What is the determinant of the
 − sin A − sin B − sin C 
(10011x 0y )2 is the binary numbers matrix  = 0
1 1 1
(101101101)2 . What are the values of x y y + z  
− cos 2
A − cos 2
B − cos 2
C
x and y ?    
z x z + x ?
(a) x = 1, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 0 R3 → R3 + R2
y z x + y 
(c) x = 0, y = 1 (d) x = 0, y = 0   sin A sin Bsin C 
Ê (b) Sum of the binary number (a) ( x − y) ( y − z) ( z − x ) ⇒  1 1 1 = 0
(11011)2, (10110110)2 and (10011xoy)2 is (b) ( x − y) ( y − z)  
 1 − cos 2
A 1 − cos 2
B 1 − cos 2
C 
(101101101)2 (c) ( y − z) ( z − x )
So, (101101101) (d) ( z − x )2 ( x + y + z)  sin A sin B sin C 
− 10110110 ⇒ 1 1 1 = 0
Ê (d) We have,  2 2 2 
10110111 x y y + z  sin A sin B sin C
− 11011 z x z + x [C1 → C1 − C 2 C 2 → C 2 − C 3]
 
10011100
y z x + y
 sin A − sin B sin B − sin C sin C 
Compare with (10011x o y)2
R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 ⇒ 0 0 1 
We get, x = 1 and y = 0  2 
x+ y + z x + y + z 2 ( x + y + z)   sin A − sin B sin B − sin C sin C 
2 2 2 2

30. Let matrix B be the adjoint of a  z x z+ x 

  =0
square matrix A, I be the identity  y z x+ y 
matrix of same order as A. If k( ≠ 0) is ⇒ (sin A − sin B) (sin B − sin C )
1 1 2   1 1 sin C 
the determinant of the matrix A,
= ( x + y + z) z x z + x   0 0 0 
then what is AB equal to ?    
(a) l (b) kl (c)k 2 l (d) (1 / k )l  y z x + y sin A + sin C sin B + sin C sin C 
2

C 2 → C 2 − C1 and C 3 → C 3 − 2C1
Ê (b) Given, ∴ Sin A − sin B = 0
B = adjA, l = identity Matrix 1 0 0 
or sin B − sin C = 0
= ( x + y + z) z x − z x − z
( A) = K   ⇒ sin A = sin B
∴ AB = A (adjA ) = ( A )l = kl y z− y x− y
and sin B = sin C
= ( x + y + z) [1 ( x − z) ( x − y)
. )x = 2 and log10 2 = 03010
31. If (02 . , then ⇒ A=B
− ( x − z) ( z − y)]
what is the value of x to the nearest and B=C
= ( x + y + z) [( x − z) ( x − y − z + y)]
tenth? So, ABC is an isosceles triangle
(a) −10.0 (b) −0.5 = ( x + y + z) ( x − z) ( x − z)
(c) −0.4 (d) −0.2 = ( x + y + z) ( z − x )2
6 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

2 2 cos θ cos α
35. Consider the following in respect of ⇒ = 39. A balloon is directly above one end
cos θ cos 2 θ − sin2 α of a bridge. The angle of depression
matrices A and B of same order
1. A 2 − B 2 = ( A + B ) ( A − B ) ⇒ cos 2 θ cos α = cos 2 θ − sin2 α of the other end of the bridge from
the ballon is 48º. If the height of the
2. ( A − I ) ( I + A ) = O ⇔ A 2 = I ⇒ sin2 α = cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ cos α
balloon above the bridge is 122 m,
where I is the identity matrix and O ⇒ sin2 α = cos 2 θ (1 − cos α ) then what is the length of the
is the null matrix. sin2 α bridge?
⇒ cos 2 θ =
1 − cos α (a) 122 sin 48º m
Which of the above is/are correct?
(b) 122 tan 42 º m
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 1 − cos 2 α (1 + cos α ) (1 − cos α )
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 = = (c) 122 cos 48º m
1 − cos α 1 − cos α (d) 122 tan 48º m
Ê (b) ⇒ cos 2 θ = 1 + cos α
C
Statement 1
Ê (b) 48º

RHS = ( A + B) ( A − B) ⇒ 1 − sin2 θ = 1 + cos α

122 m
= A 2 − AB + BA − B2 [Q AB ≠ BA ] [Q sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
≠ A 2 − B2 ⇒ 1 − sin2 θ = 1 + cos α 48º
A B
Statement 1 is not correct ⇒ sin θ + cos α = 0
2
BC
Statement 2 tan 48° =
( A − I) ( I + A ) = 0 38. If A + B + C = 180º, then what is AB

⇒ AI + A 2 − I 2 − IA = 0[Q AI = IA = A ] sin 2A − sin 2B − sin 2C equal to? tan 48° =

122
(a) −4sin A sin Bsin C AB
⇒ A+ A −I − A=0
2 2
122
(b) −4cos A sin B cos C AB = = 122 cot 48°
⇒ A2 = I [Q I 2 = I ] (c) −4 cos A cos Bsin C tan 48°
Statement 2 is correct (d) −4sin A cos Bcos C = 122 cot ( 90° − 42 ° )
2 tan θ Ê (d) We have, [Q cot ( 90° − θ) = tan θ]
36. What is equal to ?
sin 2 A − sin 2 B − sin2 C
1 + tan θ 2 = 122 tan 42 °
(a) cos2θ (b) tan2θ = sin 2 A − [sin 2 B + sin 2C ] 40. A is an angle in the fourth quadrant
2 B + 2C 
= sin 2 A − [2 sin 
(c) sin2θ (d) cosec 2θ it satisfies the trigonometric

Ê (c) We have,  2  equation 3(3 − tan 2 A − cot A )2 = 1.
2 sin θ 2 B − 2C  
2 tanθ cos θ cos  
Which one of the following is a value
=  2  of A ?
1 + tan2 θ sin2 θ
1+  C + D 
(a) 300º (b) 315º (c) 330º (d) 345º
cos 2 θ Q Sin C + Sin D = 2 Sin 2   Ê (a) We have,
2 sin θ cos θ  
= [Q sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1] Cos  C − D   3 ( 3 − tan2 A − cot A )2 = 1
cos 2 θ + sin2 θ    
  2   Checking through options
= 2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ
= 2 sin A cos A − [2 sin ( B + C ) A = 300
37. If sec (θ − α ), sec θ and sec (θ + α ) are cos ( B − C )] So, 3 [3 − tan2 300° − cot ( 300)° ]2
in AP, where cosα ≠ 1, then what is [Q Sin 2 A = 2 Sin A cos A ] = 3 [3 − tan2 ( 360° − 60° )
the value of sin 2 θ + cos α ? = 2 sin A cos A − [2 sin (180° − A ) − cot ( 360° − 60)° ]2
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 cos ( B − C )] = 3 [3 − tan 60° + cot 60° ]2
2
(c) –1 (d)
2 [Q A + B + C = 180] 2
 1  1
= 2 sin A cos A − 2 sin A cos ( B − C ) = 3 3 − 3 + = 3× =1
Ê (a) If sec (θ − α ), sec θ and sec (θ + α )  3  3
are in AP, then [Q sin (180° − θ) = sinθ]
So, option (a) is correct
2 sec θ = sec (θ − α ) + sec (θ + α ) = 2 sin A [cos A − cos ( B − C )]
⇒
2
=
1
+
1 41. The top of a hill observed from the
= 2 sin A [cos (180 − ( B + C )
cos θ cos (θ − α ) cos (θ + α ) top and bottom of a building of
cos (θ + α ) + cos (θ − α ) − cos ( B − C )] π
2
⇒ = height h is at angles of elevation
cos θ cos (θ − α ) (cos (θ + α ) = 2 sin A [− cos ( B + C ) − cos ( B − C )] 6
⇒ = − 2 sin A [cos ( B + C ) + cos ( B − C )] π
and respectively. What is the
 θ + α + θ − α  θ + α − θ + α = − 2 sin A [2 cos B cos C ] 3
2 cos   cos  
2  2   2  Q cos C + cos D height of the hill?
=
cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 α C + D C − D 3h

= 2 cos   (a) 2 h (b)

 cos   2
 C + D C − D   2   2 
Q cos C + cos D = 2 cos  2  cos  2 

h
 = − 4 sin A cos B cos C
(c) h (d)
2
[and cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B) = cos 2 A − sin 2 B]
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 7

Ê (b) height of building be h and let height 3 3

⇒ sin x = So, cosα =
of hill is H 2 2
D π 2π − 3
∴ x= , and cosβ =
3 3 2
30º π 2  − 2 − 4
B E
43. If θ = , then what is the value of Now, secα ⋅ secβ = ×  =
H
8 3  3 3
h h
(2 cos θ + 1)10 (2 cos 2θ − 1)10 (2 cos θ − 1)10 45. Consider the following values of x :
A
60º
C (2 cos 4θ − 1) ? 10 1. 8 2. −4
1 1
X
(a) 0 (b) 1 3. 4. −
In ∆ACD (c) 2 (d) 4 6 4
π Which of the above values of x is/are
tan 60° =
H Ê (b) If θ = , then
x 8 the solution (s) of the equation
H (2 cos θ + 1)10 (2 cos 2θ − 1)10 π
⇒ 3= tan −1(2x ) + tan −1(3x ) = ?
x (2 cos θ − 1)10 (2 cos 4 θ − 1)10 4
H
⇒ x= ...(i) ⇒ (2 cos θ + 1)10 (2 cos θ − 1)10 (a) 3 only (b) 2 and 3
3 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 4 only
(2 cos 2θ − 1) (2 cos 4θ − 1)
10 10
In ∆BDE Ê (a) We have,
H−h ⇒ ( 4 cos 2 θ − 1)10 (2 cos 2 θ − 1)10 π
tan 30° = tan− 1(2 x ) + tan− 1( 3 x ) =
x (2 cos 4θ − 1)10 4
1 H−h  2 x + 3x  π
⇒ = ⇒ [2 (2 cos 2 θ) − 1]10 (2 cos 2θ − 1)10 tan− 1   =
3 x  1 − 2 x ⋅ 3x 4
(2 cos 4θ − 1) 10
⇒ x= 3 ( H − h)
 a + b
H ⇒ [2 (1 + cos 2 θ) − 1] (2 cos 2 θ − 1)10
10
[Q tan− 1 a + tan−1 b = tan− 1  ,
⇒ = 3 ( H − h)  1 − ab 
3 (2 cos 4 θ − 1)10
⇒ H = 3 ( H − h) ab ≤ 1
⇒ (2 cos 2 θ + 1)10 (2 cos 2 θ − 1)10
⇒ H = 3H − 3h and tan− 1 a + tan− 1 b = π + tan− 1
(2 cos 4 θ − 1)10
⇒ 2 H = 3h  a + b
10 10   , ab > 1
π  2 cos π − 1
⇒ H= h
3 ⇒ 2 cos + 1    1 − ab 
2  4   4 
5x π
10 ⇒ = tan
42. What is/are the solution (s) of the  2 cos π − 1 Q θ = π  1 − 6 x2 4
  
trigonometric equation  2  8  5x
⇒ =1
cosec x + cot x = 3 where ⇒ 1 − 6 x2
10 10
0 < x < 2π ?  1   1  ⇒ 1 − 6 x2 = 5 x
5π π 2 × 2 + 1 2 ⋅
 2
− 1

( 0 − 1)10
(a) only (b) only ⇒ 6x + 5x − 1 = 0
2
3 3
π 5π ⇒ ( 2 + 1)10 ( 2 − 1)10 × 1
(c) π only (d) π, , ⇒ 6 x2 + 6 x − x − 1 = 0
3 3 ⇒ (( 2 )2 − (1)2 )10 × 1
⇒ ( 6 x − 1) ( x + 1) = 0
Ê (b) We have, ⇒ (2 − 1)10 1
⇒ x = − 1,
cosecx + cot x = 3 ...(i) 6
⇒ 1
Now, x = − 1 is not possible
(cosecx + cot x ) (cosecx − cot x ) 44. If cosα and cosβ (0 < α < β < π) are 1
⇒ = 3 So, x=
cosecx − cot x the roots of the quadratic equation 6
cosec 2 x − cot 2 x 4 x 2 − 3 = 0, then what is the value of 46. If the second term of a GP is 2 and
⇒ = 3
cosecx − cot x sec α × sec β ? the sum of its infinite terms is 8, then
4 4
1 (a) − (b) the GP is
⇒ = 3 3 3
cosecx − cot x (a) 8, 2,
1 1
, ,…
3 3
1 (c) (d) − 2 8
⇒ cosecx − cot x = ...(ii) 4 4 2 2
3 (b) 10, 2, , ,…
Ê (a) Given, 5 25
1 1
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 x2 − 3 = 0 (c) 4, 2, 1, , 2 …
1 2 2
2 cosecx = 3 +
3 ⇒ 4 x2 = 3 3. 3
(d) 6, 3, , ,…
4 3 2 4
⇒ 2 cosecx = ⇒ x2 =
3 4 Ê (c) Let first term of a GP is a and common
2 3 ratio is r
⇒ cosecx = ⇒ x=±
3 2 ∴ a2 = 2
8 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

⇒ ar = 2 ...(i) 49. The ratio of roots of the equations Ê (b) We have

and Sn = 8 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and px 2 + qx + r = 0 A = sin2 θ + cos 4 θ
a
⇒ =8 are equal. If D1 and D 2 are respective = sin2 θ + (1 − sin2 θ)2
1− r
D Let sin2 θ = x
From Eq. (i)
discriminants, then what is 1 equal
D2
2 = x 2 − x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⇒ =8 to ?
r (1 − r ) = x2 − x + 1
a2 b2
⇒ 8r − 8r = 22 (a) (b) 2
p2 q2  x − 1 + 3
⇒  
⇒ 4r − 4r + 1 = 0
2
c2  2 4
(c) (d) None of these
⇒ 4r 2 − 2 r − 2 r + 1 = 0 r2 Now, A( 0) = A(1) = 1
⇒ 2 r (2 r − 1) − 1 (2 r − 1) = 0 Ê (b) Let α, β are the roots of quadratic So,
3
≤ A≤1
⇒ (2 r − 1) (2 r − 1) = 0 equation. 4
1 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 51. The equation of a circle whose end
⇒ r=
2 b c points of a diameter are ( x 1, y1 ) and
So, α +β=− and αβ =
∴Put in Eq. (i) a a ( x 2 , y 2 ) is
a   = 2
1 and let γ , δ are the roots of quadratic (a) ( x − x 1 ) ( x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 )
2 equation
= x 2 + y2
⇒ a=4 px 2 + qx + r = 0 (b) ( x − x 1 ) + ( y − y1 ) = x 2 y2
2 2
1
∴GP is 4, 2, 1, ... γ +δ=−
q (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 1x 2 + 2 y1 y2 = 0
2 p (d) ( x − x 1 ) ( x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 ) = 0
47. If a, b, c are in AP or GP or HP, then and γδ =
r
Ê (d) Equation of circle if end points of
a −b p
diameter are ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) are
is equal to
b −c Acoording to the question,
α γ
=
b b c c
(a) or 1 or (b) or or 1
a c a b β δ
A B
a a a c
(c) 1 or or (d) 1 or or according to componendo and dividendo (x1, y1) (x2, y2)
α +β γ +δ
b c b a
=
Ê (c) a, b, c are in AP, then α −β γ −δ
∴ a− b= b−c α +β γ +δ
⇒ = ( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 ) = 0
a−b
⇒ =1 (α + β ) − 4αβ
2
( γ + δ )2 − 4γδ
b−c 52. The second degree equation
b q
− −
If a, b, c are in GP, then
a p x 2 + 4y 2 − 2x − 4y + 2 = 0
a b a−b ⇒ =
∴ = = − b − 4
2
c  q  r
2 represents
b c b−c      −  − 4  (a) A point
 a  a  p  p
If a, b, c are in HP, then (b) An ellipse of semi-major axis 1
2 ac b q 3
∴ b= p
(c) An ellipse with eccentricity
a+c ⇒ a = 2
b 2 − 4ac q 2 − 4 pr (d) None of the above
⇒ ab + bc = 2 ac
⇒ ab − ac = ac − bc a p Ê (d) Given that,
⇒ a (b − c ) = c (a − b ) ⇒
b
=
q x 2 + 4 y2 − 2 x − 4 y + 2 = 0
a−b a b − 4ac
2
q − 4 pr
2
Compare with
⇒ =
b−c c b q ax 2 + by 2 + 2 hxy + 2 gx + 2 yx + 2 fy + c = 0
⇒ =
D1 D2
48. What is the sum of all three digit Then,
numbers that can be formed using all ⇒
D1
=
b a = 1, b = 4, h = 0, g = − 1, f = − 2
the digits 3, 4 and 5, when repetition D2 q and c =2
of digits is not allowed?
D1 b2 ∆ = abc + 2 fhg − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2
(a) 2664 (b) 3382 ⇒ = 2
(c) 4044 (d) 4444 D2 q
= 1 × 4 × 2 + 2 × ( − 2 ) × ( − 1) × 0
Ê (a) Three digit number. that can be 50. If A = sin 2 θ + cos 4 θ, then for all real −1 × ( − 2 )2 − 4 × ( − 1)2 − 2( 0)
formed using 3, 4 and 5 when repetition θ, which one of the following is
not allowed are 543, 534, 453, 435, 354, =8+0−4−4=0
correct?
345 3 =8−8
(a) 1 ≤ A ≤ 2 (b) ≤ A ≤ 1
Sum 4 =0
= 543 + 534 + 453 + 435 + 354 + 345 13 3 13 Equation, represent a pair of straight line.
(c) ≤ A≤1 (d) ≤ A ≤
= 2664 16 4 16
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 9

53. The angle between the two lines Statement 2 for ax + by + c1 = 0 56. What is the distance of the point
lx + my + n = 0 and and ax + by + c 2 = 0 (2, 3, 4) from the plane
l ′ x + m ′ y + n ′ = 0 is given by both lines are parallel so,
3x − 6y + 2z + 11 = 0 ?
tan −1 θ. What is θ equal to?  c −c 
(a) 1 unit (b) 2 units
∴ D =

1 2

lm′ − l ′ m  lm′ + l ′ m  2
(a) (b)   a 2
+ b 
(c) 3 units (d) 4 units
ll ′ − mm′  ll ′ + mm′ 
Statement 3 x = c1 Ê (a) Distance of point ( x1, y1, z1 ) from plane
lm′ − l ′ m, lm′ + l ′ m ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
(c) (d) x = c2
ll ′ + mm′ ll ′ − mm′  ax + by + cz +
D = | c1 − c 2 | d
d =

1 1 1


Ê (c) Given straight lines, Statement 3 is correct  a 2
+ b 2
+ c2 
lx + my + n = 0 ……(i) Y
l P (2, 3, 4)
m1 = −
m
and l ′ x + m′ y + n′ = 0
l′ X′ X
m2 = − ′
m′
M 3x–6y+2z+11=0
angle between both lines is θ
l l′
− − x=c1 x=c2  3(2 ) − 6 ( 3) + 2 ( 4) + 1
m m′ − Y′ PM = 
 
2 
ll ′  ( 3) + ( − 6) + (2 ) 
2 2
∴ tanθ = 1 + ′
mm′ 55. What is the equation of straight line
passing through the
point of 6 − 18 + 8 + 11 7
= =
intersection of the lines
x y
+ =1  9`+ 36 + 4  49
  m1 − m2  2 3
Q tanθ =   PM = 1 unit
  1 + m1m2 x y
and + = 1 and parallel to the line
− lm′ − l ′ m 3 2 57. Coordinates of the points O , P , Q and
= ′
mm′ 4 x + 5y − 6 = 0 ? R respectively: (0, 0, 0), (4, 6, 2m), (2,
mm′ + ll ′ lm′ − l ′ m (a) 20x + 25 y − 54 = 0 0, 2n) and (2, 4, 6) L , M , N and K
′ =  (b) 25x + 20 y − 54 = 0
mm′ ll ′ + mm′ (c) 4x + 5 y − 54 = 0
OR, OP , PQ and QR respectively such
(d) 4x + 5 y − 45 = 0
that LMNK is a parallelogram whose
54. Consider the following statements
two adjacent sides LK and LM are
1. The distance between the lines Ê (a) Given lines, each of length 2 ?
y = mx + c 1 and y = mx + c 2 is x y
+ =1
| c1 − c 2 | 2 3
(a) 6, 2
x y (b) 1, 3
1 + m2 and + =1 (c) 3, 1
3 2
2. The distance between the lines (d) None of the above
ax + by + c 1 = 0 and l1=0 Ê (c) LMNK is a parallelogram we know
| c1 − c 2 | that, if we join mid- point of any
ax + by + c 2 = 0 is .
quadrilateral we get a parallelogram
a2 + b2
R Q
3. The distance between the lines l2=0 (2, 4, 6) K (2, 0, 3n)
x = c 1 and x = c 2 is | c 1 − c 2 |. l1+λl2=0
Which of the above statements are
correct? Equation of line passing through the point L N
of intersection are l1 + λl 2 = 0
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 ( 3 x + 2 y − 6) + λ (2 x + 3 y − 6) = 0 ...(i)
Slope of line O M P
Ê (b) Statement 1 Given lines, (0, 0, 0) (4, 6, 2m)
− (3 + 2 λ ) 4
y = mx + c1 ∴ =−
2 + 3λ 5
and y = mx + c 2 So. M , N, K , L are mid- points of
both lines are parallel ⇒ + 15 + 10λ = 8 + 12 λ OP, PQ, QR and RO respectively
Q ⇒ 7 = 2λ ∴Coordinate of M
7
⇒ λ= 0 + 4 0 + 6 0 + 2 m
2 =  , , 
 2 2 2 
7
P ( 3 x + 2 y − 6) + (2 x + 3 y − 6) = 0
2 = (2, 3, m)
c − c
PQ = 

1 2 ⇒ 2 ( 3 x + 2 y − 6) + 14 x + 21y − 42 = 0 [Q Coordinate of mid-point
 1 + m 2
⇒ 6 x + 4 y − 12 + 14 x + 21y − 42 = 0 x + x2 y1 + y2 
=  1 , ]
So, Statement 1 is correct ⇒ 20 x + 25 y − 54 = 0  2 2 
10 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

Coordinate of L = (1, 2, 3) Which of the above statement is/are Ê (d) Statement I If the line segment joining
Coordinate of K = (2, 2, 3 + n) correct? the point P( m, n) and Q( r, s ) subtends
Now, LM = 2 (a) 1 only (b) 2 only angle α at origin, then
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 mr + ns
⇒ (2 − 1)2 + ( 3 − 2 )2 + ( m − 3)2 = 2 cosα =
Ê (c) Statements 1 Given, m + n2 r 2 + s 2
2

⇒ 1 + 1 + ( m − 3)2 = 2 2 x − y + z = 1 and x + y + 2 z = 3 So, Statement I is not correct

Squaring both side, Here, a1 = 1, b1 = −1, c1 = 1 Statement II
⇒ 2 + ( m − 3)2 = 2 and a2 = 1, b 2 = 1, c 2 = 2 In any triangle ABC
a1a2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 bc cos A
⇒ ( m − 3)2 = 0 cos θ =
a1 + b12 + c12 a22 + b 22 + c 22
2
⇒ m=3 Statement II is correct
LK = 2 2 × 1 + ( − 1 × 1) + 1 × 2
Again, = 61. What is the area of the triangle with
⇒ 2 2 + ( − 1)2 + (1)2 12 + 12 + 2 2 vertices
(2 − 1)2 + (2 − 2 )2 + ( 3 + n − 3)2 = 2 4 −1 
= =
3
=
3 1  1  1
4 + 1+ 1 4 + 1+ 1 6 6 6  x 1,  ,  x 2 ,  ,  x 3 ,  ?
⇒ 1 + 0 + n2 = 2  x1   x2  x3
1
Squaring both side, = (a)| ( x 1 − x 2 ) ( x 2 − x 3 ) ( x 3 − x 1 )|
2
⇒ 1 + n2 = 2 π
(b) 0
∴ θ=  (x − x 2 ) (x 2 − x 3 ) (x 3 − x1 ) 
⇒ n2 = 1 3 (c) 1 
 x 1x 2x 3 
⇒ n=1 So, Statement 1 is correct.
 (x1 − x 2 ) (x 2 − x 3 ) (x 3 − x1 ) 
x −1 y −2 z −3 Statement 2 Distance between two (d) 
58. The line = = is planes  2 x 1x 2x 3 
2 2 4
given by ax + by + cz + d 1 = 0 Ê (d) Area of ∆ABC
ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0  1  1  1
(a) x + y + z = 6, x + 2 y − 3 z = − 4 A  x1,  , B  x2,  , C  x3, 
(b) x + 2 y − 2 x = − 1, 4x + 4 y − 5 z  d1 − d 2   x1   x2   x3 
distance S=  
−3=0 2  x1 y1 1
 a + b +c 
2 2
(c) 3x + 2 y − 3 z = 0, 3x − 6 y + 3 z = − 2 1
(d) 3x + 2 y − 3 z = − 2, 3x − 6 y + 3 z = 0 2 A= x2 y2 1
d1 = , d 2 = 4 2 
3  x3 y3 1
Ê (d) Given lines,
x−1 y−2 z−3  4−
2   10  1 
= = = λ (let)    3 x 1
2 3 4 distance = 3 =  1 x1 
 2 2 + 12 + 2 2
   9
  
x−1 1 1
∴ =λ     =  x2 1
2 2 x2 
10 10
= =  1
⇒ x = 2λ + 1
3×3 9  x3 1
y−2  x3 
=λ
3 60. Consider the following statements :  1 
x 1
⇒ y = 3λ + 2 Statement I : If the line segment  1 x1 
z−3 1  1 
and =λ joining the points P (m, n ) and Q (r , s ) =  x2 1
4 subtends an angle α at the origin, 2 x2 
⇒ z = 4λ + 3 ms − nr 
 x3
1
1
then cos α = .  x3 
by checking options if 3 x + 2 y − 3 z, then
(m + n 2 ) (r 2 + s 2 )
2
3 (2 λ + 1) + 2 ( 3λ + 2 ) − 3 ( 4λ + 3)  x12 1 x1 
= 6λ + 3 + 6λ + 4 − 12 λ − 9 Statement II. In any triangle ABC, ⇒
1  x2 1 x 
2 x1 x2 x3  
2 2
= −2 it is true that  2 
x3 1 x3
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A .  
3 (2 λ + 1) − 6 ( 3λ + 2 ) + 3 ( 4λ + 3)
 ( x − x2 ) ( x2 − x3 ) ( x3 − x1 ) 
⇒ 6λ + 3 − 18λ − 12 + 12 λ + 9 = 0 Which one of the following is = 1 
So, option (d) is correct correct in respect of the above two  2 x1 x2 x3 
statements? 62 If Y-axis touches the circle
59. Consider the following statements (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are
1. The angle between the planes true and Statement II is the correct x 2 + y 2 + gx + fy +
c
= 0, then the
2x − y + z = 1 and x + y + 2z = 3 explanation of statement I. 4
π (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are normal at this point intersects the
is true, but Statement II is not the correct
3 circle at the point.
explanation II is not the correct
(a)  − ,  (b)  − g , − 
2. The distance between the planes g f f
explanation of Statement I
6x − 3y + 6z + 2 = 0 and  2 2  2
(c) Statement I is true, but Statement II is
10 (c)  − , f 
false g
2x − y + 2z + 4 = 0 is (d) ( − g , − f )
(d) Statement I is false, but Statement II is  2 
9
true
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 11
r r r r r
Ê (b) Now, r ⋅ ( $i + $j + k$ ) $i . $i = 1 C = a − b− c
y r r r
= ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) ⋅ ( $i + $j + k$ ) | a | = | b| = | c | = 1
r r r r r r
= ( x + y + z) | a ⋅ b| = | b ⋅ c | = c ⋅ a = 0
-1 r
( 0, 2 ( A 65. A unit vector perpendicular to each
B Now, | A | = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
-g , -f
( 2 2( of the vectors 2i$ − $j + k$ and = 1+ 1+ 1 = 3
3i$ − 4 $j − k$ is
x′ r
x | B| = a2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
O 1 r
$i + 1 $j − 1 $
y′ (a) k |C| = a + b + c = 1+ 1+ 1 =
2 2 2
3
3 3 3 r r r
The equation of circle is 1 ⇒ | A | =| B| =| C |
(b) $i + 1 $j + 1 k$
c
x 2 + y 2 + gx + fy + =0 2 2 2 r r r r
4 1 1 $ 1 $ 68. What is ( a − b) × ( a + b) equal to?
(c) i$ − j − k r r r
y −f
Q centre =  − ,  and 3 3 3 (a) 0
r r
(b) a × b
r
 2 2  1 1 $ 1 $ (c) 2 ( a × b)
r
(d)| a |2 − | b|2
(d) i$ + j + k
g 2 f2 c 3 3 3
radius = + − Ê (c) We have,
4 4 4 Ê (a) We know that,r r
r r r r
( a − b) × ( a
+ b)
Since, circle touches Y-axis, then r a × b r r r r r r
n = r r r r
=a ×a + a × b− b× a − b× b
AC = radious | a × b|
r r r r
 $i = a × b− b× a
g g 2 f2 −c $j k$ 
⇒ = + r r   r r r r
2 4 4 4 a × b= 2 −1 1 [Q a × a = 0, b × b = 0]
 3 − 4 − 1
  r r r r r r r r
f2 c = a × b + a × b [Q a × b = − b × a ]
⇒ =  
4 4 r r r
r
a × b = 5$i + 5 $j − 5k$ = 2 ( a × b)
∴circle touches Y-axis at r r
| a × b| = 5 3 69. A spacecraft located at i$ + 2 $j + 3k$ is
f2
y 2 + fy + =0
4 r 5 ( $i + $j − k$ ) subjected to a force λk$ by firing a
∴ n =
2 5 3
⇒ y+ f  = 0 rocket. The spacecraft is subjected to
  $i + $j − k$
 2 = a moment of magnitude
−f 3 (a) λ (b) 3λ
⇒ y= r r r r
2 66. If | a | = 3, | b | = 4 and | a − b | = 5, (c) 5λ (d) None of these
 −f  r r Ê (c) Werhave,
∴ A  0,  then what is the value of | a + b | ?
 2  r = $i + 2 $j + 3k$
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 5 2 (d) 5 r
∴ Normal at A will pass through centre C and F = λk$
and intersect circle again at B. Ê (d) Given that, r
| a| = 3 We know that,
−f
∴Coordinates of B are  − g ,  r r r
Moment = r × F
 2  | b| = 4
r r r r r r r r = ( i$ + 2 $j + 3k$ ) × ( λk$ )
63. Let | a | ≠ 0, | b | ≠ 0. ( a + b) ⋅ ( a + b) and | a − b| = 5
r r  ∴ $i × k$ = − $j 
r → ∴ a⋅ b= 0  $ $ $ 
= | a | 2 + | b | 2 holds if and only if r r r r = − λ$j + 2 λi$  j ×k=i 
r r | a + b|2 = | a |2 | + | b|2 + 0 = 25  k$ × k$ = 0 
(a) a and rb are perpendicular r
r r
| a + b| = 5  
(b) a andrb are parallel
r
(c) a and br are inclined at an angle of 45º r r r Magnitude of moment = ( − λ )2 + (2 λ )2
r
(d) a and b are anti-parallel
67. Let a, b and c be three mutually
perpendicular vectors each of unit = λ2 + 4λ2 = 5 λ2 = 5λ
Ê (a) Given, magnitude.
r r r Ifr r r r r
r r
| a | ≠ 0,| b| ≠ 0 70. In a triangle ABC, if taken in order,
r r r r r r r r A = a + b + c, B = a − b + c and consider the following statements
( a + b) ⋅ ( a + b) = | a |2 + | b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b r r r r
C = a − b − c , then which one of the −→ −→ −→ −→
r r r r
a ⋅ b = b⋅ a 1. AB + BC + CA = 0
following
r ris correct?
r −→ −→ −→ −→
r r
a⋅ b= 0 (a)| A | > | B | > | C |
r r r
2. AB + BC − CA = 0
r −→ −→ −→ −→
⇒
r
a ⊥ b (b)| A | = | B | ≠ | C |
r r r 3. AB − BC + CA = 0
r (c)| A | = | B | =| C | −→ −→ −→ −→
64. If r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$, then what is r r r
(d)| A | ≠ | B | ≠| C | 4. BA − BC + CA = 0
r
r ⋅ (i$ + $j + k$ ) equal to ? How many of the above statement
Ê (c) Givenrthat,
(a) x (b) x + y r r r are correct?
A =a + b+ c
(c) − ( x + y + z) (d) ( x + y + z) r r (a) One (b) Two
r
r B=a − b+ c (c) Three (d) Four
Ê (d) r = $xi + yj + zk
$ $
12 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

1 1
Ê (a) We know that, Ê (a) We have, (a) − (b)
24 24
In a triangle ABC  sin 2 x
,x ≠ 0 1 1
−→ −→ −→ −→  (c) − (d)
f( x ) =  5 x
AB + BC + CA = O [Q by triangle law] 4 3 4 3
 2 ,x = 0
 15
So, only first statement is correct. Ê (a) We have,
at x = 0
f( x ) = 25 − x 2
71. Let the slope of the curve lim f( x )
sin 2 x × 2 2 f( x ) − f(1)
y = cos − 1 (sin x ) be tanθ. Then the = lim
x → 0 x→ 0 5 x × 2
=
5
Now, lim
x→1 x−1
value of θ in the interval (0, π ) is 2
π 3π π π f( 0) = lim 25 − x 2 − 24
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5 =
6 4 4 2 x→ 1 x−1
∴ lim f( x ) ≠ f( 0)
Ê (b) We have, x→ 0 − 2x
−0
y = cos − 1 (sin x ) at x = 0 function is discontinuous. 2 25 − x 2
= lim
differentiation w.r.t. x, we get 74. For the function f ( x ) = | x − 3,| x→1 1− 0
dy −1
= cos x which one of the following is not [by L-Hosptial]
dx 1 − sin2 x 1
correct? =−
− cos x (a) The function is not continuous at 24
= [Q sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1]
x = −3  5 − 2 tan
cos x
x
dy (b) The function is continuous at x = 3 77. If y = tan − 1   , then
= −1 (c) The function is differentiable at x = 0  2 + 5 tan x
dx
(d) The function is differentiable at x = −3
Slope of the curve = tan θ what is
dy
equal to?
∴ tan θ = − 1 Ê (a) We have, dx
π f( x ) =| x − 3 | 1
⇒ tanθ = − tan (a) − (b) 1
4 We know that, modulus function is 2 x
π 1
tanθ = tan  π − 
 continuous in R. (c) − 1
⇒ (d)
 4 So, option (a) is incorrect. 2 x
[Q θ ∈ ( 0, π )] 2x − sin − 1 x Ê (a) We have,
3π 75. If the function f ( x ) = −1  5 − 2 tan x 
⇒ θ= 2x + tan x y = tan− 1  
4
 2 + 5 tan x 
is continuous at each point in its
x −1  5 − tan x 
72. If f ( x ) = , defines a function domain, then what is the value of  
x−4 f (0)? y = tan −1
 2 
5
 1 + tan x 
on R, then what is its domain ? 1 1 2
(a) − (b) (c) (d) 2  2 
(a) ( − ∞, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) 3 3 3
(b) [4, ∞ ) Let,
5
= tan A
(c) (1, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) Ê (b) We have, 2
(d) [1, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) 2 x − sin− 1 x  tan A − tan x 
f( x ) = = tan− 1  
Ê (d) We have, 2 x + tan− 1 x
 1 + tan A tan x 
x−1 Function is continuous at each point
f( x ) = = tan− 1 [tan( A − x )] = A − x
x−4 ∴ f( 0) = lim f( x ) 5
∴ x − 1≥ 0
x→ 0 y = tan− 1 − x
2 x − sin− 1 x 2
and x−4≠0 Now, lim f( x ) = lim
x→ 0 x→ 0 2 x + tan− 1 x differentiation w.r.t x, we get
⇒ x≥1
1 dy 1
x≠4 2− =−
1 − x2 dx 2 x
So, x ∈ [1, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) = lim
Domain = [1, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) x→ 0
2 +
1 78. Which one of the following is
1 + x2 correct in respect of the function
73. Consider the function
[by L-Hospital] 1
 sin 2x f ( x ) = x sin x + cos x + cos 2 x ?
 , if x ≠ 0 =
2 −1 1
= 2
f ( x ) =  5x 2 +1 3 π
(a) It is increasing in the interval  0, 
2
 , if x = 0 1  2
 15 ∴ f( 0) =
3 (b) It remains constant in the interval
 0, π 
Which one of the following is  
76. If f ( x ) = 25 − x 2 , then what is  2
correct in respect of the function?
π
(a) It is not continuous at x = 0 f ( x ) − f ( 1) (c) It is decreasing in the interval  0, 
(b) It is continuous at every x lim equal to?  2
(c) It is not continuous at x = π
x →1 x −1  π π
(d) It is decreasing in the interval  
(d) It is continuous at x = 0  4, 2 
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 13

Ê (a) We have, Ê (d) We have,

5
∫ sin
1 3
f( x ) = x sin x + cos x + cos 2 x x cos x dx
2
1 2 Let, sin x = t
f ′ ( x ) = x(cos x ) + sin x − sin x + cos x dx = dt
2 1
⋅ 2 cos x ( − sin x )
1 2 4
= ∫ t 3 dt
f ′ ( x ) = x cos x − sin x cos x
At x=2,y=1 t4
By checking options, we put = +C
At x = 1 , y = (1)2 − 4 (1) + 5 = 2 4
π
x= sin4 x
4 At x = 4 y = ( 4)2 − 4 ( 4) + 5 = 5 = +C
π π π π 4
f ′ ( x ) = cos − sin cos So, y ∈ [1, 5)
(sin2 x )2
4 4 4 4 Range = [1, 5) = +C
π 1 1 1 4
= ⋅ − ×
81. What is ∫ [ x ] dx + ∫ [ − x ] dx equal
b b
4 2 2 2 (1 − cos 2 x )2
a a = +C
π 1 4
= − >0 to, where [,] is the greatest integer
4 2 2 [Q sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1]
function?
π
So, f( x ) is increasing in the interval  0,  (a) b − a (b) a − b ln (tan x )
 2 (c) 0 (d) 2( b − a )
84. What is ∫ e dx equal to
(a) ln| tan x | + C
1 − cos θ Ê (b) We have, (b) ln| sec x | + C
79. What is lim equal to? b b
θ→ 0 θ ∫a [ x] dx + ∫a [− x ] dx (c) tan x + C
(d) e tan x + C
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 b

1 1
= ∫a ([ x ] + [− x ]) dx
Where C is the constant of
(c) (d) −
2 2 2 [Q[ x ] + [− x ] = − 1, if x ∈
/ z] integration.
b
Ê (c) We have,
= ∫a ( − 1) dx Ê (b) We have,
∫e [Q eln ( x ) = x ]
ln (tan x )
1 − cos θ = − ( x )ba = − ( b − a ) = a − b dx
lim
θ→ 0 θ 8 = ∫ tan x dx
θ 82. What is ∫ | x − 5 | dx equal to?
1 −  1 − 2 sin2  2 = log| sec x | + C
 2 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
= lim
θ→ 0 θ
1
d  − 1 1 
Ê (d) We have, 85. What is ∫   tan   dx equal
2θ 8
− 1
dx  x 
2 sin
2 ∫2 | x − 5| dx
= lim to ?
θ→ 0 θ 5 8

θ
= ∫2 | x − 5| dx |+ ∫5 | x − 5| dx (a) 0 (b) −
π
2 sin b c b 4
= lim 2 [Q ∫ f( x ) dx = ∫ f( x ) dx + ∫ f( x ) = dx ] π π
θ→ 0 θ a a c (c) − (d)
×2 5 8 2 2
2 =− ∫2( x − 5) dx + ∫5( x − 5) dx
=
1 Ê (d) We have,
5 8
2  x2   x2  1
d  − 1 1 
=−
 2
− 5 x + 
2  2
− 5 x
5
∫  dx  tan

 dx
x  
80. A function f : A → R is defined by −1
  25   1
the equation f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5, = −  − 25 − (2 − 10)  1 
=  tan− 1   
 2    x   −1
where A = (1, 4 ). What is the range 
 
+ ( 32 − 40) −  − 25 
25
of the function?
2  = tan− 1(1) − tan− 1 ( − 1)
(a) (2, 5) (b) (1, 5) 
25 25 π π
(c) [1, 5) (d) [1, 5] = −8−8+ =9 = +
2 2 4 4
Ê (c) We have, π
A function f : A → R is defined by 83. What is ∫ sin 3 x cos x dx equal to ? =
2
f( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5, (a) cos 4 x + C
(b) sin4 x + C
86. In which one of the following
Where, A = (1, 4)
(1 − sin2 x )2 intervals is the function
Let, y = x − 4x + 5
2
+C
(c)
4 f ( x ) = x 2 − 5x + 6 decreasing?
dy
= 2x − 4 (1 − cos x )
2 2
(a) ( − ∞, 2 ] (b) [3, ∞ )
dx (d) +C
4 (c) ( − ∞, ∞ ) (d) (2, 3)
dy
Now, =0
dx Where C is the constant of Ê (a) We have,
⇒ 2x − 4 = 0 integration. f( x ) = x 2 − 5 x + 6
⇒ x=2 f ′( x) = 2 x − 5
14 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

1 1
For decreasing −2 = + +C 91. If u = e ax sin bx and v = e ax cos bx ,
f ′( x) < 0 3 2
du dv
2x − 5< 0 5 then what is u +v equal to?
⇒ −2 = + C dx dx
5 6
x< (a) ae 2ax (b) ( a 2 + b 2 )e ax
2 −5
⇒ C = −2 (c) ab e 2ax (d) ( a + b ) e ax
x < 2.5 6
− 17 Ê (a) We have,
x ∈ ( − ∞, 2.5) ⇒ C = u = e ax sin bx
6
87. The differential equation of the Put in Eq. (i)
differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get
family of curves du
− x3 1 17 = e ax ( b cos bx ) + sin bx ( ae ax )
y = p cos (ax ) + q sin (ax ), where p ,q y= + − dx
3 2 x2 6 du
are arbitrary constants, is = e ax ( b cos bx + a sin bx ) ...(i)
d 2y − 2 x 5 + 3 − 17 x 2 dx
(a) − a2 y = 0 ⇒ y=
dx 2 6 x2 Now, v = e ax cos bx
d 2y ⇒ 6 x y = − 2 x 5 + 3 − 17 x 2
2
differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get
(b) − ay = 0
dx 2 ⇒ 6 x 2 y + 2 x 5 + 17 x 2 − 3 = 0 dv
= e ax ( − b sin bx ) + cos bx ( ae ax )
d 2y dx
(c) + ay = 0
dx 2 89. What is the order of the differential = e ax ( − b sin bx + a cos bx )
d 2y equation whose solution is Now we have,
(d) + a y=0 2
dx 2 y = a cos x + b sin x + ce − x + d , du dv
u + v
Ê (d) We have, where a, b, c and d are arbitrary dx dx
y = pcos ( ax ) + q sin ( ax ) constants? = e ax sin bx [e ax ( b cos bx + a sin bx )]
differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 + e ax cos bx [e ax ( − b sin bx + a cos bx )]
dy
= − p a sin ax + q a cos ax Ê (d) We have, = e 2ax [b sin bx cos bx + a sin2 bx ] + e 2ax
dx y = a cos x + b sin x + ce − x + d , ( − b cos bx sin bx + a cos 2 bx )
Again, differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get a, b, c and d are arbitrary constants. =e 2ax
[a sin2 bx + a cos 2 bx ]
d 2y We know that,
= − pa cos ax − qa sin ax
2 2
= ae 2ax
dx 2 order = number of arbitrary constant
⇒
d 2y
= − a 2 ( pcos ax + q sin ax ) So, order = 4 92. If y = sin (ln x ), then which one of
dx 2 the following is correct?
90. What is the solution of the
d 2y d 2y
⇒ = − a2 y differential equation (a) + y=0
dx 2
 dy  dx 2
ln   = ax + by ? d 2y
⇒
d 2y
+ a2 y = 0  dx  (b) =0
dn2
dx 2 (a) ae ax + be by = C d 2y dy
1 1 (c) x 2 +x + y=0
88. The equation of the curve passing (b) e ax + e by = C dx 2 dx
through the point ( −1, − 2), which a b 2
d y
(d) x 2 − x
dy
+ y=0
dy 1 (c) ae ax + be − by = C
= − x 2 − 3 , is dx dx
satisfies 1 1
dx x (d) e ax + e − by = C Where C is the constant of
a b
(a) 17 x 2 y − 6x 2 + 3x 5 − 2 = 0 integration
(b) 6x 2 y + 17 x 2 + 2 x 5 − 3 = 0 Ê (d) We have,
Ê (c) We have,
(c) 6xy − 2 x 2 + 17 x 5 + 3 = 0 ln   = ax + by
dy
y = sin (loge x )
(d) 17 x 2 y + 6xy − 3x 5 + 5 = 0  dx 
differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get
Ê (b) We have, dy
= e ax + by dy cos (loge x )
=
dy 1 dx
= − x2 − 3 dx x
dx x dy dy
= e ax ⋅ e by x = cos (loge x )
dy =  − x 2 − 3  dx
1 dx dx
⇒
 x  dy Again, differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get
= e ax dx
Integrating both sides e by d 2 y dy − sin (loge x )
x 2 + =
 1
∫ dy = ∫  − x − x 3  dx
2 Integrating both sides dx dx x
− by
− 2
∫e dy = ∫ e axdx
⇒ x2
d 2y
+ x
dy
= − sin (loge x )
x x 3
dx 2 dx
⇒ y=− −  +c e − by e ax
3 −2 ⇒ = +C d 2y dy
−b a ⇒ x2 + x =− y
− x 1 3 dx 2 dx
⇒ y=
+ +C ...(i) e ax e − by
3 2 x2 ⇒ + +C =0 d 2y dy
a b ⇒ x2 + x + y=0
given curve is passing through ( − 1, − 2 ) dx 2 dx
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 15

π d
−
93. A flower-bed in the form of a sector 2 6 ( 6 ln 2 + 3π) = (sin x − cos x )
has been fenced by a wire of 40 m (c) dx
length. If the flower-bed has the π
6 Q π < x < π ∴ sin x > cos x ]
 4
−
greatest possible area, then what is 2 6 ( 6 ln 2 − 3π) 2
(d)
the radius of the sector? 6 = cos x − ( − sin x )
(a) 25 m (b) 20 m = cos x + sin x
Ê (a) We have,
(c) 10 m (d) 5 m
y = | sin x || x |
∫ a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x
dx
97. What is
Ê (c) Let radius of sector be r and angle π
subtended at centre be θ. ∴ x=− ,
6 equal to ?
tan− 1 
sin x < 0, x < 0 1 a tan x 
(a) C + 
r rθ  b 
y = ( − sin x )− x ab
tan− 1  
1 a tan x
θ y = f( x )g ( x ), So (b) C − 
r
Q ab  b 
tan− 1 
dy  g ( x)  1 b tan x 
∴ r + r + rθ = 40 = f( x )g ( x )  f ′ ( x ) + log| f( x )| ⋅ g ′ ( x ) (c) C + 
dx  f( x )  ab  b 
⇒ 2 r + rθ = 40 dy (d) None of the above
−x
40 − 2 r = ( − sin x )
⇒ θ= dx Where C is the constant of
r
 ( − x)  integration.
1 2  ⋅ ( − cos x ) + log| ( − sin x )| ( − 1)|
Area of the sector = r θ −
2  ( sin x )  Ê (a) We have,
dx
A= r 
1 2  40 − 2 r 


dy   −
π
π 6 ∫ a 2 sin2 x + b 2 cos 2 x
2   x = − π / 6 =  − sin  
 6  
r
dx   Divide numerator and denominator by
1
A=r ( 40 − 2 r ) 
cos 2 x
2  π/6 π 
1  − cos  −   I=∫ 2
sec 2 x dx
A = ( 40r − 2 r 2 )  − sin ( − π / 6)  6
2 a tan2 x + b 2
π 
differentiating. w. r. t. r, − log| − sin  −   Let a tan x = t
 6 a sec 2 x dx = dt
dA 1
= ( 40 − 4r )
dr 2 π − π  dt
 6  3 sec 2 x dx =
π
=  sin 
6  1 
Now,
dA
=0  1   − log   a
 6  2  2 1 dt
dr   I= ∫ 2
 2  a t + b2
⇒ 40 − 4r = 0
π
× tan− 1   + C
⇒ r = 10m − 3π 1 1 1 t
=  
1 6
− log  =
2  a b  b
94. What is the minimum value of  6 2 
 1 1 x 
1
 3π  Q ∫ 2 dx = tan− 1 + C 
[ x ( x − 1) + 1]3 , where a ≤ x ≤ 1? = 2 − π / 6 log 2 −   x + a 2
a a 
 6 
1 1 − 1  a tan x 
π = tan   +C
(a)  
3 3 −  6 log 2 − 3π   b 
(b) 1 =2 6 ab
 4  
1/ 3  6 
(c)
1
(d)  
3 98. Let f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (y ) and
2  8 d 1 − sin 2x
96. What is equal to, f ( x ) = 1 + xg ( x ) φ ( x ), where
Ê (a) We have, dx
lim g ( x ) = a and lim φ ( x ) = b.
π π
where < x < ?
1
x→ 0 x→ 0
y = ( x 2 − x + 1)3 4 2 Then, what is f ′( x ) equal to?
1 (a) cos x + sin x (a) 1 + abf ( x ) (b) 1 + ab
y =  x 2 − x + − + 1
1 1 3 (c) ab (d) ab f ( x )
(b) − (cos x + sin x )
 4 4  (c) ± (cos x + sin x )
1
Ê (d) Let, f( x + y) = f( x) f( y)
(d) None of the above and f( x ) = 1 + x g ( x ) ⋅ φ( x )
at x = , y is minimum y =  
1 3 3
2  4 Ê (a) We have, Thus, f( y) = 1 + yg ( y) φ ( y)
d π π Where lim g ( x ) = a and lim φ( x ) = b
1 − sin2 x, < x <
95. If y = | sin x || x | , then what is the dx 4 2 x→ 0 x→ 0

dy π d using first principal

value of at x = − ? = cos 2 x + sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x
6 dx f( x + y) − f( x )
dx
π
f ′ ( x ) = lim
y→ 0
−  Q sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1  y
2 6 ( 6 ln 2 − 3π)  
(a) f( x ) ⋅ f( y) − f( x )
6  and sin2 x = 2 sin x cos x  = lim
π y→ 0 y
d
26 ( 6 ln 2 + 3π) = | cos x − sin x | f( x )[f( y) − 1]
(b) dx = lim
6 y→0 y
16 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

 1 + yg ( y)φ( y) − 1 (sin x + 1) (2 sin x − 1) and in group of women, number of

lim f( x )  = lim
y→ 0  π (sin x − 1) (2 sin x − 1) women = b (let)
 y  x→
6
= f( x ) lim g ( y) lim φ( y) sin x + 1 X 2 = 21 yr
y→ 0 y→ 0 = lim `
x→
π sin x − 1 and combined mean X = 25
= f( x ) ⋅ a ⋅ b 6
= ab f( x ) n1 X 1 + n2 X 2
1 3 Now, X =
+1 n1 + n2
99. What is the solution of the differential = 2 = 2
1 1 26a + 21b
dx x + y + 1 −1 − ⇒ 25 =
equation = ? 2 2 a+ b
dy x + y − 1 =−3 ⇒ 25a + 25b = 26a + 21b
(a) y − x + 4 ln ( x + y) = C
(b) y + x + 2 ln ( x + y) = C 101. If two dice are thrown and atleast ⇒ 4b = a
(c) y − x + ln ( x + y) = C one of the dice shows 5, then the ⇒
a 4
=
(d) y + x + 2 ln ( x + y) = C probability that the sum is 10 or b 1
Where C is an arbitrary constant. more is By checking options (d) is correct.
1 4
dx x+ y+1 (a) (b) 104. If sinβ is the harmonic mean of sinα
Ê (c) We have, = 6 11
dy x+ y−1 3 2 and cosα and sinθ is the arithmetic
(c) (d)
Let x+ y=u 11 11 mean of sinα and cosα, then which
dx du of the following is/are correct?
+ 1= Ê (c) Let A be event of dice shows 5 and B
dy dy be the event that the sum is 10 or more  π
1. 2 sin α +  sin β = sin 2α
⇒
dx du
= −1 Here, n(S ) = 36  4
dy dy n( A ) = { (1, 5), (2, 5), ( 3, 5), ( 4, 5), ( 5, 5),
u +1  π
⇒
du
− 1= ( 6, 5),( 5, 1), ( 5, 2 ), ( 5, 3), ( 5, 4), ( 5, 6) } 2. 2 sin θ = cos α − 
u −1  4
dy n( B) = { ( 5, 5), ( 6, 4), ( 4, 6), ( 6, 5),
du u + 1 ( 5, 6), ( 6, 6) } Select the correct answer using the
⇒ = +1
dy u − 1 n( A ∩ B) = { ( 5, 5), ( 6, 5), ( 5, 6) code given below.
du u + 1+ u − 1 3 (a) 1only (b) 2 only
⇒ =
dy u −1 
P  =
B 36 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
 A 11
⇒
dy
=
2u Ê (c) Given that,
36
dy u − 1 sinβ is HM of sinα and cosα
  B  P ( B ∩ A ) 2 sin α cos α
⇒  u − 1 du = 2 dy Q P  A  = P( A )  So, sin β =
   sin α + cos α
 u 
3
Integrating both sides, = . ⇒ sin β (sin α + cos α ) = sin 2α
11
⇒ sin β × 2  
 1 1 1
sinα + cos α 
∫  1 − u  du = ∫ 2 dy 102. The correlation coefficient computed  2 2 
from a set of 30 observations is 0.8. = sin 2α
⇒ u − log u = 2 y + C
Then the percentage of variation not π π
[Q u = x + y] explained by linear regression is ⇒ sin β × 2  cos sinα + sin cos α 

 4 4 
⇒ x + y − log ( x + y) = 2 y + C (a) 80% (b) 20%
⇒ x − log ( x + y) = y + C (c) 64% (d) 36% = sin 2α
 π 
⇒ y − x + log ( x + y) = C Ê (b) Given that, ⇒ 2 sin β sin  α +   = sin 2α
  4
2 sin x + sin x − 1
2 correlation coefficient = 0.8 = 80%, if the
100. What is lim relation is 80% explained, then 20% of  π
π 2 sin x − 3 sin x + 1
2 ⇒ 2 sin  α +  sin β = sin 2α
x→ variation will not explained by near  4
6
regression. Statement I is true.
equal to?
1 1 103. The average age of a combined Now, sinθ is AM of sin α and cosα
(a) − (b) −
2 3 group of men and women is 25 yr. If sin α + cos α
sinθ =
(c) − 2 (d) − 3 the average age of the group of men 2
is 26 yr and that of the group of ⇒ 2 sinθ = sin α + cos α
Ê (d) We have,
women is 21 yr, then the percentage
⇒ 2 sinθ = 2  
1 1
2 sin2 x + sin x − 1 sinα + cos α 
lim
π
of men and women in the group is  2 2 
x→ 2 sin2 x − 3 sin x + 1
6 respectively ⇒
2 sin2 x + 2 sin x − sin x − 1 (a) 20, 80 (b) 40, 60 π π
= lim
π (c) 60, 40 (d) 80, 20 2 sinθ = 2  sin sinα + cos cos α 
x→ 2 sin x − 2 sin x − sin x + 1
2
 4 4 
6
Ê (d) In group of men, let number of men π
= lim
2 sin x (sin x + 1) − (sin x + 1)
=a ⇒ 2 sin θ = cos  α − 
π 2 sin x (sin x − 1) − 1 (sin x − 1)  4
x→
6
X 1 = 26 yr and n1 = a (let)
Hence, Statement II is also correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 17

P   = 4% =
E 4
105. Let A , B and C be three mutually Ê (a) In first group, 3 girls and 1 boy
 B 100 3 1
exclusive and exhaustive events P(G ) = and P( B) =
P   = 5% =
associated with a random E 5 4 4
experiment. If P ( B ) = 15 . P ( A ) and C  100 In second group, 2 girls and 2 boys
P (C ) = 05
. P ( B ), then P ( A ) is equal to Probability of defective bulb that was 2 1
P(G ) = =
3 4 manufactured by machine X, 4 2
(a) (b)
4 13 2 1
P( A ) ⋅ P   and P( B) = =
E
2 1
(c) (d)  A  A 4 2
3 2 P  =
 E
P( A ) ⋅ P   + P( B) ⋅ P  
E E One child is selected at random from
Ê (b) We have,  A  B each group and consists of 1 girl and 2
3 boys are GBB or BGB or BBG.
P( B) = 15
. P( A ) =
+ P(C ) ⋅ P  
P( A ) E
2 So, required probability
C 
1 3 1 3 1 1 3
and P(C ) = 0.5 P( B) = P( B) 25 2 = × × + × ×
2 × 4 2 4 4 2 4
1 3 = 100 100
= × P( A ) 1 1 1
25 2 35 4 40 5 + × ×
2 2 × + × + × 4 2 4
100 100 100 100 100 100
3 9 3 1 13
= P( A ) 25 × 2 = + + =
4 = 32 32 32 32
25 × 2 + 35 × 4 + 40 × 5
Now, A, B and C are mutually exclusive
50 109. Consider the following statements :
and exhaustive events =
So, 50 + 140 + 200 1. If 10 is added to each entry on a
P( A ) + P( B) + P(C ) = 1 50 5 list, then the average increases by
= =
3 3 390 39 10.
⇒ P( A ) + P( A ) + P( A ) = 1
2 4 2. If 10 is added to each entry on a
107. 8 coins are tossed simultaneously. list, then the standard deviation
⇒ 
P( A ) 1 + +
3 3
=1 The probability of getting atleast 6
 2 4  increases by 10.
heads is 3. If each entry on a list is doubled
P( A )   = 1
13
⇒ 7 57
 4 (a) (b) then the average doubles.
64 64
4 Which of the above statements are
⇒ P( A ) = 37 229
13 (c) (d) correct?
256 256
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2
106. In a bolt factory, machines X ,Y , Z Ê (c) We have, (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3
manufacture bolts that are 8 coins are tossed simultaneously i.e
respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the 1 Ê (c) Statement 1 The average is affected
n = 8 probability of getting head p = , by the change of the origin.
factory’s total output. The machines 2
X , Y , Z respectively produce 2%, 4% 1 So, if 10 is added to each entry on list then
so q = 1 − p = . Probability of getting average increase by 10. Statement 1 is
and 5% defective bolts. A bolt is 2
correct.
drawn at random from the product atleast 6 heads.
and is found to be defective. What is 6 2 7 Statement 2 Standard deviation is
= 8C 6     + 8C 7  
1 1 1
independent on change in origin.
the probability that it was 2 2 2
Statement 2 is incorrect.
manufactured by machine X ? 1 8
 1  + 8C  1  Statement 3 The average is affected by
(a)
5
(b)
14   8  
2 2 change in scale in same ratio as each
39 39
20 34 8 entry is changes.
=   ( 8C 6 + 8C 7 + 8C 8 )
(c) (d) 1
39 39 2 So, Statement 3 is correct.

Ê (a) Let 8
110. The variance of 25 observations is 4.
=   (28 + 8 + 1) =
1 37
A : bolt manufactured from machine 2 256 If 2 is added to each observation,
B : bolt manufactured from machine then the new variance of the
C : bolt maufactured from machine 108. Three groups of children contain resulting observations is
and E : bolt is defective 3 girls and 1 boy; 2 girls and 2 boys; (a) 2 (b) 4
25 1 girl and 3 boys. One child is (c) 6 (d) 8
∴ P( A ) = 25% =
100 selected at random from each group.
Ê (b) We know that,
35 The probability that the three
P( B) = 35% = Variance is independent on change in
100 selected consist of 1 girl and 2 boys is origin.
40 13 9
P(C ) = 40% = (a) (b) So, if 2 is added to each observation, then
100 32 32
variance is remain same
and P   = 2% =
E 2 3 1
(c) (d) Hence, variance = 4
 A 100 32 32
18 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

111. If x i > 0, yi > 0 (i = 1, 2, 3,..., n ) are the 113. If the regression coefficient of Y on (1, 9), (10, 2 ), (2, 10), ( 9, 0), ( 0, 9),
values of two variables X andY with X is −6 and the
correlation (10, 1), (1, 10) , (10, 0), ( 0, 10) }
1 n( E ) = 30
geometric means P and Q coefficient between X and Y is − ,
respectively, then the geometric 2 So, required probability =
30
X then the regression coefficient of X 121
mean of is
Y on Y would be 116. An analysis of monthly wages paid
1 1
(a)
P (a) (b) − to the workers in two firms A and B
Q 24 24
1 1 belonging to the same industry gives
(b) antilog   (c) − (d)
P
Q 6 6 the following result
(c) n (log P − log Q ) Ê (b) Given that, Firm A Firm B
(d) n (log P + log Q ) b yx = − 6
Number of 500 600
Ê (a) We have, xi > 0, yi > 0, and rxy = −
1
workers
(i = 1, 2, 3,...., n) 2
1 We know that, Average ` 1860 ` 1750
P = ( x1 × x2 × x3 × ..... xn )n monthly wage
rxy = b yx × b xy
1 1 Variance of 81 100
⇒ − = − 6 × b xy
and Q = ( y1 × y2 × y3 × ......× yn )n 2 distribution of
x wages
Now, geometric mean of Squaring both sides,
y 1
⇒ = − 6 × b xy The average of monthly wage and
1 4
x x x n 1 variance of distribution of wages of
=  1 × 2 × ....× n  ⇒ b xy = −
 y1 y2 yn  24 all the workers in the firms A and B
P taken together are
= 114. The set of bivariate observations (a) ` 1860, 100
Q
( x 1, y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 )....( x n , yn ) are such (b) ` 1750, 100
112. If probability of simultaneous that all the values are distinct and all (c) ` 1800, 81
occurrence of two events A and B is the observations fall on a straight (d) None of the above
p and the probability that exactly line with non-zero slope. Then the Ê (d) For firm A
one of A , B occurs is q, then which of possible values of the correlation n1 = 500, X 1 = 1860
the following is/are correct? coefficient between x and y are
and variance = σ 12 = 81
(a) 0 and 1 (b) 0 and −1
1. P ( A ) + P ( B ) = 2 − 2p − q (c) 0, 1 and −1 (d) −1 and 1 So, S.D. = σ 1 = 9
2. P ( A ∩ B ) = 1 − p − q
Ê (d) Given that, For firm B
Select the correct answer using the All the observations fall on a straight line n2 = 600, X 2 = 1750
code given below. with non-zero, slope then if slope is
and variance σ 22 = 100
(a) 1 only positive then r = 1
(b) 2 only and if slope is negative then r = −1 So, S.D. = σ = 10
(c) Both 1 and 2 So, values of the correlation coefficient n1 X 1 + n2 X 2
Now, combined mean X =
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 between x and y are −1 and 1. n1 + n2
Ê (c) Given that, 115. Two integers x and y are chosen =
500 × 1860 + 600 × 1750
P( A ∩ B) = P 500 + 600
with replacement from the set
and P( A ) + P( B) − 2 P ( A ∩ B) = q
[0, 1, 2, ...., 10]. The probability that X = 1800
Now, Statement 1 | x − y | > 5 is Combined variance
Given, 6 35
(a) (b) n1 ( σ 12 + d 12 ) + n2 ( σ 22 + d 22 )
P( A ) + P( B) − 2 P ( A ∩ B) = q 11 121 =
30 25 n1 + n2
⇒ 1 − P( A ) + 1 − P( B ) − 2 p = q (c) (d)
⇒ P( A ) + P( B ) = 2 − 2 p − q
121 121 500 [81 + ( − 60)2 ] + 600 [100 + ( 50)2 ]
=
Statement 1 is correct Ê (c) Given that, 500 + 600
S = { 0, 1, 2, ..., 10 }
For Statement 2 Q d 1 = X − X1 = 1800 − 1860
n(S ) = 11 × 11 = 121
P( A ∩ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B) = − 60
Now, x − y > 5
= 1 − [P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)] and d 2 = 1800 − 1750 = 50
Now, E is the set of element such that
= 1 − [P( A ) + P( B) − 2 P( A ∩ B) 500 ( 81 + 3600) + 600 (100 + 2500)
| x − y| > 5 =
+ P( A ∩ B)] E = { ( 6, 0), ( 0, 6), (7, 1), (1, 7 ), ( 8, 2 ),
1100
= 1 − [q + p] 500 ( 3681) + 600 (2600)
(2, 8), ( 9, 3), ( 3, 9), (10, 4), ( 4, 10), (7, 0), =
= 1− q − p ( 0, 7 ), ( 81
, ), (18
, ), ( 9, 2 ), (2, 9), (10, 3), 1100
Statement 2 is also correct. ( 3, 10), ( 8, 0), ( 0, 8), ( 9, 1), = 309136
.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 19

117. Three dice having digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Case III If x = 4 which one of the following is
and 6 on their faces are marked I, II, Then, possible ways correct?
and III and rolled. Let x, y and z = { ( 4, 3, 2 ), ( 4, 3, 1), ( 4, 2, 1) (a) y ≥ x (b) y ≤ x
(c) x = y (d) x < y
represent the number on die-I, die-II So, possible ways = 3
and die-III, respectively. What is the Case IV If x = 3 Ê (d) We know that,
number of possible outcomes such 4
MD =S.D.
Then, possible ways = 1 ( 3, 2, 1)
that x > y > z ? 5
(a) 14 (b) 16 So, required possible outcomes ⇒ 5MD = 4.S.D.
(c) 18 (d) 20 = 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 ⇒ 5x = 4y
Ê (d) Three dice having digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and = 20 [Q MD = x and SD = y]
6 and given that x > y > z. ∴ x< y
118. Which one of the following can be
So, possiblities are obtained from an ogive? 120. In which one of the following cases
Case I If x = 6 (a) Mean would you expect to get a negative
x> y> z (b) Median
(c) Geometric Mean correlation?
Possible ways (a) The ages of husbands and wifes
(d) Mode
= { ( 6, 5, 1), ( 6, 5, 2 ), ( 6, 5, 3), ( 6, 5, 4) (b) Shoe size and intelligence
( 6, 4, 1), ( 6, 4, 2 ), ( 6, 4, 3) Ê (b) We know that, median is always (c) Insurance companies profits and the
calculated from less than or more than
( 6, 3, 2 ), ( 6, 3, 1) ( 6, 2, 1) number of claims they have to pay
type ogive curve where both curve cuts
So, possible ways = 10 (d) Amount of rainfall and yield of crop
each other that point median.
Case II If x = 5
119. In any discrete series (when all Ê (c) In negative correlation, if x is
Then, possible ways increases then y is decreases by
values are not same), if x represents checking options Insurance companies
= { ( 5, 4, 3), ( 5, 4, 2 ), ( 5, 4, 1) mean deviation about mean and y profits and the number of claims they
( 5, 3, 2 ), ( 5, 3, 1), ( 5, 2, 1)} represents standard deviation, then have to pay are negatively correlated.
So, possible ways = 6

PAPER II English Language and General Studies

Directions (Q.Nos. 1-5) Each item
in this section has a sentence with
three underlined parts labelled (a), (b)
and (c). Read each sentence to find out
whether there is any error in any
underlined parts. If you find no error,
your response should be indicated as
(d).
1. He appears to be a honest man.
(a) (b)
No error
(c)
Ê (c) Before honest article ‘an’ should be
used as ‘h’ is mute here and the word
gives us vowel sound.
2. One of the members expressed doubt
if
(a) (b)
the Minister was an atheist.
(c)
No error
(d)
Ê (b) In place of ‘if’ we should use ‘that’ as it
is a noun clause.
Part A (English Language)
3. This view has been taken Ê (c) Part (c) has error of correct use of
(a) verb. As noun clause is in present perfect
by one of the ablest persons tense, use of ‘grow up’ is incorrect. Will
be used Past participle of ‘grow’ ie
(b)
‘grown up’.
who has written on this subject.
(c) Directions (Q.Nos. 6-10) Each item
No error in this section consists of a sentence
(c) with an underlined word followed by
Ê (c) Use of verb ‘has’ should be replaced four words or groups of words. Select
(c) by plural ‘have’ as to agree with the the word or group of words that is
subject ‘persons’.
nearest in meaning to the
4. Slow and steady owns the race, underlined word.
(a) (b) 6. The Industrial Revolution saw a
as the wise would say. No error massive rise in the population of
(c) (d) Europe.
(a) enormous (b) erroneous
Ê (b) Part (b) has error as owns will be
replaced by wins. If is a popular proresh. (c) hazardous (d) perilous
Ê (a) ‘enormous’ is nearest in meaning to
5. We often hear people say the word ‘massive’ which means large
(a) and heavy.
that most human beings have not
evovled 7. I had some deepest convictions
reflected in my work.
(b) (a) ideas and opinions
or grow up enough to stick to truth (b) firm beliefs
or non-violence. No error (c) prejudices
(c) (d) (d) biases
20 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

Ê (b) ‘firm beliefs’ is nearest meaning to the Ê (c) ‘permit’ means to allow whereas prohibit ‘‘He-has-a-hen- up-his-sleeve,’’ and all the
word ‘conviction’ as both words mean a means to disallow or deny. So, it is the people whispered it on. ‘‘He-has-a-lot-of-
firmly held belief or opinion. Other options antoyism of permit. hens-up-his- sleeve’’.
are not suitable here.
15. None but the brave deserves the fair. The egg trick was ruined.
8. This boy is very timid. (a) ugly (b) coward It went on like that all through. It transpired
(a) courageous (b) shy (c) jealous (d) weak from the whispers of the Quick Man that the
(c) clever (d) dull
Ê (b) ‘coward’ is correct antonym of the word conjuror must have concealed up his sleeve, in
Ê (b) ‘shy’ is nearest in meaning to the word ‘brave’. ‘Brave’ means courageous or ready addition to the rings, hens and fish, several
‘timid’ which means showing lack of to face danger whereas ‘coward’ means a
courage or confidence.
packs of cards, a loaf of bread, a doll’s Cradle, a
person who lacks courage and turns away
live guinea pig, a fifty-cent piece and a rocking
from danger.
9. My friend is as stubborn as a mule. chair.
(a) observant (b) obnoxious
(c) obstinate (d) corpulent Directions (Q.Nos. 16-25) In this 16. ‘‘The brow of the conjuror was
section, you have two short passages. clouded with a gathering frown.’’
Ê (c) ‘obstinate’ is nearest in meaning to the
word ‘stubborn’ which means a person who After each passage, you will find some The sentence means that the conjuror
is determined not to change one’s atitude or items based on the passage. First, (a) was very pleased (b) was very sad
who is headstrong or uncompromising. read a passage and answer the items (c) was rather angry (d) was very afraid
10. His behaviour was deliberately based on it. You are required to select Ê (c) ‘was rather angry’ is correct option. All
provocative. your answers based on the contents of tricks of conjuror were ruined due to the
(a) exciting desire (b) infuriating the passage and opinion of the author Quick man’s remarks.
(c) pitiable only. 17. ‘‘The egg trick was ruined’’. This
(d) creating frustration
Passage-1 means that
Ê (b) ‘infuriating’ is nearest in meaning to the (a) eggs were all broken
word ‘provocative’ which means causing ‘‘Now, ladies and gentlemen,’ said the
(b) people were unconvinced
anger. conjuror, ‘having shown you that the cloth is
(c) conjuror was disappointed
absolutely empty. I will proceed to take from it
(d) the trick could not be performed
Directions (Q.Nos 11-15) Each item a bowl of goldfish. Presto !’’
in this section consists of a sentence All around the hall people were saying, ‘‘Oh, Ê (b) The egg trick was ruined means that
people were unconvinced.
with an underlined word followed by how wonderful ! How does he do it?’’
four words or groups of words. Select But the Quick Man on the front seat said in a 18. According to the Quick Man, the
the word or group of words that is big whisper to the people near him, conjuror
opposite in meaning to the ‘‘He-had-it-up-his-sleeve.’’ (a) had everything bought for production
underlined word. Then the people nodded brightly at the Quick (b) produced things with the magic he
knew
Man and said, ‘Oh, of course’; and everybody
11. Too many cooks spoil the broth. whispered round the hall, ‘‘He-had-it-
(c) had things in the large sleeves of his
(a) tarnish (b) wreck coat
(c) embellish (d) upset up-his-sleeve.’’
(d) created an illusion of things with his
‘‘My next trick,’’ said the conjuror, ‘‘is the magic
Ê (c) The word spoil means to diminish or
famous Hindostanee rings. You will notice
destroy. ‘Embellish’ means to improve or
that the rings are apparently separate; at Ê (c) According to the Quick man, the conjurer
enhance. So, it is correct antonym of ‘spoil’. had things in large sleeves of his coat.
a blow they all join (clang, clang, clang)—
12. He is biased against the students Presto !’’ 19. The author believes that the Quick
from cities. Man was really
(a) open (b) prejudiced
There was a general buzz of stupefaction till
(a) foolish (b) clever
(c) liked (d) impartial the Quick Man was heard to whisper,
(c) wrong (d) right
‘‘He-must-have-had-another-lot-up-his-
Ê (d) The word ‘biased’ means inclined to
sleeve’’. Ê (a) ‘foolish’ as last sentence of the author
favour one over another. The word
Again everybody nodded and whispered, shows that the Quick Man was not
‘impartial’ means treating everyone equally.
‘‘The-rings-were-up-his-sleeve.’’ intelligent to presume that the conjuror must
13. It is easy to be an orthodox. The brow of the conjuror was clouded with a
be having a live hen up his sleeve who on
(a) idolatrous (b) intelligent demand will give 17 eggs.
(c) malignant (d) heterodox gathering frown.
‘‘I will now,’’ he continued, ‘‘show you a most 20. The conjuror extracted seventeen
Ê (d) ‘Orthodox’ means following or
amusing trick by which I am enabled to take eggs from the hat of
conforming to the traditions whereas its
antonym is ‘heterodox’ which means a any number of eggs from a hat. Will some (a) the Quick Man
person who does not conform to accepted gentleman kindly lend me his hat?’ Ah, thank (b) his own
standards or traditions. you—Presto !’’ (c) one gentleman from the audience
14. Permit me to present you with a He extracted seventeen eggs and for (d) None of the above
book. thirty-five seconds the audience began to Ê (c) The conjuror extraeted sevouteen eggs
(a) allow (b) enclose think that he was wonderful. Then the Quick from the hat of one gentleman from the
(c) prohibit (d) persuade Man whispered along the front bench, audience.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 21

(d) pursue her studies 33. He had ………… spoken for two
Passage-2
Ê (d) Magda’s sister was coming to pursue minutes when there was a
Magda Good morning, Smiles. Mrs. It’s wet, her studies. commotion in the crowd.
isn’t it? (a) even (b) hardly
Mrs. Smiles Yes, it is, isn’t it? How are you 25. Mrs. Smiles and Magda are (c) often (d) little
(a) classmates (b) school friends
today? All right? You haven’t been studying (c) neighbours (d) sisters-in-law Ê (b) ‘hardly’ is correct here. The word means
too hard, have you? You look a bit pale. ‘not’ much, or ‘scarcely’.
Magda I don’t, do I? Well, I haven’t been out Ê (c) From the conversation shown in the
passage between Mrs. Smiles and Magda, 34. I would not commit myself ………
much lately. I don’t like this weather a bit. it appears that both are neighbours. that course of action.
Why, we haven’t had a dry day for weeks,
(a) of (b) to
have we? Directions (Q.Nos. 26-35) Each of (c) by (d) with
Mrs. Smiles No, I don’t think we have. Let’s the following sentences in this section
see, you’ll be going back home next month, Ê (b)
has a blank space and four words or
won’t you? groups of words given after the 35. The soldiers waiting to go into battle
Magda Oh no, I’m not going back yet. My sentence. Select whichever word or for the first time were full of ……… .
sister’s coming over first. group of words you consider most (a) apprehension (b) consideration
appropriate for the blank space. (c) anticipation (d) frivolity
Mrs. Smiles Oh, is she? You’re looking
forward to that, I expect. How long is it since 26. We fail to understand your reasons Ê (a)
you saw her? for ………… the college without
Magda Nearly a year now. Yes, I am looking completing the degree.
Directions (Q.Nos. 36-40) Given
forward to it very much. (a) attending (b) joining below are some idioms/phrases
Mrs. Smiles She’s coming over here to study? (c) leaving (d) refusing followed by four alternative meanings
Magda Yes, that’s right, I shan’t go back home Ê (c) to each. Choose the response (a), (b),
until she’s settled down. I don’t think I ought (c) or (d) which is the most
27. She …… her energy and started
to, ought I? shouting only when she heard the appropriate meaning.
Mrs. Smiles Well, no, she’s younger than you noise of bulldozers and cranes. 36. A red-letter day
are, is she? (a) checked (b) conserved
(a) a trivial day
Magda Yes, she’s only eighteen. (c) maintained (d) controlled
(b) a very important or significant day
21. Magda had not been out much lately Ê (b) (c) a day of bloodshed and violence
(d) a mourning day
because 28. The British ………… all over Africa
(a) she had not been keeping well and Asia collapsed in the first half of Ê (b)
(b) she was busy with her studies the twentieth century.
(c) the weather had been unpleasant
37. The gift of the gab
(a) hegemony (b) domicile
(d) her sister had come over to stay (a) ability to speak easily and confidently
(c) residence (d) inheritance
(b) ability to spoil something
Ê (c) As stated in the passage Magda had not Ê (a)
been out much lately because it has been (c) ability to sell things
raining continuously. It also implies that ‘the 29. The football match has to be ………… (d) gift from a sacred institution
weather has been unpleasant’. because of the weather. Ê (a)
(a) called off (b) continued
22. Magda was not going back home yet (c) put off (d) turned off 38. Walk a tightrope
because (a) to be forced to leave your job
(a) it had been raining heavily Ê (a)
(b) to be ready to fail
(b) her sister was coming over 30. If I were rich, ………… a lot. (c) to act very carefully
(c) her studies were not completed (a) I’ll travel
(d) she was not feeling well (d) to invite danger
(b) I can travel
Ê (b) ‘her sister was coming over’ so Magda (c) I would travel Ê (c)
was not planning to go back home. (d) I travelled 39. To be in a fix
23. Mrs. Smiles says, ‘‘You’re looking Ê (c) (a) to receive strong criticism
forward to that’’. This means, 31. They apologised ………… me for (b) to support oneself
Magda was ………… her sister’s what happened.
(c) to fix problems
arrival. (d) to be in a difficult situation
(a) to (b) at
(a) expecting with pleasure (c) for (d) with Ê (d)
(b) preparing hard for
(c) thinking greatly about Ê (a) 40. To fish in troubled waters
(d) watching with joy (a) to borrow money
32. If you are tired of swimming, just
(b) to steal belongings of
Ê (a) Magda was expecting with pleasure her ……… for a while.
sister’s arrival (a) struggle (b) stroke (c) to get benefit in bad situation
(c) float (d) streak (d) to extend a helping hand
24. Magda’s sister was coming to
(a) visit her sister (b) help Mrs. Smiles Ê (c) ‘float’ is appropriate word here as Ê (c)
(c) settle down in England floating in the water will not tire anyone.
22 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

Directions (Q.Nos. 41-45) Each of R. the apple falls The honeybee is a very unusual kind
the following items in this section S. on the ground of insect. ............. 46. other insects
consists of a sentence the parts of The correct sequence should be which live
which have been jumbled. These parts (a) QPRS (b) RSPQ (a) Unlike
have been labelled P, Q, R and S. (c) QSPR (d) SQRP (b) Similar to
(c) With
Given below each sentence are four Ê (b) (d) Like
sequences namely (a), (b), (c) and (d).
You are required to rearrange the
44. The knocking Ê (a)
P. were still in the house
jumbled parts of the sentence. Q. for some time
alone, the honeybee lives as a/an
R. although the echoes of it ............. 47. of a community. These
41. Domestic fires in Indian villages bees live
P. as the heat is dispersed S. ceased
Q. in unhealthy smoke accumulates in The correct sequence should be (a) group (b) individual
unventilated houses (a) SRPQ (b) SQRP (c) member (d) troop
R. are wasteful (c) PQSR (d) RSPQ Ê (c)
S. lit in Chulhas together in what is known as a bee
The correct sequence should be Ê (b)
............. 48. The head of the bees is
(a) PQSR (b) PQRS 45. The history of mankind is called the
(c) SPQR (d) SRPQ P. and steady progress
(a) house. (b) home.
Q. continuous change
Ê (d) (c) army, (d) colony
R. the history of
42. Bold rocks near at hand S. from barbarism to refinement Ê (d)
P. makes a fine forest for the The correct sequence should be queen bee. She is the ............. 49. than
imagination (a) PQRS (b) RQPS the rest of the bees. Her main task
Q. than distant Alps (c) QSPR (d) SQRP (a) heaviest (b) heavier
R. are more inspiring (c) largest (d) larger
S. and the thick fern upon a health Ê (b)
The correct sequence should be Ê (d)
(a) QRSP (b) RSQP
Directions (Q.Nos. 46-50) In the is to ............. 50. eggs.
(c) RQSP (d) SRQP following passage there are some (a) lay (b) hatch
blank spaces with four words or (c) make (d) bear
Ê (c)
groups of words given. Select
43. Newton discovered that whichever word or group of words you Ê (a)
P. due to the gravitational pull consider most appropriate for the
Q. of the earth
blank space.

Part B (General Studies)

51. Statement I The pitch of sound
wave depends upon its frequency.
Statement II The loudness of the
sound wave depends upon its
amplitude.
Ê (b) Pitch of sound wave depends upon its
frequency because pitch of a sound is
actually its property due, to which we can
differentiate between a shrill and grave
sound. The amplitude of a sound wave
determines its loudness or volume.
52. Statement I Sound wave cannot
propagate in vacuum.
Statement II Sound waves are
elastic waves and require a medium
to propagate.
Ê (a) Sound waves are elastic waves because
their propagation depends on the material
media, which possess elasticity and inertia.
So it cannot propagate in vacuum.
53. Statement I The Government of
India Act, 1935 introduced Dyarchy
at the centre.
Statement II The provincial
autonomy was granted to the
Provinces.
Ê (b) Government of India Act of 1935 marked
a milestone towards a completely
responsible government in India. It was a
lengthy and detailed document having 321
Sections and 10 Schedules.
The Act provided for the adoption of
dyarchy at the Centre. Consequently, the
federal subjects were divided into reserved
subjects and transferred subjects. And
abolished dyarchy in the provinces and
introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its
place.
54. Statement I Mughal Painting
reached its climax during the reign
of Jahangir.
Statement II Aurangzeb’s Court
was adorned by some of the best
known artists of the Mughal School
of Paintings.
Ê (c) During the reign of Jahangir (1605–1627)
the Mughal painting reached its zenith. He
favoured paintings of events from his own
life rather than illustrated fiction. He
encouraged portraiture and scientific
studies of birds, flowers and animals, which
were collected in albums. Mansur and
Manohar were among his famous painters.
But during the reign of Aurangzeb
(1659–1707) the Mughal painting started to
decline, although his ornate Pearl Mosque
(1662) at Delhi is worthy of mention. Many
artists then joined Rajput courts, where their
influence on Hindu painting is clearly
evident.
55. Statement I Phytoplanktons
produce most of the organic carbon
in the ocean.
Statement II Algae are produced
in the cold water biome.
Ê (d) Algae are a diverse group of aquatic
organisms that have the ability to conduct
photosynthesis, for example, seaweeds
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 23

(such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum 60. Which of the following kingdom(s)
or the algal blooms in lakes. They are has/have only unicellular
produced in the cold water biome.
organisms?
Phytoplanktons are similar to terrestrial (a) Monera (b) Protista
plants. They contain chlorophyll and require
(c) Monera and Protista
sunlight in order to live and grow. They
(d) Protista and Fungi
produce oxygen as a byproduct of
photosynthesis. Ê (c)
56. Statement I Geostrophic wind 61. Which one of the following is a
blows above a height of 600 m, waterborne disease?
parallel to the isobars. (a) Jaundice (b) Tuberculosis
(c) Rabies (d) Arthritis
Statement II Geostrophic wind is
the horizontal wind velocity, in Ê (a) Jaundice is caused by microbial
infection presnet in water and food items.
which the Coriolis force balances
the horizontal pressure force. 62. The atomic number of an element is
Ê (c) An air parcel initially at rest, but it moves 8. How many electrons will it gain to
from high pressure to low pressure because form a compound with sodium?
of the Pressure Gradient Force (PGF). (a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
However, as that air parcel begins to move, Ê (b) The atomic number of an element = 8
it is deflected by the Coriolis force to the Electronic configuration = K2 L6
right in the Northern hemisphere (to the left ∴ Valency = 8 − 6 = 2
on the Southern hemisphere).
Sodium (Atomic number 11) has electronic
As the wind gains speed, the deflection configuration = K2 L8 M1
increases until the Coriolis force equals the
∴ Valency = 1
pressure gradient force. At this point, the
Thus, the given element will gain 2 electrons
wind will be blowing parallel to the isobars.
from two sodium atoms to complete its
When this happens, the wind is referred to
octet.
as geostrophic wind. It blows above the
Formula of the compound
height of 600 m at the upper atmosphere.
= Na O
57. Which one of the following
groups of cellular organelles 1 2
contains DNA? = Na2O
(a) Mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast
(b) Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, nucleus 63. A sample of oxygen contains two
64. Which one of the following is a
heterogeneous mixture?
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(b) Vinegar
(c) Milk
(d) Soda water
Ê (c) A mixture that does not have uniform
composition is called heterogeneous
mixture.
Out of the given compounds, milk is a
heterogeneous mixture of fats,
carbohydrates, proteins etc. dispersed in
water.
65. What is the formula mass of
anhydrous sodium carbonate?
(Given that the atomic masses of
sodium, carbon and oxygen are 23 µ,
12 µ and 16 µ respectively)
(a) 286 µ (b) 106 µ
(c) 83 µ (d) 53 µ
Ê (b) Chemical formula of (anhydrous)
sodium carbonate = Na 2CO 3
∴ Formula unit mass of Na 2CO 3
= (2 × 23 + 12 + 16 × 3 ) µ
= 106 µ
66. Which one of the following is called
‘syngas’?
(a) C (s) + H 2O( g ) (b) CO( g) + H 2O( g )
(c) CO( g) + H 2 ( g ) (d) NO 2( g) + H 2 ( g )
Ê (c) Syngas or synthesis gas is mixture of
Carbon monoxide (CO) gas and Hydrogen
(H 2 ) gas. It may also consist of Carbon
Dioxide (CO 2 ) gas. It is used as a fuel gas in

(c) Mitochondria, plasma membrane, isotopes of oxygen with masses 16 µ various industries.

nucleus and 18 µ respectively. The 67. The frequency of ultrasound waves

(d) Chloroplast, nucleus, ribosomes proportion of these isotopes in the is
sample is 3 : 1. What will be the (a) less than 20 Hz
Ê (a) The Mitochondria, nucleus and
average atomic mass of oxygen in (b) between 20 Hz and 2 kHz
chloroplast contain DNA. Mitochondria and
chloroplasts are known as this sample? (c) between 2 kHz and 20 kHz
semiautonomous cell organelles because (a) 17.5 µ (b) 17 µ (d) greater than 20 kHz
they can replicate themselves. (c) 16 µ (d) 16.5 µ Ê (d) Ultrasonic waves range above 20 kHz
which is above the audible range of human
58. One of the additional function of Ê (d) Average atomic mass of an element
ears.
 Atomic mass of isotope I 
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  × %age of isotope I  68. The magnetic field strength of a
(SER) is = +
(a) protein synthesis  100  current carrying wire at a particular
  distance from the axis of the wire
(b) lipid synthesis  
(c) storage of biomolecules  Atomic mass of isotope II  (a) depends upon the current in the wire
(d) detoxification of toxic substances  × %age of isotope II  (b) depends upon the radius of the wire
=  (c) depends upon the temperature of the
Ê (d) Detoxification of toxic substances is the  100 
additional function of Smooth Endoplasmic   surroundings
  (d) None of the above
Reticulum (SER).
As it is given that the proportion of two
59. Damage to the apical meristem of a isotopes of oxygen with masses 16µ and18
Ê (a) The magnetic field strength of a current
carrying wire at a particular distance from
growing young plant will affect the µ is 3 : 1 respectively. So, they have the axis of the wire is given by the
(a) length of the plant percentage composition 75% and 25% Biot-Savart’s law.
(b) colour of the flower respectively. idl sin θ
Magnetic field, dB α
(c) colour of the leaves ∴ Average atomic mass of oxygen in the r2
(d) taste of the fruits
sample Where i = current in wire.
r = distance of the point from the wire.
Ê (a) Damage to the apical meristem of a  75   25 
= 16 × + 18 × = 16 . 5 µ dB ∝ i
100   100 
growing young plant will affect the length of
 Hence option (a) is correct.
the plant. It is responsible for apical growth.
24 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

69. A stainless steel chamber contains Ê (b) The correct sequence in order of Sunrise Ê (d) The temperature of the troposphere is
Ar gas at a temperature T and timing in the following places are as: highest near the surface of the Earth and
pressure P. The total number of Ar At Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, the decreases with height or altitude. On
atoms in the chamber is n. Now Ar sunrise time is 4:59 AM. average, the temperature gradient of the
At Itanagar, the capital city of Arunachal troposphere declines by 6.5°C per kilometre
gas in the chamber is replaced by
Pradesh, the sunrise time is 5:00 AM. on going above. However, in the
CO 2 gas and the total number of CO 2 stratosphere, temperature increases with
At Aizawal, the capital city of Mizoram, the
molecules in the chamber is n/2 at sunrise time is 5:05 AM. altitude. The reason is that the direct heat
the same temperature T . The At Agartala, the capital city of Tripura, the source for the stratosphere is the Sun.
pressure in the chamber now is P’. sunrise time is 5:10 AM.
Which one of the following 77. Which one of the following is
relations holds true? (Both the gases 74. Which one of the following is known as a zone of sharp salinity
behave an ideal gases) known as uplands of delta region? change in the vertical section of
(a) P ′ = P (b) P ′ = 2 P (a) Bef (b) Bils ocean?
(c) P ′ = P /2 (d) P ′ = P / 4 (c) Peh (d) Chars (a) Thermocline (b) Halocline
(c) Photic kone (d) Pycnocline
Ê (c) For Ar gas PV = nRT Ê (d) The Deltaic plain is the extension of the
P=
nRT
...(i)
Khadar land. It covers large area in the lower Ê (b) A halocline is a strong, vertical salinity
reaches of the Ganga River. In the delta gradient within a body of water. It is known
V
n region, the upland is called Chars, while the as the zone of sharp salinity change in the
For CO 2 gas, n ′ = , P = P ′ marshy area is known as Bils.
2 vertical section of ocean. As salinity (in
P ′ V = n ′ RT 75. Consider the following Wildlife concert with temperature) affects the
n RT density of seawater, it can play an important
P′ = Sanctuaries of India :
role in its vertical stratification.
2 V 1. Shikari Devi 2. Bhadra
P 3. Simlipal 4. Pachmarhi 78. Permanent hardness of water
From Eqn. (i), we get P ′ =
2 Which one of the following is the cannot be removed by which one of
70. Which one of the following is the correct order of the above Wildlife the following methods?
correct relation between Å and nm? Sanctuaries in terms of their location (a) Treatment with washing soda
(a) 1 nm = 10 −1 Å (b) 1 nm = 10 Å from South to North? (b) Calgon’s method
(c) 1 nm = 1 Å (d) 1 nm= 10 −2 Å (a) 1-2-3-4 (b) 2-4-3-1 (c) Boiling
(c) 2-3-4-1 (d) 3-1-2-4 (d) Ion exchange method
Ê (b) 1Å = 0.1 nm
⇒ 10Å = 1 nm Ê (c) The correct order of the given wildlife
Ê (c) Permanent hardness of water is due to
sanctuaries in terms of their location from the presence of chlorides and sulphates of
71. The full form of LED is South to North is calcium and magnesium ions. These
(a) Light Emitting Diode Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is located at compounds do not decompose on heating.
(b) Light Emitting Device Chikkamagaluru town in Karnataka. It was These are removed by ion exchange resin
(c) Light Enhancing Device established in the year 1951. It is a
treatment or by Calgon’s method or by
(d) Light Enhancing Diode protected area and a tiger reserve as part of
using a water softner like washing soda,
Project Tiger.
Ê (a) The full form of LED is Light Emitting
Simlipal Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as
calcium hydroxide, etc.
Diode. It is a heavily doped p − n junction
diode which converts electrical energy into Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, is a national 79. Which one of the following
light energy. park and a tiger reserve. It was established reactions will give NO (Nitric Oxide)
in the year 1980. It is located in the
gas as one of the products?
72. If a free electron moves through a Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
potential difference of 1 kV, then the Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary is also a
(a) 3Cu + 8HNO 3 (dilute)→
energy gained by the electron is biosphere reserve in the Satpura Range of (b) Cu + 4HNO 3 (conc)→
given by Madhya Pradesh. It was established in the (c) 4Zn + 10HNO 3 (dilute)→
. × 10 −19 J
(a) 16 . × 10 −16 J
(b) 16 year 1999. (d) Zn + 4HNO 3 (conc)→
(c) 1 × 10 −19 J (d) 1 × 10 −16 J Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary is located
near the Shikari Devi Temple in Mandi Ê (a) 3Cu + 8HNO 3 → 3Cu(NO 3) 2
Ê (b) Given, Potential difference, district of Himachal Pradesh. It was (Dilute)
V = 1kV = 1 × 10 V
3

We know that, established in the year 1974. +2NO ↑ +4H2O

Energy gained by electron = e ⋅ V 76. Which one of the following Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3 )2
= 1.6 × 10 −19 × 10 3 = 1.6 × 10 −16 J statements about temperature is (Conc. )
correct? +2NO 2 ↑ +2H 2O
73. Consider the following places of
(a) Temperature decreases with height
India :
in the stratosphere.
Zn + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3 )2 +H2 ↑
1. Itanagar 2. Imphal (b) Temperature is constant at different (Conc. )
3. Agartala 4. Aizawl heights in the stratosphere. 4Zn + 10HNO3 → 4Zn(NO3 )2
Which one of the following is the (c) Temperature increases with height in (Dilute)3
correct chronological order of the the troposphere at an average rate of
above places in terms of sunrise 6.5°C per km. + N2O ↑+ 5H2O
time? (d) Temperature decreases with height
Thus, in option (a) contains the reaction
(a) 3 − 2 − 1 − 4 (b) 2 − 1 − 4 − 3 in the troposphere at an average rate having NO gas as one of the products.
(c) 1 − 4 − 3 − 2 (d) 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 of 6.4°C per km.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 25

80. Which one of the following is a In the above circuit R1 and R2 are connected
Ê (a) Photosynthesis is the process that plants
undergo in order to transform solar energy in the parallel combination. Hence,
tribasic acid? equavilant resistance,
into chemical energy which is stored in the
(a) Hydrochloric acid 1 1 1 R
bonds of sugar molecules. During the = + ⇒ R′ =
(b) Nitric acid
process, released oxygen comes from the R′ R R 2
(c) Sulphuric acid splitting of water in the presence of Now, circuit becomes
(d) Phosphoric acid light-dependent reaction. The products of
R′=R/2 R 3=R
the light-dependent reactions are ATP and
Ê (d) H 3 PO 4 , Phosphoric acid can be written A B
NADPH oxygen production is simply a
as O =P(OH) 3. It has three acidic hydrogens
byproduct of the splitting of water by R 4=R
(attached to oxygen) and is therefore
sunlight).
tribasic acid. On the other hand
The overall process of photosynthesis is
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid are monobasic In the circuit R′ and R are connected in
typically represented by the following
while sulphuric acid is dibasic. series combination, Hence
equation
R +2R
81. Which one of the following 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H12O 6 + 6O 2 R′ ′ = R / 2 + R =
2
statements is not correct? 86. Which one of the following depicts 3R
(a) All carbons in diamond are linked by R′ ′ =
the correct circuit of a reflex arc? 2
carbon-carbon single bond.
(a) Effector→sensory neuron→spinal Now R′ ′ and R4 are connected in parallel
(b) Graphite is layered structure in which combination. Hence, equalient resistance
cord→motor neuron→receptor
layers are held together by weak van between A and B.
(b) Receptor→sensory neuron→spinal
der Waal’s forces. 1 1 1
(c) Graphite layers are formed by cord→neuron→effector = +
RAB 3 R R
hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. (c) Receptor→sensory neuron→brain→
2
(d) Graphite layers are held together by motor neuron→effector
1 2 1 1 2 +3
carbon-carbon single bond. (d) Sensory neuron→receptor→brain = + ⇒ =
RAB 3 R R RAB 3R
effector→motor neuron
Ê (d) Graphite layers are held together by van 1 5 3
der Waals forces and not by carbon-carbon Ê (b) The correct reflex arch is depicted by = ⇒ R AB = R
R AB 3R 5
single bond. option (b). It is receptor → sensory neuron
→ spinal cord → neuron → effector.
82. Which one of the following is called 89. The absolute zero temperature is 0
Dry Ice? 87. If one set of chromosomes for a Kelvin. In °C unit, which one of the
(a) Solid carbon dioxide given plant is represented as N ; in following is the absolute zero
(b) Liquid carbon dioxide case of double fertilisation, the temperature?
(c) Liquid nitrogen zygote and the endosperm nucleus (a) 0°C (b) −100°C
(d) Liquid ammonia of a diploid plant would have how (c) −273.15°C (d) −173.15°C
Ê (a) Solid carbon dioxide is called Dry Ice or many sets of chromosomes Ê (c) The absolute zero temperature is 0°K.
Cardice. It is used as a refrigerant for respectively? So, the relation between Celcius and Kelvin
ice-cream and frozen food. C K − 273.15
(a) N and 2 N (b) 2N and 2 N scale is = where,
(c) N and 3N (d) 2 N and 3N 100 100
83. The acidic, semidigested food K = 0, C = −273.15
coming out of the stomach is Ê (d) The zygote will have 2N chromosomes
neutralised by while endosperm nucleus will have 3N set of 90. Consider the following statements
(a) pancreatic juice chromosomes after double fertilisation in about visible light, UV light and
(b) duodenal secretion plant. X-rays:
(c) large intestine secretion 88. Consider the following circuit : 1. The wavelength of visible light is
(d) bile juice more than that of X-rays.
R
Ê (d) The acidic, semidigested food coming R 2. The energy of X-ray photons is
out of the stomach is neutralised by sodium A B higher than that of UV light photons.
bicarbonate present in the bile juice 3. The energy of UV light photons is
R R
secreted by liver. Here it makes the medium
less than that of visible light
of food alkaline.
photons.
Which one of the following is the
84. The oxygenated blood from the value of the resistance between Which of the statement(s) given above
lungs is received by the
(a) left auricle (b) left ventricle
points A and B in the circuit given is/are correct?
above? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2
(c) right auricle (d) right ventricle
2 3 3 (c) 2 and 3 (d) Only 1
(a) R (b) R (c) R (d) 4R
Ê (a) The oxygenated blood from the lungs is
received by left auricle through pulmonary
5 5 2 Ê (b) (1) The frequency of X-ray is greater than
vein from here it goes to left ventricle and Ê (b) visible light. So, the wavelength of visible
then it is pumped into other body parts. R 1=R light is more than that of X-rays.
R 3=R
R 2=R (2) We know that, E = hν
85. The oxygen evovled during photo- A B
synthesis comes from splitting of Energy ( E ) ∝ ν (frequency)
R 4=R
(a) water (b) carbon dioxide X-ray have higher frequency so it has higher
(c) oxygen (d) light energy than that of UV light photons.
26 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

91. The time period of oscillation of a 94. Consider the following statements 96. Match List I with List II and select
simple pendulum having length L about a microscope and a telescope : the correct answer using the codes
and mass of the bob m is given as T . 1. Both the eyepiece and the given below the Lists :
If the length of the pendulum is objective of a microscope are
increased to 4L and the mass of the convex lenses. List I (River Basin) List II (Town)
bob is increased to 2 m, then which 2. The focal length of the objective
one of the following is the new time A. Bhagirathi 1. Lansdowne
of a telescope is larger than the
period of oscillation? focal length of its eyepiece. B. Alaknanda 2. Narendra
T Nagar
(a) T (b) 2 T (c) 4T (d) 3. The magnification of a telescope
2
increases with the increase in C. Nayar 3. Uttarkashi
Ê (b) Time period of simple pendulum, focal length of its objective.
l D. Ganga 4. Pauri
T =2π …(i) 4. The magnification of a
g
microscope increases with the
According to the question, increase in focal length of its Code
A B C D
l′ = 4l objective.
(a) 3 1 4 2
New time period of simple pendulum, Which of the statements given (b) 3 4 1 2
4l  l  above are correct?
T′=2π = 2 × 2 π  (c) 2 4 1 3
g  g (a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4
(d) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
From equation (i), we get
Ê (b) Uttarkashi lies in Bhagirathi basin. Pauri
T ′ = 2T Ê (d) lies in Alaknanda basin. Lansdowne lies in
(1) Microscope consists of two convex Nayar basin. Narendra Nagar lies in Ganga
92. The connecting cable of electrical lenses coaxially separated by some basin.
appliances like electric iron, water distance. The lens nearer to the object is
heater or room heater contains three called the objective. The lens through 97. Match List I with List II and select
insulated copper wires of three which the final image is viewed is called the correct answer using the codes
different colours—red, green and the eyepiece. given below the Lists :
black. Which one of the following is (2) The focal length of the objective of a
the correct colour code? telescope is larger than the focal length List I (Local Wind) List II (Place)
(a) Red–live wire, Green–neutral wire, of eyepiece because objective has A. Yamo 1. Sudan
Black–ground wire much larger aperture than the eyepiece.
B. Black Roller 2. France
(b) Red–neutral wire, Green–ground (3) Magnification of telescope is directly
wire, Black–live wire proportional the focal length of obejctive C. Bise 3. Japan
(c) Red–live wire, Green–ground wire, (f0 ). Hence, the focal length of telescope D. Haboob 4. North
Black–neutral wire increases with the increase in focal America
(d) Red–ground wire, Green–live wire, length of its objective. Hence,
statements (1), (2) and (3) are the
Black–neutral wire Code
correct.
Ê (c) Red-Live wire (brings the current) A B C D A B C D
Green − Ground wire 95. A planet has a mass M1 and radius (a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 2 4 3
R1 . The value of acceleration due to (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 3 2 4 1
Black − Neutral wire
gravity on its surface is g 1 . There is Ê (c) Yamo is warm and dry wind that blows
93. The graphs between current ( I ) and another planet 2, whose mass and down the steep valleys in Japan.
voltage (V ) for three linear resistors radius both are two times that of the Black roller is a very strong and dust-laden
1, 2 and 3 are given below : first planet. Which one of the wind blowing from the South–West or
following is the acceleration due to North-West in the Great Plains of North
1 America.
3
gravity on the surface of planet 2?
I (a) g 1 (b) 2 g 1 Bise is a cold, dry wind in Switzerland and
2 France.
(c) g 1 / 2 (d) g 1 /4
V A haboob is a type of intense dust storm
Ê (c) Acceleration due to gravity at planet is that blows in Sudan.
If R1 , R 2 and R 3 are the resistances of given by
these resistors, then which one of g1 =
GM1
…(i)
98. ‘Majuli’, the river island, is located
the following is correct? R1
2 in which one of the following
rivers?
(a) R1 > R 2 > R 3 (b) R1 < R 3 < R 2 For the second planet (2)
(a) Jamuna
(c) R 3 < R1 < R 2 (d) R 3 > R 2 > R1 M 2 = 2 M1 , R2 = 2 R1
(b) Padma
Now, acceleration due to gravity,
Ê (b) We know that, G(2 M1 ) (c) Ganga
1 g2 = (d) Brahmaputra
Slope of graph × (2 R1 )2
Resistance 1 GM1 Ê (d) Majuli is a river island, located in Asom. It
In the graph, g2 = × 2 is formed by river Brahmaputra. In 2016,
2 R1
slope of 1 > slope of 3 > slope of 2 Majuli became the first island to be made a
g1 district in India. It is often claimed to be the
R1 < R3 < R2 From Eqn. (i), we get g 2 =
2 world's largest river island.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II) 27

99. Which one of the following Indian (stress, compression), and chemically 107. Which one of the following
active like fluids, solution, etc.
States has recorded negative growth statements about the law of
During metamorphism, rocks are often
of population as per Census 2011? subjected to all three metamorphic agents
conservation of mass is correct?
(a) Manipur (b) Mizoram simultaneously. However, the degree of (a) A given compound always contains
(c) Tripura (d) Nagaland metamorphism and the contribution of each exactly same proportion of elements.
agent vary greatly from one environment to (b) When gases combine in a reaction,
Ê (d) As per Census 2011, Nagaland is the
another. they do so in a simple ratio by
only state of the country which has negative
growth rate of -0.58%. Growth rate of Indian volume, provided all gases are at
103. The solution of which one of the room temperature.
population was 17.69% between 2001 and
following will have pH less (c) Matter can neither be created nor
2011.
than 7? destroyed.
100. Which one of the following types of (a) NaOH (b) KCl (d) Equal volumes of all gases at same
cloud is characterised by continuous (c) FeCl 3 (d) NaCl temperature and pressure contain
precipitation? equal number of molecules.
Ê (c) FeCl 3 is a salt of strong acid (HCl) and
(a) Cirrocumulus (b) Cumulus weak base Fe(OH) 3 . As a result FeCl 3 is an Ê (c) Law of conservation of mass states that
(c) Nimbostratus acidic salt and hence in solution form its pH matter can neither be created nor be
(d) Cumulonimbus lies below 7. destroyed.
Ê (c) Clouds are visible accumulations of tiny 104. Which one of the following is an 108. The wavelength of X-rays is of the
water droplets or ice crystals in the Earth’s
atmosphere. Nimbostratus clouds bring oxidation-reduction reaction? order of
(a) NaOH + HCI → NaCI + H 2 O (a) 1 Å (b) 1 µm (c) 1 mm d. 1 cm
continuous precipitation that can last for
many hours. These low-level clouds are full (b) CaO + H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2 Ê (a) X-Ray is a electromagnetic wave which is
of moisture. (c) 2Mg + O 2 → 2MgO discovered by German professor Rontgen.
(d) Na 2 SO 4 + BaCI 2 → BaSO 4 + 2NaCI The wavelength of X-rays is of the order of
101. Match List I with List II and select +1 −1 +1 − 1 +1 −1 +1 −2
1Å. It is used in surgery to detect the
the correct answer using the code Ê (c) (a) Na OH + HCl → NaCl + H 2 O fracture, diseased organs, stones in the
given below the Lists : (No change in oxidation states) body.
+2 − 2 +1 − 2 +2 + 2 − 1
List I (Major Port) List II (Location) (b) CaO + H 2O → Ca(OH )2 109. Consider the following velocity and
A. Kolkata 1. Land-locked
(No change in oxidation states)
time graph
area
(c)
B. Mormugao 2. In the delta Oxidation Velocity
region +2–2 (m/sec)
° g + 0° 2 → 2 MgO
2M
C. Visakhapatnam 3. On the
Reduction 8
riverside
+1 −2 + −1 +2 −2 +1 -1
D. Paradip 4. On the (d) Na 2 SO 4 + BaCI 2 → BaSO 4 + 2NaCl 4
entrance of
the estuary (No change in oxidation states)
∴It is clear from the above equations, that in 4 8 12 16 Time (s)
Code
option (c), the reaction involves both
A B C D A B C D
oxidation and reduction. Thus, it is a redox Which one of the following is the
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 3 4 1 2 reaction.
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 2 1 4 3
value of average acceleration from
105. Which one of the following is not 8sec to 12sec?
Ê (b) The Port of Kolkata is a riverine port in the used as fertilizer? (a) 8 m/sec 2 (b) 12 m/sec 2
city of Kolkata. It is the oldest operating port (c) 2 m/sec 2 (d) −1 m/sec 2
and was constructed by the British East (a) Ammonium nitrate
India Company. (b) Ammonium sulphide Ê (d)
(c) Ammonium phosphate
Mormugao is main port of Goa. It is a natural Velocity
(d) Ammonium sulphate
port and on the entrance of the estuary. (m/sec) A
8
Visakhapatnam Port is the deepest Ê (b) Ammonium sulphide is not used as
land-locked and protected port of India. It is fertilizer. Rest of the given compounds are B
4
located in Andhra Pradesh. It is India's used as fertilizers to compensate the
second largest port by volume of cargo deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and 4 8 12 16 Time (s)
handled. sulphur in the soil.
Paradip Port is a natural, deep-water, and Average acceleration from 8 sec to
106. Which one of the following is the 12 sec, is given by
deltaic port of India in Odisha. It is situated
chemical formula of gypsum? Velocity at B − Velocity at A
at confluence of the Mahanadi River and the aavg =
Bay of Bengal.
(a) CaSO 4 .2H 2 O (b) Ca 2 SiO 4 Time Interval
(c) 2CaSO 4 .H 2 O (d) CaSO 4 4−8 −4
102. Which one of the following is not an = = = − 1 m/sec 2
Ê (a) Gypsum has the chemical formula CaSO (12 − 8 ) 4
agent of metamorphism? 4 .2H 2 O. It can be prepared by mixing
(a) Heat (b) Compression plaster of paris with water. 110. If the focal length of a convex lens is
(c) Decomposition (d) Solution 50 cm, which one of the following is
1 1
CaSO 4⋅ H 2O + 1 H 2O → CaSO 4 ⋅ 2 H 2O
Ê (c) The literary meaning of metamorphism is 2 2 its power?
to change form. The agents of
(Plaster of Paris) (Gypsum) (a) +2 dioptre (b) +0.02 dioptre
metamorphism include heat, pressure (c) −0.5 dioptre (d) +0.5 dioptre
28 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)

Ê (a) Given, Focal length of lens, f = 50 cm, . , which one of the following
15 116. Match List I with List II and select
= 0.5 m. statements is correct? the correct answer using the codes
We know that, (a) v1 is 15
. times v 2 (b) v 2 is 1.5 times v1 given below the Lists :
1 (c) v1 is equal to v 2 (d) v1 is 3 times v 2
Power of lens, P =
Focal length (m ) List I List II
Ê (a) We know that,
1 (Railway Zone) (Headquarters)
= = 2 dioptre Refractive index =
0.5 Velocity in vacuum (C) A. West Central 1. Jabalpur
111. A ball is released from rest and rolls Velocity in medium (V) B. South-East 2. Gorakhpur
down an inclined plane, as shown in C Central
In first medium n1 = ……(i)
the following figure, requiring 4 sec v1 C. East-Central 3. Bilaspur
to cover a distance of 100 cm along Similarly n 2 =
C
……(ii) D. North-Eastern 4. Hajipur
the plane : v2
From equation (i) and (ii)
Code
n 2 v1 A B C D A B C D
= (a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 1 4 3 2
n1 v 2
v
(c) 2 4 3 1 (d) 1 3 4 2
1.5 = 1
v2 Ê (d) Indian Railways is divided into 17 zones,
θ which are further sub-divided into divisions.
⇒ v1 = 1.5 v 2 Each zonal railway is made up of a certain
Which one of the following is the So, option (a) is correct. number of divisions, each having a
correct value of angle θ that the plane divisional headquarter. There are a total of
makes with the horizontal? 114. Which one of the following sixty-eight divisions.
(g = 1000 cm/sec 2 ) greenhouse gases is in largest
(a) θ = sin−1 (1 / 9.8) (b) θ = sin−1 (1 / 20) concentration in the atmosphere? Railway Zone Headquarters
(c) θ = sin−1 (1 / 80) (d) θ = sin−1 (1 / 100) (a) Chlorofluorocarbon West Central Jabalpur
(b) Nitrous oxide
Ê (c) Given, (c) Carbon dioxide South-East Central Bilaspur
Initial velocity of ball, u = 0 (d) Methane East-Central Hajipur
distance, s = 100 cm, time t = 4 sec
Ê (c) A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs North-Eastern Gokakhpur
We know that and emits radiant energy within the thermal
1 infrared range. In order, the most abundant
S = ut + at 2 117. Which one of the following is the
2 greenhouse gases atmosphere are water
1
correct descending order of Indian
100 = 0 + × a × ( 4 )2 vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
2
States in terms of sex ratio as per
oxide, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons and
100 × 2 25 hydro fluorocarbons.
Census 2011?
a= = cm / sec 2 (a) Mizoram — Manipur — Tripura —
4×4 2
Now, a = g sin θ
115. Match List-I with List-II and select Meghalaya
a 25 / 2 the correct answer using the codes (b) Tripura — Manipur — Meghalaya —
sin θ = = Mizoram
g 1000 given below the Lists :
(c) Meghalaya — Manipur — Mizoram
 1 List I List I
⇒ θ = sin −1   — Tripura
 80 (Letter Code) (d) Manipur — Meghalaya — Tripura —
(Koppen’s Climatic
Type) Mizoram
112. The coefficient of areal expansion of
a material is 16. × 10−5 K −1 . Which A. Tropical wet 1. Af Ê (c) Sex ratio is used to describe the number
of females per 1000 of males. In India, it is
one of the following gives the value B. Mid-latitude desert 2. Cs
especially significant because the ratio is
of coefficient of volume expansion C. Mediterranean 3. Df heavily skewed towards men. In the
of this material? D. Humid Continental 4. BWk Population Census of 2011, it was revealed
−5 −1 −5 −1
(a) 0.8 × 10 K (b) 2.4 × 10 K that the population ratio of India 2011 is 943
(c) 3.2 × 10 −5 K −1 (d) 4.8 × 10 −5 K −1 Code females per 1000 of males.
Ê (b) We know that, A B C D A B C D As per final data (given by Union Minister of
Area expansion coefficient (β) (a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 2 4 3 Health and Family Welfare) the correct data
Volumetric expansion coefficient (X) (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 3 4 2 1 is
=
2 Ê (a) State Sex Ratio (2011)
3 Type Type Characteristics
3 Meghalaya 989
X = Xβ Where β = 1.6 × 10 −5 k −1 Tropical Wet Af No dry season
2 Manipur 987
3 Mid-latitude BWk Mid-latitude
X = × 1.6 × 10 −5 K −1 Mizoram 976
2 arid Desert
or dry Tripura 960
X = 2 .4 × 10 −5 k −1
Mediterranean Cs Dry hot But according to the provisional data of
113. The refractive indices of two media summer Census 2011, the correct descending order
are denoted by n1 and n 2 and the is Meghalaya (989)-Manipur (987)-Mizoram
Humid- Df No dry season,
velocities of light in these two media continental severe winter (976)-Tripura (960).
are respectively v 1 and v 2 . If n 2 /n1 is Hence, option (c) is correct.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)
118. Steppe (temperate continental)
climate is not experienced in which
one of the following places?
(a) Pretoria (b) Saskatchewan
(c) Perth (d) Buenos Aires
Ê (a) Pretoria  is a city in the Northern part
of  Gauteng  province in  South Africa.
Pretoria has a  humid sub-tropical
climate  with long hot rainy summers and
short cool to cold, dry winters.
The mid latitude steppe climate spread over
temperate grasslands is located in the
interiors of the continents, which come in the
westerly wind belt, but because of their more
interior locations they do not get sufficient
rainfall and hence the grasslands are
practically treeless.
119. Which one of the following is not a
process of chemical weathering?
(a) Solution (b) Carbonation
(c) Oxidation (d) Exfoliation
Ê (d) Chemical weathering is caused by
rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in
rock to form new minerals and soluble salts.
These reactions occur particularly when the
water is slightly acidic. Different types of
chemical weathering are solution, oxidation
and carbonation. These chemical
processes occur more rapidly at higher
temperature.
Weathering  is the breakdown of rocks at
the Earth’s surface, by the action of
rainwater, extremes of temperature and
biological activity. It does not involve the
removal of rock material.
120. Which one of the following
statements is correct for a plane
mirror?
(a) Its focal length is zero.
(b) The size of the image of an object
placed in front of the mirror is slightly
less than that of the object.
(c) The image is virtual, erect and
laterally inverted.
(d) Its focal length is 200 cm.
Ê (c) In a plane mirror, image formed is virtual,
erect at the same distance behind the mirror
as the object is in front of mirror the focal
length of plane mirror is infinite and power is
zero.
121. An object is placed in front of a
convex mirror. Which one of the
following statements is correct?
(a) It will never form an inverted image.
(b) The image moves towards the focus
when the object moves towards the
mirror.
(c) Depending on the position of the
object with respect to the mirror, the
image can be inverted and real.
(d) The size of the image becomes larger
than that of the object when the
object is placed at a distance equal
to half the focal length.
Ê (a) The convex mirror will never form an
inverted image.
122. A circular coil of radius R having N
number of turns carries a steady
current I . The magnetic induction at
the centre of the coil is 0.1 tesla. If
the number of turns is doubled and
the radius is halved, which one of
the following will be the correct
value for the magnetic induction at
the centre of the coil?
(a) 0.05 tesla (b) 0.2 tesla
(c) 0.4 tesla (d) 0.8 tesla
Ê (c) Magnetic field at the centers of coil.
µ 0 Nl
B=
2r
µ Nl
⇒ 0.1 = 0 …(i)
2r
According to the question,
µ (2 N)( l )
B1 = 0
r
2×
2
 µ Nl
⇒ B1 = 4  0 
 2r 
From Eqs. (i), we get
B1 = 4 × 0.1 ⇒ B1 = 0.4 tesla
123. Which one among the following is
not a Fundamental Right under the
Constitution of India?
(a) Right to equality
(b) Right to freedom
(c) Right to citizenship
(d) Right against exploitation
Ê (c) Fundamental Rights  are the basic rights
of the common people and inalienable
rights of the people who enjoy it under
the  charter of rights  contained in Part III
(Article-12 to 35) of  Constitution of India.
Right to citizenship is not is fundamental
right.
All the Fundamental Rights have been
classified under the following six categories
Right to be Equality (Article14-18)
Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
Right against Exploitation (23-24)
Right to Freedom of Religion
(Article 25-28)
Cultural and Educational Rights
(Article 29-30)
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art.32)
The Right to Property is no longer a
Fundamental Right.
124. Which one of the following crops
was introduced by the Portuguese in
India?
(a) Opium (b) Coffee
(c) Betel leaf (d) Chili
29
Ê (d) Chili is reported to be an inhabitant of
South America and is widely scattered in all
tropical and sub-tropical countries
including India. It was first introduced in
India by the Portuguese towards the end of
the 15th Century.
125. Consider the following statements
about merchant guilds of South
India :
1. Ayyavole merchant guild was
originally established in Aihole.
2. Manigraman merchant guild was
sub-ordinated to the Anjuvannam
merchant guild in the 13th
century.
Which of the statement(s) given above
is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (a) Southern Indian trade guilds  were
formed by merchants in order to organise
and expand their trading activities. The two
most important merchant guilds of South
India were known as the Ayyavole and the
Manigraman. Ayyavole were a merchant
guild from Aihole that provided trade links
between trading communities in  Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Manigraman guild flourished in Tamil Nadu
in the Pallava and Chola periods and was
active in South-East Asia. The Manigramam
merchants enjoyed a special position as
compared to the other merchants.
Anjuvannam was another body of
merchants in South India, which almost
certainly represented an association of
foreign merchants who traded across the
Arabian sea. It interacted both with local
merchants as well as the Ayyavole and
Manigramam organisations.
126. Which one of the following pairs is
correctly matched?
Bhakti Saint Philosophy
(a) Shankara : Avadhuta
(b) Ramananda : Kevaladvaita
(c) Ramanuja : Vishishtadvaita
(d) Chaintanya : Advaita
Ê (c) Kevaladvaita is another name for the
philosophy of advaita which was
expounded by Adi Shankara. The meaning
of Advaita is non-dualism or belief in one
reality.
Philosophy of Vishishtadvaita was
pioneered by Ramanujacharya during the
11th century. It literally means the Unique
Advaita,  i.e., Advaita with some
amendments.
Avadhuta is a Sanskrit term used to refer to
a person who has reached a stage in their
spiritual development in which they are
beyond worldly concerns.
30
127. When did the Stamp Act Congress 130. The Central Vigilance Commission
consisting of delegates from 9 of the
13 colonies of America meet in New
York City?
(a) 1763 (b) 1764 (c) 1765 (d) 1766
Ê (c) The  Stamp Act Congress, or  First
Congress of the American Colonies, was a
meeting held between October 7 and 25,
1765, in  New York City. It consists of
representatives from some of the  British
colonies in North America. At this meet, the
delegates discussed and united against the
stamp act, which required the use of
specially stamped paper for legal
documents, playing cards, calendars,
newspapers and dice for virtually all
business in the colonies.
128. Who among the following travellers
was from Italy and visited
Vijayanagar Kingdom in the
fifteenth century?
(a) Nikitin (b) Fa-Hien
(c) Bernier (d) Nicolo Conti
Ê (d) Important Foreign Travellers Who Visited
India
Nicolo Conti (AD 1420-1421), an Italian
traveller, visited Vijayanagar empire during
the reign of Devaraya-I (theTuluva dynasty
ruler).
Nikitin (AD 1470–1474) was a Russian
merchant,who describes the condition of
the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III
(1463–82).
Fa-Hien was a Chinese pilgrim who visited
India during the reign of Chandra Gupta II.
His primary aim was to visit the Buddhist
religious places and to take with him the
copies of the Buddhist religious texts.
François Bernier  (September 25,
1620–September 22, 1688) was a French
physician and traveller. He was briefly
personal physician to Mughal prince Dara
Shikoh (son of the Mughal emperor Shah
Jahan), and was attached to the court of the
emperor  Aurangzeb.
129. Where did the French East India
Company first establish its factory
in India?
(a) Calicut (b) Surat
(c) Pondicherry (d) Masulipatnam
Ê (b) Among the Dutch, Danish, Portuguese
and French, the French East India Company
was the last to be formed. It was founded by
Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1664. Under Francis
Caron, the company established first factory
at Surat in 1667 and second factory was
established at Masulipattanam a year later.
In 1741, Joseph François Dupleix began to
cherish the ambition of a French Empire in
India. But the problem began to emerge
when the conflict of the British and French
started. The hopes of the French company
were finally ruined with the arrival of Robert
Clive(a British General) in India in 1744.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India was
was established on the authored by Dadabhai Naoroji. It brought
attention to the draining of India's wealth
recommendation of which one of
into Britain.
the following Committees?
(a) Santhanam Committee 132. Which one of the following is the
(b) Dinesh Goswami Committee Official Mascot of the FIFA World
(c) Tarkunde Committee
Cup 2018?
(d) Narasimham Committee (a) Fuleco (b) Zakumi
Ê (a) The Central Vigilance Commission was set (c) Pille (d) Zabivaka
up by the government in February,1964 on
Ê (d) The official mascot for the FIFA World
the recommendations of the Committee on Cup 2018 tournament was Zabivaka—an
Prevention  of Corruption, headed by K. anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the
Santhanam, to advise and guide Central colours of the Russian national team.
government agencies in the field of vigilance.
The  2018 FIFA World Cup  was the
CVC is conceived to be the apex vigilance
21st  FIFA World Cup, an international
institution, free of control from any executive
football   tournament contested by
authority, monitoring all vigilance activity
the  men's national teams  of the member
under the Central Government and advising
various authorities in Central Government
associations of  FIFA  once every four
years.
organizations in planning, executing,
reviewing and reforming their vigilance work. It 133. The Headquarters of the proposed
consists of A Central Vigilance Commissioner National Sports University (as per the
as a chairperson; and not more than two National Sports University
Vigilance Commissioners as its members.
Ordinance, 2018) will be set-up in
131. Match List I with List II and select (a) Chhattisgarh (b) Manipur
(c) Kerala (d) West Bengal
the correct answer using the codes
given below the Lists : Ê (b) National Sports University is a sports
university proposed to be set-up in Manipur
List I (Author) List II (Book) in India  and three outlying campuses, one
A. Bal 1. The Arctic each at Lucknow, Mohali and Gwalior. It
Gangadhar Home in the was proposed to be set-up by the National
Tilak Vedas Sports University Ordinance, 2018 (the
Ordinance) was designed on the lines of the
B. Dadabhai 2. Hind Swaraj
Naoroji National Sports University Bill, 2017.
C. Mahatma 3. The Discovery 134. Sentosa island, is located in
Gandhi of India (a) Singapore (b) China
(c) Australia (d) Sri Lanka
D. Jawaharlal 4. Poverty and
Nehru Un-British Ê (a) Sentosa, previously called  Pulau
Rule in India Blakang Mati, is a resort island in
Singapore. It was once a British military
Code base and a Japanese prisoner of war camp.
A B C D A B C D The island was renamed Sentosa and
(a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 3 2 4 1 turned into a tourist destination in 1972.
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 1 2 4 3 The island hosted the  2018 North
Ê (c) The Arctic Home in the Vedas is a history Korea–United States summit  between the
book on the origin of  Aryanic United States President  Donald Trump
People  by  Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It and  Kim Jong-un of North Korea on June
propounded the theory that the  North 12, 2018, at the  Capella Hotel. Sentosa
Pole  was the original home of Aryans island was gazetted as a ‘special event
during the pre-glacial period which they had area’ by the Singapore government.
to leave due to the ice deluge around  8000
BC.
135. India, in June, 2018, asserted that
any mega connectivity project must
Hind Swaraj  or  Indian Home Rule  is a
respect sovereignty and territorial
book written by  Mohandas K. Gandhi  in
integrity of the countries. The
1909. In it he expresses his views
project referred to above is
on  Swaraj,  modern civilisation,
(a) North-South Corridor Project
mechanisation  etc.
(b) Belt and Road Initiative
The  Discovery of India  was written by
(c) Chabahar Port
India’s first  Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal
(d) Panama Canal Expansion
Nehru  during his imprisonment in 1942–46
at Ahmednagar fort in Maharashtra, India. It Ê (b) The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative
is an honour paid to the rich cultural is a Chinese effort which focusses on
heritage of India, its history and its improving connectivity and cooperation
philosophy . among Asian countries, Africa, China and
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)
Europe. The emphasis is on enhancing land
as well as maritime routes through ‘Silk
Road Economic Belt’ and ‘Maritime Silk
Road’ initiatives respectively. With the
exception of Bhutan, which has no
diplomatic ties with China, almost every
other South Asian country has signed into
OBOR. But India has not signed it. The main
reason behind India’s opposition towards
the policy is the  China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), which is a part of OBOR.
Keeping this in mind, India in 2018 asserted
that to be a part of any mega project, it is
necessary that the project must respect
sovereignty and territorial integrity of the
countries.
136. Who among the following is not a
member of G-7?
(a) France (b) Germany
(c) Russia (d) Japan
Ê (c) The  Group of Seven  (G-7) is a group of
seven largest advanced economies in the
world, consisting of Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, the  United
Kingdom, and the United States. The 44th
edition of G-7 summit 2018 was hosted by
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in
Quebec (Canada) on June 8–9. The summit
was dubbed the G-6+1 by the French
Government and political commentators
because of the United States withdrawal
from the Iran Deal along with the Paris
Agreement, rampant American
protectionism and controversies with
French President Emmanuel Macron and
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
The 45th G-7 summit 2019 will be held a
France.
137. Who among the following leaders
started the Indian Home Rule
League?
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) JB Kripalani
Ê (c) Between the years 1916 and 1918, the
Indian independence movement witnessed
the growth and spread of the home rule
movement started by leaders like Bal
Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant. The aim
of the home rule movement was the
attainment of home rule or a dominion
status for India under the British Empire.
This movement was carried out through the
two home rule leagues – Indian Home Rule
League and Home Rule League. While
Tilak  launched the  Indian Home Rule
League  in April 1916 at Belgaum, Annie
Besant launched the Home Rule League  in
September, 1916 at Madras. The two
leagues worked closely with one another.
However, they did not merge to avoid
friction between both the leaders
138. Every Judge of the Supreme Court of
India is appointed by
(a) the Supreme Court Collegium
(b) the Cabinet
(c) the President of India
(d) the Lok Sabha
Ê (c) Article-124 provides for the
establishment and Constitution of Supreme
Court of India, which is the Apex Court of
India. The sanctioned strength of the judges
is 31, consisting of the Chief Justice and 30
other judges. Every Judge of the Supreme
Court shall be appointed by the President
by warrant under his hand and seal after
consultation with such of the Judges of the
Supreme Court and of the High Courts in
the States as the President may deem
necessary for the purpose and shall hold
office until he attains the age of 65 years.
139. The Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy of
Development was implemented for
the first time by which one of the
following Five-Year Plans?
(a) First Five-Year Plan
(b) Second Five-Year Plan
(c) Third Five-Year Plan
(d) Seventh Five-Year Plan
Ê (b) At the time of the formulation of the
Second Five Year Plan, Prof.PC
Mahalanobis (adviser to Late Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ), therefore it is
called as Nehru-Mahalanobis strategy. It
prepared a growth model with which he
showed that to achieve a rapid long-term
rate of growth it would be essential to
devote a major part of the investment outlay
to building of basic heavy industries.
140. Which one of the following is not a
part of the Directive Principles of
State Policy as enshrined in the
Constitution of India?
(a) Equal justice and free legal aid
(b) Protection of monuments and places
and objects of national importance
(c) Protection of personal law
(d) Separation of Judiciary from
Executive
Ê (c) Part-IV of Indian Constitution deals with
Directive Principles of our State Policy
(DPSP).  Basic aim of DPSPs is to
set-up  social and economic goals before
the law makers. Some of the (other than
given option DPSP’s) important DPSPs are
l
Uniform Civil Code for the citizens.
l
Provide free and compulsory education
for children below 14 years.
l
To promote international peace and
amity.
31
l
Protection and improvement of
environment and safeguarding of
forests and wildlife.
l
Organisation of Village Panchayats and
to promote cottage industry.
l
To bring about the prohibition of
intoxicating drinks and drugs that are
injurious to health.
l
Equal pay for equal work.
l
Participation of workers in the
management of the industries.
141. The word ‘socialist’ was inserted
into the Preamble to the
Constitution of India through which
one of the following Amendment
Acts?
(a) 41st Amendment Act
(b) 42nd Amendment Act
(c) 43rd Amendment Act
(d) 44th Amendment Act
Ê (b) The preamble to the constitution of India
is a brief introductory statement that sets out
the guiding purpose, principles and
philosophy of the Constitution. Preamble
gives idea about the source of the
Constitution, nature of Indian State
(democratic, sovereign, socialist, secular,
republic) a statement of its objectives and
the date of its adoption. The  42nd
Amendment  Act amended the
Preamble  and changed the description of
India from ‘sovereign democratic republic’
to a ‘sovereign, socialist secular democratic
republic’, and also changed the words
‘unity of the nation’ to ‘unity and integrity of
the nation’.
142. The palace of English East India
Company settlement in Madras was
known as
(a) Fort William
(b) Fort St. George
(c) Elphinstone Circle
(d) Marble Palace
Ê (b) The English East India Company was
originally known as ‘The Company of
Merchants of London trading into the East
Indies.’ It was founded by a Royal Charter,
signed by Queen Elizabeth-I, on
31st December, 1600. Sir Thomas Smith
was the Company’s first Governor.
Soon, English open their trading centres at
several parts of India. In 1613, Mughal
emperor Jahangir issued a farman
(permission letter) to English to establish
their trade centre in India, hence British
established their 1st trading factory at Surat
in 1613. In 1639 AD, the East India Company
obtained the lease of the city of Madras from
the local king where it built Fort St. George to
protect its factory.
32
143. Which one of the following Indian
States (other than Himalayan
or North-Eastern States) ranked first
in the Composite Water
Management Index as per the report
issued by the NITI Aayog in June,
2018?
(a) Madhya Pradesh(b) Karnataka
(c) Gujarat (d) Maharashtra
Ê (c) The NITI (National Institution for
Transforming India) Aayog launched
Composite Water Management Index to
assess and improve performance in
efficient management of water resources. It
146. ‘Seva Bhoj Yojana’, a scheme of the
aims to inspire States/UTs towards efficient
and optimal utilisation of water and
recycling thereof with sense of urgency.
The index comprises of nine parameters
and 28 indicators. The states were divided
into two categories namely North-Eastern
and Himalayan states and other States, to
take into account different hydrological
conditions across these groups. The
ranking of States/UTs is given below :
Gujarat topped the list followed by Madhya
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
Maharashtra in category of General States
or Other States. Tripura has topped the list
followed by Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and
Asom in category of North–Eastern and
Himalayan states.
144. Who among the following is the
ex-officio Chairman of the
North-Eastern Council?
(a) The President of India
(b) The Prime Minister of India
(c) The Union Home Minister
(d) The Union Minister of State
(Independent Charge), Ministry of
Development of North-Eastern
147. Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, who was
Region
Ê (c) The North-Eastern Council is the nodal
agency for the economic and social
development of the North-Eastern Region
which consists of the eight states of
Arunachal Pradesh, Asom, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and
Tripura. It was constituted in 1971 by an Act of
Parliament. The Union Home Minister acts as
ex-officio  Chairman of North-Eastern
Council  (NEC). The Secretariat
(Headquarters) of the Council is located at
Shillong, Meghalaya. The President of India
nominates the Chairman of the Council.
145. Which one of the following is the
theme of the World Blood Donor
Day 2018?
(a) Blood connects us all
(b) Be there for someone else. Give
blood. Share life
(c) Give blood. Give now. Give often
(d) Thank you for saving my life
Ê (a) The host country for World Blood Donor
Day 2018 events was Greece with the
theme ‘Blood Connects us All’. The global
event was held in Athens on 14th June,
2018.
Every year, on 14 June, countries around
the world celebrate World Blood Donor Day.
The event serves to thank voluntary, unpaid
blood donors for their life-saving gifts of
blood and to raise awareness of the need
for regular blood donations to ensure the
quality, safety and availability of blood and
blood products for patients in need.
government of India that seeks to
reimburse Central share of CGST
and IGST on
Food/Prasad/Langar/Bhandara
offered by religious institutions, is
introduced recently by which one of
the following Ministries?
(a) The Ministry of Culture
(b) The Ministry of Home Affairs
(c) The Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Food and Public Distribution
(d) The Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment
Ê (a) The Ministry of Culture, government of
India has introduced a new scheme namely
‘Seva Bhoj Yojana’ to provide financial
assistance on purchase of specific food
items by Charitable Religious Institutions
(CRIs) for free distribution among people.
Under this scheme, Centre’s share of
Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST)
charged on the raw food materials
purchased by the religious institutions will
be refunded.
awarded Nikkei Asia Prize 2018 for
Culture and Community, is the
founder of
(a) Bachpan Bachao Andolan
(b) PRS Legislative Research
(c) Sulabh Sanitation and Social Reform
Movement
(d) Smile Foundation
Ê (c) Bindeshwar Pathak, a noted social
reformer and founder of Sulabh
International, was honoured with Japan’s
prestigious ‘Nikkei Asia Prize for Culture and
Community’ for his significant work in
tackling poor hygiene and discrimination.
Launched in 1996, the award honours
people in Asia who have made significant
contributions in one of the three
areas–regional growth; science, technology
and innovation; and culture and community.
Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
and Infosys Chairman Narayan Murthy are
among the few Indians who have won the
prize in the past.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II)
148. Article-352 of the Constitution of
India contains provisions related to
(a) financial emergency
(b) failure of constitutional machinery in
States
(c) suspension of the enforcement of
rights conferred in Part III of the
Constitution
(d) general emergency
Ê (d) The part 18 of Indian Constitution deals
with the emergency provisions. It contain
three types of emergency namely:
National Emergency : Article 352
This Article says that if the president is
satisfied that a grave emergency exists
whereby the security of India or any part of
the territory of India is threatened by war or
external aggression or armed rebellion, he
may proclaim an emergency.
149. The Theosophical Society was led by
(a) AO Hume (b) Arthur Griffith
(c) Annie Besant (d) Lord Dufferin
Ê (c) The Theosophical Society was founded
by  Madame Blavatsky and Col. Olcott  in
1875 in New York. It was only in 1879, that
this ideology gained its roots in the India. It
was crystallised in the  Madras Presidency
with its headquarters in  Adayar.  The
movement was popularised by  Annie
Besant in India. It was based on the
principles of Universal brotherhood and the
study of comparative religion and
philosophy. The chief aim of the
Theosophical Society in India was to
establish the lost glory and honour of Hindu
religion. Mrs. Annie Besant became its
President and worked for the upliftment of
Indian mass.
150. Which one of the following
statements about Bipin Chandra Pal
is correct?
(a) He was a member of the moderate
group of Congress.
(b) He was a member of the extremist
group of Congress.
(c) He was the Minister of Defence in the
first government of independent India.
(d) He was the Chief Minister of West
Bengal.
Ê (b) In the beginning of the 20th century, a
new class of national leaders emerged in
India which was different from the moderate
group. They were known as extremists, who
took a more aggressive stance against the
British Empire and did not believe in the
soft, persuasive approach of the moderate
leaders. Important extremist leaders were
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin
Chandra Pal (Lal-Bal-Pal) leading the
extremist cause in Punjab, Bombay and
Bengal respectively. Their goal was ‘swaraj’
and did not stick to constitutional methods
of protest and demand rather they resorted
to boycotts, strikes, etc.
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2018 (I)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. If n ∈ N , then 3. In the expansion of (1 + x )43 , if the 5. Let α and β be real number and z be a
121 − 25 + 190 − ( − 4 ) is divisible
n n n n coefficients of (2r + 1)th and (r + 2) complex number. If z 2 + αz + β = 0
by which one of the following? th terms are equal, then what is the has two distinct non-real roots with
(a) 1904 (b) 2000 (c) 2002 (d) 2006 values of r (r ≠ 1) ? Re (z ) = 1, then it is necessary that
(a) 5 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 22 (a) β ∈ ( −1, 0) (b)|β| = 1
Ê (b) We have, (c) β ∈ (1, ∞ ) (d) β ∈ ( 0, 1)
Ê (b) We have, (1 + x)
43
121n − 25 n + 1900 n − ( − 4)n
On putting n = 1, we get
∴ General term, Tr +1 = 43
C r xr Ê (c) Let z = x + iy
Now, we have
(121)1 − (25)1 + (1900)1 − ( −4)1 Now, T2r +1 = 43
C 2r x 2r
z2 + αz + β = 0
r +1
= 121 − 25 + 1900 + 4 and Tr +2 = 43
Cr +1 x ⇒ ( x + iy)2 + α ( x + iy) + β = 0
= 2000
Now, according to the question ⇒ x 2 − y 2 + 2 ixy + αx + iαy + β = 0
Which is divisible by 2000.
Coefficients of (2 r + 1) th and ( r + 2 ) th [Q i 2 = −1]
2. If n = (2017 )! , then what is terms are equal
⇒ ( x − y + αx + β ) + (2 xy + αy) i = 0
2 2

1 1 1 ∴ 43
C 2r = 43C r + 1
+ + On comparing,
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n ⇒ 2 r + r + 1 = 43 x 2 − y 2 + αx + β = 0 and 2 xy + αy = 0
1 [Q if nC x = nC y ⇒ x + y = n]
+…+ equal to ? ⇒ x 2 − y 2 + αx + β = 0 and (2 x + α ) y = 0
log 2017 n ⇒ 3r = 42
⇒ x 2 − y 2 + αx + β = 0 and 2 x + α = 0
n ⇒ r = 14
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) n [Q y ≠ 0]
2 4. What is the principal argument of
⇒ x 2 − y 2 + αx + β = 0 and α = − 2 x
Ê (b) We have, ( − 1 − i ) , where i = −1?
1 1 1 1 π π ⇒ x 2 − y 2 + αx + β = 0 and α = − 2
+ + + .... + (a) (b) −
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n log 2017 n 4 4 [QRe( z) = 1 = x]
3π 3π ⇒ 1 − y 2 − 2 + β = 0 [Q x = 1, α = − 2 ]
= log n 2 + log n 3 + log n 4 + .... + log n 2017 (c) − (d)
4 4
⇒ β = y2 + 1
 1  Ê (c) Let z − 1 − i
Q log b a = log b  | b| | − 1|
⇒ β ∈ (1, ∞ )
 a  Now, tanα = = [Q y 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ y 2 + 1 ≥ 1]
= log n(2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4......2017 ) | a| | − 1|
[Qlog a + log b = log ab] [Q a = − 1, b = − 1] 6. Let A and B be subsets of X and
= log n(1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4......2017 ) π−1 C = ( A ∩ B ′ ) ∪ ( A ′ ∩ B ), where A ′
∴ α = tan (1) =
= log n(2017 )! 4 and B′ are complements of A and B
Since a, b both are negative, respectively in X . What is C equal to ?
[Q n( n − 1)( n − 2 ) K 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = n!]
∴ arg( z) = α − π (a) ( A ∪ B′ ) − ( A ∩ B′ )
= log( 2017)! (2017 )! [Q n = 2017 !] (b) ( A ′ ∪ B) − ( A ′ ∩ B)
π −3 π
=1 [Q log a a = 1] = − π=
4 4 (c) ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B)
(d) ( A ′ ∪ B′ ) − ( A ′ ∩ B′ )
34 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

Ê (c) We have, C = ( A ∩ B′ ) ∪ ( A ′ ∩ B) According to the question, ⇒ 15 x (1 + 3 x ) = 12 ⋅ 5 x

a+ b
= ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) 5 ⇒ 3 x (1 + 3 x ) = 12
2 =
[Q X ∩ Y ′ = x − y] ab 3 ⇒ y (1 + y) = 12 [where y = 3 x ]
= ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B)  a+ b  ⇒ y + y − 12 = 0
2
Q A :G = 5 : 3, A = ,G = ab
[from venn diagram]  2 
a + b 10 ⇒ ( y + 4)( y − 3) = 0
⇒ = ⇒ y = − 4, 3
A B ab 3
2 ⇒ 3 x = − 4, 3
( a + b )2  10 
⇒ =  ⇒ 3x = 3 [Q3 x ≠ − 4]
(A–B) ab  3
(B–A) ⇒ x=1
a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab 100
⇒ =
U ab 9 12. How many four-digit numbers
a b 100 divisible by 10 can be formed using 1,
⇒ + +2 =
7. How many numbers between 100 b a 9 5, 0, 6, 7 without repetition of digits?
and 1000 can be formed with the 1 100 Q a = t  (a) 24 (b) 36
⇒ t + +2 =
 b  (c) 44 (d) 64
digits 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, if the repetition of t 9
digits is not allowed? t 2 + 1 + 2t 100 Ê (a) We have to form four digit numbers
5 3 ⇒ = which are divisible by 10 and using 1, 5, 0,
(a) 3 (b) 5 t 9
(c) 120 (d) 60 6, 7. Since numbers must be divisible by
⇒ 9 t − 82t + 9 = 0
2
10, so unit place must be zero.
Ê (d) Number lying between 100 and 1000 ⇒ (t − 9)( 9 t − 1) = 0 ∴ Total number of such numbers =
are of three digit. Since the numbers are 1
⇒ t = 9, Permutations of three digits using 1, 5, 6,
to be formed with 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and
9 7
repetition is not allowed, so total number
of numbers ∴
a
= 9 or =
a 1 Q t = a  = 4 P3 =
4!
= 4! = 24
b b 9  b  ( 4 − 3)!
= 5 × 4 × 3 = 60
⇒ a : b = 9 : 1 or 1 : 9
8. The number of non-zero integral Directions (Q. Nos. 13-14) Consider
solution of the equation 10. If the coefficients of am and an is the
m +n the information given below and
| 1 − 2i | x = 5x is expansion of (1 + a ) are α and β,
answer the two items that follow
(a) Zero (no solution) then which one of the following is
In a class, 54 students are good in Hindi
(b) One correct? only, 63 students are good in Mathematics
(c) Two (a) α = 2β (b) α = β only and 41 students are good in English
(d) Three (c) 2α = β (d) α = ( m + n)β only. There are 18 students who are good
Ê (a) We have, Ê (b) We have in both Hindi and Mathematics. 10
|1 − 2 i| = 5
x x (1 + a )m + n students are good in all three subjects.
m+n
∴ Tr = C r ar 13. What is the number of students who
⇒ ( (1)2 + ( −2 )2 )x = 5 x +1

∴ Coefficient of a = m m+n
Cm [Qr = m] are good in either Hindi or
[Q a + ib = a2 + b 2 ] Mathematics but not English?
m+n
and coefficient of a =
n
Cn [Q (a) 99 (b) 107
⇒ ( 1 + 4 )x = 5 x
r = n] (c) 125 (d) 130
⇒ ( 5 )x = 5 x ∴ α = m+n
Cm 14. What is the number of students who
⇒ x/2
=5 x m+n
5 and β= Cn are good in Hindi and Mathematics
m+n
⇒
x
= x = C m + n − n[Q nC r = nC n − r ] but not in English?
2 = m + nC m = α (a) 18 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 8
[Q a m = a n ⇒ m = n] ∴ α =β Solution (Q. Nos. 13-14)
x 11. If x + log15 (1 + 3x ) = x log15 5 + log15 12,
⇒ =0x−
2 H M
x
where x is an integer, then what is x
⇒ =0 equal to? 54 8 63
2
(a) − 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3 10
⇒ x =0
But x is non-zero integral. Ê (c) We have,
∴Given equation has no solution. x + log15(1 + 3 x ) = x log15 5 + log15 12 41
⇒ log15 15 x + log15(1 + 3 x ) E
9. If the ratio of AM of GM of two
positive numbers a and b is 5 : 3, then = log15 5 x + log15 12
a : b is equal to [Qlog a a = 1 and log b a m = mlog b a]
Ê (c) From given Venn-diagram
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 2 : 9 ⇒ log15[15 x (1 + 3 x )] = log15( 5 x × 12 ) n( H ∪ M ∪ E ′ ) = 54 + 8 + 63 = 125
(c) 9 : 1 (d) 5 : 3
[Qlog a + log b = log ab] Ê (d) From given Venn-diagram
Ê (c) Let a and b be two numbers. n( H ∩ M ∩ E ′ ) = 18 − 10 = 8
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 35

15. If α and β are different complex 2 31 [Q z = a + ib ⇒| z| = a2 + b 2 ]

numbers with | α | = 1, then what is 2 15 1
= 3 + 1= 4 = 2
α −β 2 7 1
Now, amp ( z) = tan−1  
b
equal to ? 2 3 1  a
1 − αβ
2 1 1  1  π
(a)|β| (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 = tan−1  =
0 1  3 6
Ê (c) We have,  π 1 
α −β α −β ∴( 31)10 = (11111)2 Q tan =
=  6 3 
1 − αβ αα − αβ 18. What is i 1000 + i 1001 + i 1002 + i 1003 ∴ z = r (cos θ + i sinθ)
[Q|α| = 1 ⇒ |α|2 = 1 ⇒ α ⋅ α = 1] equal to (where i = −1) ? π π
= 2  cos + i sin 
α −β (a) 0 (b) i (c) − i (d) 1  6 6
= π
α (α − β ) Ê (a) We have, [Q r = | z| = 2 and θ = amp( z) = ]
6
1 α −β i 1000 + i 1001 + i 1002 + i 1003
= 21. What is the number of non-zero
|α| α − β = i 1000[1 + i + i 2 + i 3 ]
terms in the expansion of
|α − β| = i 1000[1 + i − 1 − i ]
= (1 + 2 3x )11 + (1 − 2 3x )11 (after
|α ||α − β| [Q i 2 = − 1, i 3 = − i ] simplification)?
|α − β| =0
= [Q| z | = | z|] (a) 4 (b) 5
|α ||α − β| (c) 6 (d) 11
19. What is
1
Ê (c) In ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) , number of
n n
= =1 1 1 1
|α| + + +…
log 2 N log 3 N log 4 N terms
[Q|α| = 1]
1  n + 2 , if n is even
16. The equation |1 − x | + x 2 = 5 has + equal to ( N ≠ 1) ? 
= 2
log100 N n+1
(a) a rational root and an irrational root  , if n is odd
(b) two rational roots (a)
1
(b)
1  2
(c) two irrational roots log100! N log 99! N ∴ Number of terms in
(d) no real roots
(c)
99
(d)
99 (1 + 2 3 x )11 + (1 − 2 3 x )11
Ê (a) We have, log100! N log 99! N
=
11 + 1
[Qn = 11, is odd]
|1 − x | + x 2 = 5
Ê (a) We have, 12
2
Case I When x < 1 1
+
1
+
1
+ .... +
1 = =6
2
1 − x + x2 = 5 log 2 N log 3 N log 4 N log100 N

[Q x < 1 ⇒|1 − x | = 1 − x] = log N 2 + log N 3 + log N 4 + ... + log N 100 22. What is the greatest integer among
 1  the following, by which the number
⇒x − x−4=0
2
Q log b a = log b  55 + 7 5 is divisible?
1± 1 − 4 (1) ( − 4)  a 
⇒ x= (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 11 (d) 12
2 = log N 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ...100
1± 17 [Qlog a + log b = log ab] Ê (d) We know that when m is odd then
= ( x m + y m ) is divisible by ( x + y).
2 = log N 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ...100
= log N (100)! ∴5 5 + 7 5 is divisible by 5 + 7 = 12 as
1 − 17
⇒ x= [Q x < 1] m = 5 is odd.
2 [Q n! = n( n − 1) ( n − 2 ) ... 2 ⋅ 1]
Case II When x ≥ 1 =
1 23. If x = 1 − y + y 2 − y 3 … up to
log(100)! N
− (1 − x ) + x 2 = 5 infinite terms, where | y | < 1, then
[Q x ≥ 1 ⇒ |1 − x | = − (1 − x )] 20. The modulus-amplitude form of which one of the following is
⇒ − 1 + x + x2 = 5
correct?
3 + i, where i = −1 is 1 1
(a) x = (b) x =
⇒ x2 + x − 6 = 0 π π 1+ y 1− y
(a) 2  cos + i sin 
⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = 0  3 3 (c) x =
y
(d) x =
y
 π π 1+ y 1− y
⇒ x = − 3, 2 (b) 2  cos + i sin 
 6 6
⇒ x=2 [Q x ≥ 1] Ê (a) We have,
π π
∴ Given equation has a rational root and (c) 4  cos + i sin  x = 1 − y + y 2 − y 3 + ... ∞ ,| y|< 1
an irrational root.  3 3
1
π π =
17. The binary number expression of the (d) 4  cos + i sin  1 − ( − y)
 6 6
decimal number 31 is a
[Q a + ar + ar 2 + K ∞ = , r < 1]
(a) 1111 (b) 10111 Ê (b) Let z = 3 + i 1− r
(c) 11011 (d) 11111 1
∴ | z| = ( 3 )2 + (1)2 =
Ê (d) 1+ y
36 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

cos θ − sinθ 0 
24. What is the inverse of the matrix Ê (d) We have,
=  sinθ cos θ 0 C ( n1r ) + 2 C ( n, r − 1) + C ( n, r − 2 )
 
 cos θ sin θ 0  0 0 1
  = nC r + 2 ⋅ nC r − 1 + nC r − 2
A =  − sin θ cos θ 0 ?
 0 25. If A is a 2 × 3 matrix and AB is a 2 × 5 = ( nC r + nC r − 1 ) + ( nC r − 1 + nC r − 2 )
 0 1 n +1 n +1
matrix, then B must be a = Cr + Cr − 1
 cos θ − sinθ 0 (a) 3 × 5 matrix (b) 5 × 3 matrix
  [Q C r + nC r − 1 =
n n +1
(a)  sinθ cos θ 0 (c) 3 × 2 matrix (d) 5 × 2 matrix Cr]
 0 1 n +1 +1
 0 Ê (a) Let order of B is m × n. = Cr
 cos θ 0 − sinθ Now, according to the question = n +2
Cr
 
(b)  0 1 0  A 2 × 3 × Bm × n = ( AB)2 × 5 = C ( n + 2, r )
 sinθ 0 cos θ 
  ∴ m = 3 and n = 5 29. Let | x | denote the greatest integer
1 0 0  ∴ Order of B is 3 × 5.
  function. What is the number of
(c)  0 cos θ − sinθ 1 2
 0 sinθ cos θ  26. If A =   and A − kA − I 2 = O ,
2 solutions of the equation
  2 3 x 2 − 4 x + [ x ] = 0 in the interval
 cos θ sinθ 0 where I 2 is the 2 × 2 identity matrix, [0, 2] ?
 
(d)  − sinθ cos θ 0 then what is the value of k ? (a) Zero (no solution) (b) One
 0 0 1 (b) − 4
 (a) 4 (c) Two (d) Three
(c) 8 (d) − 8
Ê (a) We have, Ê (b) We have,
 cos θ sinθ 0 
Ê (a) We have, x 2 − 4 x + [ x] = 0
1 2 
A =  − sinθ cos θ 0  A=  Case I x∈ [0, 1]
  2 3
 0 0 1  ∴ x2 − 4 x + 0 = 0
1 2  1 2  [Q x∈ [0, 1] ⇒ [ x ] = 0]
| A | = 1 [cos 2 θ − ( − sin2 θ)] = 1 ≠ 0 ∴ A2 = A ⋅ A =   
2 3 2 3 ⇒ x2 − 4 x = 0
cos θ 0
C11 = = cos θ  1⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 1⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 
0 1 = ⇒ x ( x − 4) = 0

− sinθ 0 2 ⋅ 1 + 3 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 ⇒ x = 0, 4
C12 =− = sinθ 5 8 
0 1 = ⇒ x=0

− sinθ cos θ  8 13 [Q x∈ [0, 1]]
C13 = =0 Case II x∈ [1, 2 ]
0 0 Now, it is given that,
A 2 − kA − I2 = 0 ∴ x2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
sinθ 0
C 21 =− = − sinθ [Q x∈ [1, 2 ] ⇒ x = 1]
0 1 5 8   k 2 k   1 0
⇒ − − =0
cos θ 0  8 13 2 k 3k   0 1 ⇒ x=
4± 16 − 4
C 22 = = cos θ 2
0 1 4 8   k 2 k
⇒ = 4±2 3
cos θ sinθ  8 12  2 k 3k  ⇒ x=
C 23 = − =0 2
0 0 ⇒ k=4
sinθ 0 ⇒ x=2 ± 3
C 31 = =0 27. What is the number of triangles that ⇒ x = 0 .268, 3.732
cos θ 0 can be formed by choosing the
No solution [Q x∈ [1,2 ] ]
cos θ 0 vertices from a set of 12 points in a
C 32 =− =0 ∴Given equation has only one solution i.e.
− sinθ 0 plane, seven of which lie on the same x = 0.
cos θ sinθ straight line?
C 33 = = cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 (a) 185 (b) 175
30. A survey of 850 students in a
− sinθ cos θ University yields that 680 students
(c) 115 (d) 105
 cos θ sinθ 0
T
like music and 215 like dance. What
∴ adjA =  − sinθ cos θ 0 Ê (a) Required number of triangle is the least number of students who
  = C 3 − 7C 3
12
 0 0 1  like both music and dance?
12 × 11 × 10 7 × 6 × 5 (a) 40 (b) 45
cos θ − sinθ 0 = −
3×2 ×1 3×2 ×1 (c) 50 (d) 55
=  sinθ cos θ 0
  Ê (b) Let A be the set of students who like
 0 0 1 = 220 − 35 = 185
music and B be the set of students whose
1 28. What is like dance.
∴ A −1 = adj
| A| C (n , r ) + 2C (n , r − 1) + C (n , r − 2) ∴n( A ) = 680, n( B) = 215 and n(U ) = 850
T equal to ? We know that,
cos θ − sinθ 0  (a) C ( n + 1, r )
1  n( A ∩ B) = n( A ) + n( B) − n( A ∪ B)
A= sinθ cos θ 0  (b) C ( n − 1, r + 1)
1   ⇒
 0 0 1  (c) C ( n, r + 1)
n( A ∩ B)min = n( A ) + n( B) − n( A ∪ B)max
(d) C ( n + 2, r )
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 37

⇒ n( A ∩ B)min = 680 + 215 − 850 3 π π

34. If x , , z are in AP; x , 3, z are in GP; (a) π (b) (c) (d) 0
[Q n( A ∪ B)max = n( ∪ )] 2 2 4
= 45 1 1
then which one of the following will Ê (c) We have, sin x = and sin y =
be in HP? 5 10
31. What is the sum of all two-digit 1 −1 1
numbers, which when divided by 3 (a) x , 6, z (b) x , 4, z ⇒ x = sin and y = sin−1
(c) x , 2, z (d) x , 1, z 5 10
leave 2 as the remainder ? 1 1
(a) 1565 (b) 1585 Ê (a) We have, Now, x + y = sin−1 + sin−1
(c) 1635 (d) 1655 3 5 10
x, , z are in AP.
2  2 2
Ê (c) Required numbers are 11, 14, 17, ... 98 1  1  1  1  
x+ z 3 = sin−1  1−   + 1−  
which is an AP. ⇒ =  5  10  10  5 
2 2  
We know that,
⇒ x+ z=3 … (i) [Q sin−1 x + sin−1 y = sin−1 [ x 1 − y 2
an = a + ( n − 1)d
98 = 11 + ( n − 1) ( 3) Also, x, 3, z are in GP + y 1 − x2 ]
⇒ 98 = 11 + 3n − 3 ⇒ x z = 32
 1 1 1 1
= sin−1  1− + 1− 
⇒ 98 = 3n + 8 ⇒ x z=9 … (ii) 10 5
 5 10
⇒ 90 = 3n Now, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
−1  1 3 1 2 
⇒ n = 30 2 xz 2 ×9 = sin  × + ×
=  5 10 10 5 
∴ Sum = 11 + 14 + 17 + .... + 98 x+ y 3
 5 
2 xz = sin−1 
[11 + 98] Q S n = ( a + l )
30 n ⇒ =6 
=
2  2  x+ z  5 × 10 
⇒ x , 6, z are in HP.  1 
= 15 × 109 = sin−1  
= 1635  2
35. What is the value of the sum
π  π 1 
32. If 0 > a < 1, the value of log10 a is 11
= Q sin 4 = 2 
negative. This is justified by
∑(in + in+1 ), where i = −1? 4
n =2
(a) Negative power of 10 is less than 1 sin 5x − sin 3x
(a) i (b) 2 i (c) − 2 i (d) 1 + i 37. What is equal to ?
(b) Negative power of 10 is between 0 cos 5x + cos 3x
and 1 Ê (c) We have,
(c) Negative power of 10 is positive 11 11 (a) sin x (b) cos x
(d) Negative power of 10 is negative
Σ (i n + i n + 1 ) = Σ i n(1 + i ) (c) tan x (d) cot x
n= 2 n= 2
sin 5 x − sin 3 x
Ê (b) Let log10 a = x 11 Ê (c) Given,
= (1 + i ) Σ i n
cos 5 x + cos 3 x
⇒ a = 10 x n= 2
5x + 3x 5x − 3x
= (1 + i ) [i 2 + i 3 + i 4 + ... + i 11 ] 2 cos . sin
It is given that = 2 2
0< a< 1  i 10 − 1 5x + 3x 5x − 3x
= (1 + i ) i 2  
2 cos . cos
 i −1 
⇒ 0 < 10 x < 1 2 2
   C + D  C − D
⇒ x must be negative n−1  r n − 1  Q sinC − sin D = 2 cos  2  ⋅ sin 2  and
Q a + ar + ar + K + ar = a
2
∴If 0 < a < 1, the value oflog10 a is negative  
  r − 1   C + D C − D 
cos C + cos D = 2 cos 
implies that negative power of 10 is
between 0 and 1. (1 + i )i 2( i 2 × 4 + 2 − 1)  2 
 cos  
 2  
=
( i − 1) 2 cos 4x sin x sin x
33. The third term of a GP is 3. What is = = = tan x
the product of the first five terms? − (1 + i ) ( i 2 − 1) 2 cos 4x cos x cos x
= [Q i 2 = − 1]
(a) 216 ( i − 1)
38. What is sin 105° + cos 105° equal to ?
(b) 226 − (1 + i )( − 1 − 1) 2 (1 + i )
(c) 243 = = (a) sin 50° (b) cos 50°
( i − 1) ( i − 1) 1
(d) Cannot be determined due to (c) (d) 0
2 (1 + i ) i +1 2
insufficient data = ×
( i − 1) ( i + 1)
Ê (c) Let a and r be the first term and Ê (c) We have, sin105° + cos 105°
common ratio of of the GP. 2 (i + 1 + i 2 + i ) = sin( 90° + 15° ) + cos 105°
=
∴ a3 = 3 i2 − 1 = cos 15° + cos 105°
⇒ ar 2 = 3 [Qan = ar n − 1] … (i) 2 (i + 1 − 1 + i ) [Qsin( 90 + θ) = cos θ]
=
Required product = a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a4 ⋅ a5 −1 − 1  105° + 15°   105° − 15° 
= 2 cos   cos  
= ( a )( ar )( ar 2 )( ar 3 )( ar 4 ) = − 2i  2   2 
= a 5r10 = ( ar 2 )5 1 1  C + D 
36. If sin x = , siny = , where Q cos C + cos D = 2 cos  2  
= ( 3)5
[from Eq. (i)] 5 10  
C − D
= 243 π π cos   
0< x < , 0 < y < , then what is   2  
2 2
( x + y ) equal to ?
38 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

= 2 cos 60° cos 45° = 2 ×

1
×
1
42. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle and in ∆OCD
2 x+ 6
2 with centre O. Let α = ∠ BAC, where tanα = … (ii)
 1  y+2 3
1 45° < α < 90°. Let β = ∠ BOC.
Q cos 60° = 2 , cos 45° = 2  From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Which one of the following is
1 x+ 6
= correct? x
=
2 1 − tan2 α y y+2 3
(a) cos β =
39. In a ∆ABC, if a = 2, b = 3 1 + tan2 α ⇒ xy + 2 3 x = xy + 6 x
2 1 + tan2 α
and sin A = , then what is ∠ B equal (b) cos β = ⇒
x
= 3
3 1 − tan2 α y
2 tanα
to ? (c) cos β = ⇒ tanα = 3 [from Eq. (i)]
π π π π 1 + tan2 α
(a) (b) (c) (d) ⇒ α = 60°
4 2 3 6 (d) sinβ = 2 sin2 α
 1  3
Ê (b) We have, a = 2, b = 3 and sin A =
2 Ê (a) We know that angle subtended by a 44. What is tan −1   + tan −1  
3 chord at centre is always double the   4   5
Now, from sine formula angle subtended by it at any other part of equal to ?
sin A sin B the circle. π
= (a) 0 (b)
a b A 4
π π
2 (c) (d)
α 3 2
⇒ 3 = sin B
2 b
O Ê (b) We have
⇒ sin B = 1 tan−1   + tan−1  
1 3
β  4  5
π Q sin π = 1
⇒ B=
 
2 2 B C  1+ 3 
 
40. What is the principal value of = tan−1  4 5 
1 3
1 − × 
 2π  ∴ β = 2α  4 5
sin −1 sin  ?
 3 ⇒ cos β = cos 2α x+ y
[Q tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1 ,
π π π 2π 1 − tan2 α 1 − xy
(a) (b) (c) (d) ⇒ cos β =
4 2 3 3 1 + tan2 α xy < 1]
−1  2π  1 + tan2 θ   5 + 12 
Ê (c) We have, sin  sin  Q cos 2θ =   
3  1 + tan2 θ 
= tan−1  20 
 π  20 − 3
= sin−1  sin  π −   43. If a flage-staff of 6 m height placed  
  3  20 
on the top of a tower throws a
= tan−1  
π 17
−1
= sin sin [Qsin( π − θ) = sinθ] shadow of 2 3 m along the ground, = tan−1 1
 17 
3
then what is the angle that the sun
π π Q tan−1 1 = π 
= makes with the ground ? =
3 4  4 
(a) 60° (b) 45°
 −1  −π π (c) 30° (d) 15°
Q sin sinθ = θ, if θ ∈  2 , 2   45. A spherical balloon of radius r
  Ê (a) Let OB and BD be the tower and subtends an angle α at the eye of an
flag-staff respectively. OA and AC be the
41. If x , x − y and x + y are the angles of shadow of tower and flag-staff observer, while the angle of
a triangle (not an equilateral respectively. elevation of its centre is β. What is
triangle) such that tan( x − y ), tan x D the height of the centre of the
and tan( x + y ) are in GP, then what 6m balloon (neglecting the height of the
is x equal to ? observer)?
π π B
r sinβ r sinβ
(a) (b) (a) (b)
4 3 α α
π π
xm sin   sin  
(c) (d) 2  4
6 2 α α
β
O A C r sin 
Ê (b) We have, ym 2 r sinα
x, x − y, x + y are the angles of a 2√3 m (c) (d)
sinα β
triangle. Since, sum of angles of a triangle Again let α be the angle that sun makes sin  
2
= π with the ground.
∴ x+ x− y+ x+ y= π ∴ ∠OAB = ∠OCD = α Ê (a) LetO bet the centre of the balloon, P be
⇒ 3x = π Now, in ∆OAB the eye of the observer and ∠APB be the
π x angle subtendd by the balloon at the eye
⇒ x = tanα = … (i)
3 y of the observer. ∠APB = α
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 39

 π  π
Ê (b) We have, Ê (a) Let f( x) = sin  x +  + cos  x + 
A sinα + sinβ = 0 = cos α + cos β 5 5
r  1 π π 
∴(sinα + sinβ )2 + (cos α + cos β )2 = 0 sin  x +  + cos  x +  
1
O = 2 
 2  5  2  5
⇒ sin2 α + sin2 β + 2 sinα sinβ + cos 2 α
  π π 
α/2 α B + cos 2 β + 2 cos α cos β = 0 sin  x + 5  cos 4 + 
= 2  
β ⇒ (sin α + cos 2 α ) + (sin2 β + cos 2 β )
2
 π π 
 cos  x +  sin 
P L X
+ 2 (cos α cos β + sinα sinβ ) = 0   5  4 
α  π π 
∴ ∠APO = ∠BPO = ⇒ 1 + 1 + 2 cos(α − β ) = 0 = 2 sin  x + +  
2 ⇒ 2 cos (α − β ) = − 2   5 4
In ∆OAP ⇒ cos(α − β ) = − 1  π π
= 2 sin x + + 
α OA  5 4
sin = ⇒ α −β = π
2 OP ⇒ α =β + π f( x ) attains maximum value, when
α r α
⇒ sin = ⇒ OP = r cosec … (i) 48. Suppose cos A is given. If only one π π π
2 OP z x+ + =
In ∆OPL,
 A 5 4 2
value of cos   is possible, then A π
OL  2 ⇒ x=
sinβ = 20
OP must be
51. What is the distance between the
⇒ OL = OP sinβ (a) An odd multiple of 90°
points which divide the line segment
α (b) A multiple of 90°
⇒ OL = r cosec . sinβ (c) An odd multiple of 180° joining ( 4, 3) and (5, 7 ) internally and
2
(d) A multiple of 180° externally in the ratio 2 : 3 ?
[from Eqs. (i)]
r sinβ Ê (c) We know that, (a)
12 17
(b)
13 17
∴ OL = A 5 5
α cos A = 2 cos −12
sin   2 17 6 17
2 A (c) (d)
Since, cos A is given and cos has only 5 5
sin( x + y ) a + b 2
46. If = , then what is one solution. So, A must be odd multiple Ê (a) Let P andQ be the points which divides
sin( x − y ) a − b of 180°. A( 4, 3) and B( 5, 7 ) internally and
tan x externally in the ratio 2 : 3 respectively.
equal to ? 49. If cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0, where  2 × 5 + 3 × 4 2 × 7 + 3 × 3
tan y ∴P= , 
π π π  2 +3 2 + 3 
(a)
a
(b)
b 0< α ≤ , 0 < β ≤ , 0 < γ ≤ , then
b a 2 2 2 2:3
a+ b a−b what is the value of
(c) (d) A (4, 3) P B (5, 7)
a−b a+ b sin α + sin β = sin γ ?
=  , 
(a) 0 (b) 3 22 23
Ê (a) We have, 5 2 3 2  5 5
sin( x + y) a + b (c) (d)
 2 × 5 − 3 × 4 2 × 7 − 3 × 3
= 2 2 and Q = 
sin ( x − y) a − b , 
 2 + 3 2 −3 
Ê (b) We have,
On using componendo and dividendo
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0, 2
rule, we get
π π π
sin( x + y) + sin( x − y) a + b + a − b 0< α ≤ , 0< β ≤ ,0< γ ≤ Q A (4, 3) B (5, 7)
= 2 2 2
sin( x + y) − sin( x − y) a + b − a + b
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0
⇒ π 3
x + y + x − y  x + y − x + y ⇒ α =β = γ =
2 sin   cos   2 = (2, − 5)
 2   2 
∴ sinα + sinβ + sin γ ∴Required distance = PQ
 x + y + x − y  x + y − x + y π π π
2 cos   sin   = sin + sin + sin
2
 2 − 22  +  − 5 − 23  = 12
2
   2  2 2 2 =     17
 5  5 5
=
2a   π π 
Q if θ ∈  0, 2  cos 2 = 0 52. What is the angle between the
2b    
⇒
sin x cos y a
= = 1 + 1 + 1= 3 straight lines
cos x sin y b (m 2 − mn )y = (mn + n 2 ) x + n 3 and
50. The maximum value of
⇒
tan x a
=  π  π (mn + m 2 )y = (mn − n 2 )x + m 3 ,
tan y b sin  x +  + cos  x +  , where
 5  5 where m > n ?
47. If sin α + sin β = 0 = cos α + cos β ,  2 mn  −1  4m n 
2 2
 π (a) tan−1  2  (b) tan  2 
x ∈ 0,  , is attained at m + n 
2
m − n 
2
where 0 < β < α < 2π, then which  2
one of the following is correct? π π π π  4m2n2 
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) tan−1  4  (d) 45°
(a) α = π − β (b) α = π + β 20 15 10 2 m + n 
4
(c) α = 2 π − β (d) 2α = π + 2β
40 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

Ê (c) Given equations of lines are ∴Equation of line is Ê (c) We know that x1 distance of a point
1
( m − mn) y = ( mn + n ) x + n
2 2 3
y − (− 2 ) = ( x − 0) ( x1 y1 ) from the line Ax + By + C = 0 is
3 given as
and ( mn + m2 ) y = ( mn − n2 ) x + m3 1
⇒ y+2 = x  Ax + By1 + C 
Given equation of lines can be written as 3 Distance =  1 
mn + n2  A 2 + B2 
n3 ⇒ 3 y+2 3= x
y= 2 x+ 2 Statement I
m − mn m − mn ⇒ x − 3y − 2 3 = 0
(0, 0)
mn − n2 m3 54. What is the equation of the line
and y = x+
mn + m 2
mn + m 2 passing through the point of p
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of given lines.
intersection of the lines
x + 2y − 3 = 0 and 2x − y + 5 = 0 and
mn + n2
∴ m1 = 2 parallel to the line y − x + 10 = 0 ? ax+by–c=0
m − mn (a) 7 x − 7 y + 18 = 0
(b) 5x − 7 y + 18 = 0 a⋅ 0 + b ⋅ 0 − c
mn − n2 ∴ p=
and m2 = (c) 5x − 5 y + 18 = 0
mn + m 2 a2 + b 2
(d) x − y + 5 = 0
c
Ifθ is the angle between these lines, then ⇒ p=
m − m2
Ê (c) Equation of line passing through
intersection point of lines x + 2 y − 3 = 0 a + b2
2
tanθ = 1
1 + m1m2 and 2 x − y + 5 = 0 is c2
⇒ p2 =
mn + n2 mn − n2 x + 2 y − 3 + λ (2 x − y + 5) = 0 … (i) a + b2
2
−
m2 − mn mn + m2 ⇒ (1 + 2 λ ) x + (2 − λ ) y + 5λ − 3 = 0
= (1 + 2 λ )
It is true.
mn + n2 mn − n2 ∴ Slope of above line = − Statement II
1+ . (2 − λ )
m2 − mn mn + n2 (0, 0)
Since line is parallel to y − x + 10 = 0
( mn + n2 )( mn + m2 ) − ( mn − n2 )( m2 − mn)
= − (1 + 2 λ ) − ( − 1)
( m2 − mn)( mn + m2 ) + ( mn + n2 )( mn − n2 ) = = p
(2 − λ ) 1
m n + m n + mn + m n − m n + m n
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
= ⇒ − (1 + 2 λ) = 2 − λ
m3n + m4 − m2n2 − m3n2 − m2n2 − mn3 x y
⇒ − 1 − 2λ = 2 − λ a +b
–1=0
+ m n − mn
2 2 3
⇒ −λ=3
+ mn3 − n4
⇒ λ=−3
0 0
4 m 2n 2 Putting λ = − 3 in Eq. (i), we get + −1
= a b
m4 − n 4 ∴ p=
x + 2 y − 3 − 3 (2 x − y + 5) = 0 2 2
 4m2n2   1 +  1 
∴ θ = tan−1  4  ⇒ 5 x − 5 y + 18 = 0    
 a  b
m − n 
4 Which is equation of required line.
55. Consider the following statements 1
⇒ p=
53. What is the equation of the straight 1 1
I. The length p of the perpendicular + 2
line cutting-off an intercept 2 from a2 b
from the origin to the line
the negative direction of Y -axis and
ax + by = c satisfies the relation ⇒
1
=
1 1
+ 2
inclined at 30° with the positive p2 a 2 b
c2
direction of X -axis ? p2 = 2 . It is true.
(a) x − 2 3y − 3 2 = 0 a + b2
Statement III
(b) x + 2 3y − 3 2 = 0 II. The length p of the perpendicular (0, 0)
(c) x + 3y − 2 3 = 0 from the origin to the line
(d) x − 3y − 2 3 = 0 x y
+ = 1 satisfied the relation p
Ê (d) From the given figure, it is clear that a b
1 1 1
2
= 2 + 2. y–mx–C=0
p a b
30º III. The length p of the perpendicular 0− m× 0−c
from the origin to the line ∴ p=
( − m)2 + (1)2
2 y = mx + c satisfies the relation
1 1 + m2 + c 2 ⇒ p=
c
2
= . m2 + 1
p c2
1 1 1 + m2
Slope of line = tan 30° = and line Which of the above is/are correct? ⇒ 2
=
3 (a) I, II and III (b) I only p c2
passes through the point ( 0, − 2 ). (c) I and II (d) II only It is false.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 41

56. What is the equation of the ellipse 58. Let the coordinates of the points ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( − 18) − ( y − 6) ( − 9) +
whose vertices are ( ± 5, 0) and foci A , B, C be (1, 8, 4 ), (0, − 11, 4 ) and ( z + 6) (18) = 0
are at ( ± 4, 0) ? (2, − 3, 1) respectively. What are the ⇒ 2 ( x + 2 ) − ( y − 6) − 2 ( z + 6) = 0
x2 y2 coordinates of the point D which is ⇒ 2x − y − 2z − 2 = 0
(a) + =1 ⇒ 2x − y − 2 z = 2
25 9 the foot of the perpendicular from A
x2 y2 on BC ? 60. A sphere of constant radius r
(b) + =1 (a) ( 3, 4, − 2 ) (b) ( 4, − 2, 5)
16 9 through the origin intersects the
(c) ( 4, 5, − 2 ) (d) (2, 4, 5)
x2 y2 coordinate axes in A , B and C. What
(c) + =1
25 16 Ê (c) We have, is the locus of the centroid of the ∆
x2 y2 A (1, 8, 4), B (0, − 11, 4) and C (2, − 3, 1)
(d) + =1 ABC?
9 25 ∴Equation of BC is (a) x 2 + y2 + z2 = r 2
x−0 y + 11 z−4 (b) x 2 + y2 + z 2 = 4r 2
Ê (a) We have, = =
2 − 0 − 3 + 11 1 − 4 (c) 9 ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 ) = 4r 2
Vertices = ( ± 5, 0) and Foci = ( ± 4, 0)
x y + 11 z − 4 (d) 3 ( x 2 + y2 + z2 ) = 2 r 2
∴ a = 5 and ae = 4 ⇒ = = = λ [say]
[Q vertex = ( ± a, 0) and focus ( ± ae, 0) 2 8 −3 Ê (c) Let A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) andC(0, 0,c )
4 ⇒ x = 2 λ, y = 8λ − 11, z = − 3λ + 4 ∴ Equation of sphere passing through
⇒e = A, B, C and origin is
5 A (1, 8, 4)
x 2 + y 2 + z2 − ax − by − cz = 0
b2
Now, e = 1−
a2 a2 b2 c 2
∴ Radius = r = + +
2 2 4 4 4
⇒  4 = 1 − b [Q a = 5]
  D (x, y, z) ⇒ 4r 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
 5 ( 5)2 B C … (i)

16 b 2
Now, DR’s of Let (α, β, γ ) be the centroid of triangle.
⇒ = 1− a+ 0+ 0 0+ b+ 0
25 25 AD = < 2 λ − 1, 8λ − 11 − 8, − 3λ + 4 − 4 > ∴ α = ,β = ,
⇒ 16 = 25 − b 2 = < 2 λ − 1, 8λ − 19, − 3λ > 3 3
0+ 0+c
⇒ b2 = 9 Since, AD ⊥ BC γ =
3
∴2 (2 λ − 1) + 8 ( 8λ − 19) − 3 ( − 3λ ) = 0
⇒ b=3 ⇒ a = 3α, β = 3β, c + 3γ … (ii)
⇒ 4λ − 2 + 64λ − 152 + 9λ = 0
∴ Equation of ellipse is From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
⇒ 77 λ = 154
x2 y2 ( 3α )2 + ( 3β )2 + ( 3γ )2 = 4r 2
2
+ 2=1 ⇒ λ =2
a b ⇒ 9 (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 ) = 4r 2
∴Coordinates of
x2 y2
⇒ + =1 D = (2 × 2, 8 × 2 − 11, − 3 × 2 + 4) ∴Locus of the centroid of ∆ABC is
25 9 = ( 4, 5, − 2 ) 9( x 2 + y 2 + z2 ) = 4r 2z
57. What is the equation of the straight 59. What is the equation of the plane 61. The coordinates of the vertices P , Q
line passing through the point (2, 3) passing through the points ( −2, 6, − 6),
and R of a triangle PQR are
and making an intercept on the ( −3, 10, − 9 ) and ( −5, 0, − 6) ?
positive Y -axis equal to twice its (1, − 1, 1), (3, − 2, 2) and (0, 2, 6)
(a) 2 x − y − 2 z = 2
intercept on the positive X -axis? (b) 2 x + y + 3 z = 3 respectively. If ∠ RQP = 9, then what
(a) 2 x + y = 5 (b) 2 x + y = 7 (c) x + y + z = 6 is ∠ PRQ equal to ?
(c) x + 2 y = 7 (d) 2 x − y = 1 (d) x − y − z = 3 (a) 30° + θ (b) 45° − θ
(c) 60° − θ (d) 90° − θ
Ê (b) Let the equation of line be Ê (a) Equation of the plane passing through
x2 y three points ( x1, y1, z1 ), ( x2, y2, z2 ) and Ê (d)
+ =1 ( x3, y3, z3 ) is P (1, –1, 1)
a b
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
It is given that, b = 2 a and line passes
through the point (2, 3). x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0
2 3 x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
∴ + =1
a 2a θ
Equation of plane is
4+ 3 Q (3, –2, 2) R (0, 2, 0)
⇒ =1 x − ( − 2) y−6 z − ( − 6)
2a
− 3 − ( − 2 ) 10 − 6 − 9 − ( − 6) = 0 DR’s of
⇒ 7 = 2a
− 5 − ( − 2 ) 0 − 6 − 6 − ( − 6) PQ = < 3 − 1, − 2 − ( − 1), 2 − 1 >
7
⇒ a= < a1, b1, c1 > = < 2, − 1, 1 >
2 x+2 y−6 z+ 6
7 and DR’s of
⇒ b = 2a = 2 × = 7 ⇒ −1 4 −3 =0 PR = < 0 − 1, 2 − ( − 1), 6 − 1 >
2 −3 −6 0
x y < a2, b 2, c 2 > = < − 1, 3, 5 >
∴Equation of line is + =1 Now, a1a2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 =
7 /2 7 ⇒ ( x + 2 ) [4 × 0 − ( − 6) ( − 3)] − ( y − 6)
⇒ 2x + y = 7 [( − 1) ( 0) − ( − 3) ( − 3)] + ( z + 6) [( − 1) ( − 6) 2 × ( − 1) + ( − 1) × 3 + 1 × 5
− ( −3) ( 4)] = 0
42 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

= −2 − 3+ 5 = 0 ∴ Equation of line is
x y
+ =1 ⇒ ( x + 2 )2 + ( y − 3)2 + ( z − 4)2 = 36
∴ PQ ⊥ PR 5 5 ⇒ x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y 2 + 9 − 6 y + z2
⇒ ∠QPR = 90° ⇒ x+ y=5 + 16 − 8 z = 36
Case II ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 4 x − 6 y − 8 z + 29 − 36 = 0
Now, by angle sum property
∠PQR + ∠QPR + ∠PRQ = 180° ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x − 6 y − 8 z = 7
(0, b) r r
⇒ θ + 90° + ∠PRQ = 180° 66. If a and b are vectors
⇒ ∠PRQ = 90° − θ r r such that
b
(2, 3) | a | = 2, | b| = 7 and
62. The perpendiculars that fall from r r
3:2 a × b = 3i + 2 j + 6k, then what is
$ $ $
any point of the straight line a (a, 0)
(0, 0) the acute angle between a and b ?
2x + 11y = 5 upon the two straight
lines 24 x + 7y = 20 and 4 x − 3y = 2 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
From above figure, →
are
3a + 2 × 0 3 × 0 + 2b Ê (a) Given,|a| = 2
(a) 12 and 4 respectively = 2 and =3 →
(b) 11 and 5 respectively 3+2 3+2 |b| = 7
(c) Equal to each other ⇒ 3a = 10 and 2 b = 15 → →
(d) Not equal to each other 10 15 and a × b = 3$i + 2 $j + 6k$
⇒ a= and b =
Ê (c) Let ( − 3, 1) be a point on 2 x + 11y = 5 3 2 Q
→ → →
|a × b| = |a||b| sinθ
→

Now, perpendicular from ( − 3, 1) on ∴ Equation of line is → →

24 x + 7 y = 20 x y |a × b |
+ =1 ⇒ sinθ =
10 / 3 15 / 2 → →
24 ( − 3) + 7(1) − 20 |a||b|
=
⇒ 9 x + 4 y = 30
(24)2 + (7 )2 |3$i + 2 $j + 6k$|
=
64. What is the distance between the 2 ×7
− 72 + 7 − 20
= straight lines 3x + 4y = 9 and
576 + 49 32 + 2 2 + 62
6x + 8y = 15 ? = =
49
− 85 17 3 3 14 14
= = (a) (b)
7 1
25 5 2 10 ⇒ sinθ = =
(c) 6 (d) 5 14 2
Again, perpendicular from ( − 3, 1) on
Ê (b) Given equation of straight lines are ⇒ sinθ = sin 30°
4x − 3y = 2
3x + 4y = 9 … (i) ⇒ θ = 30°
4( − 3) − 3(1) − 2 r r
= and 6 x + 8 y = 15 67. Let p and q be the position vectors of
4 + ( − 3)
2 2
15
⇒ 3x + 4y = … (ii) the points P and Q respectively with
− 12 − 3 − 2 17 2 respect to origin O. The points R and
= = 15
16 + 9 5 9− S divide PQ internally and externally
2 respectively in the ratio 2 : 3. If
∴ Both perpendicular are equal to each ∴ Required distance =
→ →
other. 32 + 42 OR and OS are perpendicular, then
63. The equation of the line, when the [Q distance between two lines which one of the following is
portion of it intercepted between the ax + by = c1 and ax + by = c 2 is given correct?
axes is divided by the point (2, 3) in c 2 − c1  (a) 9 p2 = 4 q 2 (b) 4 p2 = 9 q 2
by 
the ratio of 3 : 2, is a 2 + b 2  (c) 9 p = 4 q (d) 4 p = 9 q
(a) Either x + y= 4 or 9x + y = 12 3 Ê (a) The points R and S divider s PQ
(b) Either x + y= 5 or 4x + 9 y = 30 = 2 =
3 internally and externally respectively in
(c) Either x + y= 4 or x + 9 y = 12 5 10 the ratio 2 : 3. The position vectors of R
(d) Either x + y= 5 or 9x + 4 y = 30 and S are
65. What is the equation of the sphere
Ê (d) Case I whose centre is at ( −2, 3,4 ) and radius
→
3p + 2 q
→
→ →
and 3 p − 2 q respectively.
is 6 units? 5
(0, b) (a) x 2 + y2 + z2 + 4x − 6y − 8z = 7 →
→
3p − 2 q
→
(b) x 2 + y2 + z2 + 6x − 4y − 8z = 7 OR =
b (c) x 2 + y2 + z2 + 4x − 6y − 8z = 4 5
(2, 3) → → →
(d) x 2 + y2 + z2 + 4x + 6y + 8z = 4 OS = 3 p − 2 q
2:3
(0, 0) a (a, 0) Ê (a) Given, centre = ( − 2, 3, 4) and radius →
Now, OR ⊥ OS
→

= 6 units → →
From above figure, Equation of the sphere having centre at ⇒ OR ⋅ OS = 0
2a + 3 × 0 2 × 0 + 3b (α,β, γ ) and radius r is  → →
= 2 and =3 ⇒  3 p + 2 q  . ( 3→ →
p − 2 q) = 0
2 + 3 2 + 3 ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 + ( z − γ )2 = r 2  
5
So, equation of sphere  
⇒ 2 a = 10 and 3b = 15
⇒ a = 5 and b = 5 ⇒ { x − ( − 2 )} 2 + ( y − 3)2 + ( z − 4)2 = 6 2 ⇒
→ → →
(3 p + 2 q ) ⋅ (3 p − 2 q ) = 0
→
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 43

→→ →→ →→ →→
⇒ 9 p. p − 6 p. q + 6 q. p − 4 q. q = 0 73. If f ( x ) = | x | + | x − 1|, then which
→ → → → → → → →
→2 →2 Now,a × b + b × c + c × a = λ (b × c ) one of the following is correct?
⇒ 9|p| − 4|q| = 0 → → → →
= 3 (b × c ) + (b × c ) + 2 (b × c )
→ → (a) f( x ) is continuous at x = 0 at x = 1
→→ → → → → → (b) f( x ) is continuous at x = 0 but not at
[Qa .a =a2 and a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a ] → →
= 6(b × c ) [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] x =1
→2 →2
⇒ 9|p| = 4|q| (c) f( x ) is continuous at x = 1 but not at
on comparing, we get
x =0
⇒ 9 p2 = 4q 2 λ=6
r r (d) f( x ) is neither continuous at x = 0 nor
70. If the vectors K and A are parallel at x = 1
68. What is the moment about the point r to r
$i + 2$j − k$ of a force represented by each other, then what is kK × A Ê (a) We have,
equalr to ? r f( x ) = | x| + | x − 1|
3i$ + k$ acting through the point r r
 − 2 x + 1, x< 0
2
(a) k A (b) 0 2
(c) − k A (d) A 
2$i − $j + 3k$ ? → → → →
⇒ f( x ) =  x − x + 1, 0 ≤ x < 1
(a) − 3$i + 11$j + 9k$ (b) 3$i + 2 $j + 9k$ Ê (b) Since,a × b = 0, ifa and b are parallel.  x + x − 1, x≥1
→ → → →

So, k K × A = 0 if K and A are parallel to  − 2 x + 1, x< 0
(c) 3$i + 4$j + 9k$ (d) $i + $j + k$ 
each other. ⇒ f( x ) =  1, 0≤ x< 1
Ê (a) Given that, 71. When one of the following is correct  2 x − 1, x≥1
→

r = (2 $i − $j + 3k$ ) − ( $i + 2 $j − k$ ) in respect of the function f : R → R +
= $i − 3$j + 4k$ defined as f ( x ) = | x + 1| ? Clearly, lim f( x ) = 1 = lim f( x )
x → 0− 1 x → 0+
→ (a) f( x 2 ) = [f( x )]2 and lim f( x ) = lim f( x ).
and F = 3$i + k$
(b) f(| x|) = | f( x )| x → 1− x − 1+
→ → →
∴ Moment τ = r + F (c) f( x + y) = f( x ) + f( y) So, f( x ) is continuous at x = 0, 1.
(d) None of the above
= ( $i − 3$j + 4k$ ) × ( 3$i + k$ ) 74. Consider the function
Ê (d) Given, f( x) = | x + 1|  x 2 In | x | x ≠ 0
$i $j k$ By checking the options, we get f (x ) =  What is
= 1 −3 4  0 x =0
(a) f( x 2 ) = | x 2 + 1|
3 0 1 f ′(0) equal to ?
{ f( x )} 2 = ( x + 1)2
(a) 0 (b) 1
= $i ( − 3 − 0) − $j (1 − 12 ) + k$ ( 0 + 9) Which implies that f( x 2 ) ≠ { f( x )} 2 (c) − 1 (d) It does not exist
(b) f(| x |) = || x | + 1| Ê (a) Given function is
= − 3$i + 11$j + 9k$  x 2 ln| x|,
| f( x )| = || x + 1| = | x + 1| x≠ 0
r r r r f( x ) = 
69. If a + 2b + 3c = 0 and which implies that f(| x |) ≠ | f( x )|  0, x=0
r r r r
r r r r
a × b + b × c + c × a = λ ( b × c), (c) f ( x + y) = | x + y + 1| f ( h) − f ( 0 )
∴ f ′ ( 0) = lim
f( x ) + f( y) = | x + 1| +| y + 1| h→ 0 h
then what is the value of λ ?
which implies that f( x + y) ≠ f( x ) + f( y) h2 log h
(a) 2 (b) 3 = lim
So, option (d) is correct. h→ 0 h
(c) 4 (d) 6
72. Suppose f : R → R is defined by = lim hlog h = 0
Ê (d) Given that, h→ 0
→ → → 2
a + 2 b + 3c = 0 x 75. What is the area of the region
f (x ) = . What is the range of
→ → → 1 + x2 bounded by the parabolas
⇒ a + 2 b = − 3c
the function? y 2 = 6( x − 1) and y 2 = 3x ?
→ → → → →
⇒ (a + 2 b ) × b = − 3 c × b (a) [0, 1) (b) [0, 1] (c) (0, 1] (d) (0, 1) 6 2 6 4 6 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
⇒
→ → →
a × b + 2 b × b = 3 (b × c )
→ → →
Ê (a) Let f( x) = y 3 3 3 3

→ → → → Then, y ≥ 0 and f( x ) = y Ê (c) Given,

[Q c × b = − b × c ] x2 y 2 = 6( x − 1) … (i)
∴ = y
→ → → → → →
x +1
2 and y2 = 3 x … (ii)
⇒ a × b = 3 (b × c ) [b × b = 0] … (i)
x2 + 1 1 on solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
→ → →
Again 3c + a = − 2 b ⇒ 2
=
for y > 0 x = 2 and y = ± 6
x y
→ → → → →
⇒ (3 c + a ) × a = − 2 b × a 1 1− y x=y2/3 y2=6(x–1)
⇒ =
→ → → → → → x2 y y=√6
⇒ 3 c × a + a × a = 2 (a × b )
y
→ → → → ⇒ x=
⇒ 3(c × a ) = 2 (a × b ) 1− y
x=1
→ → → → y y
⇒ 3 (c × a ) = 6 (b × c ) Now, is real ⇒ ≥0
1− y 1− y
[from Eq. (i)] y=–√6
⇒ 0≤ y< 1
→ → → →
⇒ c × a = 2 (b × c ) … (ii) So, Range of f( x ) is [0, 1).
44 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

6
 y2 y2  ⇒ ( x + 6) ( x − 3) = 0 x −9
∴Required area = ∫ 1 +

−
3
 dy
⇒ x = 3, − 6
80. If f (x ) = , x ≠ 3 is
− 6
6 x − 2x − 3 2
Again, on differentiating it

6
y2  continuous at x = 3, then which one
=2 ∫  1 − 6
 dy
2
( − 6 − 4 x ) 36 − x 2 −
( 36 − 6 x − 2 x 2 )( −2 x ) of the following is correct?
0 d A
= 2 36 − x 2 (a) f( 3) = 0 (b) f( 3) = 15
.
 y 3
6
dx 2
( 36 − x ) 2 (c) f( 3) = 3 (d) f( 3) = − 15
.
= 2 y − 
 18 0 d 2A Ê (b) Since, f( x) is continuous at x = 3
At x = 3, = − 6 − 12 = − 18
6 dx 2 x2 − 9
 18 y − y 3  Therefore, f( 3) = lim
=2 ×   d A 2 x→ 3 x − 2x − 3
2

 18  0 ∴ <0
dx 2 Applying L ′ Hospital rule
 18 6 − 6 6 
=2 ×   So, at x = 3 is maximum. d 2
18 ( x − 9)
  x 3 1 dx
Now, cosα = = = f( 3) = lim
12 6 4 6 6 6 2 x→ 3 d
= = ( x 2 − 2 x − 3)
9 3 π π dx
⇒ cos α = cos ⇒ α =
3 3 2x
Directions (Q. Nos. 76-78) Consider = lim
x→ 3 2x − 2
the following information for the next 77. If the area of the trapezium is
maximum, what is the length of the 2⋅3 6
three items that follow Three sides of a = = = 1. 5
fourth side? 2⋅3 − 2 4
trapezium are each equal to 6 cm. Let
π
αε  0,  be the angle between a pair of
(a) 8 cm (b) 9 cm e
 2 (c) 10 cm (d) 12 cm 81. What is ∫ x In x dx equal to ?
adjacent sides. Ê (d) So, fourth side = x + 6 + x 1

= 3 + 6 + 3 = 12 e +1 e2 + 1
76. If the area of the trapezium is the (a) (b)
4 4
maximum possible, then what is α 78. What is the maximum area of the e −1 e2 − 1
equal to ? (c) (d)
trapezium? 4 4
π π π 2π
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 36 3 cm 2 (b) 30 3 cm 2 e
6 4 3 5 2 Ê (b) Let 1 = ∫1 x log xdx
(c) 27 3 cm (d) 24 3 cm 2
Ê (c) = [log x ⋅ ∫ xdx ] e1 − ∫  {log x}. ∫ xdx dx ]
e d
Ê (c) Maximum area = ( 6 + x) 36 − x
2
D 6 C 1  dx

= ( 6 + 3) 36 − 9 e
 x2  e 1 x2
6
√36 – x 2
6 = 9 × 27 = 9 × 27 = log x ⋅  −
2 1 ∫1 . dx
x 2

= 9 × 3 3 = 27 3 cm 2
α e2 1 1 2 e
x π = − × [ x ]1
A 6 x B
79. What is ∫ e x sin x dx equal to ? 2 2 2
1 e 2 [e 2 − 1]
∴ Area = A = ( 6 + 6 + 2 x ) 36 − x 2 0 = −
2 eπ + 1 eπ − 1 2 4
(a) (b) 2e − e 2 + 1 e 2 + 1
2
= ( 6 + x ) 36 − x 2 2 2 = =
eπ + 1 4 4
∴
d( A) d
= [( 6 + x ) 36 − x 2 ] (c) e π + 1 (d) 2
dx dx 4
 
π 82. What is ∫ [ x 2 ] dx equal to (where
Ê (a) Let I = ∫ e sin x dx
x
−2 x
= ( 6 + x)   + 36 − x 2 0
 2 36 − x 2  0 [.] is the greatest integer function) ?
π
d x (a) 2 − 1 (b) 1 − 2
x ( 6 + x) = [sin x ⋅ e x ]π0 − ∫  dx {sin x} ⋅ e dx
= 36 − x 2 −  (c) 2 ( 2 − 1) (d) 3 − 1
36 − x 2 0
2
Ê (a) Let I = ∫ [ x ]dx
π 2
36 − 6 x − 2 x 2
= [sin x ⋅ e x ]π0 − ∫ cos x ⋅ e dx x
= 0
36 − x 2 0
1 2
 π  = ∫ [ x 2 ]dx + ∫[x
2
] dx
For maximum area, = 0 − [cos x ⋅ e x ]π0 + ∫ sin x ⋅ e xdx 
0 1
dA  
=0 0
1 2
dx
⇒ I = − [− e π − 1] − I = ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 1 dx
⇒ 36 − 6 x − 2 x = 0
2

I + I = eπ + 1
0 1
⇒
⇒ 2 x 2 + 6 x − 36 = 0  0 0 ≤ x < 1 
⇒ 2I = eπ + 1 Q [ x ] =  
⇒ x 2 + 3 x − 18 = 0  1 1 ≤ x < 2 
⇒ x 2 + 6 x − 3 x − 18 = 0 eπ + 1
⇒ I= = 0 + [x ]1 2 = 2 − 1
2
⇒ x ( x + 6) − 3 ( x + 6) = 0
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 45

83. What is the maximum value of Which is possible 89. What is the period of the the
16sin θ − 12sin θ ? 2 ∴Domain of f( x ) = ( − ∞, 0) function f ( x ) = sin x ?
3 4 16 π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4 86. What is the solution of the (a) (b)
4 2
4 3 3 differential equation x dy − y dx =0 ?
(c) π (d) 2 π
Ê (c) Let f( x) = 16sinθ − 12 sin θ
2
(a) xy = c
(b) y = cx Ê (d) We have,
= − 12 sin2 θ − 16 sinθ (c) x + y = c f( x ) = sin x
 12 
(d) x − y = c
= − 12 sin2 θ − sinθ
4
 3  Ê (b) Given differentiation equation
xdy − ydx = 0 –2π –π O π 2π 3π 4π
 2
2
4
= − 12   sinθ −  −  ⇒ xdy = y dx
  3  9 
2
Variable seprate on both sides
= − 12  sinθ −  +
2 16 dy dx f( x + 2 π ) = sin( x + 2 π ).
  ⇒ =
 3 3 y x = sin x
16
∴ f( x ) ≤ On integration both sides, we get = f( x )
3 ∴Period of f( x ) is 2 π.
16 dy dx
∴ Maximum value of f( x ) = ⇒ ∫ y =∫ x
90. What is ∫
3 dx
equal to ?
84. If f : R → S defined by ⇒ log y = log x + log c 2x − 1
(a) ln (2 x − 1) + C
f ( x ) = 4 sin x − 3 cos x + 1 is onto, [where logc is integrating constant]
ln (1 − 2 −x )
then what is S equal to ? ⇒ y = xc (b) +C
(a) [− 5, 5] (b) ( −5, 5) ln 2
⇒ y = cx
(c) ( −4, 6) (d) [− 4, 6] ln (2 − x − 1)
87. What is the derivative of the (c) +C
Ê (d) We have 2 ln 2
function
f( x ) = 4 sin x − 3 cos x + 1 ln (1 + 2 −x )
f ( x ) = e tan x + ln ( sec x ) − e ln x at (d) +C
We know that, ln 2
π
− 4 2 + ( − 3)2 ≤ 4 sin x − 3 cos x x= ? dx
4 Ê (b) Let I = ∫ 2 x2 − 1
≤ 4 + ( − 3)
2 2
e
(a) (b) e (c) 2e (d) 4e
2 −x
[Q − a + b ≤ a sin x + b cos x
2 2 2 = ∫ 1 − 2 − x dx
Ê (c) We have,
≤ a2 + b 2 ] F( x ) = e tan x + log(sec x ) − elog x 1 2 − x log 2
⇒ − 5 ≤ 4 sin x − 3 cos x ≤ 5
=
log 2 ∫ 1 − 2 −x
dx
f( x ) = e tan x + log(sec x ) − x
⇒ − 5 + 1 ≤ 4 sin x − 3 cos x + 1 ≤ 5 + 1 Put 1 − 2 −x = t
⇒ − 4 ≤ f( x ) ≤ 6 [Q a log a b = b] −x
⇒ 2 log 2 dx = dt
∴ f( x ) ∈ [− 4, 6] On differentiating with respect to x both 1 dt
log 2 ∫ t
since, f( x ) is onto. the sides, we get ∴ I=
∴ S = Range of f = [− 4, 6] 1
f ′ ( x ) = e tan x ⋅ sec 2 x + ⋅ sec x tan x − 1 1
85. For f to be a function, what is the sec x = . logt + C
log 2
1 = sec 2 xe tan x + tan x − 1 log (1 − 2 − x )
domain of f , if f ( x ) = ? = +C
|x | − x tan
π
π π log 2
∴[f ′ ( x )] π =e 4 ⋅ sec 2⋅ + tan − 1
(a) ( − ∞, 0) (b) ( 0, ∞ ) x= 4 4
(c) ( − ∞, ∞ ) (d) ( − ∞, 0)
4 91. The order and degree of the
= e1( 2 )2 + 1 − 1 differential equation y 2 = 4a ( x − a ),
Ê (a) We have, = e ⋅ 2 + 1 − 1 = 2e
1 where ‘a’ is an arbitrary constant, are
f( x ) =
| x| − x 88. Which one of the following respectively
differential equations has a periodic (a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 1
f( x ) is defined, if (c) 2, 2 (d) 1, 1
solution?
| x| − x > 0
d 2x d 2x Ê (a) We have,
⇒ | x| > x (a) 2
+ µx = 0 (b) 2
− µx = 0 y 2 = 4a ( x − a ) … (i)
dt dt
Case I x > 0
dx dx ⇒ y = 4ax − 4a
2 2
∴ x > x [Q| x | = x, x > 0] (c) x + µt = 0 (d) + µxt = 0
which is not possible
dt dt On differentiating both sides, we get
d 2x dy
Case II x < 0 Ê (a) + µx = 0 is the differential 2y = 4a
dt 2 dx
∴ − x > x [Q| x | = − x, x < 0]
equation of simple harmonic motion, 1 dy
⇒ 0> 2x ⇒ a= y … (ii)
which has a periodic solution. 2 dx
⇒ x< 0
46 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

On putting the values of a from Eq. (ii) in ⇒ b 3 − ( − b )3 = 2 [Q from Eq. (ii)] = lim
3
Eq. (i), we get h→ 0 4 2 x + 3h
⇒ 2b = 2 3

1 dy  1 dy  3 1 3
y2 = 4 × y x− y  ⇒ b3 = 1 = . =
2 dx  2 dx  4 2x + 0 4 2x
2 ⇒ b =1
− y 2  
dy dy ⇒ a= −1
⇒ y 2 = 2 xy [from Eq. (ii)] 97. If f ( x ) is an even function, where
dx  dx 
∴Order = 1 and degree = 2
1
f ( x ) ≠ 0, then which one of the
94. What is ∫ x (1 − x )9 dx equal to ? following is correct?
92. What is the value of 0
(a) f ′( x ) is an even function
π /4 1 1
(a) (b) (b) f ′( x ) is an odd function
∫ ( sin x − tan x ) dx ? 110
1
132
1
(c) f ′( x ) may be an even or odd function
−π / 4 (c) (d) depending on the type of function
1  1  (b) 1 148 240 (d) f ′( x ) is a constant function
(a) − + ln   1
 2
∫ x (1 − Ê (b) We have, f( x) is an even function.
2 2
Ê (a) Let I = x )9 dx
(c) 0 (d) 2 0 ∴ f( − x ) = f( x )
π /4
∫− π / 4 (sin x − tan x) dx
1
Ê (c) Let I = = ∫ (1 − x ) x dx 9 On differentiating both the sides, we have
− f ′( − x) = f ′( x)
Let f( x ) = sin x − tan x 0

 a a  ⇒ f ′( − x) = − f ′( x)
∴ f( − x ) = sin( − x ) − tan( − x ) Q ∫ f( x ) dx =
 0
∫ f( a − x ) dx 

∴ f ′( x ) is an odd function.
= − sin x + tan x 0 2 dy
[Qsin( − θ) = − sinθ, tan( − θ) = − tanθ]  x10
1 98. If y = e x sin 2x , then what is at
x11 
1

= − (sin x − tan x ) = ∫ ( x − x ) dx = 
9 10
− 
dx
0  10 11  0 x = π equal to ?
= − f( x )
=  −  =
2 2
1 1 1 (a) (1 + π ) e π (b) 2 π e π
∴ f( x ) is odd function.  10 11 110 2 2
π /4 (c) 2e π (d) e π
∴ I= ∫− π / 4 (sin x − tan x) dx 95. What is lim
tan x
equal to Ê (c) We have, y = e sin2 x
x2

=0 x → 0 sin 2x
On differentiating both the sides, we get
[Q ∫ f( x ) dx = 0, if f( x ) is odd]
a
1
−a (a) dy 2 2
2 = 2 cos 2 xe x + 2 xe x sin2 x
b b dx
2 (b) 1
93. If ∫ x 3 dx = 0 and ∫ x 2 dx = , then (c) 2 ∴  
dy 2 2
= 2 cos 2 πe π + 2 πe π sin2 π
3  dx  x = π
a a (d) Limit does not exist
what are the values of a and b 2 2
Ê (a) We have, = 2(1) e π + 2 πe π ( 0)
respectively? tan x 2
(a) − 1, 1 (b) 1, 1 lim
x → 0 sin 2 x
= 2e π
(c) 0, 0 (d) 2, − 2
By using L’ Hospital rule, we have 99. What is the solution of
Ê (a) We have, sec 2 x (1 + 2x )dy − (1 − 2y )dx = 0 ?
b = lim
(a) x − y − 2 xy = c
∫ x 3dx = 0 x → 0 2 cos 2 x
(b) y − x − 2 xy = c
a 1
= lim (c) y + x − 2 xy = c
b x → 0 2 cos 2 x ⋅ cos 2 x
 x4  (d) x + y + 2 xy = c
⇒   =0 1 1
 4 a = =
2 cos 0° cos 2 0° 2 × 1 × 1 Ê (a) We have,
b 4 − a4 (1 + 2 x ) dy − (1 − 2 y) dx = 0
⇒ =0 =
1
4 ⇒ (1 + 2 x ) dy = (1 − 2 y) dx
2
⇒ b = a4
4 dy dx
⇒ =
2x + 3h − 2x 1− 2y 1+ 2x
⇒ b=± a … (i) 96. What is lim equal
x→0 2h
b On integrating both the sides, we get
But ∫ x dx = 0 and x is an odd function.
3 3 to ? dy dy
a (a)
1
(b)
1 ∫1− 2y = ∫1+ 2x
∴ a=−b … (ii) 2 2x 2x
1 1
b (c)
3
(d)
3 ⇒ − log(1 − 2 y) = log(1 + 2 x ) + C ′
2 2 2
Again, ∫ x 2dx = 2 2x 4 2x
3 ⇒ − log(1 − 2 y) = log(1 + 2 x ) + 2C ′
a 2 x + 3h − 2 x
b Ê (d) xlim
→0
⇒ log(1 + 2 x ) + log(1 − 2 y) = − 2C ′
x 3
2 2h
⇒   = ⇒ log(1 + 2 x ) (1 − 2 y) = − 2C ′
By using, L’ Hospital rule, we get
 a 3
3
⇒ (1 + 2 x ) (1 − 2 y) = e − 2C ′
1
b 3 − a3 2 .3− 0 − 2C ′
2 2 x + 3h ⇒ 1 − 2 y + 2 x − 4 xy = e
⇒ =
3 3 = lim ⇒ 2 x − 2 y − 4 xy = e − 2C ′
−1
h→ 0 2
⇒ b 3 − a3 = 2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 47

1 − 2C ′ Statement II
⇒ x − y − 2 xy = (e − 1) 106. Consider the following statements
2 P ( A ∩ B ) = P( B) − P( A ∩ B) is wrong as I. If the correlation coefficient
⇒ x − y − 2 xy = C
1 − 2C ′
P ( A ∩ B ) = P( A ) − P( A ∩ B). rxy = 0, then the two lines of
[where C = (e − 1)]
2 Statement III regression are parallel to each
other.
P( A ∩ B) = P( B) × P   is correct. [by
A
100. What are the order and degree, II. If the correlation coefficient
 B
respectively, of the differential rxy = 1, then the two lines of
2 conditional theorem]
 d 3y   dy 
5
regression are perpendicular to
equation  3  = y 4 +   ? Hence, Statements I and III are correct.
 dx   dx  each other.
103. If the correlation coefficient between Which of the above statements is/are
(a) 4, 5 (b) 2, 3 x and y is 0.6, covariance is 27 and
(c) 3, 2 (d) 5, 4 correct?
variance of y is 25, then what is the (a) I only
Ê (c) Given differential equation is variance of x? (b) II only
2
 d 3y  dy 
5
(a)
9
(b)
81 (c) Both I and II
 3 = y +  
4

 dx   dx  5 25 (d) Neither I nor II

d 3y
(c) 9 (d) 81 Ê (d) According to correlation condition,
Here, highest order derivative is 3
.
Ê (d) Given, σ ( y) = 25 ⇒ σ( y) = 5
2
If correlation coefficient rr ⋅y = 0, then lines
dx
C⋅V of regression are parpendicular
So, order = 3, and degree = 2 Correlation coefficient =
σx ⋅ σy And if rry = 1, then lines of regression are
101. In a Binomial distribution, the mean parallel.
27 So, both statements are wrong.
is three times its variance. What is 0.6 =
σx × 5
the probability of exactly 3 successes 107. If 4 x − 5y + 33 = 0 and
out of 5 trials ? ⇒ σx =
27
=
27
=9 20x − 9y = 107 are two lines of
(a)
80
(b)
40 0.6 × 5 3
regression, then what
243 243
∴ Variance of x = σ 2( x ) = ( 9)2 = 81 are the values of x and y respectively?
20 10
(c) (d) (a) 12 and 18 (b) 18 and 12
243 243 104. The probabilities that a student will (c) 13 and 17 (d) 17 and 13
solve Question A and Questions B
Ê (a) According to the question, Ê (c) Given lines of regression are
Mean = 3 (Variance) are 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. What is
4 x − 5 y + 33 = 0 … (i)
⇒ np = 3 npq
the probability that he solves atleast
one of the two questions? and 20 x + 9 y − 107 = 0 … (ii)
[where n = number, of trials]
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.7 on multiplying Eq. (i) by 5 and subtract
1
⇒ q = (c) 0.8 (d) 0.9 Eq. (ii) from it, we get
3
20 x − 25 y + 165 = 0
Q p+ q =1 Ê (b) Given that,
P( A ) = 0.4 20 x − 9 y − 107 = 0
1
⇒ p+ =1 − + +
3 and P( B) = 0.5
2 − 16 y = − 272
⇒ p= Q P( A ∪ B) = 1 − P ( A ′ ∩ B′ )
y = 17
3
= 1 − [(1 − 0.4) × (1 − 0.5)] on putting the value of y in Eq. (i), we get
3 2
p( X = 3) = C 3   ×  
2 1
∴ 5
= 1 − ( 0.6)( 0.5) 4 x − 85 + 33 = 0
 3  3
3 2 = 1 − ( 0.3) = 0 .7 ⇒ 4 x = 52 ⇒ x = 13
×   ×   =
5! 2 1 80
= The mean of two regression lines are the
3! 2 !  3   3 243 105. Let x be the mean of x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,… x n .
solution set at given regression lines,
If x i = a + cyi for some constants a Here, X = 13 and Y = 17
102. Consider the following statements
and c, then what will be the mean of 108. Consider the following statements
I. P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) y1, y 2 , y 3 , …, yn ?
1 I. Mean is independent of change in
= P( B ) − P( A ∩ B ) (a) a + c x (b) a − x scale and change in origin.
c
II. P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 1 x −a II. Variance is independent of
(c) x −a (d)
c c change in scale but not in origin.
III. P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ) P ( A | B )
Ê (d) Given that, Which of the above statements is/are
Which of the above statements are
Mean of x1, x2, x3, .... xn i.e. x = x correct?
correct? (a) I only (b) II only
(a) I and II (b) I and III Now, we have
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) II and III (d) I, II and III xi = a + cyi
Ê (d) Since, mean changes with changes in
Ê (b) Here, 1
⇒ yi = ( x − a ) origin. So, Statement I is wrong.
Statement I c And variance is independent to the choice
P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) is 1
⇒ y = ( x − a) of origin. So, Statement II is also wrong.
correct. c Hence, both statements are wrong.
48 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

109. Consider the following statements So, new mean = 5 + 5 116. A box has ten chits numbered 0, 1, 2,
I. The sum of deviations from mean = 10 3, …, 9. First, one chit is drawn at
is always zero. But standard deviation will remain same. random and kept aside. From the
II. The sum of absolute deviations is Hence, coefficient of variation remaining, a second chit is drawn at
minimum when taken around σ random. What is the probability that
= × 100
median. mean the second chit drawn is ‘‘9’’ ?
2 1 1
Which of the above statements is/are = × 100 = 20 (a) (b)
10 10 9
correct. 1
(c) (d) None of these
(a) I only (b) II only 113. A train covers the first 5 km of its 90
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II journey at a speed of 30 km/h and the
(c) By the property of deviation both Ê (a) Let E1 be the event at drawing a chit
next 15 km at a speed of 45 km/h.
statement are correct. which is not 9 and E 2 be the event of
What is the average speed of the drawing second chit bearing number 9.
110. What is the median of the numbers train? 9
C 9
4.6, 0, 9.3, −4.8, 7.6 2.3, 12.7, 3.5, 8.2, (a) 35 km/h (b) 37.5 km/h ∴ P( E1 ) = 10 1 =
(c) 39.5 km/h (d) 40 km/h C1 10
6.1, 3.9, 5.2 ?
Total distance 1
(a) 3.8 (b) 4.9 C1 1
Ê (d) Average speed = and P( E 2 ) = =
(c) 5.7 (d) 6.0 Total time 9
C1 9
5 + 15 20
Ê (b) On arranging the given number is = = ∴ Required probability = P( E1 ) ⋅ P ( E 2 )
ascending order, we have 5 15 1 1
+ + 9 1 1
− 4.8, 0, 2.3, 3.5, 3.9, 4.6, 5.2, 6.1, 7.6, 8.2, 30 45 6 3 = × =
20 10 9 10
9.3, 12.7 =
1+ 2 117. One bag contains 3 white and 2 black
Here, n = 12
6 balls, another bag contains 5 white
So, median
20 × 6 and 3 black balls. If a bag is chosen at
= = 40 km/h
Value of   th number
12
3 random and a ball is drawn from it,
 2 
what is the change that it is white?
+ Value of 
12  114. Two fair dice are rolled. What is the
+ 1 th number 3 49 8 1
 2  probability of getting a sum of 7? (a) (b) (c) (d)
= 8 80 13 2
2 1 1
(a) (b)
Value of 6th number + Value 7th number 36 6 Ê (b) Let E1 be the event of selecting the
=
2 7 5 first bag and E 2 be the event of selecting
(c) (d)
4.6 + 52 . 12 12
= the second bag. Let A be the event of
2
= 4.9
Ê (b) Here, n(S ) = 36 drawing white ball.
and E be the event of getting a sum of 7 So, by theorem at total probability.
111. In a test in Mathematics, 20% of the on two fair dice.  A  A
P( A ) = P( E1 ) × P   + P( E 2 ) × P  
students obtained ‘‘first class’’. If the = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}  E1   E2 
data are represented by a pie chart, ∴ n( E ) = 6 1 3C1 1 5C
what is the central angle n( E ) 6 1 = ×5 + × 8 1
So, required probability = = = 2 C1 2 C1
corresponding to ‘‘first class’’? n(S ) 36 6
1  3 5  1 24 + 25
(a) 20° (b) 36° = + = ×
(c) 72° (d) 144° 115. If A and B are two events such that 2  5 8  2 40
2P ( A ) = 3P ( B ), where 1 49 49
Ê (c) Pie chart contains total angle equal to = × =
360°. 0 < P ( A ) < P ( B ) < 1, then which one 2 40 80
So, central angle corresponding to “First of the following is correct?
118. Consider the following in respect of
class” (a) P( A| B) < P( B| A ) < P( A ∩ B) two events A and B
= 20% of 360° (b) P( A ∩ B) < P( B| A ) < P( A | B)
I. P ( A occurs but not
20 (c) P( B| A ) < P ( A | B) < P( A ∩ B)
= × 360° B ) = P ( A ) − P ( B ) if B ⊂ A
100 (d) P( A ∩ B) < P( A | B) < P( B| A )
II. P ( A alone or B alone occurs) =
= 72 ° Ê (b) Given that, 2 P( A ) = 3 P( B) P( A ) = P( B ) − P( A ∩ B )
112. The mean and standard deviation of ⇒2
P( A )
=
3P( B) III. P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) if A and
a set of values are 5 and 2 P( A ∩ B) P( A ∩ B) B are mutually exclusive
respectively. If 5 is added to each [dividing both sides by P( A ∪ B)] Which of the above is/are correct?
value, then what is the coefficient of 1 P ( A ∩ B) 1 P ( A ∩ B)
⇒ × = × (a) I only (b) I and III
variation for the new set of values? 2 P( A ) 3 P( B) (c) II and III (d) I and II

× P   = P  
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 40 (d) 70 ⇒
1 B 1 A Ê (b) If B ⊂ A, then P( A − B)
2  A 3  B
= P( A ) − P( A ∩ B) = P( A ) − P( B)
Ê (b) Given, mean = 5
P   < P  
B A [QB ⊂ A ⇒ A ∩ B = B]
⇒
and standard deviation ( σ ) = 2  A  B
So, Statement I is correct.
Since, 5 is added to each value.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I) 49

P (A alone or B alone) Favourable numbers of selecting two N−1

(c) σ =
= P( A ) − P( A ∩ B) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) members as men 12
= P( A ) + P( B) − 2 P( A ∩ B) = 4C 2 × 5C1 N2 − 1
(d) σ =
So, Statement II is wrong.
4
C 2 × 5C1 6N
So, required probability = 9
C3 1
Ê (b)Q σ = ΣX i − ( X )
If A and B are mutually exclusive, 2 2 2

then P( A ∩ B) = 0 4 ×3 5 N
× 1
⇒ P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) 2 ×1 1 = (12 + 2 2 + ... + N 2 )
=
So, Statement III is correct. 9× 8×7 N
2
3×2 ×1
−  (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N )
Here, Statement I and III are correct. 1
2 ×3×5 5  N 
119. A committee of three has to be = =
3 × 4 × 7 14 1 N ( N + 1) (2 N + 1)  ( N + 1)
2
chosen from a group of 4 men and 5 = × −
 2 
women. If the selection is made at 120. The standard deviation σ of the first N 6
random, what is the probability that N natural numbers can be obtained N2 − 1
exactly two members are men? =
using which one of the following 12
5 1
(a) (b) formulae?
14 21 N2 − 1
N2 − 1 σ =
3 8 (a) σ = 12
(c) (d) 12
14 21
N2 − 1
Ê (a) Total number of selecting three (b) σ =
members = C 3
9 12

PAPER II English Language and General Studies

Part A (English Language)
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-10) Each item
in this section consists of a sentence
with an underlined word/words
followed by four words. Select the
option that is nearest in meaning to the
underlined word/words and mark your
response in your answer sheet
accordingly.
1. I do not want you to lead a life of
sycophancy as you did during the
foreign rule.
(a) admiration (b) love
(c) appreciation (d) flattery
Ê (d) A sycophant is one who praises
people in authority in a way that is not
sincere, usually in order to get some
advantage of them. So, ‘flattery’ is the
nearest in meaning to sycophancy.
2. In India, it has become easy to attack
cultural artefacts these days.
(a) beckon (b) assault
(c) belch (d) appreciate
Ê (b) assault is the correct synonym of
attack. Other synonyms are beat, strike
at, knock down, etc.
3. A local court granted bail to the
criminal on Thursday.
(a) confessed (b) donated
(c) allowed (d) yielded
Ê (c) is the correct answer as allowed is the
synonym of granted.
4. The judge told that he would analyse
the evidence and then deliver the
verdict.
(a) liberate (b) surrender
(c) transfer (d) pronounce
Ê (d) pronounce is the correct synonym of
deliver.
Some other synonyms are accepted,
acknowledged, assumed, etc.
5. The growth and development of the
peasant movement was indissolubly
linked with the national struggle for
freedom.
(a) firmly (b) vaguely
(c) individually (d) steadily
Ê (a) In the given sentence, indissolubly
means incapable of being broken. So,
‘firmly’ is the nearest in meaning to it.
6. Weather conditions have been
improving over the past few days.
(a) mending (b) amending
(c) becoming better (d) advancing
Ê (c) becoming better is the perfect
synonym of improving. Some other
synonyms are correcting, elaborating,
fixing, etc.
7. The confusion on the interlocutor’s
face was gratifying.
(a) government officer (b) party worker
(c) dialogist (d) revolutionary
Ê (c) dialogist is the correct answer. An
interliocutor is the person who engages
himself in dialogues. Some other
synonyms are interviewer, speaker, etc.
8. He spends his money lavishly.
(a) hesitatingly
(b) generously
(c) foolishly
(d) carefully
Ê (b) generously is the correct answer.
Other options do not match here. Lavishly
may also mean to spend money
extravagantly.
9. The government's new policies will
come into force from the next fiscal
year.
(a) calendar (b) academic
(c) financial (d) leap
Ê Fiscal means relating to money and
finances. So, option (c) financial is
nearest in meaning to it.
10. Abundant food was· available for the
soldiers in the mess.
(a) little
(b) plentiful
(c) delicious
(d) wholesome
Ê (b) plentiful is the correct answer for the
word abundant which means in large
quantity. Some other synonyms are
plenty, profuse, bounteous, etc.
50 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)

Directions (Q. Nos. 11-20) Each item Ê (c) coarse, from the given options is Ê (c) has error of correct degree of
in this section consists of a sentence correct. Other antonyms could be adjective. Here, we will use superlative
with an underlined word/words unsatisfactory, ill, etc. degree of greater i.e. ‘greatest’ as we are
followed by four words. Select the comparing one with many people.
18. There is no likeness between him
option that is opposite in meaning to and his brother. 24. In my younger days (a)/I could run
the underlined word/words and mark (a) unlikeliness (b) unlikelihood four miles (b)/at a stretch. (c)/No
your response in your Answer Sheet (c) dissimilarity (d) disaffinity error. (d)
accordingly.
Ê (c) dissimilarity is the correct antonym as Ê (a) has error of correct syntax ‘When I was
11. The country's economy must be likeness means resemblance and young’ is better construction.
geared to wartime requirements. dissimilarity means when there is nothing
similar or resembling with the other. 25. The owner (a)/as well as his servants
(a) subordinated to
(b) related to
(b)/is honest. (c)/No error. (d)
19. Cultural diversity in the working
(c) adjusted to
place is good for business. Ê (d) The sentence is correct.
(d) unlinked to
(a) uniformity (b) conformity
Ê (d) unlinked to is correct antonym of word (c) identity (d) similarity
Directions (Q. Nos. 26-30) Given
geared which means to adjust or adapt. below are some idioms/phrases
Ê (a) diversity means the condition of followed by four alternative meanings
12. Why does fire attract insects? having or being composed of different
to each. Choose the response (a), (b), (c)
(a) discharge (b) destroy types of people or things. So, its opposite
or (d) which is the most appropriate
(c) repel (d) remove will be uniformity.
expression.
Ê (c) repel is opposite in meaning to attract 20. The company was liquidated within
as it means to force something or 26. Cry over spilt milk
five years. (a) Complaining about a loss in the past
someone to move away or stop attacking
(a) bankrupt (b) closed down (b) Too much inquisitive about something
you. (c) flourishing (d) privatised (c) When something is done badly to save
13. The party was excellent, and I would Ê (c) liquidate means to cause a business money
like to thank all the people to close, so that its assets can be sold to (d) Dealing with a problem only in an
concerned. pay its debts. So, its opposite would be emergency situation
‘flourishing’.
(a) cared (b) attentive Ê (a) Complaining about a loss in the past is
(c) dependable (d) uninvolved the correct meaning of the idiom ‘Cry over
Ê (d) uninvolved is correct antonym of
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-25) Each item spilt milk.’
concerned which means interested or in this section has a sentence with three
27. Cut the mustard
involved. underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and
(a) Prepare spices out of mustard seeds
(c). Read each sentence to find out
14. He is very serious by temperament. whether there is any error in any
(b) To come up to expectations
(a) grave (b) trivial (c) Making absurd expectations
underlined part and indicate your
(c) sober (d) stupid (d) Very enthusiastic
response in the Answer Sheet against
Ê (b) trivial is the only correct antonym from the corresponding letter i.e., (a) or (b) or Ê (b) To come up to the expectations is the
the given options. Grave and sober are correct meaning of the idiom ‘cut the
(c). If you find no error, your response
synonyms of serious. Stupid does not mustard’.
should be indicated as (d).
match. Trivial means of small value or
unserious matter. 21. The politician lost face in his 28. Devil’s advocate
(a) A dangerous person
15. There are a few miscellaneous items constituency (a)/when he broke the
(b) To present a counter argument
to discuss in this meeting. pre-election promises (b)/he made to
(c) Very argumentative person
(a) pure (b) mixed his people. (c)/No error. (d)
(d) Creating an unpleasant situation
(c) homogenous (d) discordant Ê (c) has error. As sentence is in simple past
tense, here we must use past perfect Ê (c) A devil’s advocate is a person who
Ê (c) homogenous is correct antonym of tense ‘he had made to the people’ should expresses an unpopular opinion in order
miscellaneous. Miscellaneous means of to provoke debate. So, out of the given
be used here.
mixed type whereas homogenous means options ‘very argumentative person’ best
of the same kind. 22. At the request of the Defence expresses its meaning.
16. Due to the postal strike, the outgoing Attorney, (a)/the jury were called 29. Don’t count your chickens before the
mail got delayed. (b)/and their individual verdicts eggs have hatched
(a) urgent (b) incoming
were recorded. (c)/No error. (d) (a) If you are not good at something,
(c) ordinary (d) speedy Ê (b) has error of correct use of verb with better to avoid that
jury which is taken as singular noun, verb (b) Don’t make plans for something that
Ê (b) incoming is the correct antonym of ‘was’ will be used here. might not happen
outgoing. In and out are perfect
antonyms. 23. Frank Lloyd Wright has been (c) Not to come up to expectations
acclaimed (a)/by colleagues (b)/as (d) Don’t put all your resources in one
17. He had a fine ear for music. possibility
(a) small (b) close the greater of all modern architects.
(c) coarse (d) smooth (c)/ No error. (d) Ê (b) This idiom means to not make plans
for something that might not happen.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
30. Give the benefit of doubt
(a) To be partial to someone
(b) To be judgemental
(c) Regard someone as innocent until
proven otherwise
(d) Say something exactly right
Ê (c) Benefit of doubt means to regard
someone as innocent until proven
otherwise.
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-35) In this
section each item consists of six sentences
of a passage. The first and sixth
sentences are given in the beginning as
S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in
each have been jumbled up and labelled
P, Q, R and S. You are required to find
the proper sequence of the four sentences
and mark your response accordingly on
the Answer Sheet.
31. S1 : The Subsidiary Alliance system
was extremely advantageous to the
British.
S 6 : They controlled the defence and
the foreign relations of the protected
ally.
P : They could now maintain a large
army at the cost of Indian states.
Q : if many war occurred in the
territories
R : either of the British ally or of the
Britishers
S : This enabled them to fight wars far
away from their own territories
The proper sequence should be
(a) P Q R S
(b) P S Q R
(c) Q R P S
(d) S R P Q
Ê (b) PSQR is the correct sequence.
32. S1 : In reality, by signing a Subsidiary
Alliance, an Indian state virtually
signed away its independence.
S6 : In fact, the Indian ruler lost all
vestiges of sovereignty in external
matters.
P : of maintaining diplomatic relations
Q : It lost the right of self defence
R : with its neighbours
S : and of settling its disputes
The proper sequence should be
(a) P Q R S
(b) R S P Q
(c) Q P S R
(d) Q S R P
Ê (c) QPSR is the correct sequence.
33. S1 : A mighty popular Revolt broke
out in Northern and Central India
in 1857.
S 6 : Millions of peasants, artisans
and soldiers fought heroically and
wrote a glorious chapter.
P : Sepoys, or the Indian soldiers of
the Company’s army
Q : but soon engulfed wide regions
and involved the masses
R : and nearly swept away the
British rule
S : It began with a mutiny of the
The proper sequence should be
(a) R S P Q (b) P Q R S
(c) S R P Q (d) Q R P S
Ê (a) RSPQ is the correct sequence.
34. S1: The Indian Civil Service
gradually developed into one of the
most efficient and powerful civil
services in the world.
S6 : though these qualities
obviously served. British, and not
Indian interests.
P : and often participated in the
making of policy
Q : independence, integrity and
hard work
R : They developed certain
traditions of
S : Its members exercised vast
power
The proper sequence should be
(a) P Q R S (b) Q R S P
(c) R S Q P (d) S P R Q
Ê (d) SPRQ is the correct sequence.
35. S1 : The ruin of India handicrafts
was reflected in the ruin of the
towns and cities which were
famous for their manufactures.
S6 : Centres were developed and
laid waste.
P : Dacca, Surat, Murshidabad and
many other rising industrial
Q : ravages of war and plunder,
failed to
R : survive British conquest
S : Cities which had withstood the
The proper sequence should be
(a) P Q R S
(b) S Q R P
(c) S R P Q
(d) Q R S P
Ê (b) SQRP is the correct sequence.
51
Directions (Q. Nos. 36-40) In this
section you have few short passages.
After each passage, you will find some
items based on the passage. First, read
a passage and answer the items based
on it. You are required to select your
answers based on the contents of the
passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage 1
The rule of the road means that in order
that the liberties of all may be preserved,
the liberties of everybody must be
curtailed. When the policeman, say, at a
road-crossing steps into the middle of the
road and puts out his hand, he is the
symbol not of tyranny but of liberty. You
have submitted to a curtailment of private
liberty in order that you may enjoy a social
order which makes your liberty a reality.
We 'have both liberties to preserve — our
Individual liberty and our social liberty.
That is, we must have a judicious mixture
of both. I shall not permit any authority to
say that my child must go to this school or
that, shall specialise in science or arts.
These things are personal. But if I say that
my child shall have no education at all,
then society will firmly tell me that my
child must have education whether I like it
or not.
36. According to the author, the ‘‘rule of
the road’’ implies
(a) the rule regulating the traffic on the
road
(b) the principle on which a road is
constructed to ensure safe traffic
(c) unrestricted freedom for all to lead a
happy life
(d) restricted individual freedom to ensure
freedom for all
Ê (d) Rule of the road according to the
passage means restricted individual
freedom to ensure freedom for all.
37. The author thinks that when a
policeman signals you to stop on a
road-crossing, he is
(a) behaving in a whimsical manner
(b) interfering with your freedom to use the
road
(c) protecting the liberty of all to use the
road
(d) mischievously creating hurdles in your
way from some personal motive
Ê (c) The policeman is protecting the liberty
of all to use the road.
38. The author is of the view that we
should
(a) have absolute individual liberty without
any restrictions imposed by the
society
(b) have everything, controlled by the
society without any kind of individual
liberty
52
(c) try to strike a sensible balance
between our individual liberty and our
social liberty
(d) have more of social liberty than
individual liberty
Ê (c) The author is of the view that we should
try to strike a sensible balance between
our individual liberty and our social liberty.
39. The author holds that
(a) educating or not educating his child is
a matter of personal liberty
(b) educating or not educating his child is
also a matter of social liberty
(c) choosing the school for his child is a
matter of social liberty
(d) choosing the subject of study for his
child is a matter of social liberty
Ê (b) The author is of the opinion that
educating or not educating his child is
also a matter of social liberty.
40. The most suitable title of the passage
would be
(a) The Policeman at a Road Crossing
(b) The Laws of the Road
(c) Importance of Liberty
(d) Education of Children
Ê The most suitable title of the passage
would be option (c). ‘Importance of
Liberty’.
Passage 2
My most interesting visitor comes at night,
when the lights are still burning — a tiny
bat who prefers to fly in through the open
door, and will use the window only if there
is no alternative. His object in entering the
house is to snap up the moths that cluster
around the lamps. All the bats I have seen
fly fairly high, keeping near the ceiling; but
this particular bat flies in low, like a
dive-bomber, zooming in and out of chair
legs and under tables. Once, he passed
straight between my legs. Has his radar
gone wrong, I wondered, or is he just plain
crazy?
41. Consider the following statements
1. The tiny bat flew in low like a dive
bomber.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
2. The tiny bat like all bats keeps Ê (c) My Nocturnal Visitor is the most
near the ceiling. suitable title of the passage from the
3. It has lost direction because its given options.
radar has gone wrong. Directions (Q. Nos. 46-50) Each of
4. It wants to entertain the author the following sentences in this section
with its skill in flying.
has a blank space and four words or
Which of the above statements may be group of words given after the sentence.
assumed to be true from the Select the word or group of words you
information given in the passage? consider most appropriate for the blank
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 space and indicate your response on the
(c) 2 and 4 (d) 3 and 4 Answer Sheet accordingly.
Ê (b) From the given information statements 46. The tired traveller …………… on in the
1 and 3 are true. hope of finding some resting place.
42. The bat entered the room (a) strolled (b) scurried
(a) because there was no alternative (c) paraded (d) plodded
(b) to eat the moths round the lamps Ê (d) The word ‘plodded’ means to walk
(c) as it had gone mad with slow heavy steps. So, from the given
(d) as it preferred to fly in through the open options it is most suitable to fill the given
door blank.
Ê (b) The bat entered the room to eat the 47. The car was damaged beyond repair
moths round the lamps.
in the ………… accident.
43. After comparing the habits of the (a) outrageous (b) ghastly
tiny bat with those of other bats, the (c) nasty (d) heinous
author was
(a) sure that this bat had lost its direction
Ê (b) Ghastly means unpleasant and
shocking. So, it should be used to fill the
(b) not sure of its preferences
(c) surprised to find that it was an expert
given blank.
flier 48. They gave a ………… dinner to
(d) unable to give the correct explanation celebrate the occasion, which
for its behaviour
impressed every guest.
Ê (d) The author was confused and hence (a) austere (b) public
was unable to give the correct (c) sumptuous (d) summary
explanation for the behaviour of the bat.
Ê (c) Sumptuous means of high quality and
44. The author calls the tiny bat an often expensive. So, from the given
‘‘interesting visitor’’. This means options it is the most suitable word to fill
(a) the bat visits him at night the given blank.
(b) the bat is interested in the moths 49. Once the ………… manuscript is
(c) this bat has peculiar qualities
received by the publishers, it is typed
(d) this bat surprises him by zooming in
and out like a dive-bomber in double space.
(a) total (b) full
Ê (c) The tiny bat is called an interesting (c) complete (d) filled
visitor by the author as it has peculiar
qualities. Ê (c) complete is the correct answer.
45. What, according to you, can be the 50. I am used to ………… in queues.
most suitable title for the passage? (a) stand (b) standing
(c) stand up (d) standing still
(a) Someone visits me
(b) Night of Mysteries Ê (b) starding is the correct answer.
(c) My Nocturnal Visitor
(d) A Funny Visitor
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
51. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) Any energy transfer that does not
involve temperature difference in
some way is not heat.
(b) Any energy transfer always requires
a temperature difference
(c) On heating the length and volume of
the object remain exactly the same
(d) Whenever there is a temperature
difference, heat is the only way of
energy transfer
Ê (a) Practically, all the bodies around us
either release or absorb energy often in
the form of heat. The form of energy
which is exchanged among various
bodies or system on account of
temperature difference is defined as
heat. On heating the matter, the energy
of atoms increases and hence the
average distance between them
increases. This results in thermal
expansion. Solids can expand in one
dimension, two dimensions and three
dimensions while liquid and gases
usually expand in volume.
52. If T is the time period of an
oscillating pendulum, which one of
the following statements is NOT
correct?
(a) The motion repeats after time T only
once
(b) T is the least time after which motion
repeats itself
(c) The motion repeats itself after nT,
where n is a positive integer
(d) T remains the same only for small
angular displacements
Ê (a) Time-period (T ) is the time taken by
the particle to complete one oscillation.
Time-period of the simple pendulum is
given by
l O
T= 2π
g
It is clear that the time period is
independent of the mass of the
pendulum. This formula is valid only
when radius of point mass of pendulum
is negligible compared to length of
pendulum. Here, motion of pendulum
repeats itself after a fixed interval i.e it
remains same only for small angular
displacements (Q). Hence, it is
incorrect to say that this motion repeats
after time T only once.
Part B (General Studies)
53. If an object moves with constant
velocity then which one of the
following statements is NOT correct?
(a) Its motion is along a straight line
(b) Its speed changes with time
(c) Its acceleration is zero
(d) Its displacement increases linearly with
time
Ê (d) Whenever an object moves with
constant velocity, the motion is always in
form of straight line, which is parallel to the
x-axis. As velocity remains same, hence
acceleration of the object is zero. Also the
speed of the object changes due to change
in displacement so than in distance. Hence,
option (d) is incorrect because it is not
necessary displacement increases linearly.
It decreases linearly for constant velocity.
54. An object is moving, with uniform
acceleration a. Its initial velocity is u
and after time t its velocity is v. The
equation of its motion is v = u + at .
The velocity (along y-axis) time (along
x-axis) graph shall be a straight line
(a) passing through origin
(b) with x-intercept u
(c) with y-intercept u
(d) with slope u
Ê (c) From the graph for the equation of its
motion.
v = (u + at )
y=axis
B
E . × 10 6 J
Velocity (v)
A D
Intercept
y =u
x=axis
Time (t) C
The object has an initial velocity u at point A
and then its velocity changes at a uniform
rate from A to B in time t . In other words,
there is a uniform acceleration ‘a’ from A to
B and after time t its final velocity becomes ‘
v’ equal to B in the graph. Hence, the slope
of a velocity-time graph is equal to
acceleration. Thus, we can say that the
velocity time graph for the equation,
v = u + at will be straight line having slope
equal to acceleration a with y intercept u.
∴ Option (c) is correct.
53
55. What is the net force experienced by
a bar magnet placed in a uniform
magnetic field?
(a) Zero
(b) Depends upon length of the magnet
(c) Never zero
(d) Depends upon temperature
Ê (a) The net force experienced by a bar
magnet placed in a uniform magnetic
field is zero. A magnetic field is said to be
uniform over r a region if its magnetic field
induction ( B) has the same magnitude
and direction at all point in the region.
Thus, net force experienced by a bar
magnet in a uniform magnetic field is
zero.
56. Which one of the following has
maximum inertia ?
(a) An atom (b) A molecule
(c) A one-rupee coin
(d) A cricket ball
Ê (d) Inertia means resistance or
opposition offered by the body to change
its state. Mass of a body is the
measurement of its inertia. A body with
greater mass shows greater inertia, i.e., it
is more difficult to change its state of rest
or uniform motion as compared to that of
a body having small mass. Hence, in the
given option a cricket ball has maximum
mass, so it has maximum inertia.
57. Which one of the following is the
value of 1 kWh of energy converted
into joules?
(a) 18 (b) 3.6 × 10 6 J
(c) 6.0 × 10 6 J (d) 7.2 × 10 6 J
Ê (b) 1 kilowatt hour is the unit of electrical
power.
1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt × 3600 s
= 3.6 × 10 6 Joule
(Q 1 Joule = 1 watt × 1 sec)
58. Which one of the following
statements about gravitational force
is NOT correct?
(a) It is experienced by all bodies in the
universe
(b) It is .a dominant force between
celestial bodies
(c) It is a negligible force for atoms
(d) It is same for all pairs of bodies in our
universe
Ê (d) Gravitational force is defined as a
non-contact force of attraction between
any two bodies in universe (no matter
how far the bodies are). It is experienced
by all bodies in the universe. The celestial
bodies experienced these forces, but it is
not same for all pairs of bodies in our
universe.
54
59. Whether an object will float or sink
in a liquid, depends on
(a) mass of the object only
(b) mass of the object and density of
liquid only
(c) difference in the densities of the object
and liquid
(d) mass and shape of the object only
Ê (c) When an object is floating then
Volume of sinking part of the object
= chlor-alkali industry.
Total volume of the body
=
Density of the object
Density of the liquid
Volume of sinking part of the body
Mass of object
=
Density of liquid
In case of sinking, if the buoyant force or
upthrust exerted by the liquid is less than
the weight of the object, the object will
sink in liquid. Therefore, it is clear that
whether an object will float or sink in a
liquid depends on difference in the
densities of the object and liquid.
60. Which one of the, following devices
is non-ohmic?
(a) Conducting copper coil
(b) Electric heating coil
(c) Semi conductor diode
(d) Rheostat
Ê (c) According to Ohm’s law, the electric
current flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across its ends,
provided the physical condition (such as
temperature) remain unchanged. Hence,
the device which follows Ohm’s law for all
voltage across it is called as an ohmic
device.
For example, a wire rheostat conducting
copper coil, electric heating coil, etc. The
device that does not follow Ohm’s law is
known as non-ohmic device.
For example, Semi conductor diode.
61. Which one of the following is the
natural phenomenon based on which
a simple periscope works?
(a) Reflection of light
(b) Refraction of light
(c) Dispersion of light
(d) Total internal reflection of light
Ê (a) Periscope is an optical instrument
which is based on the phenomenon of
reflection of light. Light is reflected from
the first mirror into the second one at 45°
angle which is then reflected to the eye of
the viewer.
62. Which one of the following
frequency range is sensitive to
human ears?
(a) 0 − 200 Hz
(b) 20 − 20,000 Hz
(c) 200 − 20,000 Hz only
(d) 2,000 − 20,000 Hz only
Ê (b) 20-20,000 Hz, human ear can
respond to minute pressure variations in
air. The audible frequency range to which
ears can respond is 20-20,000 Hz. The
sound frequency beyond this limit may
damage ear drums and cause hearing
disabilities in humans.
63. The accidental touch of Nettle leaves
creates a burning sensation, which is
due to inject of
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Methanoic acid
(c) Citric acid
(d) Sulphuric acid
Ê (b) The accidental touch of Nettle Leaves
create a burning sensation. This is due to
the methanoic acid secreted by them. It is
a Herbaceous plant that grows in the wild.
The leaf of the dock plant, which often
grows beside the nettle, is the traditional
remedy for it.
64. Which of the following properties is
true for a tooth paste?
(a) It is acidic (b) It is neutral
(c) It is basic
(d) It is made up of Calcium phosphate,
the material of tooth enamel
Ê (c) Tooth pastes are derived from
different variety of components namely
abrasives, flouride and detergents.
Abrasives includes particles of calcium
hydrogen phosphates, aluminium
hydroxide, etc. Tooth pastes are basic in
nature and prevents tooth decay by
neutralising the excess of acid. They can
neither be acidic nor normal.
65. Which one of the following gives the
highest amount of hydrogen ions (
H+ ) ?
(a) Sodium hydroxide solution
(b) Milk of magnesia
(c) Lemon juice
(d) Gastric juice
+
Ê (d) The amount of H ions produced
depends upon the strength of an acid
which further depends on the
corresponding pH values. Relation
between pH and concentration of H + ions
is given by
1
pH = − log [H + ] = log +
[H ]
As the pH increases, the acidic nature
decreases and thus the amount of H +
ions. The order of pH values for the above
given options are as follows:
Gastric Juice (1.3 − 3.0) < Lemon Juice
(2.2-2.4) < Milk of Magnesia (10.5) <
Sodium hydroxide (≈ 14)
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
Thus, Gastric juice gives the highest
amount of H + ions.
66. Brine is an aqueous solution of
(a) NaCl (b) NaOH
(c) NaHCO 3 (d) Na 2CO 3
Ê (a) Brine is an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride (NaCl). Electrolysis of
brine produces Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH), Chlorine (Cl 2) and Hydrogen
(H 2). This forms the basis of the
67. Which one of the following is the
chemical formula of Washing Soda ?
(a) NaHCO 3 (b) Na 2CO 3 ⋅ 10H 2O
(c) Na 2CO 3 ⋅ 5H 2O (d) NaOH
Ê (b) 2 NaCl ( aq ) + 2H 2OCl → 2NaOH( aq )
+ Cl 2( g ) + H 2( g ) chemically washing
soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate
with formula Na 2CO 3 ⋅ 10H 2O. Its
anhydrous form, i.e. Na 2CO 3 is called
soda ash.
Na 2CO 3 + 10H 2O → Na 2CO 3 ⋅ 10H 2O
Washing Soda
68. Which one of the following is NOT
true for bleaching powder?
(a) It is used as a reducing agent in
chemical industries
(b) It is used for bleaching wood pulp in
paper factories
(c) It is used for disinfecting drinking water
(d) It is used for bleaching linen in textile
industry
Ê (a) Bleaching powder (CaOCl 2 ) is
produced by the action of chlorine on dry
slaked lime [Ca(OH)2 ]. The following are
the uses of bleaching powder:
(i) It is used for bleaching purposes in
textile industries, paper industry and
in laundry.
(ii) It is also used as a disinfectant for
water to make it free of germs.
(iii) It is used as an oxidising agent in
many chemical industries.
Thus among the given, option (a) is
incorrect.
69. AIDS is caused by a virus whose
genetic material is
(a) single stranded circular DNA
(b) double stranded DNA
(c) single stranded RNA
(d) double stranded RNA
Ê (c) AIDS is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It belongs
to family retroviridae and genus lentivirus.
HIV genome consists of two identical
copies of the SSRNA genome, reverse
transcriptase enzyme and other proteins
to code for viral proteins that are essential
during its replication. All these
components are: enclosed within the
core of viral particle.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
70. Which one of the following
organelle is NOT found in
prokaryotic cells?
(a) Cell wall (b) Mitochondria
(c) Plasma membrane (d) Ribosome
Ê (b) Prokaryotic cells are simple and
primitive type of cells e.g. bacteria,
methanogens, blue-green algae, etc.
These cell do not contain membrane
bound nucleus and other cellular
organelles like other than mitochondria,
prokaryotes also lack. Mitochondria is a
double membraned organelle, which is
responsible for the production of ATP
molecules. It is only found in eukaryotic
cells.
71. Which one of the following parts of
body does NOT take part in the
process of breathing?
(a) Bronchi
(b) Bowman's capsule
(c) Diaphragm
(d) Trachea
Ê (b) Bowman’s capsule is a part of human
excretory system. It is closed cup-shaped
and double-walled structure of
Malpighian body of a kidney.
The human respiratory system includes
nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
Diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet that
separate the thoracic cavity from
abdominal cavity. It also serves major role
during breathing.
Trachea or wind pipe conduct air to lungs
and bronchi are the branches of wind
pipe inside lungs.
72. Which one of the following
statements about classification of
plants is correct?
(a) Thallophytes have well differentiated
body design
(b) Funaria is a fungus
(c) All Pteridophytes are Phanerogams
(d) Vascular system is not found among
Bryophytes
Ê (d) Bryophytes are very small,
photosynthetic and first terrestrial plants.
These are non-vascular plants too.
Thyllophyta is a group of thalloid plants in
which body is not differentiated into true
roots, stems and leaves. e.g. Algae.
Funaria (Moss) is a genus of
approximately 2010 species of class
Bryopsida of Bryophyta.
Pteridophytes have hidden reproductive
organs, so, these are called cryptogams.
While all gymnosperms and angiosperms
are phanerogams.
73. Which one of the following is the
correct sequence of levels of
hierarchy of classification of
organisms from higher to lower?
(a) Phylum - Class - Order - Family
- Genus
(b) Phylum - Class - Family - Order
- Genus
(c) Family - Order - Class - Species '
- Genus
(d) Class - Family - Order - Species
- Genus
Ê (a) A hierarchical system is used for
taxonomic classification of organisms.
Each level in this classification includes
organisms with similar characteristics.
According to Linnean hierarchy,
proposed by Carlous Linnaeus (Father of
systematic Botany), the hierarchy
involves seven obligate categories as
shown below
Kingdom → Phylum (in Animals)/Division
(in plants) → Class → Order → Family →
Genus → Species
74. Which one of the following
statements about meristematic
tissues in plants is correct ?
(a) These are dead tissues and form
wood
(b) They provide flexibility to plant due to
their thickened walls
(c) These are present in the bark of a tree
only
(d) Growth occurs in plants due to division
of cells of these tissues
Ê (d) Growth occurs in plants due to the
division of meristematic cells.
Meristematic tissues are a group of
undifferentiated immature cells that are
either preparing to divide or are in
continuous state of division. These
tissues contribute towards the growth of
the plants as they are present in the
actively growing regions of plants.
Due to meristematic tissues, a plant body
retains the capacity of unlimited growth
throughout their life.
75. Which one of the following Union
Territories has the highest female
literacy rate?
(a) Chandigarh
(b) Lakshadweep
(c) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(d) Puducherry
Ê (b) Lakshadweep has a sex ratio of 946
females for every 1000 males and a
literacy rate of 92.28%. The female
literacy of lakshwadweep is 87.95
percent which the highest among all the
union territories in India. Daman and Diu
comes next with 79.59% in female
literacy.
55
76. Consider the following statements
about Roaring Forties
1. They are strong Westerly winds
found in the oceans of Southern
Hemisphere.
2. The strong east to west air
currents are caused by the
combination of air being displaced
from the Equator towards the
South Pole and the earth’s
rotation and abundance of
landmasses to serve as wind
breaks.
Which of the statements given above
is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) The Roaring Forties are strong
westerly winds found in the Southern
Hemisphere, generally between the
latitudes of 40 and 50 degrees.The strong
west-to-east air currents are caused by
the combination of air being displaced
from the Equator towards the South Pole
and the Earth’s rotation, and there are few
landmasses to serve as windbreaks.
Hence, both the given statements are
correct.
77. Consider the following statements
1. The doldrums is a low pressure
area around Equator where the
prevailing winds are calm.
2. Chinook is a hot and dry wind
that blows in winter and therefore
raises the temperature in a short
time.
Which of the statements given above
is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (c) Doldrums, (also called equatorial
calms) are equatorial regions of light
ocean currents and winds within the Inter
Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a belt
of converging winds and rising air
encircling Earth near the Equator. It is a
low pressure area around the equator
where the prevailing winds are calm with
no movement.
Chinook are local winds that blow over the
Rocky mountains in USA. They are
essentially hot and dry wind that blow in
the winter season and raises the
temperature in a short time thus removing
the frost from the crops.
78. Which one of the following is the
driest desert of the world ?
(a) Atacama (b) Gobi
(c) Sahara (d) Kalahari
56
Ê (a) Atacama desert located in the Andes
mountain is the driest desert in the world,
as well as the only true desert to receive
less precipitation than the polar deserts.
Officially, it the driest place on Earth. It
receives almost no rainfall. This is due to
the fact that the desert lies on the leeward
side of the Andes that blocks any winds
from reaching here.
79. Which of the following statements
about latent heat for a given
substance is/are correct?
1. It is fixed at a given temperature.
2. It depends upon the temperature
and volume.
3. It is independent of temperature
and volume.
4. It depends on the temperature but
independent of volume.
Select the correct 'answer using the
codes given below
(a) 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 4 only (d) 1 and 4
Ê (b) The amount of heat per unit mass
transferred during change of state of the
substance is called Latent heat of the
substance. It is always fixed at a given
temperature and does not changes with
temperature and volume of the
substance. e.g. latent heat of ice is
3.34×105J.
80. Which one of the following
statements about the mass of a body
is correct?
(a) It changes from one place to another
(b) It is same everywhere
(c) It depends on its shape
(d) It does not depend on its temperature
Ê (b) Mass is a quantity of matter present
inside the body which measures the
inertia of a body. The mass of the body
cannot be zero. Irrespective of the
position of body in the universe, mass of
the body always remains constant
everywhere, which is independent on its
temperature.
81. A ball balanced on a vertical rod is an
example of
(a) stable equilibrium
(b) unstable equilibrium
(c) neutral equilibrium
(d) perfect equilibrium
Ê (b) When the centre of gravity of a body
lies below point of suspension or support,
the body is said to be in stable
equilibrium. When the centre of gravity of
a body lies above the point of suspension
or support, the body is said to be in
unstable equilibrium. A balanced ball on
a vertical rod is an example of unstable
equilibrium because when the rod is
slightly disturbed its centre of gravity is
lowered. The line of action of its weight
lies outside the base of the rod. Then the
torque due to weight of the toppled it
down.
When the centre of gravity of a body lies at
the point of suspension, the body is said
to be inventral equilibrium.
82. Which of the following statements
about a fluid at rest in a cup is/are
correct?
1. Pressure is same-at all the points
in the fluid.
2. Pressure is exerted on the walls.
3. Pressure exists everywhere in the
fluid.
Select the correct answer 'using the
codes given below
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (d) When a fluid is at rest in a cup then
pressure is same at all the points in the
fluid, pressure is exerted on the walls and
pressure exists everywhere in the fluid.
The pressure at a point within a volume of
fluid means that the point to be
surrounded by a small container by the
area of the container.
83. Which one of the following devices
is used to measure atmospheric
pressure?
(a) Ammeter (b) Barometer
(c) Potentiometer (d) Lactometer
Ê (b) Barometer is used to measure the
atmospheric pressure. The function of a
barometer is to know whether or not
atmospheric pressure is rising or falling.
Ammeter is a device which is used to
measure electric current in amperes.
Potentiometer is used to measure the emf
of a cell and. Loctometer is used to
measure the purity of milk.
84. Which one of the following is the
number of water molecules that
share with two formula unit CaSO 4
in Plaster of Paris?
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Five (d) Ten
Ê (a) Plaster of Paris is chemically
known as calcium sulphate
hemihydrate  CaSO 4 ⋅ H 2O  . Thus,
1
 2 
with two formula unit of CaSO 4 , one
molecule of water is shared.
It is prepared by heating gypsum at
393 K.
2 (CaSO 4 ⋅ 2H 2O)  393
 K
→ as a fuel and as a reducing agent in
2(CaSO 4 )2 ⋅ H 2O
Gypsum
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
85. How is carbon black obtained?
(a) By heating wood at high temperature
in absence of air
(b) By heating coal at high temperature in
absence of air
(c) By burning hydrocarbons in a limited
supply of air
(d) By heating coal at high temperature in
presence of air
Ê (c) Carbon black is obtained by burning
hydrocarbons in a limited supply of air.
CH 4 + O 2 → C + 2H 2O
(limited Carbon
black
supply)
It is used as a black pigment in black ink
and as filler in automobile tyres. Which
charcol and coke are obtained by heating
wood or coal respectively at high
temperature.
86. Which one of the following
properties is NOT true for graphite?
(a) Hybridisation of each carbon atom is
sp3
(b) Hybridisation of each carbon atom is
sp2
(c) Electrons are delocalised over the
whole sheet of atoms
(d) Each layer is composed of hexagonal
rings
Ê (a) A graphite crystal consists of layers of
carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms.
Each carbon atom in a graphite layer is
joined to other three carbon atoms by
strong covalent bonds to form flat
hexagonal rings. In this case, only 3 of the
4 valence electrons of C participate in
bonding. Thus, hybridisation is sp2
having covalent bonds with other 3
C-atoms in same plane.
The electrons are delocalised over the
whole sheet of atoms which makes it
good conductor of electricity. Thus,
among the given options, option ‘a’ is
incorrect.
87. Which one of the following is the
purest form of Carbon?
(a) Charcoal
(b) Coke
(c) Fullerene
(d) Carbon black
Ê (d) Carbon black (lamp black) is the
most purest form of carbon. It contains
about 98-99% of carbon. It is used for
making printer ink, black paint, varnishes
and carbon papers.
Charcoal is the impure form of carbon
because of its porous structure and large
surface area.
Coke contains 80-85% carbon. It is used
metallurgy.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
88. The Poisonous nature of Carbon
monoxide (CO) is due to its
(a) insolubility in water
(b) ability to form a complex with
haemoglobin
(c) ability to reduce some metal oxides
(d) property of having one sigma bond
Ê (b) Carbon monoxide (CO) is highly
poisonous to living beings because it has
an ability to form more stable
carboxyhaemoglobin. It is 300 times
more stable than oxygen-
haemoglobin complex. In blood, when
the concentration of
carbonyhaemoglobin reaches about 3-4
per cent. The oxygen carrying capacity of
blood is greatly reduced. The oxygen
deficiency results into headache, weak
eyesight, nervousness, etc.
89. Which one of the following elements
is needed in the human body to
transfer electrical signals by nerve
cells?
(a) Lithium (b) Sodium
(c) Rubidium (d) Caesium
Ê (b) Sodium in the form of ions are found
in large proportions in biological fluids. It
plays an important role in the
transmission of nerve signals. It also
regulates the flow of water across cell
membranes and in transport of sugars
and amino acids into the cells.
90. Who among the following first
discovered cell ?
(a) Robert Brown
(b) Robert Hooke
(c) Leeuwenhoek
(d) Rudolf Virchow
Ê (b) Robert Hooke was the first who
studied and discovered cell from a thin
section of dead cork. He observed small
honeycomb-like structures and named
them as cells.
Robert Brown reported the discovery of
nucleus. Leeuwenhock was the first
person to observe living cells under
microscope. Rudolf Virchow proposed
that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
91. Which one of the following group of
organisms forms a food chain?
(a) Grass, human and fish
(b) Grass, goat and human
(c) Tree, tree cutter and tiger
(d) Goat, cow and human
Ê (b) The series of organisms in which one
organism is being eaten by other is called
food chain. The organisms given in the
option (b) form the following food chain:
Grass (Producers) → Goat (Primary
Consumer) → Human (Secondary
Consumer)
92. Which one of the following types of
tissues will have contractile
proteins?
(a) Nervous tissue (b) Muscle tissue
(c) Bone tissue (d) Blood tissue
Ê (b) Contractile proteins are found in
muscles. These proteins are actin and
myosin and they are, the main
components of thin and thick filaments
respectively. Muscle contraction occurs
when these filaments slide over one
another in a series of repetitive events.
93. If by an unknown accident the acid
secreting cells of the stomach wall of
an individual are damaged.
Digestion of' which one of the
following biomolecule will be
affected to a greater extent?
(a) Protein only
(b) Lipid
(c) Carbohydrate only
(d) Protein and Carbohydrate
Ê (a) Pepsinogen is an inactive form of
pepsin which is secreted by oxyntic cells.
It is converted into active form called
Pepsin in the presence of HCl. Pepsin
converts protein molecules into
proteases, peptones and ultimately into
amino acids. Hence, proteins will not be
digested if acid secreting cells of
stomach wall of an individual get
damaged.
94. In which one of the following places,
Headquarters of a Railway Zone is
located?
(a) Kanpur (b) Lucknow
(c) Hajipur (d) New Jalpaiguri
Ê (c) The East Central Railway (ECR) is one
of the 17 railway zones in India. It is
headquartered at Hajipur (Bihar) and
comprises Sonpur, Samastipur,
Danapur, Mughalsarai and Dhanbad
divisions.
95. Which of the following statements
about Indian Academy of Highway
Engineers is/ are correct?
1. It is a registered society.
2. It is a collaborative body of both
Central Government and State
Governments.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ê (d) Indian Academy of Highway
Engineers is the apex training institute
set-up to address the training needs of
Highway and Bridge Engineers in the
country. It was set-up as an Institute in the
year 1983 with the primary objective to
57
fulfill the need for training of highway
engineers at the entry level and during the
service. It is neither a registered society
nor is a collaboration between the central
and the State Governments.
96. Which one of the following is NOT a
tributary of Indus River?
(a) Beas (b) Ravi
(c) Chenab (d) Tawi
Ê (d) The Tributaries of Indus include Beas,
Chenab, Gar, Gilgit, Gomal, Hunza,
Jhelum, Kabul, Kunar, Kurram, Panjnad,
Ravi, Shyok, Soan, Suru, Satluj, Swat,
Zanskar, Zhob. Tawi is not one of the
tributaries of Indus river. It is one of the
left bank tributary of the Chenab River.
97. Which one among the following is
the largest tiger reserve of India in
terms of area of the core/critical tiger
habitat?
(a) Manas
(b) Pakke
(c) Nagarjunasagar Srisailam
(d) Periyar
Ê (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger
Reserve is the largest tiger reserve in
India in terms of area of core and critical
habitat. The reserve spreads over five
districts, Kurnool district, Prakasam
district, Guntur district, Nalgonda district
and Mahbubnagar district. The total area
of the tiger reserve is 3,568 km2 (1,378 sq
mi).
98. Which one of the, following is NOT a
coastal depositional feature ?
(a) Tombolo (b) Sand bar
(c) Stack (d) Spit
Ê (c) A stack or sea stack is a geological
landform consisting of a steep and often
vertical column or columns of rock in the
sea near a coast, formed by wave
erosion. Stacks are formed over time by
wind and water, processes of coastal
geomorphology. All the other options are
forms of coastal depositional landform.
99. Which of the following is/are coastal
erosional feature( s) ?
1. Notch 2. Sea Arch
3. Cliff 4. Hook
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only
Ê (a) A notch or small hollow is an
indenture or a concave cut into a surface
or edge (as in a coastline). It is not an
erosional feature Sea Arch and Cliff are
examples of Coastline erosional features.
A sea arch is a natural opening eroded
out of a cliff face by marine processes.
58
Some arches appear to have developed
from surge channels, which are created
by wave refraction causing the focussing
of wave fronts on the side of a headland.
A cliff is a high area of rock with a very
steep side, often on a coast.
100. Chemical weathering of rocks is
much greater in a place with
(a) cold and dry climate
(b) hot and humid climate
(c) hot and dry climate
(d) cold and humid climate
Ê (b) Chemical Weathering results from
chemical reactions between minerals in
rocks and external agents like air or water.
Oxygen oxidizes minerals to alteration
products whereas water can convert
minerals to clays or dissolve minerals
completely. It occurs majorly in areas with
hot and humid climate.
101. Which of the following statements
about specific heat of a body is/are
correct?
1. It depends upon mass and shape
of the body
2. It is independent of mass and
shape of the body
3. It depends only upon the
temperature of the body
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 only
Ê (a) Every substance has a unique value
for the amount of heat absorbed or
rejected to change the temperature of
unit mass of it by one unit. This quantity is
referred as the specific heat capacity of a
body. It depends on the nature as well as
mass of the substance and its change in
temperature. Hence, option (a) is correct.
102. Which one of the, following is an
example of the force of gravity of the
earth acting on a vibrating pendulum
bob?
(a) Applied force
(b) Frictional force
(c) Restoring force
(d) VIrtual force
Ê (c) An object that is vibrating is acted
upon by a restoring force. The restoring
force causes the vibrating object to slow
down as it moves away from the
equilibrium position and to speed up as it
approaches the equilibrium position.
There is the force of gravity that acts
downward upon the bob. And the tension
force results from string pulling upon the
bob of the pendulum.
103. Which one of the following
statements about the refractive
index of a material medium with
respect to air is correct?
(a) It can be either positive or negative
(b) It can have zero value
(c) It is unity for all materials
(d) It is always greater than one
Ê (d) Refractive index of a material is given
by the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to
the speed of light in any medium.
Refractive index is always greater than
one because by the definition of refractive
index, n of a medium (e.g. glass) is the
ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum C,
to the speed in the medium v and speed
of light is maximum in vaccum, which
gives the value of n greater than one.
104. Which one of the following
statements about magnetic field
lines is NOT correct?
(a) They can emanate from a point
(b) They do not cross each other
(c) Field lines between. two poles cannot
be precisely straight lines at the ends
(d) There are no field lines within a bar
magnet
Ê (c) The magnetic field lines is defined as
the path along which the compass
needless are aligned. They cannot
intersect i.e., do not cross each other.
Tangent drawn at any point gives the
direction of magnetic field. Outside a
magnet, they are directed from north to
south pole and inside a magnet they are
directed from south to north. These lines
are always normal to the surface, which
are precisely straight at the ends. Hence,
statement (c) is not correct.
105. Two convex lenses with power 2
dioptre are kept in contact with each
other. The focal length of the
combined lens system is
(a) 0.10 m (b) 2m
(c) 4m (d) 0·25m
Ê (d) Here, P1 = P2 = 2 ∴ dioptre ( D )
Using the formula total power, P = P1 + P2
1 1
= 2 + 2 = 4D, f = = = 0.25 m
P 4m
106. Which one of the following alkali
metals has lowest melting point?
(a) Sodium (b) Potassium
(c) Rubidium (d) Caesium
Ê (d) The melting point of alkali metals
decreases on moving down the group
due to decrease in the extent of metallic
bonding. Thus, the sequence of melting
point among the given options is
Na > K > Rb > Cs
Therefore, Caesium (Cs) have the least
melting point.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
107. Which one of the following metals is
alloyed with sodium to transfer heat
in a nuclear reactor?
(a) Potassium (b) Calcium
(c) Magnesium (d) Strontium
Ê (a) Sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) is an
alloy of two alkali metals sodium and
potassium. It is used as a heat-transfer.
Coolant in fast-breeder nuclear reactors
and experimentally in gas-turbine power
plants.
108. Which one of the following metals is
used in the filaments of
photo-electric cells that convert light
energy into electric energy?
(a) Tungsten (b) Copper
(c) Rubidium (d) Aluminium
Ê (a) Photo electric cells is a device which
convert light-energy directly into electric
energy. Main type of these cells are photo
voltaic cell, photo emissive cell, photo
conductive cell. The filament of photo
electric cells are made up of tungsten.
Electrons are obtained from the filament
by thermionic emission and are
accelerated to the anode by a potential
difference (~ 100 kV).
109. Which of the following statements
about Ring of Fire is/are correct?
1. It is a zone of convergence plate
boundaries
2. It is an active seismic and volcanic
zone
3. It is associated with deep trench
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (d) The Ring of Fire is a ring of volcanoes
around the Pacific Ocean that result from
subduction of oceanic plates beneath
lighter continental plates. This is also
where the Earth’s deep ocean trenches
are and where the Earth’s deep
earthquakes are. The trenches form
because the downgoing plate is bent
downward as it subducts. It is the zone of
convergence plate boundaries.
110. Which one of the following
Himalayan vegetation species is
found between the altitudes of 1800
to 2600 metres?
(a) Saal (b) Chir
(c) Spruce (d) Deodar
Ê (d) Deodar tree is also known as
Himalayan Cedar. These evergreen
coniferous trees are native of Pakistan
and Himalayas as they thrive at altitudes
of 1,500-3,200 meters above sea level.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
Deodar grows to a height of 40–60
meters (131–164 feet) with a trunk
diameter of 3 meters (10 feet). The timber
of Deodar tree is used as construction
material for its durability.
111. Which one of the following rivers is
NOT a tributary of river Cauvery?
(a) Hemavati (b) Arkavati
(c) Indravati (d) Amravati
Ê (c) The tributaries of Kaveri include
Amaravati, Arkavathy, Bhavani, Chinnar,
Hemavati, Honnuhole, Kabini, Kannika,
Kollidam, Lakshmana Tirtha, Lokapavani,
Noyyal, Pambar, Shimsha, Sujyothi.
Indravati River is a stream of the river
Godavari and is its tributary.
112. Which of the following conditions
is/are essential for tea cultivation?
1. Tropical and sub-tropical climate
2. Heavy rainfall ranging from 150
cm to 250 cm
3. Soil should contain good amount
of lime.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only
Ê (b) Tea is an evergreen plant. It grows
both in tropical and subtropical regions.
The tea plant grows well in hot and humid
climate. Actually, there is an intimate
relationship between climate, yield per
hectare and the quality of tea.
(i) The ideal temperature for growing tea
is between 20 °C and 30 °C.
(ii) It needs heavy rainfall between 150
and 250 cm. It should be
well-distributed throughout the year
and should be in the form of frequent
showers.
However it does not require soils with lime
for its cultivation.
113. Bharatmala Project is related to
(a) Improving road connectivity
(b) Interlinking ports and railways
(c) Interlinking of rivers
(d) Interlinking major cities with gas
pipelines
Ê (a) Bharatmala project is the second
largest highways construction project in
the country. It aims to build 50,000 km of
highway roads targeted across the
country. Bharatmala will look to improve
connectivity particularly on economic
corridors, border areas and far flung
areas with an aim of quicker movement of
cargo and boosting exports.
114. Which one of the following is a local
wind that blows out from Siberia ?
(a) Bora (b) Purga
(c) Mistral (d) Blizzard
Ê (d) Blizzards are the local winds of
Siberia which blows out from the Siberian
region to parts of south Asia. Blizzards
are dangerous winter storms that are a
combination of blowing snow and wind
resulting in very low visibilities.
115. Which one of the following centres
is NOT known for iron and steel
industry ?
(a) Bhadravati (b) Salem
(c) Vishakhapatnarn(d) Renukoot
Ê (d) Mysore Iron and Steel Company
(MISCO) is located at Bhadravati on the
banks of river Bhadravati in Shimoga
district of Karnataka. Salem steel plant is
located in the Salem district of Tamil
Nadu. The plant has the advantage of rich
iron ore and limestone, which is readily
available in the adjoining areas. It also
enjoys the facilities of cheap power,
charcoal and vast market.
Hindalco’s plant is located in
Renukoot which is involved in the
smelting of Aluminium.
116. Which of the following are essential
prerequisites for establishment of a
thermal power station?
1. Availability of fossil fuels
2. Proximity to a river, lake or sea
3. Good transport network
4. Proximity to an urban centre
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
Ê (a) The essential prerequisites of a
thermal power plant include that it must
be in proximity to the fossil fuel and
proximity to a water source like river, lake
or sea. It should also have a good
transport network for the transportation of
raw materials and the finished products.
However proximity to an urban centre is
not one of the essential conditions for
establishment of a power plant.
117. Which of the following statements
about ‘Aadi Mahotsav’ held recently
in New Delhi is/are correct?
1. The theme of the festival was ‘A
Celebration of the Spirit of Tribal
Culture, Cuisine and Commerce’
2. The festival was organised by the
Ministry of Tourism, Government
of India
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
59
Ê (a) The Aadi Mahotsav, a celebration of
the spirit of Tribal Culture, Craft, Cuisine
and Commerce was held at Dilli Haat,
New Delhi, on the of 30th November,
2017. The theme of this festival was ‘A
Celebration of the Spirit of Tribal Culture,
Cuisine and Commerce’. It was
organised by the Tribal secretary and not
ministry of tourism.
118. Light year is a unit for measurement
of
(a) age of universe
(b) very large distance
(c) very small time intervals
(d) very high temperature
Ê (b) Light year is a unit of measure of
distance travelled by light in one year. It is
used for measuring very large distance.
1 light year = 9.46 × 1015 m.
119. Which of the following statements
about electromagnetic waves, sound
waves and water waves is/are’’
correct?
1. They exhibit reflection
2. They carry energy
3. They exert pressure
4. They can travel in vacuum
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1 only
Ê (a) Electromagnetic waves, sound waves
and water waves exhibit reflection, carry
energy (EM waves), exert pressure (water
waves), but sound waves cannot travel in
vaccum.
120. Thermal capacity of a body depends
on the
(a) mass of the body only
(b) mass and shape of the body only
(c) density. of the body
(d) mass, shape and temperature of the
body
Ê (d) Thermal capacity of a body can be
defined as the amount of heat required to
change the temperature of an object by a
certain degree. It depends upon the mass,
shape and temperature of the body.
121. Who among the following first used
the term ‘Industrial Revolution’ in
English to describe, the changes that
occurred in British industrial
development between 1760 and
1820?
(a) Karl Marx (b) Georges Michelet
(c) Arnold Toynbee (d) Friedrich Engels
Ê (c) The term Industrial Revolution was
first popularised by the English economic
historian Arnold Toynbee to describe
Britain’s economic development from
1760 to 1820.
60
122. Which one of the following
statements about the Olympe de
Gouges (1748- 1793) is correct?
(a) She declared that although citizens
should have equal rights, they are not
entitled to the same honours by the
State
(b) She was a supporter of the Jacobin
government
(c) She was jailed for treason by the
National Assembly
(d) She declared that the nation is the
union of woman and man
Ê (a) Only the first statement (a) is correct.
She declared that although citizens
should have equal rights they are not
entitled to the same honours by the state.
123. Who among the following built a
model steam engine in 1698 called
‘‘Miner’s Friend’’ to drain mines?
(a) Thomas Savery
(b) Thomas Newcomen
(c) James Watt
(d) Richard Arkwright
Ê (a) Thomas Savery was an English
inventor and engineer, born in England.
He invented the first commercially used
steam powered device in 1698, a steam
pump which is often referred to as an
‘engine’. Savery’s ‘engine’ was a
revolutionary method of pumping water,
which solved the problem of mine
drainage and made widespread public
water supply practical.
124. Which one of the following
statements about Renaissance
Humanist culture is NOT true?
(a) It slackened the control of religion over
human life
(b) It believed that human nature was
many-sided
(c) It was concerned with good manners
(d) It criticised material wealth, power and
glory
Ê (c) The term Renaissance Humanist was
derived from the program of studies
called the ‘Studia Humanitatis’. However,
the idea of calling this ‘Humanism’ only
really arose in the nineteenth century. It
majorly advocated that human outlook
should be based on a modern plan and
not blindly follow a religious plan. It never
spoke about good manners.
125. Who gifted the Badshah Nama to
King George in 1799?
(a) Abul Fazl
(b) Abdul Hamid Lahori
(c) Nawab of Awadh
(d) William Jones
Ê (c) In 1799, the Nawab (provincial
governor) of Awadh in northern India sent
the Padshahnama, to King George III of
England. Badshahnama is a genre of
works written as the official visual history
of Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan’s reign.
126. What is the name of the award given
to meritorious men in the Mughal
Court in the form of a robe of honour
that was once worn by the Emperor?
(a) Sarapa (b) Patka
(c) Padma murassa (d) Khilat
Ê (c) Padma murassa i.e., a lotus blossom
set with jewel was considered a special
gift. It was gifted by the emperor only in
exceptional circumstances. The emperor
would receive several gifts from the
courtiers. The courtiers would not go to
emperor empty-handed.
127. Who among the following social
reformer started a society for the
encouragement of widow remarriage
in 1866 in Maharashtra ?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Jyotirao Phule
(c) Vishnushastri Pandit
(d) Pandita Ramabai
Ê (b) Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was an
Indian social activist, a thinker and
anti-caste social reformer from
Maharashtra. He worked for widow
remarriage and started a home for
pregnant Brahmin widows to give birth in
a safe and secure place in 1863.
128. Name the first major voluntary
association representing primarily
Indian landlord interests that was set
up in Calcutta in 1851 ?
(a) British Indian Association
(b) Landholder’s Society
(c) Madras Native Association
(d) Bombay Association
Ê (a) British Indian Association was created
after amalgamating the “Landholders
Society” and “British India Society” on 31
October 1851. This was the first political
organisation that brought the Indian
landlords together. The President of the
first committee of this organisation was
Raja Radhakanta Deb.
129. Who among the following introduced
the Permanent Settlement of Bengal
in 1793 ?
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Ripon
(c) Robert Clive
(d) John Adam
Ê (a) The Permanent Settlement was
introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It
was an agreement between the British
East India Company and the Landlords of
Bengal to settle the Land Revenue to be
raised. In this agreement it was agreed
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
that the landlords would have perpetual
and hereditary rights over the land, so
long as they pay the fixed revenue to the
British Government.
130. Name the rebel who fought against
the British in the battle of Chinhat in
the course of the 1857 Revolt?
(a) Ahmadullah Shah(b)Shah Mal
(c) Mangal Pandey (d) Kunwar Singh
Ê (*) The Battle of Chinhat between the
British forces and Indian rebels, at
Ismailganj, near Chinhat. The British were
led by The Chief Commissioner of Oude,
Sir Henry Lawrence. The insurgent force,
which consisted of mutineers from the
East India Company’s army and retainers
of local landowners was led by Barkat
Ahmad, a mutineer officer of the
Company’s army.
131. Who among the following are the
two civil servants who assisted the
Constituent Assembly in framing the
Constitution of India ?
(a) B. N. Rau and K. M. Munshi
(b) S. N. Mukherjee and Alladi
Krishnaswamy Aiyar
(c) B. N. Rau and S. N. Mukherjee
(d) K. M. Munshi and Alladi Krishnaswamy
Aiyar
Ê (c) Sir Benegal Narsing Rao was an
Indian civil servant, jurist, diplomat and
statesman known for his key role in
drafting the Constitution of India. S.N
Mukherjee was another civil servant who
assisted in the framing of the Constitution
of India.
132. Which member of ‘the Constituent
Assembly proposed the resolution
that the National Flag of India be a
‘‘horizontal tricolour of saffron,
white and dark green in equal
proportion’’, with a wheel in navy,
blue at the centre?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) B. R. Ambedkar
(c) Rajendra.Prasad
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Ê (c) In 1947, when India gained freedom
from the British, a committee headed by
Dr. Rajendra Prasad decided to adopt the
flag of the Congress as the national flag of
India with a few modifications. With this in
mind, the flag of 1931 was adopted as the
national flag of India, but the charkha in
the middle was replaced with the Ashoka
Chakra. Thus, the Indian national flag was
born. The saffron colour on top represents
sacrifice, white represents peace and
purity and green signifies the law
of dharma (righteousness).
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I)
133. Which of the following is/are NOT
historical biography/biographies?
1. Dipavamsa
2. Harshacharita
3. Vikramankadevacharita
4. Prithvirajavijaya
Select the correct answer from the
codes given below
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ê (a) Dipavamsa is one of the most
important works in Pali Literature. It
details the tooth relic and Bodhi Tree’s
arrival in Sri Lanka. It also deals with the
arrival of Buddha’s teaching and
preachers in Sri Lanka. It mentions that
Buddha visited Kelaniya and Dighavapi in
Sri Lanka. All the other options are
biographies about kings.
134. Which of the following pairs are
correctly matched ?
Traveller Country from
1. Marco Polo Italy
2. Ibn Battuta Morocco
3. Nikitin Russia
4. Seydi Ali Reis Turkey
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4 only
Ê (c) Marco Polo was an Italian merchant,
explorer and writer, born in the Republic
of Venice. Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan
scholar who widely travelled the medieval
world. Afanasy Nikitin was a Russian
merchant of Tver and one of the first
Europeans to travel and to document his
visit to India. Seydi Ali Reis was an
Ottoman admiral and navigator from
Turkey. He commanded the left wing of
the Ottoman fleet at the naval Battle of
Preveza in 1538. So all the given options
are correct.
135. Which of the following clans are
included in the Agnikula Rajputs ?
1. Pratiharas 2. Chaulukyas
3. Paramaras 4. Chahamanas
Select the correct answer from the
codes given below
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4 only
Ê (c) The four Rajput clans from Agnikunda
were Chauhans, Chalukyas, Parmaras
and Pratiharas. This theory comes from
the Prithvirajraso of Chandarbardai. The
Rajputs descended from Agni and this
theory is based upon the Agnikula
Legend of Bhavishyapurana .
136. Who among the following was the
author of Humayun Nama?
(a) Roshanara Begum
(b) Ruquaiya Sultan Begum
(c) Gulbadan Begum
(d) Gauhara Begum
Ê (c) Gulbadan begum is best known as
the author of Humayun-Nama, the
account of the life of her half-brother,
Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on
the request of her nephew, Emperor
Akbar.
137. Which one of the following about the
Parliament of India is NOT correct?
(a) The Parliament consists of the
President, the Lok Sabha and the
Rajya Sabha
(b) There are no nominated members in
the Lok Sabha
(c) The Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved
(d) Some members of the Rajya Sabha
are nominated by the President
Ê (c) Anglo-Indians are the only community
that has its own representatives
nominated to the Lok Sabha (Lower
House) in India’s Parliament. It is done
only if the President of India feels that the
Anglo Indian community has not been
adequately represented in the Lok
Sabha.
138. Which one of the following
statements with regard to the
Comptroller and Auditor General
(CAG) of India is NOT correct?
(a) He is appointed by the President of
India
(b) He can be removed from office in the
same way as the judge of the Supreme
Court of India
(c) The CAG is eligible for further office
under the Government of India after he
has ceased to hold his office
(d) The salary of the CAG is charged upon
the Consolidated Fund of India
Ê (c) The CAG is not eligible for further
office either under the Government of
India or under the Government of any
State after he has ceased to hold his
office. These provisions are in order to
ensure the independence of CAG. All the
other provisions mentioned are correct.
139. The Superintendence, direction and
control of elections in India is vested
in
(a) The Supreme Court of India
(b) The Parliament of India
(c) The Election Commission of India
(d) The Chief Election Commissioner
Ê (c) According to Article 324 of the
Constitution of India the
superintendence, direction and control of
the preparation of the electoral rolls for,
61
and the conduct of, all elections shall be
vested in the Election Commission.
Therefore it is the sole authority in India
that takes charge of elections in India.
140. Which of the following provision(s)
of the Constitution of India became
effective from .26th November,
1949?
1. Elections
2. Citizenship
3. Emergency provisions
4. Appointment of the Judges
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
Ê (b) The provisions of elections and
citizenship became effective from 26th
November 1949. Rest of the provisions
including the Emergency provisions and
the appointment of the judges were
added later in the Constitution.
141. Which of the following statements
regarding construction of Rohtang
tunnel is NOT correct?
(a) It is located at an altitude of 5,000 feet
(b) It will provide all-year connectivity to
Lahaul and Spiti Valley
(c) The tunnel is being built by the Border
Roads Organisation
(d) It will reduce the length of the
Leh-Manali highway by approximately
50 km
Ê (a) The Rohtang tunnel is located at
3,100 metres (10,171 ft). It is being built
by the Border Roads organisation to
provide all year connectivity to Lahaul
and Spiti valley. It also aims at reducing
the distance of Manali Leh Highway by
Approx 50 km.
142. Who among the following recently
became the first woman pilot in
Indian Navy?
(a) Astha Segal (b) Roopa A
(c) Sakthi Maya S (d) Shubhangi Swaroop
Ê (d) Shubhangi Swaroop has made
history by becoming the first woman to be
inducted into the Indian Navy as a pilot.
143. Who among the following Indians
did NOT hold the title of Miss
World ?
(a) Reita Faria
(b) Sushmita Sen
(c) Diana Hayden
(d) Yukta Mookhey
Ê (b) Sushmita Sen is the winner of the
Miss Universe pageant of 1994. Sen was
the first Indian woman to win the crown.
All the other options are former Miss
World.
62
144. Which one of the following
countries has failed to qualify for the
first time in 60 years for the FIFA
World Cup to be held in Russia in the
year 2018 ?
(a) Mexico (b) Iran
(c) Saudi Arabia (d) Italy
Ê (d) Italy has failed to qualify for first World
Cup in 60 years after play-off defeat to
Sweden.
145. The Defence Technology and Trade
Initiative (DTTI) is a forum for
dialogue on defence partnership
between India and
(a) Russia
(b) United States of America
(c) Israel
(d) France
Ê (b) Defence Technology and Trade
Initiative (DTTI) originally called the
‘Carter Initiative’ after the name of U.S.
Deputy Secretary of Defence Ashton
Carter. Its main objective is to strengthen
defence cooperation by facilitating the
Indian companies to collaborate with US
partners in defense co-production, where
the US provides technology and
guidance for building modern weapon
systems.
146. As per the policy applicable in 2017,
how much Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) is permitted in the
defence sector in India?
(a) 49 per cent through the automatic
route
(b) 26 per cent through the government
route
(c) 26 per cent through the automatic
route and beyond that up to 49 per
cent through the government route
(d) 75 per cent through the automatic
route
Ê (a) In the defence sector foreign
investment up to 49% is permitted under
the automatic route, foreign investment
beyond 49% and upto 100% is permitted
through Government approval, wherever
NDA/NA
it is likely to result in access to modern
technology or for other reasons to be
recorded.
147. Which one of the following
countries did NOT participate in the
21st edition of Exercise Malabar?
(a) United States of America
(b) Japan
(c) India
(d) Australia
Ê (d) The 2017 Malabar exercise was
the 21st edition of the exercise and
conducted from 10 to 17 July 2017. This
150. The 5th Global Conference on Cyber
edition involved navies from India, USA
and Japan. The exercise included a
harbor phase at Chennai. Australia was
not a participant in this exercise.
148. Justice Dalveer Bhandari of India
was recently re-elected to the
International Court of Justice after
Christopher Greenwood pulled out
before 12th round of voting.
Christopher Greenwood was a
nominee of
(a) Canada (b) Russia
(c) Britain (d) USA
Ê (c) Sir Christopher John Greenwood is a
British judge at the International Court of
Justice, to which he was elected on 6th
November 2008. He recently pulled out of
before the 12th round of voting.
149. In order to review the Income Tax
Act, 1961 and to draft a new Direct
Tax Law in consonance with
economic needs of the country, the
Government of India in November
2017 has constituted a Task Force.
Who among the following is made
the convenor of it ?
(a) Shri Arvind Subramanian
(b) Shri Arbind Modi
(c) Shri Amitabh Kant
(d) Dr. Bibek Debroy
Ê (b) The Union Government has
constituted a task force to review the
Income Tax Act 1961 and draft a new
Solved Paper 2018 (I)
direct tax law in consonance with current
economic needs. Central Board of Direct
Taxes (CBDT) member Arbind Modi will
be the convener of task force while Chief
Economic Adviser Dr. Arvind
Subramanian will be a permanent Special
Invitee. The task force will draft an
appropriate direct tax legislation keeping
in view the direct tax system in various
countries, international best practices
and economic needs of the country. It will
submit its report within six months.
Space (GCCS) was held in New Delhi
in November, 2017. Which of the
following statements about GCCS
is/are correct?
1. The 4th version of GCCS was held
in London.
2. The main theme of GCCS 2017 is
‘Cyber4All : A Secure and
Inclusive Cyberspace for
Sustainable Development’.
3. ‘Bindu’ is the logo of GCCS 2017.
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ê (b) The Global Conference on
CyberSpace (GCCS) was started in 2011
in London, second GCCS was held in
2012 in Budapest with focus on
relationship between internet rights and
internet security. The third edition of
GCCS was held in 2013 in Seoul . The
fourth version GCCS 2015 was held on
April 16-17, 2015 in The Hague,
Netherlands, which saw participation
from 97 countries. Hence the 1st
statement is incorrect. Bindu is not the
logo for this conference hence the third
statement is also incorrect.
NDA /NA
National Defence Academy/Naval Academy

SOLVED PAPER 2017 (II)

PAPER I : Mathematics
1. If x + log10 (1 + 2 x ) = x log10 5 + log10 6 6. If E is the universal set and Select the correct answer using the
then x is equal to A = B È C , then the set code given below.
(a) 2, -3 (b) 2 only (c) 1 (d) 3
E - ( E - ( E - ( E - ( E - A )))) is (a) 1 and 2 only
same as the set (b) 2 and 3 only
2. The remainder and the quotient of the (a) B¢ È C ¢ (b) B È C
binary division (101110) 2 ¸ (110) 2 are (c) 1 and 3 only
(c) B¢ Ç C ¢ (d) B Ç C (d) 1, 2 and 3
respectively
(a) (111)2 and (100)2 (b) (100)2 and (111)2 7. If A = {x : x is a multiple of 2}, 10. How many different permutation
(c) (101)2 and (101)2 (d) (100)2 and (100)2 B = {x : x is a multiple of 5} and can be made out of the letters of the
C = {x : x is a multiple of 10}, word ‘PERMUTATION’?
3. The matrix A has x rows and x + 5 then A Ç ( B Ç C ) is equal to (a) 19958400 (b) 19954800
columns. The matrix B has y rows and
(a) A (b) B (c) 19952400 (d) 39916800
11 - y columns. Both AB and BA exist.
What are the values of x and y (c) C
é 4i - 6 10i ù 1
respectively? (d) {x : x is a multiple of 100} 11. If A = ê ú and k = ,
ë 14i 6 + 4i û 2i
(a) 8 and 3 (b) 3 and 4 8. If a and b are the roots of the where i = -1, then kA is equal to
(c) 3 and 8 (d) 8 and 8 equation 1 + x + x 2 = 0, then é2 + 3i 5 ù é2 - 3i 5 ù
n (n - 1)Q (a) ê (b) ê
4. If S n = nP + , where S n the matrix product ë 7 2 - 3i úû ë 7 2 + 3i úû
2 é 1 b ù éa b ù
denotes the sum of the first n terms of an é2 - 3i 7ù é2 + 3i 5 ù
êa a ú ê 1 b ú (c) ê (d) ê
AP, then the common difference is ë ûë û ë 5 2 + 3i úû ë 7 2 + 3i úû

(a) P + Q (b) 2 P + 3Q is equal to

12. The sum of all real roots of the
é1 1ù é -1 -1ù
(c) 2Q (d) Q (a) ê ú (b) ê ú equation | x - 3| 2 + | x - 3| - 2 = 0 is
ë1 2 û ë -1 2 û
5. The roots of the equation (a) 2 (b) 3
2
é 1 -1ù é -1 -1ù
(q - r )x + (r - p )x + ( p - q ) = 0 are (c) ê ú (d) ê ú (c) 4 (d) 6
ë -1 2 û ë -1 -2 û
(r - p) 1 13. It is given that the roots of the
(a) ,
(q - r ) 2 9. If | a | denotes the absolute value equation x 2 - 4 x - log 3 P = 0 are
(p - q) of an integer, then which of the real. For this the minimum value of
(b) ,1
(q - r ) following are correct? P is
(q - r ) 1. | ab | = | a || b | 1 1
(c) ,1 (a) (b)
(p - q) 2. | a + b | £ | a | + | b | 27 64
3. | a - b | ³ | a | - | b | 1
(r - p) 1 (c) (d) 1
(d) , 81
(p - q) 2
2 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)

14. If A is a square matrix, then the 20. A person is to count 4500 notes. Let The number of ways they can be
value of adj A T - (adj A )T is equal an denote the number of notes he seated is
to counts in the nth minute. If (a) 24 ´ 8! ´ 8! (b) (8!)3
(a) A
a1 = a 2 = a 3 = … = a10 = 150, and a10 , (c) 210 ´ 8! ´ 8! (d) 16!
(b) 2| A|I, where I is the identity matrix a11 , a12 , … are in AP with the
common difference -2, then the 27. The system of equations
(c) null matrix whose order is same as
time taken by him to count all the kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and
that of A
notes is x + y + kz = k 2 has no solution if k
(d) unit matrix whose order is same as
that of A (a) 24 minutes (b) 34 minutes equals.
(c) 125 minutes (d) 135 minutes (a) 0 (b) 1
15. The value of the product
1 1 1 1 (c) -1 (d) -2
21. The smallest positive integer n for
6 2 ´ 6 4 ´ 6 8 ´ 616 ´ … up to infinite n
28. If 13
. + 23
. + 332 3
. + ¼ + n.3n
æ1 + i ö
terms is which ç ÷ = 1, is (2 n - 1)3a + b
è1 - i ø = then a and b are
(a) 6 (b) 36 (c) 216 (d) 512 4
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
16. The value of the determinant respectively
½cos 2 q sin 2 q½ 22. If we define a relation R on the set (a) n, 2 (b) n, 3
½ N ´ N as (a, b ) R (c , d ) Û
2 2½ (c) n + 1, 2 (d) n + 1, 3
½ 2q 2 q½
a + d = b + c for all (a, b ), (c , d )
p
29. In DPQR, ÐR = . If tan æç ö÷ and
sin cos P
Î N ´ N, then the relation is
½ 2 2½ 2 è2ø
(a) symmetric only
for all values of q, is (b) symmetric and transitive only æQ ö
tan ç ÷ are the roots of the
(a)1 (b) cos q (c) sinq (d) cos2q (c) equivalence relation è2ø
17. The number of terms in the (d) reflexive only equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
expansion of ( x + a )100 + ( x - a )100 23. If y = x + x 2 + x 3 + … up to which one of the following is
after simplification is infinite terms where x < 1, then correct?
(a) 202 (b) 101 (c) 51 (d) 50 which one of the following is (a) a = b + c (b) b = c + a

18. In the expansion of (1 + x ) , the 50 correct? (c) c = a + b (d) b = c

y y
(a) x = (b) x = 4
sum of the coefficients of odd 1+ y 1- y 30. If ½z - ½ = 2, Then the maximum
powers of x is ½ z½
1+ y 1- y
(a) 2 26
(b) 2 49
(c) x = (d) x = value of | z | is equal to
y y
(c) 2 50 (d) 2 51 (a) 1 + 3 (b) 1 + 5
24. If a and b are the roots of the (c) 1 - 5 (d) 5 - 1
19. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers,
equation 3x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0, then the
then the inverse of the matrix 31. The angle of elevation of a
equation whose roots are a + b -1
éa 0 0ù stationary cloud from a point 25 m
and b + a -1 is
A = ê0 b 0ú above a lake is 15° and the angle of
ê ú (a) 3x 2 + 8x + 16 = 0 depression of its image in the lake is
êë 0 0 c úû 45°. The height of the cloud above
(b) 3x 2 - 8x - 16 = 0
is equal to the lake level is
(c) 3x 2 + 8x - 16 = 0
é a -1 0ù
0 (a) 25 m (b) 25 3 m
ê ú (d) x 2 + 8x + 16 = 0
(a) ê 0 b -1
0ú (c) 50 m (d) 50 3 m
ê 0 0 c -1 ú 25. The value of
ë û 32. The value of
é a -1 0
1 1 1
0ù + + + …up
1 ê -1 ú log 3 e log 3 e 2
log 3 e 4 tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81°
(b) ê 0 b 0ú is equal to
abc ê -1 ú to infinite terms is
0 0 c
ë û (a) -1 (b) 0
(a) loge 9 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) loge 3
é 1 0 0ù (c) 1 (d) 4
1 ê
(c) 0 1 0ú 26. A tea party is arranged for 16
abc ê ú
people along two sides of a long 33. The value of 3 cosec 20° - sec 20°
êë 0 0 1úû
table with eight chairs on each side. is equal to
é a 0 0ù
1 ê Four particular men wish to sit on
(d) 0 b 0ú (a) 4 (b) 2
abc ê ú one particular side and two
(c) 1 (d) -4
êë 0 0 c úû
particular men on the other side.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II) 3

34. Angle a is divided into two parts A 40. The principal value of sin -1 x lies in 46. If a$ and b$ are two unit vectors, then the
and B such that A - B = x and the interval vector (a$ + b$ ) ´ (a$ ´ b$ ) is parallel to
tan A : tan B = p : q . The value of p p p p
(a) æç - , ö÷ (b) é - , ù (a) (a$ - b$ ) (b) (a$ + b$ )
sin x is equal to è 2 2ø êë 2 2 úû
( p + q )sin a psina (c) (2a$ - b$ ) (d) (2a$ + b$ )
p
(a)
p-q
(b)
p+ q (c) é 0, ù (d) [0, p ]
êë 2 úû ®
47. A force F = i$ + 3 $j + 2k$ acts on a
psina ( p - q )sin a
(c) (d) 41. The points (a, b ), (0, 0), ( -a, - b ) and particle to displace it from the point
p-q p+ q
2
(ab, b ) are A(i$ + 2 $j - 3k$ ) to the point
35. The value of B (3i$ - $j + 5k$ ). The work done by
(a) the vertices of a parallelogram
æ3ö æ1ö
sin -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ is equal to (b) the vertices of a rectangle the force will be
è5ø è7 ø
(c) the vertices of a square (a) 5 units (b) 7 units
p p p
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) (d) collinear (c) 9 units (d) 10 units
4 3 2
®

36. The angles of elevation of the top of 42. The length of the normal from 48. For any vector a
a tower from the top and foot of a origin to the plane x + 2y - 2z = 9 is ® ® ®

equal to | a ´ i$| 2 + | a ´ $j | 2 + | a ´ k$| 2

pole are respectively 30° and 45°. If is equal to
h T is the height of the tower and h P (a) 2 units (b) 3 units ® ® ® ®
(a)|a|2 (b) 2|a|2 (c) 3|a|2 (d) 4|a|2
is the height of the pole, then which (c) 4 units (d) 5 units
of the following are correct? 49. A man running round a racecourse
43. If a , b and g are the angles which
2h h ¾® notes that the sum of the distances
1. P T = h P2 the vector OP (O being the origin)
3+ 3 of two flag-posts from him is
makes with positive direction of the always 10 m and the distance
h - hP hP coordinate axes, then which of the
2. T = between the flag-posts is 8 m. The
3 +1 2 following are correct? area of the path he encloses is
2(h P + h T ) 1. cos 2 a + cos 2 b = sin 2 g (a) 18p square metres
3. =4+ 3
hP 2. sin 2 a + sin 2 b = cos 2 g (b) 15p square metres
2 2
3. sin a + sin b + sin g = 2 2 (c) 12p square metres
Select the correct answer using the
code given below. (d) 8p square metres
Select the correct answer using the
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only code given below. 50. The distance of the point (1, 3) from
(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1 and 2 only the line 2x + 3y = 6, measured
parallel to the line 4 x + y = 4, is
(b) 2 and 3 only
37. In a triangle ABC, a - 2b + c = 0. (a)
5
units (b)
3
units
(c) 1 and 3 only 13 17
æAö æC ö
The value of cot ç ÷ cot ç ÷ is (d) 1, 2 and 3 17
è2ø è2ø (c) 17 units (d) units
9 3 44. The angle between the lines 2
(a) (b) 3 (c) (d) 1
2 2 x + y - 3 = 0 and x - y + 3 = 0 is a 51. If the vectors ai$ + $j + k$, i$ + bj$ + k$
and the acute angle between the
38. 1 + sin A = - æçsin
A Aö lines x - 3y + 2 3 = 0 and and i$ + $j + ck$ (a, b, c ¹ 1) are
+ cos ÷ is
è 2 2ø coplanar, then the value of
3x - y + 1 = 0 is b. Which one of
true if the following is correct? 1 1 1
3p 5p p 3p
+ +
(a) < A< only (b) < A < only (a) a = b (b) a > b 1-a 1-b 1-c
2 2 2 2
(c) a < b (d) a = 2b is equal to
3p 7p 3p
(c) < A< (d) 0 < A < ® ® (a) 0 (b) 1
2 2 2 45. Let a = i$ + 2 $j - k$, b = 2i$ - $j + 3k$
® (c) a + b + c (d) abc
39. In triangle ABC, if and g = 2i$ + $j + 6k$ be three vectors.
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C ® ® 52. The point of intersection of the line
=2 If a and b are both perpendicular to joining the points ( -3, 4, - 8) and
cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C the vector d and d × g = 10, then what (5, - 6, 4 ) with XY -plane is
then the triangle is is the magnitude of d? 7 8 7 8
(a) æç , - , 0ö÷ (b) æç - , - , 0ö÷
(a) right-angled (b) equilateral (a) 3 units (b) 2 3 units è3 3 ø è 3 3 ø
7 8 7 8
(c) isosceles (d) obtuse-angled (c)
3
unit (d)
1
unit (c) æç - , , 0ö÷ (d) æç , , 0ö÷
è 3 3 ø è3 3 ø
2 3
4 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)

53. If the angle between the lines in A, B and C respectively. The 1

3. x 2 + cos is continuous at x = 0
whose direction ratios are (2, - 1, 2) locus of the centre of the sphere x
p OABC, O being the origin, is Which of the above are correct?
and x, 3, 5 is , then the smaller x y z a b c
4 (a) + + = 1 (b) + + = 1 (a) 1 and 2 only
value of x is a b c x y z
(b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 52 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1 (c)
a b c
+ + =2 (d)
x y z
+ + =2
x y z a b c (c) 1 and 3 only
54. The position of the point (1, 2) (d) 1, 2 and 3
relative to the ellipse 60. The equation of the plane passing
2x 2 + 7y 2 = 20 is through the line of intersection of 65. Consider the following statements :
the planes x + y + z = 1, dy
(a) outside the ellipse 1. at a point on the curve gives
2x + 3y + 4z = 7, and perpendicular dx
(b) inside the ellipse but not at the focus
to the plane x - 5y + 3z = 5 is given slope of the tangent at that
(c) on the ellipse
by point.
(d) at the focus
(a) x + 2 y + 3 z - 6 = 0 2. If a(t ) denotes acceleration of a
55. The equation of straight line which (b) x + 2 y + 3 z + 6 = 0 particle, then ò a(t )dt + c gives
cuts off an intercept of 5 units on
(c) 3x + 4 y + 5 z - 8 = 0 velocity of the particle.
negative direction of Y -axis and
makes and angle 120° with positive (d) 3x + 4 y + 5 z + 8 = 0 3. If s(t ) gives displacement of a
direction of X -axis is 61. The inverse of the function y = 5 ln x ds
particle at time t, then gives
(a) y + 3x + 5 = 0 is dt
(b) y - 3x + 5 = 0 1 its acceleration at that instant.
(a) x = yln 5 , y > 0 Which of the above statements
(c) y + 3x - 5 = 0
(d) y - 3x - 5 = 0 (b) x = yln 5 , y > 0 is/are correct?
1
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
56. The equation of the line passing (c) x = yln 5 , y < 0
(c) 1 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
through the point (2, 3) and the (d) x = 5ln y, y > 0
point of intersection of lines æ x + 1ö -1 æ x - 1 ö
62. A function is defined as follows : 66. If y = sec -1 ç ÷ + sin ç ÷,
2x - 3y + 7 = 0 and 7 x + 4y + 2 = 0 è x - 1ø è x + 1ø
is ì x dy
ï- , x ¹0 then is equal to
(a) 21x + 46 y - 180 = 0 f (x ) = í x2 dx
(b) 21x - 46 y + 96 = 0 ïî 0 , x =0 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 46x + 21y - 155 = 0 Which one of the following is x -1 x+1
(c) (d)
(d) 46x - 21y - 29 = 0 correct in respect of the above x+1 x -1
function? -1
57. The equation of the ellipse whose 67. What is ò tan (sec x + tan x )dx
(a) f(x ) is continuous at x = 0 but not
centre is at origin, major axis is
3 differentiable at x = 0 equal to?
along X -axis with eccentricity (b) f(x ) is continuous as well as px x2 px x2
4 (a) + +C (b) + +C
differentiable at x = 0 4 4 2 4
and latus rectum 4 units is (c) f(x ) is discontinuous at x = 0
px px 2 px x 2
x2 7 y2 49x 2 7 y2 (d) None of the above (c) + + C (d) - +C
(a) + =1 (b) + =1 4 4 4 4
1024 64 1024 64 (cos x ) ¥ dy
7x 2 49 y2 x2 y2 63. If y = (cos x ) (cos x ) , then is 68. A function is defined in (0, ¥ ) by
(c) + = 1 (d) + =1 dx
1024 64 1024 64 equal to æ 1- x2 for 0< x £1
ç
58. The equation of the circle which (a) -
2
y tan x
(b)
y tan x 2
f (x ) = ç ln x for 1 < x £ 2
passes through the points (1, 0), (0, 1 - y ln(cos x ) 1 + y ln(cos x ) ç ln 2 - 1 + 05
.x for 2 < x < ¥
è
-6) and (3, 4) is y2 tan x y2 sin x
2 2 (c) (d) Which one of the following is
(a) 4x + 4 y + 142 x + 47 y + 140 = 0 1 - y ln(sin x ) 1 + y ln(sin x )
(b) 4x 2 + 4 y2 - 142 x - 47 y + 138 = 0 correct in respect of the derivative
64. Consider the following of the function, i.e., f ¢ ( x )?
(c) 4x 2 + 4 y2 - 142 x + 47 y + 138 = 0
1. x + x 2 is continuous at x = 0 (a) f ¢(x ) = 2 x for 0 < x £ 1
(d) 4x 2 + 4 y2 + 150x - 49 y + 138 = 0
1 (b) f ¢(x ) = - 2 x for 0 < x £ 1
59. A variable plane passes through a 2. x + cos is discontinuous at
x (c) f ¢(x ) = - 2 x for 0 < x < 1
fixed point (a, b, c ) and cuts the axes
x =0 (d) f ¢(x ) = 0 for 0 < x < ¥
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II) 5

69. Which one of the following is sin x cos x 81. The order and degree of the
75. If limp = l and lim = m,
correct in respect of the function x® x x®¥ x differential equation
2
f ( x ) = x ( x - 1)( x + 1) ? then which one of the following is é æ dy ö 2 ù
3
2
2
2 éd y ù
(a) The local maximum value is larger correct? ê1 + ç ÷ ú = r ê 2 ú
than local minimum value 2 êë è dx ø úû ë dx û
(a) l = 1, m = 1 (b) l = ,m= ¥
(b) The local maximum value is smaller p are respectively
than local minimum value 2
(c) The function has no local maximum (c) l = ,m= 0 (d) l = 1, m = ¥ (a) 3 and 2 (b) 2 and 2
p
(d) The function has no local minimum (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
2p
x
70. Consider the following statements : 76. What is ò 1 + sin dx equal to? æ 2x ö dy
0
2 82. If y = cos -1 ç 2
÷, then is
1. Derivative of f ( x ) may not exist è1 + x ø dx
at some point. (a) 8 (b) 4
equal to
2. Derivative of f ( x ) may exist (c) 2 (d) 0 2
finitely at some point. (a) - for all|x| < 1
77. The area bounded by the curve 1 + x2
3. Derivative of f ( x ) may be | x | + |y | = 1 2
infinite (geometrically) at some (b) - for all|x| > 1
(a) 1 square unit 1 + x2
point.
(b) 2 2 square units 2
Which of the above statements are (c) for all|x| < 1
(c) 2 square units 1 + x2
correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (d) 2 3 square units (d) None of the above
2
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 x
78. If x is any real number, then 83. The set of all points, where the
ln x 1+ x4 function f ( x ) = 1 - e -x
2
is
71. The maximum value of is
x belongs to which one of the differentiable, is
1 2 following intervals?
(a) e (b) (c) (d) 1 (a) (0, ¥) (b) (-¥, ¥)
1
e e (a) (0, 1) (b) æç 0, ùú (c) (-¥, 0) È (0, ¥) (d) (-1, ¥)
è 2û
72. The function f ( x ) = | x | - x 3 is 1
(c) æç 0, ö÷ (d) [0, 1] 84. Match List-I with List-II and select
(a) odd è 2ø the correct answer using the code
(b) even 79. The left-hand derivative of given below the lists :
(c) both even and odd
f ( x ) = [x ]sin( px ) at x = k List-I List-II
(d) neither even nor odd (Function) (Maximum value)
where k is an integer and [x ] is the
73. If l 1 =
d sin x
(e ) greatest integer function, is A. sin x + cos x 1. 10
k -1
dx (a) (-1) (k - 1)p
k
(b) (-1) (k - 1)p B. 3sin x + 4cos x 2. 2
e sin( x + h ) - e sin x (c) (-1)k kp (d) (-1)k - 1 kp
l 2 = lim C. 2sin x + cos x 3. 5
x®0 h x
80. If f ( x ) = - 1, then on the interval D. sin x + 3cos x 4. 5
l 3 = ò e sin x cos xdx 2
[0, p ] which one of the following is Code
then which one of the following is correct?
A B C D
correct? (a) tan[f(x )], where [×] is the greatest
d 1 (a) 2 3 1 4
(a) l1 ¹ l2 (b) ( l3 ) = l2 integer function, and are both
dx f( x ) (b) 2 3 4 1
continuous
(c) ò l3dx = l2 (d) l2 = l3 (c) 3 2 1 4
(b) tan[f(x )], where [×] is the greatest
integer function, and f -1 (x ) are both (d) 3 2 4 1
74. The general solution of continuous 85. If f ( x ) = x ( x - x + 1 ), then f ( x )
dy ax + h (c) tan[f(x )], where [×] is the greatest
= 1 is
dx by + k integer function, and are both
f( x ) (a) continuous but not differentiable at
represents a circle only when discontinuous x=0
(a) a = b = 0 (b) a = - b ¹ 0 (d) tan[f(x )], where [×] is the greatest (b) differentiable at x = 0
integer function is discontinuous (c) not continuous at x = 0
(c) a = b ¹ 0, h = k (d) a = b ¹ 0 1
but is continuous (d) None of the above
f( x )
6 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)

86. Which one of the following graph 92. The differential equation of 96. The value of the determinant
x
represents the function f ( x ) = , minimum order by eliminating the 1-a a -a2 a2
x arbitral constants A and C in the
x ¹ 0? equation 1 - b b - b2 b2
(a) y y = A[sin( x + C ) + cos( x + C )] is 1- g g - g2 g2
(a) y¢ ¢ + (sin x + cos x )y¢ = 1
+1 is equal to
(b) y¢ ¢ = (sin x + cos x )y¢
x (a) (a - b )(b - g )(a - g )
O
(c) y¢ ¢ = ( y¢ )2 + sin x cos x
(b) (a - b )(b - g )(g - a)
(b) y (d) y¢ ¢ + y = 0
(c) (a - b )(b - g )(g - a)(a + b + g )
+1 93. Consider the following (d) 0
x statements:
O
–1 97. The adjoint of the matrix
Statement I :
(c) y é1 0 2ù
x > sin x for all x > 0
+1 A = ê2 1 0ú is
Statement II : ê ú
êë0 3 1úû
x´ O x f ( x ) = x - sin x is an increaser
function for all x > 0 é -1 6 2 ù é1 6 -2 ù
(d) None of the above (a) ê -2 1 -4ú ê
(b) -2 1 4ú
Which one of the following is ê ú ê ú
1
87. Let f (n ) = éê +
n ù correct is respect of the above êë 6 3 1 úû êë 6 -3 1 úû
ë 4 1000 úû, where [x ]
statements? é6 1 2 ù é -6 2 1ù
denot the integral part of x. Then the (a) Both Statement I and Statement II (c) ê 4 -1 2 ú (d) ê 4 -2 1 ú
1000 ê ú ê ú
are true and Statement II is the êë 6 3 -1úû êë 3 1 -6úû
value of å f (n ) is
n =1 correct explanation of StatementI
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II æ -2 2 ö
(a) 251 (b) 250 (c) 1 (d) 0 98. If A = ç ÷, then which one of
are true and Statement II is not the è 2 -2ø
88. ò ( ln x ) -1 dx - ò ( ln x ) -2 dx is equal correct explanation of Statement I
the following is correct?
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II
to is false (a) A 2 = - 2 A (b) A 2 = - 4 A
-1 -2
(a) x(ln x ) + C (b) x(ln x ) + C (d) Statement I is false but Statement
2
(c) A = - 3 A (d) A 2 = 4 A
2
(c) x(ln x ) + C (d) x(ln x ) + C II is true
99. Geometrically Re (z 2 - i ) = 2,
89. A cylindrical jar without a lid has to 94. The solution of the differential where i = -1 and Re is the real
be constructed using a given surface equation part, represents
area of a metal sheet. If the capacity dy yf¢ ( x ) - y 2 (a) circle (b) ellipse
of the jar is to be maximum, then the = is
dx f( x ) (c) rectangular hyperbola
diameter of the jar must be k times
the height of the jar. The value of k is x (d) parabola
(a) y =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 f(x ) + c
100. If p + q + r = a + b + c = 0, then the
f(x )
90. The value of (b) y = +c determinant
p p
x
f(x ) + c ½pa qb rc ½
ò 4 tan x dx + ò 4 cot x dx is equal (c) y = ½qc ra pb½equals
0 0
x ½ ½
to f(x )
p p p p (d) y = ½rb pc qa½
(a) (b) (c) (d) x+c
4 2 2 2 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
4x + x 4 (c) pa + qb + rc
91. Let g be the greatest integer 95. If f (x ) = and
1 + 4x 3 (d) pa + qb + rc + a + b + c
function. Then the function
f ( x ) = ( g ( x )) 2 - g ( x ) is æ1 + x ö 101. A committee of two persons is
g ( x ) = ln ç ÷, then what is the
discontinuous at è1 - x ø selected from two men and two
(a) all integers æe - 1ö women. The probability that the
value of fg ç ÷ equal to? committee will have exactly one
(b) all integers except 0 and 1 èe + 1ø
woman is
(c) all integers except 0 1 1 2 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(d) all integers except 1 2 6 3 3 2
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II) 7

102. Let a die be loaded in such a way 107. Which one of the following can be 113. If P( B ) = 3 , P( A Ç B Ç C ) = 1 and
that even faces are twice likely to considered as appropriate pair of 4 3
occur as the odd faces. What is the values of regression coefficient of y 1
P( A Ç B Ç C ) = , then what is
probability that a prime number on x and regression coefficient of x 3
will show up when the die is on y? P( B Ç C ) equal to?
tossed? (a) (1, 1) (b) (-1, 1) 1 3
(a) (b)
1 2 4 5 1 1 10 12 4
(a)
3
(b)
3
(c)
9
(d)
9 (c) æç - , 2 ö÷ (d) æç , ö÷
è 2 ø è3 3 ø 1 1
(c) (d)
103. Let the sample space consist of non- 108. Let A and B be two events with 15 9
negative integers up to 50, X 1 1 114. The following table gives the
denote the numbers which are P( A ) = , P( B ) = and monthly expenditure of two
3 6
multiples of 3 andY denote the odd 1 families :
numbers. Which of the following P( A Ç B ) = . What is P( B| A )
is/are correct? 12 Expenditure (in `)
8 1 equal to?
Items Family A Family B
1. P( X ) = 2. P(Y ) = 1 1
25 2 (a) (b)
5 7 Foods 3,500 2,700
Select the correct answer using the 1 1 Clothing 500 800
(c) (d)
code given below. 8 10
Rent 1,500 1,000
(a) 1 only
109. In a binomial distribution, the mean
(b) 2 only 2 5 Education 2,000 1,800
is and the variance is . What is
(c) Both 1 and 2 3 9 Miscellaneous 2,500 1,800
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 the probability that X = 2 ?
5 25 In construction a pie diagram to the
104. For two events A and B, (a) (b) above data, the radii of the circles
36 36
1 2 are to be chosen by which one of
let P( A ) = , P( A È B ) = and 25 25
2 3 (c) (d) the following ratios?
216 54
1 (a) 1 : 1 (b) 10 : 9
P( A Ç B ) = . What is P( A Ç B )
6 110. The probability that a ship safely
1 (c) 100 : 91 (d) 5 : 4
equal to? reaches a port is . The probability
1 1 1 1 3 115. If a variable takes values 0, 1, 2, 3, …,
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2 that out of 5 ships, at least 4 ships n with frequencies
would arrive safely is 1, C (n, 1), C (n, 2), C (n, 3), … , C (n, n )
105. Consider the following statements : 1 10
1. Coefficient of variation depends (a) (b) respectively, then the arithmetic
243 243
on the unit of measurement of mean is
11 13
the variable. (c) (d) (a) 2n (b) n + 1
243 243
2. Range is a measure of (c) n (d)
n
dispersion. 111. What is the probability that at least 2
two persons out of a group of three
3. Mean deviation is least when persons were born in the same 116. In a multiple-choice test, an
measured about median. month (disregard year)? examinee either knows the correct
Which of the above statements are 33 17 answer with probability p, or
correct? (a) (b) guesses with probability 1 - p. The
144 72
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 1 2 probability of answering a question
(c) (d) 1
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 144 9 correctly is , if he or she merely
m
106. Given that the arithmetic mean and 112. It is given that X = 10, Y = 90, guesses. If the examinee answers a
standard deviation of a sample of 15 s X = 3, s Y = 12 and r XY = 08
. . The question correctly, the probability
observations are 24 and 0 regression equation of X on Y is that he or she really knows the
respectively. Then which one of the answer is
(a) Y = 32
. X + 58
following is the arithmetic mean of mp mp
the smallest five observations in the (b) X = 32
. Y + 58 (a) (b)
1 + mp 1 + (m - 1)p
data? (c) X = - 8 + 02
. Y
(m - 1)p (m - 1)p
(a) 0 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 24 (d) Y = - 8 + 02
. X (c) (d)
1 + (m - 1)p 1 + mp
8 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)

117. If x 1 and x 2 are positive quantities,
then the condition for the
difference between the arithmetic
mean and the geometric mean to be
greater than 1 is
(a) x1 + x 2 > 2 x1 x 2
1. Variance is unaffected by
change of origin and change of
scale.
2. Coefficient of variance is
independent of the unit of
observations.
119. Five sticks of length 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9
feet are given. Three of these sticks
are selected at random. What is the
probability that the selected sticks
can form a triangle?
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.3 (d) 0

(b) x1 + x2 > 2 Which of the statements given 120. The coefficient of correlation when
above is/are correct? coefficients of regression are 0.2
(c)| x1 - x 2| > 2
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only and 1.8 is
(d) x1 + x 2 < 2( x1 x 2 + 1)
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) 0.36 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.6 (d) 0.9
118. Consider the following statements :

PAPER II English Language and General Studies

Part A (English Language)

Directions (Q. Nos. 1-10) Each item 7. The decision of the Union 13. The students made a generous
in this section consists of a sentence government to repeal the Urban contribution to the flood relief
with an underlined word/words Land Ceiling Act has been fun(d)
followed by four options. Select the welcomed by all. (a) niggard (b) selfish
option that is nearest in meaning to the (a) suppress (b) amend (c) spendthrift (d) indecent
underlined word/words. (c) cancel (d) withhold
14. He was just idle by temperament.
1. The discussion was wound up after 8. This is his maiden appearance on (a) employed (b) occupied
a long fruitful exchange of view. the screen. (c) industrious (d) happy
(a) postponed (b) cut short (a) first (b) last (c) girlish (d) shy
(c) interrupted (d) concluded
15. Most of the decisions taken by the
9. At the end of the marathon officer were unjust.
2. He was fully alive to the need for everybody was exhauste(d) (a) serious (b) lenient
making adjustments. (a) weakened (b) honoured (c) correct (d) imbecile
(a) concerned about (c) satisfied (d) tired
16. He is a loving father and takes great
(b) worried about 10. He gave me a counterfeit coin. delight in his children.
(c) aware of (a) rare (b) fake
(d) indifferent about (a) revolt (b) dissatisfaction
(c) unmatured (d) inferior
(c) enjoyment (d) disgust
3. The police officer tried to intimidate Directions (Q. Nos. 11-20) Each
the witness but in vain. item in this section consists of a 17. He was quite concerned about his
(a) inform (b) reward sentence with an underlined son’s career.
(c) frighten (d) persuade word/words followed by four options. (a) unrelated (b) indifferent
(c) dispassionate (d) carefree
4. We must adopt drastic measures to Select the option that is opposite in
control population growth. meaning to the underlined 18. They are confident of success.
(a) simple (b) dramatic word/words. (a) imprudent (b) impatient
(c) diffident (d) reluctant
(c) realistic (d) severe 11. My mother has been working hard
5. He is extremely meticulous in his for the last two weeks and she feels 19. We carried on the search for the
approach. run down. missing person.
(a) simple (b) careful (a) morbid (b) energetic (a) delayed
(c) fair (d) reasonable (c) exhausted (d) emotional (b) reconsidered
(c) broke up
6. The experts’ minute examination 12. The President condemned the Act (d) called off
brought to light some important of violence during the celebration
clues. of the festival. 20. This TV has many indigenous
(a) quick (b) detailed (a) reason (b) instigation components.
(c) superficial (d) prolonged (c) restraint (d) sobriety (a) Indian (b) foreign
(c) unnatural (d) genuine
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II) 9

Directions (Q. Nos. 21-30) In the (a) Q P S R (b) S Q P R Read each sentence to find out whether
following passage, at certain points you are (c) R P Q S (d) P R Q S there is any error in any underlined part
given a choice of four words marked (a), (b), 32. After our school boys had won a and mark your response to corresponding
(c) and (d), one of which fits the meaning of letter i.e. (a), (b) or (c). If you find no error,
well-contested hockey match
the passage. Choose the best word out of the your response should be indicated as (d).
four. Mark the letter, viz., (a), (b), (c) or (d), so that they might communicate the
relating to this wor(d) P 36. An electrical circuit is the complete
(a) (b)
Passage news of their victory to the
headmaster who is a keen sportsman path traversed by electric current.
After this incident I went to (c)
Nainital and returned after nearly a Q
No error
month, I had 21. ______ 22. ______ they came to school in high spirits (d)
my clothes when I saw Gangu R
and takes a very lively interest in
37. He waved us a by-by as he boarded
standing (a) (b)
23. ______a new baby. He was S
the train which disappeared into
24.______with joy. Even Nanda school games (c)
(a) Q P S R (b) S Q P R
25. ______ not have 26. ______ (c) R P Q S (d) P R Q S the tunnel. No error
such joy 27. ______ getting (d)
33. Even a leisurely game like cricket
Krishna. His face had the same 28. 38. There was great deal that had to be
demanding grace rather than
______ on that (a)
P
29. ______ face of a 30. ______ scrapped, that must be scrapped;
strength and over the rough tactics
man after a full meal but surely India could not have
Q (b)
21. (a) hardly (b) barely (c) merely of the Australian team that visited
(d) rarely taken been what she undoubtedly was,
England in 1921 as we saw in the and could not have continued a
22. (a) out (b) away (c) off (d) on R (c)
23. (a) by (b) near (c) with (d}) at controversy over body-line bowling cultured existence for thousands of
24. (a) jumping (b) bursting (c) dancing can cause much ill-will years. No error
(d) singing S (d)
25. (a) could (b) would (c) should (a) P S R Q (b) R S P Q
(d) ought (c) S R Q P (d) Q P R S 39. With regard to interior decoration,
(a)
26. (a) experimented (b) shown (c) felt 34. Scientists point out of sunspot it is the attention given to the less
(d) heard P overt aspects of using space that
27. (a) at (b) in (c) on (d) into activity that it is an aftermath that (c)
28. (a) light (b) glow (c) sense (d) hope Q give it life, an identity, a quality
29. (a) comes (b) appears (c) rices has now reached its peak of the that makes it exciting and unusual.
(d) shows R S (c)
30. (a) starved (b) starving (c) hungry eleven-year cycle No error
(d) satisfied (a) R S P Q (b) P Q S R (d)
(c) Q R P S (d) Q S P R
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-35) Each of the 40. A small parcel of novels is better
following items in this section consists of a 35. As the ship streams from San Diego as (a) (b) (c)
sentence, the parts of which have been walls of gray water from a distant than none. No error
jumble(d) These parts have been labelled P, P (d)
Q, R and S. Given below each sentence are storm in the North Pacific making
four sequences namely (a), (b), (c) and (d).
Q
Directions (Q. Nos. 41-50) Each of the
You are required to re-arrange the jumbled following sentence in this section has a
parts of the sentence and mark your the greener among us miserable blank space and four words/group of words
response accordingly. with sea sickness rock and toss the given after the sentence. Select the word or
R group/words you consider most
31. The Spirit of man has slowly and appropriate for the blank space and mark
ship those of us aboard have a
P your response accordingly.
S
painfully surmounted and his
personal demonstration of powerful 41. He looks as if he .......... weary.
Q (a) is (b) was
ocean movement
growing intelligence all the obstacles (a) P Q R S (b) S R P Q (c) would be (d) were
R (c) S P R Q (d) Q S R P 42. My house is insured .......... theft and
that have come in his way has faced fire.
S Directions (Q. Nos. 36-40) Each item in
(a) for (b) against
this section has a sentence with three
all kinds of danger underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c).
(c) in (d) towards
10 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)

43. The result of the prolonged 46. Years .......... since I saw her last. 49. I saw her when she was
discussion was...… . (a) have passed standing......the side of the old statue.
(a) disappointment (b) disappointing (b) had passed (a) by
(c) disappointed (d) to disappoint (c) had been passing (b) at
(d) have been passing (c) in
44. You are lucky .......... in the 20th (d) beyond
century. 47. When he heard the terrible noise he
(a) by being born (b) to have been born asked me what was .......... on. 50. True friends never .......... their loved
(c) for being born (d) to have born (a) happening (b) being ones in adversity.
(c) getting (d) going (a) abuse
45. Sita is true to........ . 48. Could you lend me some money ? I (b) criticise
(a) word (b) her words (c) befool
am very .......... of cash at the moment. (d) desert
(c) the words (d) words
(a) down (b) low (c) short (d) scarce

Part B (General Studies)

51. According to the Travel and Tourism (a) Major Rock Edict 13 62. Consider the following States of India
Competitiveness Index (TTCI) 2017 (b) Rock Edict 6 in terms of percentage of forest area
(c) Minor Rock Edict 1
released by the World Economic (d) Pillar Edict 4 in relation to the total area of the
Forum, among the 136 economies State.
across the World, India ranked 56. The Cabinet Mission Plan for India 1. Karnataka 2. Odisha
(a) 50th (b) 40th envisaged a
(a) Federation
3. Kerala 4. Andhra Pradesh
(c) 30th (d) 20th
(b) Confederation Which one of the following is the
52. Which one of the following is the (c) Unitary from of government correct descending order?
theme of the ‘World Health Day’, (d) Union of States (a) 1-2-4-3 (b) 3-1-2-4
2017 celebrated by the World Health (c) 3-2-1-4 (d) 2-3-1-4
57. The creation of the institution of
Organisation? Lokpal was first recommended by 63. Which one of the following States in
(a) Diabetes India has the longest coastline?
(a) Law Commission
(b) Food safety (a) Odisha (b) Tamil Nadu
(b) Santhanam Committee
(c) Depression : Let’s Talk (c) Karnataka (d) West Bengal
(c) Shah Commission
(d) Ageing and Health
(d) Administrative Reforms Commission 64. Which one of the following states in
53. Which one of the following
58. Which one of the following is a cause India has the largest area under forest
ministries has launched a new cover?
of acid rains?
programme on Interdisciplinary (a) Ozone (b) Ammonia (a) Maharashtra (b) Chhattisgarh
Cyber Physical Systems (ICPS) to (c) Sulphur dioxide (d) Carbon monoxide (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Andhra Pradesh
foster and promote R and D?
(a) Ministry of Earth Sciences 59. The desirable range of pH for 65. Which one of the following is not an
(b) Ministry of Science and Technology drinking water is igneous rock?
(a) 6 . 5 to 8 . 5 (b) 5 . 0 to 6 . 5 (a) Gabbro (b) Granite
(c) Ministry of Information and
(c) 6 . 5 to 7 .0 (d) 7 . 0 to 8 . 5 (c) Dolomite (d) Basalt
Broadcasting
(d) Ministry of New and Renewable 60. Consider the following reaction : 66. The Coriolis effect is the result of
Energy (a) Pressure gradient
CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O (b) Earth’s axis of inclination
54. Consider the following statements Which of the following about the (c) Earth’s rotation
about the Nagara style of temple (d) Earth’s revolution
reaction given above is/are correct?
architecture : 67. Where is Mekong Delta located?
1. Carbon is oxidised
1. This style of temples are (a) Thailand (b) Cambodia
2. Hydrogen is oxidised
commonly found in the areas (c) Myanmar (d) Vietnam
3. Hydrogen is reduced
between Himalayas and 68. Which one of the following pairs of
4. Carbon is reduced
Vindhyas. rivers and tributaries is not correctly
Select the correct answer using the
2. The most striking feature of this code given below :
matched?
style is its pyramidal shikhara (a) Godavari : Indravati
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2
(b) Ganga : Penganga
Which of the statements given above (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
(c) Krishna : Bhima
is/are correct? 61. Sunrise in Eastern Arunachal (d) Luni : Sukri
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Pradesh would be about how many 69. Consider the following characteristics
hours before the sunrise in Western of a tropical cyclone :
55. Ashoka’s connection with Buddhism Gujarat?
is evident from which one of the 1. A warm sea temperature of>26° C
(a) One hour (b) Two hours
following edicts? (c) Three hours (d) Four hours 2. High relative humidity of
atmosphere at a height of> 700 m.
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)
3. Atmospheric instability.
The above mentioned characteristics
are associate with which one of the
following cycles of its development?
(a) Formulation and initial stage
(b) Modification stage
(c) Full maturity
(d) Decay
70. In the Mesopotamian records, which
one of the following terms was used for
the Indus Valley (Harappans)?
(a) Dilmun (b) Meluha
(c) Magan (d) Failaka
71. Who among the following is the
Chairman of interdisciplinary
committee constituted recently by
the Government of India to examine
framework for virtual currencies?
(a) Secretary, Department of Financial
Services
(b) Special Secretary, Department of
Revenue
(c) Special Secretary, Department of
Economic Affairs
(d) Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of
India
72. SAMPADA scheme is being
implemented by the Ministry of
(a) Finance
(b) Housing and Urban Affairs
(c) Food Processing Industries
(d) Earth Sciences
73. The shortest day length that occurs in
the Northern hemisphere is on
(a) March 21 (b)September 23
(c) November 22 (d)December 22
74. The Indian Railways have gone in for
qualitative improvements since
independence. Which of the
following have taken place in recent
years?
1. Gauge conversion
2. Track electrification
3. Automatic Signals
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below :
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) All of these
75. In India, maximum rainfall is 83. Concave mirror is used in headlights
received from
(a) Western Disturbances
(b) North-East Monsoon
(c) South-West Monsoon
(d) Retreating Monsoon
76. Which set of the following biosphere
reserves in India is included in the
World Network of Biosphere
Reserves?
(a) Gulf of Mannar, Nokrek, Panchmarhi
and Simlipal
(b) Gulf of Mannar, Kanchenjunga,
Nokrek and Seshachalam
(c) Nilgiri, Nokrek, Panchmarhi and Panna
(d) Nilgiri, Nokrek, Panchmarhi and
Seshachalam
77. Which of the following statements 85. Light year is a measure of
about magnetite ore of iron is/are
correct?
1. It is known as black ore.
2. It contains 60% to 70% of pure
iron.
3. It possesses magnetic properties. 86. Which one of the following was set as
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below:
(a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) All of these
78. Which one of the following vitamins
has a role in blood clotting?
(a) Vitamin-A (b) Vitamin-D
(c) Vitamin-E (d) Vitamin-K
79. The term ‘Probiotic’ is applied to
(a) organic food (b)antacid
(c) antibiotic
(d) live microbial food supplement
80. Which one of the following microbes
causes acidification and curding of
milk?
(a) Lactic Acid Bacillus
(b) Clostridium botulinum
(c) Vibrio cholerae
(d) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
81. Who among the following shared the
Nobel Prize in 1962 along with
Francis Crick and James Watson for
their discoveries concerning the
molecular structure of nucleic acids?
(a) Erwin Chargaff
(b) Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
(c) Rosalind Franklin
(d) Phoebus Levene
82. Water boils at a lower temperature at
high altitudes, because
(a) the air pressure is less
(b) outside temperature is less
(c) latent heat is less
(d) None of the above
of vehicles, because it
(a) focuses light from the bulb onto nearby
vehicles
(b) sends parallel rays
(c) fits well into the shape of the headlight
(d) is cheaper than other mirrors
84. If some object is weighed when
submerged in water, what will
11
happen to its weight compared to its
weight in air?
(a) Increase
(b) Decrease
(c) Remain exactly the same
(d) Increase or decrease cannot be
predicted
(a) time
(b) distance
(c) total amount of light falling on the Earth
in a year
(d) average intensity of light falling on the
Earth in a year
a target of average growth of GDP of
India over the plan period 2012-17 by
the Approach Paper to the Twelfth
Five Year Plan?
(a) 7% (b) 8% (c) 9% (d) 10%
87. Which one of the following is not a
subject that has been devolved to the
Panchayati Raj Institutions by the
11th Schedule of the Constitution of
India?
(a) Non-conventional energy resources
(b) Roads
(c) Higher education
(d) Libraries
88. Who among the following used the
term Industrial Revolution for the first
time in English to describe the
changes that occurred in the British
industrial development between 1760
and 1820?
(a) Friedrich Engels (b) Eric Hobsbawm
(c) Arnold Toynbee (d) Georges Michelet
89. Who among the following is the
author of the book ‘The Indian
Struggle, 1920-34’?
(a) Maulana Abul Kalam
(b) Jayprakash Narayan
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Manabendra Nath Roy
90. Which one of the following about the
Swadeshi Campaign in 1896 is not
correct?
(a) Its centre was Maharashtra
(b) Its main participants were students.
(c) It opposed the levy of tariff on imports.
(d) It publicly burnt foreign clothes.
91. Which one of the following
associations was founded in London
by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866?
(a) The Bengal British India Society
(b) The East India Association
(c) The British Indian Association
(d) The Madras Native Association
 12
92. Mariana Trench is located in the 101. Which
ocean floor of
(a) Southern Atlantic Ocean
(b) Western Pacific Ocean
(c) Eastern Pacific Ocean
(d) Northern Atlantic Ocean
93. Taklamakan Desert is situated in
(a) Western Asia
(b) Southern fringe of Sahara in Africa
(c) South America
(d) Central Asia
94. Rudraprayag is situated at the 102. Which
confluence of rivers Alakananda and
(a) Bhagirathi (b) Mandakini
(c) Nandakini (d) Dhauliganga
95. Arrange the following Indian cities
according to their locations from
West to East :
1. Bilaspur 2. Jodhpur
3. Bhopal 4. Ranchi
Select the correct answer using the
code given below :
(a) 3-2-1-4 (b) 2-3-1-4
(c) 4-1-2-3 (d) 2-1-3-4
96. The Kashmir region receives
additional amount of precipitation
during the winter brought by
104. Which one among the following 113. Which one of the following was not a
(a) South-West Monsoon
(b) Western Disturbances
(c) Retreating Monsoon
(d) Temperate Cyclone
97. Which part of India has the Kalakot 105. How much CO 2 is produced on 114. In April, 2017, India celebrated 100
tertiary coal field?
(a) Brahmaputra river basin of Assam
(b) Damodar river basin of Jharkhand and
West Bengal
(c) Himalayan mountain region
(d) Cardamom hills in Kerala
98. Tendons through which muscles are
connected to bones are tightly
compacted bundles of which one of
the following long fibrous protein?
(a) Fibrin (b) Collagen
(c) Elastin (d) Cellulose
99. Which one of the following is the
scientific name of the
organism elephantiasis?
(a) Ascaris lumbricoides
(b) Culex pipiens
(c) Wuchereria bancrofiti
(d) Fasciola hepatica
100. Melanin is the natural pigment that
gives colour to human skin, hair and
the iris provides protection against
(a) Ultraviolet radiation
(b) Infrared radiation
(c) X-ray radiation
(d) Short wave radio radiation
NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)
one of the following (c) Sodium carbonate
(d) Sodium bicarbonate
statements about a satellite orbiting
around the Earth is correct? 110. Why is potassium permanganate used
(a) Satellite is kept in orbit by remote for purifying drinking water?
control from ground station. (a) It kills germs
(b) Satellite is kept in orbit by retro-rocket (b) It dissolves the impurities
and solar energy keeps it moving (c) It is a reducting agent
around the Earth. (d) It is an oxidising agent
(c) Satellite requires energy from solar 111. Consider the following movements :
panels and solid fuels for orbiting.
(d) Satellite does not required any energy 1. Moplah Rebellion
for orbiting. 2. Bardoli Satyagraha
3. Champaran Satyagraha
one of the following
4. Salt Satyagraha
statements about energy is correct?
Which one of the following is the
(a) Energy can be created as well as
destroyed correct chronological order of the
(b) Energy can be created but not above ascending order?
destroyed (a) 1-3-4-2 (b) 3-1-2-4
(c) Energy can neither be created nor (c) 2-3-1-4 (d) 4-2-1-3
destroyed 112. Which one of the following travelogues
(d) Energy cannot be created but can be has given an insight on the reign of
destroyed
Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq?
103. Step-up transformers are used for (a) Ibn Battuta’s Rihla
(a) increasing electrical power (b) Francois Bernier’s Travels in the Mogul
(b) decreasing electrical power Empire
(c) decreasing voltage (c) Niccolao Manucci’s Storia do Mogor
(d) increasing voltage (d) Tavernier’s Travels in India
waves carries the maximum energy Chishti Sufi saint?
(a) Khwaja Moinuddin
per photon?
(b) Baba Fariduddin Gani-i-Shakar
(a) X-rays (b) Radio waves
(c) Nizamuddin Auliya
(c) Light waves (d) Microwaves
(d) Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
heating of 1 kg of carbon? years of Mahatma Gandhi’s
11 3 4 3 (a) Satyagraha in Kheda
(a) kg (b) kg (c) kg (d) kg
3 11 3 4 (b) Dandi March
(c) Satyagraha in Champaran
106. Zinc is used to protect iron form
(d) Return from South Africa
corrosion because zinc is
(a) more electropositive than iron 115. A rainbow is produced due to which
(b) cheaper than iron one of the following phenomena?
(c) a bluish white metal (a) Dispersion of light
(d) a good conductor of heat and (b) Interference of light
electricity (c) Diffraction of light
(d) Scattering of light by atmospheric dust
107. Which one of the following gases is
placed second in respect of 116. Bats detect obstacles in their path by
abundance in the Earth’s receiving the reflected
causal atmosphere? (a) Infrasonic waves (b) Ultrasonic waves
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen (c) Radio waves (d) Microwaves
(c) Nitrogen (d) Carbon dioxide 117. The statement that ‘heat cannot flow
108. Which one of the following is a by itself from a body at a lower
chemical change? temperature to a body at a higher
(a) Cutting of hair temperature’, is known as
(b) Graying of hair naturally (a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(c) Swelling of resin in water (b) First law of thermodynamics
(d) Cutting of fruit (c) Second law of thermodynamics
(d) Third law of thermodynamics
109. Which one among the following
chemicals is used as washing soda? 118. Which one of the following waves
(a) Calcium carbonate does not belong to the category of the
(b) Calcium bicarbonate other three?
 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II) 13

(a) X-rays (b) Microwaves (a) It proposed that the Indian Monuments and Sites (World Heritage
(c) Radiowaves (d) Sound waves magistrates would try Europeans in Day) 2017?
criminal cases. (a) The Heritage of Sport
119. Which one of the following statements (b) It allowed Indians to file criminal
is not correct? (b) Cultural Heritage and Sustainable
cases against Europeans. Tourism
(a) Human eye is a refracting system (c) It authorised Indian ICS officers to try
containing a diverging lens. (c) Past and Present Heritage
Europeans in courts. (d) Heritage and Science
(b) The retina of the human eye contains (d) It was an agitation led by Ilbert in
millions of light sensitive cells, called support of the nationalists. 134. In April, 2017, the USA dropped MOAB
rods and cones, which convert the light (Massive Ordinance Air Blast popularly
into electrical messages. 126. Who among the following can
attend the meetings of both Houses known as the Mother of All Bombs) in
(c) Every image that is focussed on the
retina is upside down. of Parliament while not being a the suspected hideouts of militants in
(d) We need both eyes to judge the relative member of either House? which one of the following countries?
positions of objects accurately. (a) Iran (b) Syria
(a) The Solicitor General of India
(c) Afghanistan (d) Somalia
120. Which one of the following statements (b) The Vice-President of India
is not corect? (c) The Comptroller and Auditor General 135. Intake of which one of the following
of India food components should be minimised
(a) Ultrasonic waves cannot get reflected,
(d) The Attorney General of India by patients having Gouty Arthritis due
refracted or absorbed.
(b) Ultrasonic waves are used to detect the 127. Who among the following was to elevated serum uric acid level?
presence of defects like cracks, porsity, believed to be a leader of the (a) Food fibres (b)Nucleic acids
etc in the internal structure of common (c) Lipids (d)Carbohydrates
Sanyasis and Fakirs conspiring
structure materials.
(c) Ultrasonic waves can be used for
against the British in 1857? 136. Which one of the following statements
making holes in very hard materials like (a) Mangal Pandey (b) Bahadur Shah II about microbes is not correct?
diamond. (c) Queen Zeenat Mahal (a) They are used in sewage treatment
(d) Ultrasonic waves cannot travel through (d) Nana Sahib plants.
vacuum. (b) They are used in industrial fermenters for
128. Who among the following was the the production of beverages.
121. The principal use of hydrofluoric acid founder of the Avadh Kingdom in (c) No antibiotic has been obtained from any
is the 18th century? microbe.
(a) in etching glass (a) Murshid Quli Khan (b) Saadat Khan (d) They are used to get many bioactive
(b) as a bleaching agent (c) Alivardi Khan (d)Sarfaraz Khan molecules for the treatment of diseases.
(c) as an extremely strong oxidising agent 129. Who among the following was the 137. Golden rice is a genetically
(d) in the preparation of strong organic founder of the Young Bengal
fluorine compounds -modified crop plant where the
Movement? incorporated gene is meant for
122. The species that has the same number (a) Henry Vivian Derozio biosynthesis of
35 (b) David Hare (a) Omega-3 fatty acids
of electrons as Cl is (c) Dwarkanath Tagore
17 (b) Vitamin-A
(d) Prasanna Kumar Tagore (c) Vitamin-B
32 34 40 35 2−
(a) S (b) S+ (c) Ar + (d) S 130. Which one of the following (d) Vitamin-C
16 16 18 16
statements about the Quit Indian 138. An object moves in a circular path with
123. The compound C 6 H12 O 4 contains Movement is not correct? a constant speed Which one of the
(a) 22 atoms per mole (a) It broke out in August, 1942. following statements is correct?
(b) twice the mass percent of H as (b) Ahmedabad Textile Mills went on (a) The centripetal acceleration of the object
compared to the mass percent strike for more than three months. is smaller for a gentle curve (i.e., curve of
of C (c) Muslim League and Hindu larger radius) than that for a sharp curve
(c) six times the mass percent of C as Mahasabha actively participated in (i.e., curve of smaller radius).
compared to the mass percent the movement. (b) The centripetal acceleration is greater for
of H (d) Communist Party did not support the a gentle curve than that for a sharp curve.
(d) thrice the mass percent of H as movement. (c) The centripetal acceleration is the same
compared to the mass percent for both, the gentle and sharp curves.
of O
131. Who among the following is the
(d) The centripetal acceleration causes the
winner of the Singapore Open
124. The proposition ‘equal volumes of object to slow down.
Superseries Badminton Men’s
different gases contain equal numbers Singles title 2017? 139. The force acting on a particle of mass m
of molecules at the same temperature (a) Kidambi Srikanth (b) Lin Dan moving along the x-axis is given by
and pressure’ is known as (c) B Sai Praneeth (d) Kento Momota F ( x ) = Ax 2 − Bx . Which one of the
(a) Avogadro’s hypothesis
132. Koradi Thermal Power Station is following is the potential energy of the
(b) Gay-Lussac’s hypothesis
located in particle?
(c) Planck’s hypothesis
(a) Nagpur (b) Raipur x2
(d) Kirchhoff’s theory (a) 2Ax − B (b) − (2Ax − 3B)
(c) Mumbai (d) Secunderabad 6
125. Which one of the following statements 133. Which one of the following is the (c) Ax 3 − Bx 2 (d) Zero
about the Ilbert Bill is correct?
theme of the International Day for
 14 NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II)

140. The symbol of SI unit of inductance is 143. How long does light take to reach the (b) conduction electrons
(c) ions
H. It stands for Earth from the Sun? (d) holes
(a) Holm (b) Halogen (a) About 4 minutes (b) About 8 minutes
(c) Henry (d) Hertz (c) About 24 minutes (d) About 24 hours 148. The ionisation energy of hydrogen
atom in the ground state is
141. In a vacuum, a five-rupee coin, a 144. Radioactivity is measured by (a) 13 . 6 Me V (b) 13 . 6 eV
feather of sparrow bird and a mango (a) GM Counter (b)Polarimeter
(d) Zero (c) 13 . 6 Joule
are dropped simultaneously from the (c) Calorimeter (d)Colorimeter
same height. The time taken by them 145. The mirrors used as rear-view 149. When pure water boils vigorously,
to reach the bottom is t 1, t 2 and t 3 the bubbles that rise to the surface are
mirrors in vehicles are
respectively. In this situation, we will (a) concave (b) convex
composed primarily of
observe that (c) cylindrical (d) plane (a) air
(a) t 1 > t 2 > t 3 (b) t 1 > t 3 > t 2 (b) hydrogen
(c) t 3 > t 1 > t 2 (d) t 1 = t 2 = t 3
146. Which one of the following waves is (c) hydrogen and oxygen
used for detecting forgery in (d) water vapour
142. Electron emission from a metallic currency notes? 150. Which compound, when dissolved in
surface by application of light is (a) Ultraviolet waves (b) Infrared waves water, conducts electricity and forms
known as (c) Radio waves (d) Microwaves
a basic solution?
(a) Thermionic emission
(b) Photo electric emission
147. The majority charge carriers in a (a) HCl (b) CH 3COOH
p-type semiconductor are (c) CH 3OH (d) NaOH
(c) High field emission
(d) Auto electronic emission (a) free electrons

ANSWERS
Paper I Elementary Mathematics
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 b 6 c 7 c 8 b 9 d 10 a
11 a 12 d 13 c 14 c 15 a 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 a 20 b
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 a 26 c 27 d 28 d 29 c 30 b
31 b 32 d 33 a 34 d 35 b 36 c 37 b 38 a 39 a 40 b
41 d 42 b 43 c 44 b 45 b 46 a 47 c 48 b 49 b 50 d
51 b 52 a 53 b 54 a 55 a 56 b 57 b 58 c 59 c 60 a
61 a 62 c 63 a 64 a 65 a 66 a 67 a 68 b 69 a 70 d
71 b 72 d 73 d 74 b 75 c 76 a 77 c 78 * 79 a 80 c
81 b 82 a 83 c 84 b 85 b 86 c 87 a 88 a 89 b 90 d
91 d 92 d 93 b 94 d 95 b 96 b 97 b 98 b 99 c 100 a
101 b 102 c 103 d 104 a 105 a 106 d 107 a 108 c 109 c 110 c
111 b 12 c 113 a 114 b 115 d 116 b 117 c 118 b 119 c 120 c

Paper II English Language and General Studies

1 d 2 c 3 c 4 d 5 b 6 b 7 c 8 a 9 d 10 b
11 b 12 d 13 a 14 c 15 c 16 d 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 b
21 b 22 a 23 b 24 b 25 a 26 b 27 b 28 a 29 a 30 b
31 b 32 c 33 c 34 c 35 c 36 c 37 a 38 d 39 b 40 d
41 a 42 b 43 b 44 b 45 b 46 a 47 d 48 c 49 a 50 d
51 b 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 a 56 d 57 d 58 c 59 c 60 a
61 b 62 c 63 b 64 c 65 c 66 c 67 d 68 b 69 c 70 b
71 c 72 c 73 d 74 d 75 c 76 a 77 d 78 d 79 d 80 a
81 b 82 a 83 b 84 b 85 b 86 b 87 c 88 c 89 c 90 d
91 b 92 b 93 d 94 b 95 b 96 b 97 c 98 b 99 c 100 a
101 d 102 c 103 d 104 a 105 a 106 a 107 a 108 b 109 c 110 d
111 b 112 a 113 d 114 c 115 a 116 b 117 c 118 d 119 a 120 a
121 a 122 c 123 c 124 a 125 a 126 d 127 b 128 b 129 a 130 c
131 c 132 a 133 b 134 c 135 b 136 c 137 b 138 a 139 b 140 c

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01
MATHEMATICS SET THEORY 3

SET THEORY
In NDA exam, generally 3-4 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on types of sets,
operations on sets and number of elements in a set.

A set is a collection of well defined distinct objects. By ‘well defined’ we mean that from any object
given we can find whether it is an element of the set or not. Sets are usually denoted by capital letters
A , B, C, etc. The members of a set are called its elements and are usually denoted by small letters,
a, b, c, etc. If ‘a’ is an element of a set A, then we write a ∈ A i.e. ‘a’ belongs to set A and if ‘a’ does not
belong to set A, then we write a ∈ / A.

Representation of Sets
1. Tabular or Roster method In this method, a set is described by writing elements, separated by
commas, within the braces {}.
e.g. N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, K} is a set of natural numbers.
A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} is a set of first six prime numbers.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, K} is a set of whole numbers.
2. Set-builder or Rule method In this method, a rule or a formula is written in the braces that defines
the sets.
e.g. A = { x : x = 2n + 1, n ≥ 1, n ∈ N}, B = { x : 6 ≤ x ≤ 12, x ∈ N}, C = { x : x = 2n, n < 8, n ∈ N}

Different Types of Sets

1. Null set A set which does not contain any element is called a null set. It is denoted by φ. A null set is
also called an empty set or a void set. Therefore, φ = { }
e.g. A = { x : x is a prime number between 90 and 96} = φ
2. Singleton set A set which contains only one element is called a singleton set.
e.g. A = {0}, B = { x : x + 10 = 0, x ∈ Z }
3. Finite set A set is called a finite set, if it is either void set or its elements can be counted or labelled by
natural numbers 1,2,3, .... and the process of counting stops at a certain natural number (say ‘n’).
e.g. A = { a, e, i, o, u} = Set of all vowels
The number of distinct elements of a finite set A is called the cardinal number of the set A and it is
denoted by n ( A ).
4 NDA/NA Pathfinder

4. Infinite set A set which has unlimited number of e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}; B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }; C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
elements is called infinite set. and U = set of natural numbers.
e.g. N = set of all natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, …}
Here, A , B and C are the subsets of U.
Z = set of all integers
Therefore, U is an universal set.
= {…, − 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, …} are infinite sets.
11. Power set Let A be a set, then the set of all the possible
5. Equivalent sets Two finite sets A and B are
subsets of A is called the power set of A and is denoted
equivalent, if their cardinal numbers are same, i.e.
by P ( A ).
n ( A ) = n ( B).
i.e. P ( A ) = {S | S ⊆ A }
e.g. A = { a, b, c, d , e}; B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then, subsets of A are
Here, n ( A ) = n ( B)
φ, { 1}, { 2}, { 3}, { 1, 2}, { 1, 3}, { 2, 3} and { 1, 2, 3}.
So, these sets are equivalent sets.
∴ P ( A ) = { φ, { 1}, { 2}, { 3}, { 1, 2}, { 1, 3}, { 2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
6. Equal sets Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if
every element of A is a member of B and every Note l Since, the empty set and the set A itself are subsets of A and
element of B is a member of A. also the elements of P ( A ). Thus, the power set of a given set
is always non-empty.
If sets A and B are equal, we write A = B l If a set A has n elements, then its power set will contain 2 n
and A ≠ B, when A and B are not equal. elements.
e.g.
(i) A = {1, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4} are equal sets. Some Important Properties
(ii) A = Letters of the word MASS = {M, A, S, S} (i) A ⊆ A , ∀A (ii) φ ⊆ A , ∀A
B = Letters of the word SAM = {S, A, M} (iii) A ⊆ U , ∀A in U (iv) A = B ⇔ A ⊆ B, B ⊆ A
Here, A = B
EXAMPLE 1. Which one of the following is a null set?
Since, {M, A, S, S } = {M, A, S} = {S, A, M} a. { x| x ∈ R , 4 x2 − 1 = 0 }
Note Equal sets are equivalent but equivalent sets may or may b. { x| x ∈N , x is odd and ( x + 3) is even}
not be equal. e.g. Set A = {4, 5, 3, 2} and B = {1, 6, 8, 9}
are equivalent but are not equal. c. { x| x ∈ R , x2 < 3}
d. { x| x ∈ R , x2 < 0 }
7. Subset Let A and B be two sets. If every element of
A is an element of B, then A is called a subset of B Sol. d. Only option (d) satisfies the condition as x 2 can never
and it is denoted by A ⊆ B. be less than 0. Therefore, there is no element in it, i.e. it
is a null set.
∴ A ⊆ B, if x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3} EXAMPLE 2. Two finite sets having m and n elements.
and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, then A ⊆ B. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more
than the total number of subsets of the second set. Find
The total number of subsets of a finite set the values of m and n.
containing n elements is 2n .
a. 6, 5 b. 6, 3 c. 6, 6 d. 5, 4
8. Superset Let A and B be two sets. If B contains all
elements of A, then B is called superset of A and it Sol. b. Let A and B be two sets having m and n elements
is denoted by B ⊇ A. respectively. Then, number of subsets of A = 2m ,
number of subsets of B = 2n
e.g. If B = { a, b, c, d , . . . , x, y, z} and A = {a, e, i, o, u}
It is given that, 2m − 2n = 56 ⇒ 2n(2m − n − 1) = 23(23 − 1)
Then, B ⊇ A.
⇒ n = 3 and m − n = 3
9. Proper subset A set A is said to be a proper subset
of set B, if A is a subset of B and A is not equal to ∴ n = 3 and m=6
B. It is written as A ⊂ B. The total number of
proper subsets of a finite set containing n elements EXAMPLE 3. The number of proper subsets of the set
is ( 2n − 1). e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3}, then proper subsets {1, 2, 3} is
of A are φ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}. a. 6 b. 3
c. 7 d. 8
10. Universal set All the sets under consideration are
likely to be subsets of a set which is called the Sol. c. Number of proper subsets of the set {1, 2, 3}
universal set and is denoted by U. = 23 − 1 = 7
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 5

Venn Diagram 4. Difference of two sets Let A and B be two sets. The
difference of A and B, written as ( A − B) or A\B, is the
Venn diagram are used to set of all those elements of A which do not belong to B.
express relationship among
Thus, ( A − B) = { x : x ∈ A , x ∉ B}
sets. In Venn diagram, the
universal set U is represented The Venn diagram of A − B is as shown in the figure
by a rectangle and its subsets A B U
are represented by closed curves (usually circles)
within the rectangle.

Operations on Sets
Now, we introduce some operations on sets to
construct new sets from the given ones.
1. Union of two sets Let A and B be two sets. The
union of A and B is the set of all those elements
which belongs to either A or B or both A and B.
The union of A and B is denoted by A ∪ B
(read as ‘A union B’).
Thus, A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
A B
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Similarly, the difference ( B − A ) is the set of all those
elements of B, which do not belong to A,
i.e. ( B − A ) = { x : x ∈ B, x ∉ A }.
e.g. If A = { a, b, c, d , e} and B = { a, c, e, g, i }
then, A − B = { b, d } and B − A = { g, i}
5. Symmetric difference of two sets Let A and B be two
sets. The symmetric difference of sets A and B is the set
( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) and is denoted by A∆B.
U
A B U

and B = { 3, 4, 5, 6}, (B – A)
then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (A – B)
Note If A 1, A 2, K , A n is a finite family of sets, then their union
Thus, A∆B = ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) = { x : x ∉ A ∩ B}
n
is denoted by ∪ A i or A1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A 3 ∪ K ∪ A n.
i =1
e.g. If A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {a, c, e, g, i}
2. Intersection of two sets Let A A B U Then, A∆ B = ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) = {b, d} ∪ {g, i} = {b, d, g, i}
and B be two sets.
The intersection of A and B is 6. Complement of a set The
U
the set of all those elements complement of a set A is the set of all
which belong to both A and B. those elements which are in universal A
The intersection of A and B is denoted by A ∩ B set but not in A. It is denoted by A ′ or
(read as ‘A intersection B’). A c or U – A.
If U is a universal set and A ⊂ U , then
Thus, A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
A ′ = U − A = { x : x ∈U , x ∉ A }
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, then Clearly, x ∈ A ′ ⇔ x ∉ A
A ∩ B = {3, 4} e.g. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9},
Note If A 1, A 2, K , A n is a finite family of sets, then their
n then A ′ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
intersection is denoted by ∩ A i or A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ K ∩ A n.
i =1
EXAMPLE 4. The shaded region in the U
3. Disjoint of two sets Two sets A and B are said to given figure represents which value of A B
be disjoint, if A ∩ B = φ , i.e. they don’t have any sets A = {9, 18, 27, 36 }, B = {18, 36, 54, 72}?
common element. If A ∩ B ≠ φ, then A and B are a. {18, 36} b. {9, 18, 36, 72}
said to be intersecting or overlapping sets. c. A ∪ B d. {9, 27, 54, 72}
Sol. d. Clearly, the diagram represents the condition of
symmetric difference of two sets, i.e. ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A),
where {x : x ∉ A ∩ B}.
Now, ( A − B) = A − ( A ∩ B) = {9, 27}
( B − A) = B − ( A ∩ B) = {54, 72}
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = { 4, 5, 6} So, ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A) = {9, 27, 54, 72}
Then, A ∩ B = φ , so A and B are disjoint sets. Thus, option (d) is correct.
6 NDA/NA Pathfinder
Laws of Algebra of Sets
1. Idempotent laws For any set A, we have
(i) A ∪ A = A (ii) A ∩ A = A
2. Identity laws For any set A, we have
(i) A ∪ φ = A (ii) A ∩ φ = φ
(iii) A ∩ U = A (iv) A ∪ U = U
3. Commutative laws For any two sets A and B, we have
(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
4. Associative laws If A, B and C are any three sets, then
(i) ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C )
(ii) A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C
5. Distributive laws If A , B and C are any three sets, then
(i) A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
(ii) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
6. De-Morgan’s laws If A, B and C are any three sets,
then
(i) ( A ∪ B)′ = A ′ ∩ B′
(ii) ( A ∩ B)′ = A ′ ∪ B′
7. (i) A − ( B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C )
(ii) A − ( B ∩ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
(iii) A − B = A ∩ B ′ = B ′ − A ′
(iv) A − ( A − B) = A ∩ B
(v) A − B = B − A ⇔ A = B
(vi) A ∪ B = A ∩ B ⇔ A = B
(vii) A ∪ A ′ = U
(viii) A ∩ A ′ = φ
EXAMPLE 5. For three events A, B and C, what is the
simplest form of ( A ∩ B) ∩ ( A ∪ B c ) ∩ ( A c ∪ B)?
a. A ∩ B C b. A ∪ B c. AC ∩ B d. A ∩ B
Sol. d. We have, {( A ∩ B) ∩ ( A ∪ B c )} ∩ ( Ac ∪ B)
= {A ∩ ( B ∪ B c )} ∩ ( Ac ∪ B)
= ( A ∩ U) ∩ ( Ac ∪ B) = A ∩ ( Ac ∪ B)
= ( A ∩ Ac ) ∪ ( A ∪ B) = A ∩ B [Q A ∩ Ac = φ]
Important Results
If A, B and C are finite sets and U is the finite universal
set, then
1. n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − n ( A ∩ B)
2. n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) ⇔ A , B are disjoint non-void
sets.
3. n ( A − B) = n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B),
i.e. n ( A − B) + n ( A ∩ B) = n ( A )
4. n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B) + n (C ) − n ( A ∩ B)
− n (B ∩ C) − n ( A ∩ C ) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
5. Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C.
= n ( A ∩ B) + n ( B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A ) − 3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
6. Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
= n ( A ) + n ( B) + n (C ) − 2n ( A ∩ B) − 2n ( B ∩ C )
− 2n ( A ∩ C ) + 3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
7. n ( A ′ ∪ B′ ) = n ( A ∩ B)′ = n (U ) − n ( A ∩ B)
8. n ( A ′ ∩ B′ ) = n ( A ∪ B)′ = n (U ) − n ( A ∪ B)
9. n ( A ∆ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − 2n ( A ∩ B)
10. n ( A ′ ) = n (U ) − n ( A )
11. n ( A ∩ B′ ) = n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B)
EXAMPLE 6. In a group of 500 students, there are
475 students who can speak Hindi and 200 can speak
Bengali. What is the number of students who can
speak Hindi only?
a. 275 b. 300 c. 325 d. 350
Sol. b. Given, n (H) = number of students who can speak
Hindi = 475
n ( B) = number of students who can speak Bengali = 200
and n (H ∪ B) = total number of students = 500
Now, n (H ∩ B) = number of students who speak both
Hindi and Bengali = n (H) + n ( B) − n (H ∪ B)
= 475 + 200 − 500 = 175
Now, number of students who can speak Hindi only
= n (H) − n (H ∩ B)
= 475 − 175 = 300
EXAMPLE 7. In a class of 100 students, 70 have taken
Science, 60 have taken Mathematics, 40 have taken
both Science and Mathematics.
Consider the following statements
I. The number of students who have not taken
Science or Mathematics is 10.
II. The number of students who have not taken both
Science and Mathematics is 10.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
a. Only I b. Only II
c. Both I and I d. None of these
Sol. c. Let A and B be the set of students who have taken
Science and Mathematics, respectively.
∴ n( A) = 70, n( B) = 60
and n( A ∩ B) = Number of students who have taken both
= 40
We know that, n ( A ∪ B) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A ∩ B)
= 70 + 60 − 40 = 90
∴ Number of students who have not taken Science or
Mathematics = Number of students who have not taken
both Science and Mathematics
= 100 − n( A ∪ B)
= 100 − 90 = 10
MATHEMATICS > Set Theory 7

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Total number of elements in the power set of A 11. In a college of 300 students, every student reads
containing 15 elements is 5 newspapers and every newspaper is read by
(a) 215 (b) 152 (c) 215 −1 (d) 215 − 1 60 students. The number of newspapers is
2. What is the number of proper subsets of a given (a) atleast 30 (b) atmost 20
finite set with n elements? (c) exactly 25 (d) None of these
(a) 2 n − 1 (b) 2 n − 2 (c) 2 n − 1 (d) 2 n − 2 12. In an examination out of 100 students, 75 passed
3. If A = P ({ 1, 2}), where P denotes the power set, in English, 60 passed in Mathematics and 45
passed in both English and Mathematics. What
then which one of the following is correct?
is the number of students passed in exactly one
(a) {1, 2} ⊂ A (b) 1∈ A (c) φ ∉ A (d) {1, 2} ∈ A
of the two subjects?
4. If the cardinality of a set A is 4 and that of a set (a) 45 (b) 60 (c) 75 (d) 90
B is 3, then what is the cardinality of the set
A∆B ? 13. If A = { 4n + 2| n is a natural number} and
(a) 1 (b) 5 B = { 3n| n is a natural number}, then what is
(c) 7 (d) Cannot be determined ( A ∩ B) equal to?
5. If P, Q and R are three non-collinear points, then (a) {12 n2 + 6n|, n is a natural number}
what is PQ ∩ PR equal to? (b) {24n − 12 |, n is a natural number}
(a) Null set (b) {P} (c) {P, Q, R} (d) {Q, R} (c) {60n + 30|, n is a natural number}
(d) {12 n − 6|, n is a natural number}
6. The shaded region in the given figure is
A 14. If X = {( 4n − 3n − 1)| n ∈ N } and
Y = { 9 ( n − 1)| n ∈ N }, then what is X ∪ Y equal
to?
B C (a) X (b) Y (c) N (d) A null set

15. Let N denotes the set of natural numbers and

(a) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) (b) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) A = { n 2 : n ∈ N } and B = { n3 : n ∈ N }. Which one of
(c) A − (B ∩ C ) (d) A − (B ∪ C ) the following is correct?
7. If A and B are subsets of a set X, then what is (a) A∪B= N
{ A ∩ ( X − B)} ∪ B equal to? (b) The complement of ( A ∪ B) is an infinite set
(a) A ∪ B (b) A ∩ B (c) A (d) B (c) A ∩ B must be a finite set
(d) A ∩ B must be a proper subset of {m6 : m ∈ N}
8. Let n(U ) = 700, n( A) = 200, n( B) = 300,
n( A ∩ B) = 100, then n( A′ ∩ B ′ ) is equal to 16. Out of 800 boys in a school, 224 played cricket,
(a) 400 (b) 600 240 played hockey and 336 played basketball. Of
(c) 300 (d) None of these the total, 64 played both basketball and hockey,
9. Consider the following Venn diagram. 80 played cricket and basketball and 40 played
cricket and hockey; 24 played all the three
E games. The number of boys, who did not play
A B any game is
(a) 128 (b) 216 (c) 240 (d) 160

If n( E ) = 42, n( A) = 15, n( B) = 12 and 17. Consider the set A of all determinants of order 3
n( A ∪ B) = 22, then the area represented by with entries 0 or 1 only. Let B be the subset of A
shaded portion in the above Venn diagram, is consisting of all determinants with value 1. Let
(a) 25 (b) 27 (c) 32 (d) 37
C be the subset of the set of all determinants
with value –1. Then,
10. If A is the set of the divisions of the number 15, (a) C is empty
B is the set of prime numbers smaller than 10 (b) B has as many elements as C
and C is the set of even numbers smaller than 9,
(c) A = B∪C
then ( A ∪ C ) ∩ B is the set
(d) B has twice as many elements as C
(a) {1, 3, 5} (b) {1, 2, 3} (c) {2} (d) {2, 5}
8 NDA/NA Pathfinder

18. If A = { x : x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0} and 25. Percentage of families having both phone and

2
B = { x : x + 2x − 8 = 0}, then ( A − B) is car, is
(a) 5% (b) 10% (c) 20% (d) 25%
(a) {1, 2} (b) {2}
(c) {1} (d) {4, 3} 26. Percentage of families having either phone or
19. Let A = { x : x ∈ R , x < 1}, B = { x : x ∈ R , x − 1 ≥ 1} car, is
(a) 10% (b) 30% (c) 35% (d) 40%
and A ∪ B = R − D, then the set D is
(a) {x : 1 < x ≤ 2} (b) {x : 1 ≤ x < 2} 27. What is the number of families in the city?
(c) {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2} (d) None of these (a) 30000 (b) 40000
2 2 (c) 20000 (d) 10000
20. If A = {( x , y ): x + y = 25} and
B = {( x , y ): x 2 + 9 y 2 = 144}, then A ∩ B contains Directions (Q. Nos. 28-32) In a class, 3 languages
(a) one point (b) three points (c) two points (d) four points are offered mainly Hindi,
21. If two sets A and B having 3 and 6 elements English and French. The total 23 23
2x
respectively, then which of the following is/are number of students learning H E
French is 46. In x denotes the x 153 x
correct?
I. The minimum number of elements of ( A ∪ B) = 6. number of students learning F 11
Hindi and French but bot 28
II. The maximum number of elements of ( A ∩ B) = 3.
Select the correct answer using the code given English, then answer the
below. following using adjacent Venn diagram.
(a) Only I (b) Only II 28. How many students learn precisely two
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II languages?
22. If A is any set and P ( A) is its power set, then (a) 55 (b) 40 (c) 30 (d) 13
which of the following is/are correct? 29. How many students learn atleast two languages?
I. P ( A ) ∩ P (B) = P ( A ∩ B) (a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 55
II. P ( A ) ∪ P (B) = P ( A ∪ B) 30. What is the total strength of the class?
Select the correct answer using the code given (a) 124 (b) 100 (c) 96 (d) 66
below. 31. How many students learn English and French?
(a) Only II (b) Only I (a) 30 (b) 43 (c) 45 (d) 73
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
32. How many students learn atleast one language?
23. Consider the following statements (a) 45 (b) 51
I. All poets (P ) are learned (L ). (c) 96 (d) None of these
II. All learned (L ) are happy (H ).
Which one of the following Venn diagrams
correctly represents both the above statements PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
taken together?
H 33. If A and B are any two sets, then what is the
(c) P (d)
value of A ∩ ( A ∪ B)? e 2012 I
(a) P L (b) P L L P LH
(a) Complement of A (b) Complement of B
H H
(c) B (d) A
24. A relation between three sets is established 34. Let A = {x : x is a square of a natural number
using two expressions, ( A ∪ B) = ( A ∪ C ) and x is less than 100} and B is a set of even
and ( A ∩ B) = ( A ∩ C ), which stays valid if and natural numbers. What is the cardinality of
only if A ∩ B? e 2012 I
I. B = C II. A = B = C III. A = C (a) 4 (b) 5
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (c) 9 (d) None of these
(a) Only I (b) Only II 35. Let U = { x ∈ N : 1 ≤ x ≤ 10} be the universal set,
(c) Both I and II (d) Only III N being the set of natural numbers.
Directions (Q. Nos. 25-27) In a city, 25% of the If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 6, 10}, then what
families have phone, 15% of the families have car, is the complement of ( A − B)? e 2012 I
(a) {6, 10} (b) {1, 4}
65% of the families have neither phone nor car and
(c) {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (d) {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
2000 families have both phone and car.
MATHEMATICS > Set Theory 9

36. Which one of the following is a null set? e 2013 I 44. Consider the following statements
(a) {0} (b) {{{}}} I. The number of students who have taken only
(c) {{}} (d) { x| x2 + 1 = 0, x ∈R} one subject is equal to the number of students
who have taken only two subjects.
37. If A is a subset of B, then which one of the II. The number of students who have taken atleast
following is correct? e 2013 II
two subjects is four times the number of
(a) Ac ⊆ B c (b) Bc ⊆ A c (c) Ac = B c (d) A ⊆ A ∩ B students who have taken all the three subjects.
38. If A = { 1, 3, 5, 7}, then what is the cardinality of Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
the power set P ( A)? e 2013 II (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 8 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
39. Consider the following 45. In a class of 60 students, 45 students like music,
I. A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) 50 students like dancing, 5 students like neither.
II. A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) Then, the number of students in the class who
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? like both music and dancing, is e 2015 I
e 2013 II (a) 35 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 55
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) I and II (d) Neither I nor II 46. Let A = { 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Then, the
40. In a group of 50 people, two tests were conducted, number of subsets of A containing exactly two
one for diabetes and one for blood pressure. elements is e 2015 I
30 people were diagnosed with diabetes and 40 (a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 45 (d) 90
people were diagnosed with high blood pressure. 47. If A = { x : x is a multiple of 3} and B = { x : x is a
What is the minimum number of people who were
having diabetes and high blood pressure? e 2013 II multiple of 4} and C = { x : x is a multiple of 12},
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 30
then which one of the following is a null set?
(a) (A \ B) ∪ C (b) (A \ B)\C e 2015 I
41. Which one of the following is an example of (c) ( A ∩ B) ∩ C (d) (A ∩ B) \ C
non-empty set? e 2013 II
(a) Set of all even prime numbers 48. If A = { x ∈ R : x 2 + 6x − 7 < 0} and
(b) {x : x2 − 2 = 0 and x is rational} B = { x ∈ R : x 2 + 9x + 14 > 0}, then which of the
(c) {x : x is a natural number, x < 8 and simultaneously following is/are correct?
x > 12} I. ( A ∩ B) = (− 2, 1) II. ( A \ B) = (− 7, − 2)
(d) {x : x is a point common to any two parallel lines}
Select the correct answer using the code given
Directions (Q. Nos. 42-44) Read the following information below. e 2015 II
carefully to answer the questions that follow. (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15
have taken Mathematics, 12 have taken Physics and 49. A, B, C and D are four sets such that
11 have taken Chemistry, 5 have taken Mathematics A ∩ B = C ∩ D = φ . Consider the following
and Chemistry, 9 have taken Mathematics and I. A ∪ C and B ∪ D are always disjoint.
Physics, 4 have taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 II. A ∩ C and B ∩ D are always disjoint.
have taken all the three subjects. e 2014 I
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
42. The number of students who have taken only (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 II
Physics, is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
50. What is the number of natural numbers less
43. The number of students who have taken only than or equal to 1000 which are neither divisible
two subjects, is by 10 nor 15 nor 25? e 2016 I
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 (a) 860 (b) 854 (c) 840 (d) 824

ANSWERS
1 a 2 c 3 d 4 d 5 b 6 d 7 a 8 c 9 a 10 c
11 c 12 a 13 d 14 b 15 d 16 d 17 b 18 c 19 b 20 d
21 c 22 b 23 d 24 a 25 a 26 c 27 b 28 c 29 c 30 a
31 a 32 c 33 d 34 a 35 c 36 d 37 b 38 c 39 d 40 c
41 b 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 b 46 c 47 d 48 a 49 b 50 b
10
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. (a) If a set A has n elements, then its
power set will contain 2n elements.
∴ Total number of elements in is power
set of A = 215
2. (c)
3. (d) Let B = { 1, 2}
Then, A = P( B ) = { φ, { 1}, { 2}, { 1, 2}
Clearly, { 1, 2} ∈ A
4. (d) Since, the sets A and B are not
known, then cardinality of the set A∆B
cannot be determined.
5. (b) Given, P , Q and R are three
non-collinear points, then
P Q ∩ PR = { P }.
P 15. (d) Q A = { n2 : n ∈ N }
Q R
6. (d) 7. (a)
8. (c) n( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) = n( A ∪ B )′
= n(U ) − n( A ∪ B )
= n(U ) − [ n( A ) + n( B ) − n( A ∩ B )]
= 700 − { 200 + 300 − 100} = 300
9. (a) Shaded region
= n ( E ) − n ( A ∪ B) + n ( A ∩ B )
= n( E ) − n( A ∪ B ) + n( A ) + n ( B )
− n( A ∪ B )
= 42 − 22 + 15 + 12 − 22 = 25
10. (c) Given, A = { 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, ...}
B = { 2, 3, 5, 7} ; C = { 2, 4, 6, 8}
Now, A ∪ C = { 15, 30, 45, 60, 75,K }
∪ { 2, 4, 6, 8}
= { 2, 4, 6, 8, 15, 30, 45, 60, K }
Now, ( A ∪ C ) ∩ B
= { 2, 4, 6, 8, 15, 30, 45, K } ∩ { 2, 3, 5, 7}
= { 2}
11. (c) Let n be the number of newspapers.
Then, 60 × n = 300 × 5
⇒ n = 25
12. (a) Let E and M be the set of students
passed in English and Mathematics,
then n( E ) = 75, n( M ) = 60
and n ( E ∩ M ) = 45
∴ Required number of students
= n( E ) + n( M ) − 2 n ( E ∩ M )
= 75 + 60 − 90
= 45
NDA/NA Pathfinder
13. (d) A = { 4n + 2 | n ∈ N } 19. (b) We have,
= { 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, K } A = { x : x ∈ R, − 1 < x < 1}
and B = {3n | n ∈ N } and B = { x : x ∈ R, x − 1 ≤ −1
= {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21,
or x − 1 ≥ 1}
24, 27, 30, K }
= { x : x ∈ R, x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 2}
⇒ A ∩ B = { 6, 18, 30, K }
∴ A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ R, x < 1 or x ≥ 2}
or A ∩ B = { 6 + ( n − 1) 12 | n ∈ N }
= R−D
= { 12n − 6 | n ∈ N }
where, D = { x : x ∈ R, 1 ≤ x < 2}
14. (b) X = {( 4n − 3n − 1) | n ∈ N }
20. (d) Clearly, A is the set of all points on
and Y = { 9( n − 1) | n ∈ N } the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 and B is the set
⇒ X = { 0, 9, 54, K } of all points on the ellipse
and Y = { 0, 9, 18 , 27, 36, 54, K } x 2 + 9 y 2 = 144. These two intersect at
four points P, Q, R and S.
∴ X ∪ Y = { 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 54, K } = Y Y
x 2 + y 2 = 25
and B = { n3 : n ∈ N } Q P
So, A ∩ B must be a proper subset of X′ X
{m 6 : m ∈ N }. O
R S
16. (d) Given, n (C ) = 224, n( H ) = 240, x 2 + 9y 2 = 144
n( B ) = 336, n( H ∩ B ) = 64,
n( B ∩ C ) = 80, n( H ∩ C ) = 40, Y′
n(C ∩ H ∩ B ) = 24, n(U ) = 800
Hence, A ∩ B contains four points.
n(C c ∩ H c ∩ B c ) = n [C ∪ H ∪ B ]c
21. (c) n ( A ∪ B ) = n( A ) + n( B ) − n( A ∩ B )
= n(U ) − n(C ∪ H ∪ B )
= 3 + 6 − n ( A ∩ B)
= 800 − [ n(C ) + n( H ) + n( B )
= 9 − n ( A ∩ B)
− n(C ∩ H ) − n( H ∩ B )
As maximum number of element in
− n( B ∩ C ) + n(C ∩ H ∩ B )]
( A ∩ B ) = minimum of n ( A ) and
= 800 − ( 224 + 240 + 336 − 40 − 64 n ( B) = 3
−80 + 24) = 160
∴ Minimum number of elements in
17. (b) We know that, the interchange of ( A ∪ B) = 9 − 3 = 6
two adjacent rows (columns) changes Hence, both statements are correct.
the value of a determinant only in sign
but not in magnitude. Hence, 22. (b) Let x ∈ P ( A ∩ B )
corresponding to every element ∆ of B ⇔ x ⊆ ( A ∩ B)
there is an element ∆′ in C obtained by ⇔ x ⊆ A and x ⊆ B
interchanging two adjacent rows
(columns) in ∆ . It follows that ⇔ x ∈ P ( A ) and x ∈ P ( B )
n( B ) ≤ n(C ), i.e. the number of elements ⇔ x ∈ P ( A) ∩ P ( B)
in B is less than or equal to the number ∴ P ( A ∩ B) ⊆ P ( A) ∩ P ( B)
of elements in C.
and P ( A ) ∩ P ( B ) ⊆ P ( A ∩ B )
Similarly, n(C ) ≤ n( B )
Hence, P ( A ) ∩ P ( B ) = P ( A ∩ B )
Hence, n( B ) = n(C ),
Now, consider sets A = { 1}, B = { 2}
i.e. B has as many elements as C.
⇒ A ∪ B = { 1, 2}
18. (c) Given, A = { x : x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0}
∴ P ( A ) = { φ,{ 1}}, P ( B ) = { φ, { 2}}
= { x : ( x − 1) ( x − 2) = 0}
and P ( A ∪ B )
= { 1, 2}
= { φ,{ 1},{ 2},{ 1, 2}}
and B = { x : x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0}
≠ P ( A) ∪ P ( B)
= { x : ( x + 4) ( x − 2) = 0}
Hence, Statement I is true but
= { 2, − 4}
Statement II is false.
∴ ( A − B ) = { 1, 2} − { 2,−4} = { 1}
MATHEMATICS Set Theory
23. (d) We have three categories, i.e. poets,
learned and happy for which we can
Venn diagram as follows.
Statement I represents
L 29. (c) The number of students learn atleast
P
Thus, P ⊆ L
Statement II represents
H 31. (a) The number of students learn
L
Thus, L ⊆ H
On combining both statements, we get
P ⊆ L ⊆ H and the Venn diagram of
both statements taken together is given
below.
P L H
24. (a) We have, B = B ∪ ( A ∩ B )
= B ∪ ( A ∩ C ) [Q A ∩ B = A ∩ C ]
= ( B ∪ A) ∩ ( B ∪ C )
= ( A ∪ C ) ∩ (B ∪ C )
= ( A ∩ B) ∪ C
= (A ∩C) ∪C = C
Hence, only statement I is correct
Sol. (Q. Nos. 25-27) Let P and C be the set of
families having phone and car,
respectively.
Given, n ( P ∩ C ) = 65%
⇒ n (U ) − n ( P ∪ C ) = 65%
⇒ n ( P ∪ C ) = 100 − 65 = 35%
25. (a) Percentage of families having both
phone and car,
n( P ∩ C ) = n( P ) + n(C ) − n( P ∪ C )
= 25% + 15% − 35% = 5%
26. (c) Percentage of families having either
phone or car, n( P ∪ C ) = 35%
27. (b) If total number of families is x, then
5% of x = 2000
2000
⇒ x = × 100 = 40000
5 B
Sol. (Q. Nos. 28-32) Given that, the total
number of students learning French = 46
∴ 15 + 11 + x + 3x = 46
⇒ 4x = 20 ⇒ x = 5
28. (c) The number of students learn
precisely two languages
= x + 2x + 3x
= 6x = 6 × 5 = 30
two language
= x + 2x + 3x + 15
= 6x + 15 = 30 + 15 = 45
30. (a) Total number of students in a class
= 28 + 23 + 17 + 11 + x + 2x + 3x + 15
= 79 + 6x + 15 = 94 + 30 = 124
English and French
= 15 + 3x = 15 + 15 = 30
32. (c) The number of students learn atleast
one language = 124 − 28 = 96
33. (d) Here, A and B are any two sets and
U is the universal set.
U Hence, minimum value of
A B
Sol. (Q. Nos. 42-44)
A ∩ (A ∪ B)
34. (a) Given,
A = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}
and B = { 2, 4, 6, K }
Now, A ∩ B = {4, 16, 36, 64}
∴ Cardinality of ( A ∩ B )
= Number of elements in ( A ∩ B ) = 4
35. (c) Given that,
U = { x ∈ N : 1 ≤ x ≤ 10}
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 2, 3, 6, 10}
Now, A − B = { 1, 4}
∴ Complement of ( A − B ) = ( A − B )′
= U − ( A − B ) = { 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
36. (d) { 0}→ Singleton set and x 2 + 1 = 0
⇒ x 2 = −1
⇒ x is a complex number.
While { x |x 2 + 1= 0, x ∈ R}.
So, it is a null set.
37. (b) Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Clearly, A ⊆ B
Now, AC = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
C taken only Physics
= {7, 8, 9, 10}
⇒ BC ⊆ A C
Now, we have A ∩ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
⇒ A = ( A ∩ B)
Hence, option (b) is correct.
11
38. (c) Given that, A = { 1, 3, 5, 7}
Here, n ( A) = 4
∴ Number of elements on power set of A
= 2n ( A ) = 24 = 16
∴ Cardinality of the power set
P ( A ) = 16
39. (d) We know that,
In set theory, according to ‘Distribution
law’,
I. A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
II. A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
So, both statements are incorrect.
40. (c) Given, n(D ) = 30, n( B ) = 40
As, n (D ∩ B ) = n(D ) + n( B ) − n(D ∪ B )
= 40 + 30 − n(D ∪ B )
= 70 − n(D ∪ B )
As total number of people is 50, therefore
maximum value of n(D ∪ B ) is 50.
n(D ∩ B ) = 70 − 50 = 20
41. (b) Let S be the set of all even prime
numbers.
∴ S = { 2 } = non-empty set
P C U
12 11
2 1 5
6 3 2
4
15
M
Given that,
Total number of surveyed students = 25
Number of students, who have taken all
three subjects = 3
Number of students, who have taken
Physics and Chemistry = 4
Number of students, who have taken
Mathematics and Physics = 9
Number of students who have taken
Mathematics and Chemistry = 5
Number of students, who have taken
Chemistry = 11
Number of students, who have taken
Physics = 12
Number of students, who have taken
Mathematics = 15
42. (a) The number of students, who have
= 12 − ( 1 + 3 + 6)
= 12 − 10 = 2
43. (c) The number of students, who have
taken only two subjects = 6 + 2 + 1 = 9
12
44. (b)
I. The number of students, who have
taken only one subject
= 2 + 5 + 4 = 11
and the number of students, who
have taken only two subjects
= 6 + 2 + 1= 9
Since, 11 ≠ 9, therefore given
statement is not correct.
II. The number of students, who have
taken atleast two subjects
= 1 + 2 + 6 + 3 = 12
The number of students, who have
taken all three subjects = 3
Since, 12 = 4 × 3, therefore given
statement is correct.
45. (b) Let the number of students in the
class be x, who like both music and
dancing.
5 1000 
45–x x 50–x
Music Dancing
∴ ( 45 − x ) + x + (50 − x ) + 5 = 60
⇒ 100 − x = 60
⇒ x = 100 − 60 = 40
46. (c) Required number of subsets of A
containing exactly two elements
10 × 9
= 10 C =
2 Here, ( A ∩ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ D ) = φ
2
90
= = 45
2 Hence, only Statement II is correct.
47. (d) Here, A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, K }
B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, K }
and C = { 12, 24, 36, 48, K }
NDA/NA Pathfinder
1000 
∴ A ∩ B = { 12, 24, 36, 48, K } Then, n( A ) =   = 100,
⇒ ( A ∩ B) \ C = ( A ∩ B) − C  10 
= { 12, 24, 36, K } − { 12, 24, 36, ...} 1000 
n( B ) =   = 66
which is a null set.  15 
1000 
48. (a) We have, and n(C ) =   = 40
2  25 
A = { x ∈ R : x + 6x − 7 < 0}
= { x ∈ R : ( x + 7)( x − 1) < 0} Now, n( A ∩ B ) = n (set of numbers
which are divisible by both 10 and 15)
= { x ∈ R : − 7 < x < 1}
= n (set of numbers divisible by 30)
and B = { x ∈ R : x 2 + 9x + 14 > 0}
1000 
= { x ∈ R : ( x + 7)( x + 2) > 0} =   = 33
 30 
= { x ∈ R : x < − 7 and x > −2}
Similarly, n( A ∩ C )
∴ A ∩ B = { x ∈ R : − 2 < x < 1}
= n (set of numbers divisible by 50)
= ( −2 , 1)
1000 
and ( A \ B ) = A − B =   = 20
 50 
= { x ∈ R : − 7 < x ≤ −2 }
n( B ∩ C )
= ( −7 , − 2 ]
Hence, only Statement I is correct. = n (set of numbers divisible by 75)
49. (b) Since, A ∩ B = φ and C ∩ D = φ =   = 13
 75 
∴ ( A ∩ B ) ∩ (C ∩ D ) = φ
⇒ ( A ∩ C ) ∩ (B ∩ D) = φ and n( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Hence, A ∩ C and B ∩ D are always = n (set of numbers divisible by
disjoint. 10, 15 and 25)
= n (set of numbers divisible by 150)
But A ∪ C and B ∪ D may be or not
1000 
disjoint. See example given below =   =6
 150 
A B ∴ n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A ) + n( B )
C D
+ n(C ) − n( A ∩ B ) − n( B ∩ C )
− n(C ∩ A ) + n( A ∩ B ∩ C )
= 100 + 66 + 40 − 33 − 13 − 20 + 6
But, ( A ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ D ) ≠ φ
= 146
Hence, required numbers
50. (b) Let A, B and C be the set of natural = n(U ) − n( A ∪ B ∪ C )
numbers (≤ 1000) which are divisible by
= 1000 − 146 = 854
10, 15 and 25 respectively.
02
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions
RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
In NDA exam, generally 4-7 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on inverse
relation, types of relation, equivalence relation, domain and range of function, composition of
functions and various standard functions.
Ordered Pair
Two elements a and b listed in a particular order,
is called ordered pair and it is denoted by ( a, b),
where ‘a’ is the first element and ‘b’ is the second
element.
It is evident from the definition that
( a, b) ≠ ( b, a) ⇔ a ≠ b
Also, if ( a, b) = ( c, d ), then a = c and b = d .
Cartesian Product of
Two Sets
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. The set
of all ordered pairs ( a, b) such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B
is called the Cartesian product of the sets A and B
and is denoted by A × B.
Thus, A × B = {( a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
Note • A = φ or B = φ, then we define A × B = φ.
• If A has n elements and B has m elements, then
A × B has mn elements.
• If A ≠ B, then A × B ≠ B × A.
13
Properties of Cartesian Product
(i) For any three sets A , B and C, we have
(a) A × ( B ∪ C ) = ( A × B) ∪ ( A × C )
(b) A × ( B ∩ C ) = ( A × B) ∩ ( A × C )
(c) A × ( B − C ) = ( A × B) − ( A × C )
(ii) If A and B are two non-empty sets, then
A × B= B× A ⇔A = B
(iii) If A ⊆ B, then A × A ⊆ ( A × B) ∩ ( B × A )
(iv) If A ⊆ B, then A × C ⊆ B × C, for any set C
(v) If A ⊆ B and C ⊆ D, then A × C ⊆ B × D
(vi) For any sets A , B, C and D,
( A × B) ∩ (C × D) = ( A ∩ C ) × ( B ∩ D)
(vii) For any sets A and B,
( A × B) ∩ ( B × A ) = ( A ∩ B) × ( B ∩ A )
(viii) For any three sets A , B and C,
(a) A × ( B′ ∪ C ′ )′ = ( A × B) ∩ ( A × C )
(b) A × ( B′ ∩ C ′ )′ = ( A × B) ∪ ( A × C )
(ix) Let A and B be two non-empty sets having n elements in
common, then A × B and B × A have n 2 elements in
common.
14
EXAMPLE 1. Let A and B be two sets such that A × B
consists of 6 elements. If three elements of A × B are
(1, 4), (2, 6) and (3, 6), then
a. ( A × B) = (B × A) b. ( A × B) ≠ (B × A)
c. A × B = {(1, 4), (1, 6), ( 2, 4)} d. None of these
Sol. b. Since, (1, 4), (2, 6) and (3, 6) are elements of A × B,
it follows that 1, 2, 3 are elements of A and 4, 6 are
elements of B. It is given that A × B has 6 elements.
So, A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 6}
Hence, A × B = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 6}
= {(1, 4), (1, 6), ( 2, 4), ( 2, 6), ( 3, 4), ( 3, 6)}
and B × A = {4, 6} × {1, 2, 3}
= {( 4, 1), ( 4, 2), ( 4, 3), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3)}
RELATION
Relation is a definite manner or pattern which show
how a set belongs to another one. Let A and B be two
non-empty sets, then a relation R from A to B is a
subset of A × B. Thus, R is a relation from A to B ⇔
R ⊆ A × B. If R is a relation from a non-void set A to a
non-void set B and ( a, b) ∈ R, then we write aRb which
is read as ‘a is related to b’ by the relation R. If
( a, b) ∉ R, then we write aRb and say that ‘a is not
related to b’ by the relation R.
Note If A and B are two non-empty sets consisting of p and q
elements respectively, then total number of relations from A
to B is 2 pq .
Domain of a Relation
Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then, the set
of all first components of the ordered pair belonging to
R is called the domain of R.
Thus, Domain ( R) = { a : ( a, b) ∈ R}
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a
relation from A to B is a subset of A.
e.g. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
and R = {(1, 8), ( 3, 6), (5, 2), (1, 4)} be a relation from A to B.
Then, dom ( R) = {1, 3, 5}
Range of a Relation
If R is a relation from a set A to a set B, then the set of
all second components of the ordered pair of R is called
the range of R.
Thus, Range ( R) = { b : ( a, b) ∈ R} the range of relation
from A to B is a subset of B.
e.g. If A = { a, b, c}, B = {d , e, f , g, h} and
R = {( a, d ), ( b, e ), ( c, f )}, then range of R = {d , e, f }
NDA/NA Pathfinder
Codomain of a Relation
If R is a relation from set A to the set B, then the set B
is called the codomain of the relation R. The range of
relation is always a subset of its codomain
EXAMPLE 2. If R is a relation from set A = {2, 4, 5} to
set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} defined by xRy ⇔ x divides y,
then the domain and the range of R are
a. Dom ( R) = { 2}, Range ( R) = { 2, 4 , 6 }
b. Dom ( R) = { 2, 4 }, Range ( R) = { 2, 4 , 6 , 8 }
c. Dom ( R) = { 4 }, Range ( R) = { 2, 4 , 6 }
d. None of the above
Sol. b. As set A = {2, 4, 5} is related to set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
through a relation defined as xRy ⇔ x divides y.
Thus, clearly we have, 2R 2, 2R 4, 2R6, 2R8, 4R 4 and 4R8
∴ R = {( 2, 2), ( 2, 4), ( 2, 6), ( 2, 8), ( 4, 4), ( 4, 8)}
Now, as we know, domain is the first component of the
ordered pair. Thus, Domain (R) = {2, 4} and range is the
second components of ordered pair.
Thus, Range (R) = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Inverse Relation
Let A and B be non-void sets and R be the relation
from a set A to a set B. Then, the inverse of R, denoted
by R−1 , is a relation from B to A and is defined by
R−1 = {( b, a) : ( a, b) ∈ R}
Clearly, ( a, b) ∈ R ⇔ ( b, a) ∈ R−1
Also, Domain ( R−1 ) = Range ( R)
and Range ( R−1 ) = Domain ( R)
EXAMPLE 3. Let N be the set of natural numbers and
let R = {(a, b):a ∈ N, b ∈ N and 2a + b = 10 }. Then, find
i. Dom ( R) ii. Range ( R) iii. R −1 iv. Dom ( R −1) v. Range ( R −1)
Sol. Clearly R ⊆ N × N. So, R is a binary relation on A.
∴ R = {(1, 8), ( 2, 6), ( 3, 4), ( 4, 2)}
(i) Dom (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) Range (R) = {8, 6, 4, 2}
(iii) R −1 = {(8, 1), (6, 2), ( 4, 3), ( 2, 4)}
(iv) Dom (R −1) = {8, 6, 4, 2} (v) Range (R −1) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Types of Relations
1. Void relation Let A be a set. Then, φ ⊆ A × A and φ
is a null set, so it is a relation on A. This relation is
called the void or empty relation on set A.
2. Universal relation Let A be a set. Then,
A × A ⊆ A × A , so it is a relation on A. This relation
is called the universal relation on set A.
e.g. If A = { x, y}, then the universal relation on A is
the set {( x, x), ( x, y), ( y, x), ( y, y)}
Note The void and the universal relations on a set A are
respectively the smallest and the largest relations on set A.
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions
3. Identity relation Let A be a set. Then, the relation
I A = {( a, a) : a ∈ A } on A is called the identity relation
on A.
e.g. If A = {1, 4, 5}, then identity relation,
I A = {(1, 1), ( 4, 4), (5, 5)}
In other words, a relation I A on A is called the
identity relation, if every element of A is related to
itself only.
4. Reflexive relation A relation R on a set A is said to
be reflexive, if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, R is reflexive ⇔ ( a, a) ∈ R , ∀ a ∈ A.
A relation R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists
an element a ∈ R, such that ( a, a) ∉ R.
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3} be a set. Then
R = {(1, 1), ( 2, 2), ( 3, 3), (1, 3)} is a reflexive relation on
A. But R1 = {(1, 1), ( 3, 3), (1, 3), ( 2,1)} not a reflexive
relation on A.
5. Symmetric relation A relation R on a set A is said
to be symmetric relation,
iff ( a, b) ∈ R ⇒ ( b, a) ∈ R , ∀ a, b ∈ A
i.e. aRb ⇒ bRa, ∀ a, b ∈ A
e.g. Let A = { a, b, c, d } be a set, then
R = {( a, c ), ( a, d ), (d , a), ( c, a), ( b, b)} is a symmetric
relation.
6. Transitive relation Let A be any set. A relation R
on A is said to be a transitive relation,
iff ( a, b) ∈ R and ( b, c ) ∈ R ⇒ ( a, c ) ∈ R, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
i.e. aRb and bRc ⇒ aRc, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
e.g. If a relation R is defined by xRy ⇒ x is less than
y for any x, y, z ∈ N, then R is transitive relation.
7. Anti-symmetric relation Let A be any set. A
relation R on set A is said to be an anti-symmetric
relation,
iff ( a, b) ∈ R and ( b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b, ∀ a, b ∈ A
e.g. Let R be a relation on the set of natural numbers
defined by xRy ⇔ x ′ divides y ′ for all x, y ∈ N, then
R is anti-symmetric relation.
8. Equivalence relation and equivalence classes A
relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence
relation on A, iff
(i) It is reflexive, i.e. ( a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A
(ii) It is symmetric, i.e. ( a, b) ∈ R
⇒ ( b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
(iii) It is transitive, i.e. ( a, b) ∈ R and ( b, c ) ∈ R
⇒ ( a, c ) ∈ R , ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
15
Let R be an equivalence relation on the set A. For each
a ∈ A, the equivalence class of a ‘denoted by [a]’ is
defined as the set of all those points of A which are
related to a under the relation R.
Thus, [ a] = { x ∈ A : xRa}
Any two equivalence classes are either equal or disjoint
and hence equivalence relation partitions the set A.
EXAMPLE 4. Let A be the set of all real numbers.
Then, the relation R = {(a, b): 1 + ab > 0 } on A is
a. reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
b. reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
c. symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
d. None of the above
Sol. a. Given, R = {( a, b) : 1+ ab > 0}
Reflexivity As 1+ a ⋅ a = 1+ a2 > 0 for all a ∈ A
∴ ( a, a) ∈ R is reflexive.
Symmetric ( a, b) ∈ R ⇒ 1+ ab > 0 ⇒ 1+ ba > 0 ⇒ ( b, a) ∈ R
Thus, R is symmetric.
Transitivity ( a, b) ∈ R and ( b, c) ∈ R need not imply
( a, c) ∈ R.
Hence, R is not transitive.
Properties of Relation
(i) If any set has n elements, then total number of
2
reflexive relation is 2n − n .
(ii) The universal relation on a non-empty set is always
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
(iii) The identity relation on a non-empty set is always
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
(iv) The identity relation on a non-empty set is always
anti-symmetric.
(v) If R and S are two equivalence relations on set A,
then R ∩ S is also an equivalence relation on A.
(vi) The inverse of an equivalence relation is an
equivalence relation.
Composition of Relations
If R ⊆ A × B and S ⊆ B × C are two relations. Then,
compositions of the relations R and S denoted by
SoR ⊆ A × C and is defined by ( a, c ) ∈ SoR if and only if
there is an element b ∈ B such that ( a, b) ∈ R and ( b, c ) ∈ S.
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { a, b, c, d }, C = {α, β, γ }
R ⊆ A × B = {(1, a), (1, c ), ( 2, d )}
S ⊆ B × C = {( a, α ), ( a, γ ), ( a, β )}
Then, SoR ⊆ A × C = {(1, α ), (1, γ ), (1, β )}
Note Remember that SoR ≠ RoS
Also, (SoR )−1 = R −1oS −1 is the reversal rule.
16 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 5. If R is a relation from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to EXAMPLE 6. Find the domain and range of the
B = {1, 3, 5}, i.e. (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ a < b, then RoR −1 is function f (x) =
x
.
a. {(1, 3), (1, 5), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 5), ( 3, 5), ( 4 , 5)} 1 + x2
b. {( 3, 1), ( 5, 1), ( 3, 2), ( 5, 2), ( 5, 3), ( 5, 4)}  1 1  1 1
a. R,  − ,  b. R − { 0 }, − ,
 2 2  2 2 
c. {( 3, 3), ( 3, 5), ( 5, 3), ( 5, 5)} d. {( 3, 3), ( 3, 4), ( 4 , 5)}
 1 1
c. R, − , − { 0 } d. None of these
Sol. c. We have, R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 5), ( 3, 5), ( 4, 5)}  2 2 
⇒ R −1 = {( 3, 1), ( 5, 1), ( 3, 2), ( 5, 2), ( 5, 3), ( 5, 4)} x
Sol. c. Let y = f ( x) = ⇒ 1 + x2 ≠ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
Hence, RoR −1 = {( 3, 3), ( 3, 5), ( 5, 3), ( 5, 5)} 1 + x2
So, y is defined for all real numbers.
FUNCTION ∴ Domain ( f ) = R
A function ‘ f ’ from a set to another set is a rule or Also, y=
x
method which associates every element of first set to a 1 + x2
unique element of second set. ⇒ y + x2 y = x
OR
⇒ x y − x+ y =0
2
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then function f is a
relation such that for every element x ∈ A their exist a 1± 1 − 4y 2
∴ x=
unique element y ∈ B, written as y = f ( x) = B. 2y
A function is also termed as ‘map’ or ‘mapping’. If an Since, x ∈R, we have y ≠ 0 and 1 − 4y 2 ≥ 0
element x ∈ A is associated to an element y ∈ B, then y is
Now, 1 − 4y 2 ≥ 0
called ‘image of x’ or the value of function f at x. If for 1 1 1
any value of x, there are more than one value of f ( x), ⇒ y2 ≤ ⇒ − ≤ y ≤
4 2 2
then f ( x) is not a function but a relation. It is denoted 1 1
∴ − ≤y≤ and y ≠ 0
by f : A → B or f : A  f
→ B which is read as “ f is a 2 2
∴ Range ( f ) = − ,  − {0}
function of A to B’’. 1 1
 2 2
Domain of a Function
If f : A → B is a function, then the set A is called the Types of Functions
domain of the function f and B is called the co-domain
1. One-one function (Injection) A mapping
of f. Thus, domain is the all possible values of x for
f : A → B is said to be one-one or one-to-one, if
which f ( x) exists.
different elements in A have different f-images in B.
Range of a Function A f B
Let f be a mapping from A to B, i.e. f : A → B. Each a a
element of A has a unique image and each element of B b b
g
need not appear as the image of an element in A. We c
d
define the range of f to consist of those elements in B
which appear as the image of atleast one element in A. i.e. f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )
Hence, range of a function of f : A → B, denoted by f ( A ). ⇒ x1 = x 2 , ∀ x1 , x 2 ∈ A
Thus, f ( A ) = { f ( x) : x ∈ A } ⇒ f ( A ) ⊆ B 2. Many-one function A mapping f : A → B is said
⇒ Range is the subset of codomain. to be many-one, if two (or more than two) distinct
elements in A have the same f-image in B.
e.g. Let A = { a, b, c, d } and B = {α, β, γ }
i.e. f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ⇒ x1 ≠ x 2 , ∀ x1 , x 2 ∈ A
f
A B f
a α A B
b β a a
c b b
γ g
d c
d d
Domain = { a, b, c, d } = A ; Codomain = {α, β, γ } = B
Range = {β, γ }
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 17

3. Into function If the mapping f : A → B is such 8. Many-one-into function If the mapping f : A → B

that there is atleast one element in B which is not the
f-image of any element in A, then f is a mapping of A
‘into’ B.
f
A B
a a
b b
c g
d d
is such that there is at least one element in B which is
not the image of any element in A and B has more
element to A, then it is called many one into function.
A f B
a a
b b
c g

4. Onto function (Surjection) If the mapping

 x , x ∈θ x, x ∉ θ
f : A → B is such that each element in B is the f-image EXAMPLE 7. If g(x) =  and f (x) = 
of atleast one element in A, then f is a mapping of 0 , x ∉ θ 0, x ∈θ
A ‘onto’ B. then (f − g) will be
f a. one-one onto b. one-one into
A B
a a c. many-one onto d. many-one into
b b x − 0 , x ∉ θ
g Sol. a. Let h( x) = f ( x) − g( x) = 
0 − x , x ∈ θ
c
d d
 x , x ∉θ
i.e. h( x) =  ⇒ h ( x) is one-one and onto.
5. One-one-onto function (Bijective) If the mapping − x , x ∈ θ
f : A → B is such that each element in the co-domain
B is mapped to by exactly one element of the domain Some Important Functions
A i.e. the function is both one-one and onto function There are following some important functions come under
well as onto function, then it is called bijective this chapter.
functions. 1. Constant function A function f : R → R defined by
f
A B f ( x) = c, ∀ x ∈ R that assigns the same value to every
a a member of its domain, where c is a constant, is called
b b a constant function. The domain and range of this
g
function are R and { c }, respectively.
c
2. Identity function A function f : R → R defined by
6. One-one-into function If the mapping f : A → B f ( x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R
is such that different elements in A have different is called identity function. Here, domain and range
f-images in B and one or more than one element in both are equal to R.
the codomain B is not an image of any element in the 3. Reciprocal function The function defined by
domain A, then it is called one-one into function. 1
f ( x) = , ∀ x ∈ R, x ≠ 0
f x
A B
a a
is called reciprocal function. The domain and range
b b of this function are equal to R − {0}.
g
c d
4. Rational function When any function is written as
the ratio of two algebraic expressions, it is called a
7. Many-one-onto function If the mapping f : A → B rational function.
is such that two or more than two elements in A x 2 − 3x + 5
e.g. f ( x) = 3
have the same image in B and B has the less element x − 2x 2 + x − 1
to A, then it is called many one onto function.
5. Absolute or modulus function
f Y
A B A function defined by f(x
)= x
)=
a a  x, if x ≥ 0 −x f (x
b f ( x) = | x | = 
 − x, if x < 0
b
c
X′ O X
Y′
18 NDA/NA Pathfinder

is called absolute or modulus function. Domain 10. Trigonometric function The function involving
and range of absolute function are respectively R and circular functions of variable angles are known as
[0, ∞ ). trigonometric function.
Properties of modulus function
Function Domain Range
(i) | x | ≤ a ⇔ − a ≤ x ≤ a (ii) | x | ≥ a ⇔ x ≤ − a or
sin x R [−1, 1]
x≥ a
cos x R [−1, 1]
(iii) | x ± y | ≤ | x | + | y | (iv) | x ± y | > || x | − | y | |
π
6. Greatest integer function (Floor function) The tanx R − (2 n + 1) : n ∈ I

R
 2 
function f ( x) = [ x] is called the greatest integer
cot x R − {nπ : n ∈ I} R
function and means greatest integer less than or
π
equal to x i.e. [ x] ≤ x. sec x R − (2 n + 1) : n ∈ I (−∞,−1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
e.g. [ 3.12] = 3, [ −3.12] = − 4, [ −3] = − 3, [ 3] = 3,  2 
Its domain is R and range is I. cosec x R − {nπ : n ∈ I } (−∞,−1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
Y
11. Inverse trigonometric function The function
3 involving inverse trigonometric ratios are known as
2 inverse trigonometric functions.
1
Function Domain Range
X′ −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 X − π , π 
−1 sin−1 x [−1, 1]  2 2 
−2
−3 cos −1 x [−1, 1] [0, π ]
− π, π
Y′ tan−1 x R 
 2 2

Properties of greatest integer function
cot −1 x R (0, π )
(i) [ x + n] = [ x] + n, where x ∈ R and n ∈ I
π
 − [ x], if x ∈ I sec −1 x (−∞,−1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) [0, π ] −  
(ii) [ − x] =  2 
 − [ x] − 1, if x ∉ I  − π , π  − {0}
cosec −1 x (−∞,−1] ∪ [1, ∞ )  2 2 
0 , if x ∈ I
(iii) [ x] + [ − x] = 
 −1, if x ∉ I 12. Periodic function If a function f ( x) satisfies the
(iv) n 1 ≤ [ x] ≤ n2 ⇒ n 1 ≤ x < n2 + 1 condition f ( x + T ) = f ( x), ∀ x ∈ X , where T is the
7. Smallest integer function For any real number x, smallest positive real number for which the equality
we use the symbol [ x] to denote the smallest holds, then f ( x) is called a periodic function and T is
integer function greater than or equal to x.
called the period of the periodic function.
e.g. [9.7 ] = 10, [ − 5.78] = − 5
e.g. sin x is a periodic function with period 2π.
This is also known as ceiling function.
[Qsin x = sin ( 2π + x)]
8. Exponential function Let a ( ≠ 1) be a positive real 13. Signum function The function defined by
number. Then the function f : R → R defined by  −1, x < 0
| x| 
f ( x) = a x is called the exponential function. f ( x) = =  0, x = 0 is called the signum function.
x 
Domain of f = R  1, x > 0
Y
Range of f = (0, ∞ ) y=1
1
9. Logarithmic function Let a ( ≠ 1) be a positive real x>0

number. Then the function f : (0, ∞ ) → R defined by X′ O X

f ( x) = log a x is called the logarithmic function. y=−1
−1
Domain of f = (0, ∞ ) x<0
Y′
Range of f = R Domain = R, Range = { −1, 0, 1}
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 19

EXAMPLE 8. The domain of the function

1 Properties of Function
f (x ) = is (i) If A and B have n and m distinct elements
[x ] − [x ] − 6
2
respectively, then the number of mappings from A
a. ( −∞ , −2) ∪ [ 4 , ∞) b. ( −∞ , − 2] ∪ [ 4 , ∞) to B is equal to mn .
c. ( −∞ , − 2) ∪ ( 4 , ∞) d. None of these (ii) If A and B have n equal number of distinct
Sol. a. f ( x) is defined, if [ x ]2 − [ x ] − 6 > 0 elements, then the number of bijective functions
⇒ ([ x ] − 3]([ x ] + 2) > 0, [ x ] < −2 or [ x ] > 3 from A to B is equal to n!. But if A and B don’t
But [ x ] < −2 ⇒ [ x ] = −3, − 4, − 5, ...
have equal number of elements, then number of
bijective functions from A to B is 0.
Also, [ x ] > 3 ⇒ [ x ] = 4, 5, 6,...
∴ x≥4 (iii) The number of one-one functions that can be
Domain of f = ( −∞ ,−2) ∪ [ 4, ∞) defined from a finite set A into a finite set B is
n (B)
Pn (A ) , if n ( B) ≥ n ( A ) and 0 otherwise.
Inverse Function (iv) If A and B have n equal number of distinct
Let f : A → B be a one-one onto (bijection) mapping. elements, then number of onto functions from A to
Then, the mapping, f −1 : B → A, which associates to each B is equal to 2n − 2 .
element b ∈ B the element a ∈ A, such that f ( a) = b, is
called the inverse mapping of the mapping f : A → B.
Composition of Functions
A B
f Let A, B and C be three non-empty sets.
–1
Let f : A → B and g : B → C be two mappings or
a = f (b) b = f (a)
functions. Then, the composite of the functions f and
–1 g denoted by ( gof ), is a mapping of A → C, given by
f
( gof ) : A → C
Method to Find Inverse of Function such that ( gof ) ( x) = g { f ( x)}, ∀ x ∈ A
A B C
Let f : A → B be a bijective function. f g
(1) Put f ( x) = y.
x y = f(x) z = g{f(x)}
(2) Solve the equation y = f ( x) to obtain x is terms of y.
Interchange x and y to obtain the inverse of f.
gof
EXAMPLE 9. The inverse of the function gof exists iff the range of f is a subset of domain of g.
10 x − 10 − x Similarly, fog exists iff range of g is a subset of
y= x + 1 is
10 + 10 − x domain of y.
 x  1  x 
a. y = log10  b. y = log10  1+x
EXAMPLE 10. If f (x) = log
 
 2 − x 2  2 − x  and
1−x
1  x 
c. y = log10   d. None of these (3x + x 3 )
2  1− x g(x) = , then what is f [fg(x)] equal to?
1 + 3x 2
10x − 10−x 10x − 10− x
Sol. b. y = −x + 1 ⇒ y − 1 = a. −f ( x) b. 3[f ( x)] c. [f ( x)]3 d. − 3[f ( x)]
10 + 10
x
10x + 10− x
1+ x  ( 3x + x 3)
Using componendo and dividendo Sol. b. Given, f ( x) = log   and g( x) =
y − 1+ 1 102x − 1+ 102x + 1  1− x  1+ 3x 2
=
y − 1− 1 102x − 1− 102x − 1  1+ g( x)   1+ 3x 2 + 3x + x 3 
Now, f [ g( x)] = log   = log  
y 2(102x ) y  1− g( x)   1+ 3x 2 − 3x − x 3 
= = 102x
y−2 −2 2 − y
1+ x  3
 y  1  y  −1 = log  
2x = log10   ⇒ x = log10   = f ( y)  1− x 
 2 − y 2  2 − y
1+ x 
Hence, the inverse of the given functions is = 3log  
 1− x 
y = log10 
1 x 

2  2 − x = 3[ f ( x)]
20 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If A = { 1, 2, 5, 6} and B = { 1, 2, 3}, then what is 12. The function f( x ) = log( x + x 2 + 1 ) is
( A × B) ∩ ( B × A) equal to? (a) an even function (b) an odd function
(a) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (6, 1), (3, 2 )} (b) {(1, 1), (1, 2 ), (2, 1), (2, 2 )} (c) periodic function (d) None of these
(c) {(1, 1), (2, 2 )} (d) {(1, 1), (1, 2 ), (2, 5), (2, 6)}
13. If A = { a , b, c} and R = {( a , a ),( a , b),( b, c),( b, b),( c, c),
2. Which one of the following is correct? ( c, a )} is a binary relation on A, then which one
(a) A × (B − C ) = ( A − B) × ( A − C ) of the following is correct?
(b) A × (B − C ) = ( A × B) − ( A × C ) (a) R is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
(c) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ C (b) R is reflexive and transitive, but not symmetric
(d) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ C (c) R is reflexive, but neither symmetric nor transitive
3. Let R = { x| x ∈ N , x is a multiple of 3 and x ≤ 100} (d) R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
S = { x| x ∈ N , x is a multiple of 5 and x ≤ 100}. 14. The values of b and c for which the identity
What is the number of elements in f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) = 8x + 3 is satisfied, where
( R × S ) ∩ (S × R )? f ( x ) = bx 2 + cx + d , are
(a) 36 (b) 33 (c) 20 (d) 6 (a) b = 2, c = 1 (b) b = 4, c = − 1
4. If φ ( x ) = a , then [φ ( p)] is equal to
x 3 (c) b = − 1, c = 4 (d) None of these

(a) φ (3p) (ax + a− x )

(b) 3φ ( p) (c) 6φ ( p) (d) 2φ ( p) 15. If the function f ( x ) = (where, a > 2),
2
5. If f ( x ) = x 2 − x −2 , then f   is equal to
1
then f ( x + y ) + f ( x − y ) is equal to
 x f( x ) f( y)
1 (a) 2 f(x) ⋅ f( y) (b) f(x) ⋅ f( y) (c) (d)
(a) f(x) (b) − f(x) (c) (d) [f(x)]2 f( y) f( x )
f(x)
16. Let f be a function with domain [− 3, 5] and let
1+ x f (x) ⋅ f (x2 )
6. If f ( x ) = , then is equal to g( x ) =|3x + 4|, then the domain of fog ( x ) is
1− x 1 + [ f ( x )]2
(a)  − 3,  (b)  − 3, 
1 1
1 1 1 1  3  3 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 8 2
(c)  − 3, 
1
(d) None of these
 3
7. Which one of the following functions, f : R → R is
injective? αx
17. Let f( x ) = , x ≠ −1. Then, for what value of α
(a) f(x) = | x|, ∀ x ∈ R (b) f(x) = x , ∀ x ∈ R
2
x+1
(c) f(x) = 11, ∀ x ∈ R (d) f(x) = − x, ∀ x ∈ R is f [ f ( x )] = x?
(a) 2 (b) − 2
8. The domain of the function f ( x ) = x − 1 + 6 − x
(c) 1 (d) −1
is
(a) [1, ∞ ) (b) (− ∞, 6) 18. The inverse of the function f ( x ) = loga ( x + x 2 + 1 )
(c) [1, 6] (d) None of these (where, a < 0, a ≠ 1) is
1 x
9. The period of the function f( x ) =|sin x| +|cos x| is (a) ( a − a− x ) (b) not defined for all x
2
(a) π / 2 (b) π (c) 2 π (d) π / 4 (c) defined for x > 0 (d) None of these
10. The domain of the function 19. If f( x ) = 3x + 10 and g( x ) = x 2 − 1, then ( fog)−1 is
1
f( x ) = + ( x + 2) is equal to
log10(1 − x ) x − 7
1/ 2
x + 7
1/ 2
x−
1/ 2
x + 3
1/ 2
(a)  (b)  (c) 
3
   (d) 
(a) ] − 3, − 2.5 [ ∪ ] − 2.5, − 2 [ (b) [−2,0 [ ∪ ] 01
,[  3   3   7   7 
(c) ] 0,1[ (d) None of these
1 20. Let f ( x ) = ( − 1)[ x ] (where [⋅] denotes the greatest
11. The range of the function f( x ) = is integer function), then
( 2 − sin 3x )
(a) range of f is {− 1, 1} (b) f is an even function
(a)  , 1  (b)  , 1 (c)  , 1  (d) 1,
1 1 1 1
 3   3   3   (c) f is an odd function (d) f is one-one function
3 
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 21

21. The function f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = 4x + 4|x| is 29. If g( x ) = loge x 2, then range of the function g[ f ( x )]
(a) one-one and into (b) many-one and into is
(a)  − ∞, loge
11
(b) loge , ∞ 
(c) one-one and onto (d) many-one and onto 11
 3   3 
22. If f ( x ) satisfies the relation 2 f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = x 2
(c)  − loge , loge 
11 11
(d) None of these
 3 
for all real x, then f ( x ) is 3
x 2 + 2x − 1 x 2 + 2x − 1
(a) (b)
6 3 Directions (Q. Nos. 30-31) The following functions
x 2 + 4x − 1 x 2 + 4x − 1 are defined for the set of variables x1, x2, K, xn
(c) (d)
3 6
 xi + j , if i + j ≤ n2
23. For real numbers x and y, define a relation R, f ( xi , xj ) =  and g ( xi , xj ) = xm
xi + j − n , if i + j > n
2
xRy if only if x − y + 2 is an irrational number.
where, m is the remainder when i × j is divided by n.
Then the relation R is
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric 30. Find the value of f [ f ( x2 , x3 ), f ( x5 , x6 )], if n = 3.
(c) transitive (d) an equivalence relation
(a) x5 (b) x10 (c) x13 (d) x8
24. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, …, 16, 17 18} and ‘*’ be the 31. Find the value of g [g( x2 , x3 ), g( x7 , x8 )], if n = 5.
equivalence relation on A × A defined by
( a , b) * ( c, d ) if ad = bc. Then, the number of (a) x1 (b) x2 (c) x5 (d) All of these
ordered pairs of the equivalence class of ( 3, 2) is
[x ]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8 Directions (Q. Nos. 32-33) Consider f ( x ) = and
x
25. Consider the following with regard to a relation g( x ) = | x | , where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer
R on a set of real numbers defined by xRy if and function.
only if 3x + 4 y = 5
1 2 3 32. What is the value of fog( −2 / 3) − gof ( −2 / 3)?
I. 0 R 1 II. 1 R III. R
2 3 4 (a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 33. What is the value of fof ( −7 / 4) + gog ( −1)?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) I, II and III 1 1
−x
(a) 0 (b) −1 (c) (d) −
26. The function f : R → R is defined by f ( x ) = 3 4 8
I. f is one-one function.
II. f is onto function.
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
III. f is a decreasing function.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 34. If f ( xy ) = f ( x ) f ( y ), then f ( t ) may be of the form
e 2012 I
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) All of these
(a) t + k (b) ct + k (c) t k + c (d) t k

27. The domain of the given function where k is a constant

f ( x ) = log2 sin x is
35. Let A = { x ∈ W, the set of whole numbers and
π 2π
I. (4n + 1) II. (4n + 1) x < 3}, B = { x ∈ N , the set of natural numbers and
3 3 2 ≤ x < 4} and C = { 3, 4}, then how many elements
π
III. (4n + 1) where n ∈ N . will ( A ∪ B) × C contain? e 2012 II
2 (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
Choose the correct option using the code given 36. Let P = {1, 2, 3} and a relation on set P is given
by the set R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1) (1, 1) (2, 2),
below.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (3, 3), (2, 3)}. Then, R is e 2012 II
(c) Only III (d) I and II (a) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(b) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
Directions (Q. Nos. 28-29) Consider the function (c) symmetric, reflexive but not transitive
f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 4x + 5 . (d) None of the above
37. The relation ‘has the same father as’ over the set
28. The domain of function f ( x ) is of children is e 2012 II
(d)  , ∞ 
2 (a) only reflexive (b) only symmetric
(a) R (b) (− ∞, 1) (c) (1, ∞ )
3  (c) only transitive (d) an equivalence relation
22 NDA/NA Pathfinder

x+5 49. If f be a function from the set of natural

38. If f : R → R be a function whose inverse is ,
3 numbers to the set of even natural numbers
then what is the value of f( x )? e 2012 II given by f( x ) = 2x. Then, f is e 2013 II
(a) f (x) = 3x + 5 (b) f (x) = 3x − 5 (a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
(c) f (x) = 5x − 3 (d) Does not exist (c) Both one-one and onto (d) Neither one-one nor onto
39. If A = { x ∈ R|x ≥ 0} and a function f : A → A is 50. Let X be the set of all citizens of India. Elements
defined by f( x ) = x 2, then which one of the x, y in X are said to be related, if the difference
following is correct? e 2012 II
of their age is 5 yr. Which one of the following is
(a) The functions does not have inverse correct? e 2014 I
(b) f is its own inverse (a) The relation is an equivalence relation on X
(c) The functions has an inverse but is not its own inverse (b) The relation is symmetric but neither reflexive nor
transitive
(d) None of the above
(c) The relation is reflexive but neither symmetric nor
40. Consider the following statements transitive
I. If f (x) = x3 and g ( y) = y3 , then f = g. (d) None of the above
II. Identity function is not always a bijection. 51. Let S denote set of all integers. Define a relation
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? R on S as ‘aRb if ab ≥ 0, where a , b ∈ S . Then, R
is e 2014 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2012 II
(a) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive relation
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(b) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive relation
41. If A = { x , y }, B = { 2, 3} , C = { 3, 4}, then what is the (c) an equivalence relation
number of elements in A × ( B ∪ C )? e 2013 I (d) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive relation
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
52. Consider the following relations from A to B,
42. If A is a relation on a set R, then which one of where
the following is correct? e 2013 I
A = {u, v, w, x, y, z} and B = {p, q, r, s}.
(a) R ⊆ A (b) A ⊆ R (c) A ⊆ (R × R ) (d) R ⊆ ( A × A)
I. {(u, p), (v, p), (w, p), (x, q), (y, q), (z, q)}
43. Let N be the set of natural numbers and II. {(u, p), (v, q), (w, r), (z, s)}
f : N → N be a function given by f ( x ) = x + 1 for
III. {(u, (v, r), (w, q), (u, p), (v, q), (z, q)}
x ∈ N . Which one of the following is correct?
s),
e 2013 I IV. {(u, q), (v, p), (w, s), (x, r), (y, q), (z, s)}
(a) f is one-one and onto (b) f is one-one but not onto Which of the above relations are not functions?
(c) f is only onto (d) f is neither one-one nor onto e 2014 I
(a) I and II (b) I and IV (c) II and III (d) III and IV
44. What is the range of the function
|x| 53. Let N denote the set of all non-negative integers
f(x) = ,x ≠ 0?
x e 2013 I and Z denote the set of all integers. The function
(a) Set of all real numbers (b) Set of all integers f : Z → N given by f( x ) =| x | is e 2014 I
(c) {−1, 1} (d) {−1 , 0, 1} (a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
(c) Both one-one and onto (d) Neither one-one nor onto
45. If A = { 1, 2}, B = { 2, 3} and C = { 3, 4}, then what is
the cardinality of ( A × B) ∩ ( A × C )? e 2013 II 54. A and B are two sets having 3 elements in
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 1 common. If n( A) = 5 and n( B) = 4, then what is
n( A × B) equal to? e 2014 II
46. If A is a finite set having n elements, then the (a) 0 (b) 9 (c) 15 (d) 20
number of relations which can be defined in A is
55. If f ( x ) = ax + b and g( x ) = cx + d such that
e 2013 II
(a) 2 n
(b) n2
(c) 2 n2
(d) nn f [g( x )] = g[ f ( x )], then which one of the following
is correct? e 2014 II
47. Let A = { a , b, c, d } and B = { x , y , z }. What is the (a) f(c ) = g (a) (b) f(a) = g (c ) (c) f(c ) = g (d ) (d) f(d ) = g (b )
number of elements in A × B ? e 2013 II 56. The function f : N → N , N being the set of
(a) 6 (b) 7 natural numbers, defined by f ( x ) = 2x + 3 is
(c) 12 (d) 64 e 2014 II
48. The relation R in the set Z of integers given by (a) injective and surjective
R = {( a , b) : a − b is divisible by 5} is e 2013 II (b) injective but not surjective
(a) reflexive (b) reflexive but not symmetric (c) not injective but surjective
(c) symmetric and transitive (d) an equivalence relation (d) neither injective nor surjective
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 23

57. The relation S is defined on the set of integers Z 65. Consider the following functions
as xSy, if integer x divides integer y. Then I. f (x) = x3 , x ∈ R
(a) S is an equivalence relation e 2014 II II. f (x) = sin x, 0 < x < 2π
(b) S is only reflexive and symmetric
III. f (x) = ex , x ∈ R
(c) S is only reflexive and transitive
(d) S is only symmetric and transitive Which of the above functions have inverse defined
on their ranges? e 2015 I
(a) I and II (b) II and III
Directions (Q. Nos. 58-60) Read the following
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III
information carefully and answer these questions
given below. 66. Let Z be the set of integers and aRb, where a,
x −1 b ∈ Z if and only if ( a − b) is divisible by 5.
Consider the function f ( x ) = .
x +1 e 2014 II Consider the following statements
f(x) + 1
58. What is + x equal to? I. The relation R partitions Z into five equivalent
f(x) − 1 classes.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2x (d) 4x II. Any two equivalent classes are either equal or
disjoint.
59. What is f ( 2x ) equal to?
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
f( x ) + 1 f( x ) + 1 3f(x ) + 1 f( x ) + 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) e 2015 I
f( x ) + 3 3f(x ) + 1 f( x ) + 3 3f(x ) + 1
(a) Only I (b) Only II
60. What is f [ f ( x )] equal to? (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(b) −x 1
(a) x 67. The domain of the function f ( x ) = is
1 |x|– x
(c) − (d) None of these
x e 2015 II
61. Let A = { x , y , z } and B = { p, q , r , s}, what is the (a) [0, ∞ ) (b) (− ∞, 0) (c) [1, ∞ ) (d) (− ∞, 0]
number of distinct relations from B to A? e 2015 I 68. If f : R → R , g : R → R are two functions given by
(a) 4096 (b) 4094 (c) 128 (d) 126 f ( x ) = 2x − 3 and g( x ) = x3 + 5, then ( fog)−1( x ) is
62. Let X be the set of all persons living in a city. equal to e 2015 II
Persons x, y in X are said to be related as x < y, x + 7
1/ 3
x − 7
1/ 3

if y is atleast 5 yr older than x. Which one of the (a)   (b)  

 3   2 
following is correct? e 2015 I 1/ 3 1/ 3
(c)  x −  (d)  x + 
7 7
(a) The relation is an equivalence relation on X
 2  2
(b) The relation is transitive but neither reflexive nor
symmetric 69. Let X be the set of all persons living in Delhi.
(c) The relation is reflexive but neither transitive nor The persons a and b in X are said to be related,
symmetric if the difference in their ages is atmost 5 yr. The
(d) The relation is symmetric but neither transitive nor relation is e 2015 II
reflexive (a) an equivalence relation
x (b) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
63. For each non-zero real number x, let f ( x ) = .
|x| (c) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
The range of f is e 2015 I (d) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(a) a null set 1
(b) a set consisting of only one element 70. If g( x ) = and f ( x ) = x , x ≠ 0, then which one of
f(x)
(c) a set consisting of two elements
the following is correct? e 2015 II
(d) a set consisting of infinitely many elements
(a) f(f(f(g (g (f(x )))))) = g (g (f(g (f(x )))))
 1 + x 3x + x3 (b) f(f(g (g (g (f(x )))))) = g (g (f(g (f(x )))))
64. If f ( x ) = loge   , g( x ) = and
 1 − x 1 + 3x 2 (c) f(g (f(g (g (f(g (x ))))))) = g (g (f(g (f(x )))))
 e − 1 (d) f(f(f(g (g (f(x )))))) = f(f(f(g (f(x )))))
gof ( t ) = g ( f ( t )), then what is gof   equal to?
 e + 1 e 2015 I
71. f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) is true for all e 2015 II
(a) 2 (b) 1
1 (a) polynomial functions f (b) trigonometric functions f
(c) 0 (d)
2 (c) exponential functions f (d) logarithmic functions f
24 NDA/NA Pathfinder

72. Consider the following statements 76. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural
Statement I The function f : R → R such that numbers defined by ‘nRm ⇔ n is a factor of m’.
Then, which one of the following is correct?
f ( x ) = x3 for all x ∈ R is one-one.
e 2016 I
Statement II f ( a ) = f ( b) ⇒ a = b for all a , b ∈ R , if (a) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
the function f is one-one. (b) R is transitive, symmetric but not reflexive
(c) R is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
Which one of the following is correct in respect of
(d) R is an equivalence relation
the above statements? e 2015 II
(a) Both the statements are true and Statement II is the Directions (Q. Nos. 77-78) Let f ( x ) be the greatest
correct explanation of Statement I integer function and g( x ) be the modulus function.
(b) Both the statements are true and Statement II is not e 2016 I
the correct explanation of Statement I
77. What is ( gof )  −  − ( fog )  −  equal to?
5 5
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
 3  3
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
(a) −1 (b) 0
73. Suppose there is a relation * between the (c) 1 (d) 2
positive numbers x and y given by x * y if and
only if x ≤ y 2. Then which one of the following is 78. What is ( fof )  −  + ( gog ) ( −2) equal to?
9
correct? e 2016 I  5
(a) * is reflexive but not transitive and symmetric (a) −1 (b) 0
(b) * is transitive but not reflexive and symmetric (c) 1 (d) 2
(c) * is symmetric and reflexive but not transitive
(d) * is symmetric but not reflexive and transitive Directions (Q. Nos. 79-80) Consider the function
x −x  27( x 2/3 − x )
74. If f ( x1 ) − f ( x2 ) = f  1 2  for x1 , x2 ∈ ( −1, 1), then f (x ) = .
 1 − x1x2  4 e 2016 I
what is f ( x ) equal to? e 2016 I 79. How many solutions does the function f ( x ) = 1
1− x  2 + x 
(a) ln   (b) ln   have?
1 + x   1− x  (a) One (b) Two
1− x  1 + x  (c) Three (d) Four
(c) tan−1   (d) tan−1  
1 + x  1− x 
80. How many solutions does the function f ( x ) = − 1
x2 have?
75. What is the range of the function y =
1 + x2 (a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
where x ∈ R ? e 2016 I
(a) [0, 1) (b) [0, 1] (c) (0, 1) (d) (0, 1]

ANSWERS
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 d 7 d 8 c 9 a 10 b
11 b 12 b 13 c 14 b 15 a 16 b 17 d 18 a 19 a 20 a
21 a 22 b 23 a 24 b 25 c 26 c 27 c 28 a 29 b 30 b
31 a 32 c 33 d 34 d 35 b 36 a 37 d 38 b 39 c 40 a
41 c 42 c 43 b 44 c 45 c 46 c 47 c 48 d 49 c 50 b
51 c 52 c 53 b 54 d 55 d 56 b 57 c 58 a 59 c 60 c
61 a 62 b 63 c 64 b 65 c 66 c 67 b 68 b 69 d 70 b
71 d 72 a 73 a 74 a 75 a 76 c 77 c 78 b 79 b 80 a
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 25

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (b) Given, A = { 1, 2, 5, 6} ( 2 y − 1) y − 7
1/2
⇒ sin 3x = ⇒ x =  
and B = { 1, 2, 3} y  3 
A × B = {( 1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), Since, −1 ≤ sin 3x ≤ 1 x − 7
1/2
(2, 2), (2, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), ( 2 y − 1) So, ( fog )−1 =  
We have, −1 ≤ ≤1 …(i)  3 
(6, 1), (6, 2), ( 6, 3)} y
B × A = {( 1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 5), (1, 6), Since, y > 0 multiplying the inequality 20. (a) f ( x ) = ( −1)[x ] = { −1, 1}, since [ x ] ∈Z
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), Eq. (i) by y, we obtain 21. (a) Since, for different values of x, 4x
(3, 5), (3, 6)}
− y ≤ 2 y − 1 ≤ y or 1 ≤ 3 y and y ≤ 1 and 4|x| are different positive numbers.
∴ ( A × B) ∩ ( B × A)
1
⇒ ≤ y≤1 ∴ f is one-one.
= {( 1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), ( 2, 2)}
3 Also, f is not onto as its range is (0, ∞)
2. (b)
12. (b) f ( − x ) = log[ − x + 1+ x2 ] and it is subset of its codomain R.
3. (a) Q R = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, K , 99}
f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = log[ x + 1+ x2 ] 22. (b) Given, 2 f ( x ) + f ( 1 − x ) = x 2 …(i)
and S = {5, 10, 15, K , 95, 100}
Now, ( R × S ) ∩ ( S × R) Replacing x by ( 1 − x ), we get
+ log[ − x + 1+ x2 ]
2 f ( 1 − x ) + f ( x ) = ( 1 − x )2
= ( R ∩ S ) × ( S ∩ R)
= log [ 1 + x 2 − x 2 ] = log 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 f ( 1 − x ) + f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 − 2x …(ii)
= { 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90}
× { 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90} ∴ f ( −x ) = − f ( x ) Multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and subtracting
∴ Number of elements in So, f ( x ) is an odd function of x. Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
( R × S ) ∩ ( S × R) = 6 × 6 = 36 13. (c) 3 f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 1
14. (b) f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) = 8 x + 3 x 2 + 2x − 1
4. (a) ⇒ f (x ) =
3
1
5. (b) f ( x ) = x − 2
2 ⇒ b [( x + 1)2 − x 2 ] + c [ x + 1 − x ]
23. (a) Clearly x R x as x − x + 2 = 2 is
x +( d − d ) = 8 x + 3 an irrational number.
2
∴ f   =   − ∴ 2bx + ( b + c ) = 8 x + 3
1 1 1
x x Thus, R is reflexive. Also, ( 2 , 1) ∈ R as
1/ x2 On comparing, 2 − 1 + 2 = 2 2 − 1 is an irrational
1
= 2 − x 2 = − f (x ) 2b = 8, b + c = 3 number but ( 1, 2 ) ∉R as
x ⇒ b = 4, c = − 1 1 − 2 + 2 = 1 is a rational number.
1+ x2 (1+ x 2 ) So, R is not symmetric. Since, 1R2 and
6. (d) f ( x ) =
2
= 15. (a) 2R 2, but 1 is not related to 2.
1− x 2
(1 + x ) (1 − x )
16. (b) fog( x ) = f [ g( x )] = f (|3x + 4|) So, R is not transitive.
f (x )⋅ f (x 2 ) Since, the domain of f is [ − 3, 5].
Now, 24. (b) The number of ordered pairs in the
1 + [ f ( x )]2 ∴ − 3 ≤ |3x + 4| ≤ 5 equivalence class of (3, 2) is the number
(1+ x ) (1+ x )
2
⇒ |3x + 4| ≤ 5 of ordered pairs ( a , b ) satisfying
× a 3
( 1 − x ) ( 1 + x )( 1 − x ) ⇒ − 5 ≤ 3x + 4 ≤ 5 ( a , b ) * (3, 2) i.e. 2a = 3b ⇒ =
= b 2
( 1 + x )2 1
1+ ⇒ − 9 ≤ 3x ≤ 1 ⇒ − 3 ≤ x ≤ Clearly, such ordered pairs are
( 1 − x )2 3
(3, 2), (6, 4), (9, 6), (12, 8), (15, 10) and
(1+ x 2 ) ∴ Domain of fog is  − 3, .
1
( 1 − x )2  3 
(18, 12)
= ∴ Number of ordered pairs = 6
( 1 − x )2 + ( 1 + x )2 17. (d)
( 1 − x )2 25. (c) The relation is defined as xRy, iff
18. (a) Let f ( x ) = y , then
1+ x2 (1+ x 2 ) 1 3x + 4 y = 5
= = = a =x+
y
x +1 2

If we take, ( x , y ) =  1, 
2 + 2x 2
2 (1+ x 2 ) 2 1
−y 1 x − x2 + 1  2
⇒a = =
x + x2 + 1 −1
and  ,  , then these pairs are
7. (d) 8. (c) 2 3
π  3 4
9. (a) f  x +  = |cos x | + |− sin x | 1
∴ a y − a − y = 2x ⇒ x = ( a y − a − y )
 2 2 satisfied by the given relation.
= |cos x | + |sin x | = f ( x ) −1 1 x −x 1 1
∴ f (x ) = (a − a ) 1R ⇔ 3⋅ 1 + 4⋅ = 5
10. (b) For f ( x ) to be defined, 2 2 2
x + 2≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ − 2 2 3 2 3
19. (a) f ( x ) = 3x + 10 and g( x ) = x 2 − 1 and R ⇔ ⋅3 + 4⋅ = 5
and 1 − x > 0 and 1 − x ≠ 1 3 4 3 4
∴ fog = f [ g( x )] = 3[ g( x )] + 10
⇒ x < 1 and x ≠ 0 But 0 R 1 ∉R as
∴ x ∈ [ − 2, 0 [ ∪ ] 0, 1 [ = 3( x 2 − 1) + 10 = 3x 2 + 7 0 R 1 ⇔ 0 × 1+ 4 × 1 = 4 ≠ 5
y−7
11. (b) We have, 2 y − y sin 3x = 1 Let 3x 2 + 7 = y ⇒ x 2 = 26. (c) Since, f : R→ R such that
3
26 NDA/NA Pathfinder

f ( x ) = 3− x = f ( g( −2 / 3)) − g( f ( −2 / 3)) of same father and q and r be the

−2 2   [ −2 / 3 ]  children of same father.
Let y and y be two elements of f ( x )
1 2 = f  ×  − g 
such that y = y  3 3  −2 / 3  So, p and r are the children of same
1 2 father. Hence, R is transitive.
−x −x
⇒3 =3 ⇒ x =x = f  −  − g  
1 2 4 3
 9  2
1 2
Since, R have all three properties such
Since, if two images are equal, then their that reflexive, symmetry and transitive, so
elements are equal, therefore it is [ −4 / 9 ] 3 3 9 9
= − × = − =0 R is an equivalence relation.
one-one function. −4 / 9 2 2 4 4 x +5
Since, f ( x ) is positive for every value of 38. (b) f − 1 ( x ) =
33. (d) fof  −  + gog( −1)
7 3
x, therefore f ( x ) in into.  4 −1 y+5
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ f ( y) = ...(i)
dy = f ( f ( −7 / 4)) + g( g( −1)) 3
= − 3− x log3 < 0, for every value of x.  [ −7 / 4 ] 
dx = f  + g( −1 × 1) Q y = f (x ) ⇒ x = f − 1( y )
 −7 / 4  y+5
∴ It is decreasing function. ∴ x = ⇒ 3x = y + 5
−2 
∴ Statements I and III are true. = f  8
 + g( −1) = f   + ( −1) 3
 −7 / 4   7
27. (c) for f ( x ) to be real log (sin x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ y = 3x − 5 ⇒ f ( x ) = 3x − 5
2 [8 / 7] 7 1
⇒ sin x ≥ 20 ⇒ sin x = 1 = −1= −1= − 39. (c) Given, A = { x ∈ R|x ≥ 0}
π 8/7 8 8
⇒ x = ( 4n + 1) , n ∈ N f : A → A, f ( x ) = x 2
2 34. (d) Given that, f ( xy ) = f ( x ) f ( y )
Y
28. (a) f ( x ) is defined, if 3x 2 − 4x + 5 ≥ 0 From option (d), we take f ( t ) = t k y = x2

3 x 2 − x +  ≥ 0
4 5 Then, f ( xy ) = ( xy )k = ( x k ) ( y )k
⇒
 3 3  = f (x ) ⋅ f ( y) X′ X
 2
11
3  x −  +
2 O
⇒ ≥ 0 35. (b) Given, A = { 0, 1, 2}, B = {2, 3}
 3  9

C = {3, 4}
Which is true for all real x. Y′
∴ A ∪ B = { 0, 1, 2, 3}
∴ Domain ( f ) = ( − ∞ , ∞ ) = R From adjoining figure, f ( x ) is one-one
∴( A ∪ B ) × C = { 0, 1, 2, 3} × {3, 4} and onto, so its inverse exists.
29. (b) g[ f ( x )] = log e ( 3x 2 − 4x + 5 )2
= {(0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), Let f (x) = y
= log e (3x 2 − 4x + 5) −1
(2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)} ∴x 2 = y ⇒ x = y ⇒ f (x ) = x
Let y = log e (3x 2 − 4x + 5) So, required number of elements So, f is not its own inverse.
⇒ e y = 3x 2 − 4x + 5 containing by ( A ∪ B ) × C is 8.
⇒ 3 x 2 − 4 x + (5 − e y ) = 0 40. (a) I. Given, f ( x ) = x 3 and g( y ) = y 3
36. (a) Given, relation is
Since, both the functions are identical.
For x to be real, discriminant ≥ 0 R = {( 1, 2), ( 1, 3), ( 2, 1), ( 1, 1), ( 2, 2), ∴ f = g
∴ 16 − 12(5 − e y ) ≥ 0 (3, 3), ( 2, 3)} II. We know that, an identity function
⇒ 12e y ≥ 44 and P = { 1, 2, 3} f ( x ) = y = x is always one-one and onto
11 11 function, i.e. bijective function.
⇒ ey ≥ ⇒ y ≥ log e Reflexive In R, 1R 1, 2R 2 and 3R3, Y
3 3 where 1, 2, 3 ∈ P.
y=x
 11 
∴ Range of f = log e , ∞  So, R is reflexive.
 3 
Symmetry In R , 1R3 ⇒ / 3R1 and 2 R3 X′ X
⇒ O
30. (b) f ( x , x ) = x =x [Q 2 + 3 < 32 ] / 3 R2
2 3 2+3 5
and f ( x , x ) = x So, R is not symmetric.
5 6 5 + 6− 3
=x [Q 5 + 6 > 32 ] Transitive In R, 1R2 and 2R3 ⇒ 1R 3 Y′
8

∴ f [ f ( x , x ), f ( x , x )] = f ( x , x ) So, R is transitive. Hence, only Statement I is true.

2 3 5 6 5 8
Thus, R is reflexive, transitive but not 41. (c) Given that,
=x
5 + 8− 3 symmetric. A = { x , y }, B = { 2, 3}, C = {3, 4}
=x
[Q 5 + 8 > 32 ]
10 37. (d) R = {x : x is a set of all children of a ∴ B ∪ C = { 2, 3} ∪ {3, 4} = { 2, 3, 4}
2 ×3
31. (a) g( x , x ) = x Q → m = 1 same father} and A × ( B ∪ C ) = { x , y } × { 2, 3, 4}
1  
2 3
 5
Reflexive Let p be the children of same = {( x , 2),( x ,3),( x , 4),( y , 2),( y ,3),( y , 4)}
7 ×8
and g( x , x ) = x Q → m = 1 father. Hence, pRp is a reflexive.
∴ Number of elements in A × ( B ∪ C )
1 
7 8
 5 Symmetry Let p and q be the children i.e. n{ A × ( B ∪ C )} = 6
∴ g [ g( x , x ), g( x , x )] of same father.
2 3 7 8 42. (c) If R is a non-empty set, then a
1× 1
= g( x , x ) Q → m = 1 So, q and p are the children of same relation A from R to R is a subset of
1 1   father. Hence, R is symmetric.
5 R × R , i.e. A ⊆ ( R × R)
=x
1
Transitive Let p and q be the children
32. (c) fog( −2 / 3) − gof ( −2 / 3) 43. (b) Given that, f : N → N
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 27

and f ( x ) = x + 1, for x ∈ N , Considering f ( x ) and f ( x ) (I) u (II) u p

1 2 p
if x , x ∈N , then f ( x ) = f ( x ) Such that f (x ) = f (x ) v v
1 2 1 2 1 2 w q w q
⇒ x + 1= x + 1 ⇒ x = x ⇒ 2x = 2x ⇒ x = x x r x r
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 y
y
i.e. f ( x ) is one-one. So, f is one-one. z s z s
Range of f ( x ) ∈ N − { 1} For onto Let y = f ( x) (function) (not function)
y
∴ Range ⊆ Codomain Then, y = 2x ⇒ x = (III) u p (IV) u
2 p
v v
So, f ( x ) is into function. q q
∴ x ∈ N for every y ∈ A w w
Hence, f is one-one but not onto. x r x r
[every element of codomain has y y
|x | z s s
44. (c) Given function, f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0 pre-image in domain] z
x (not function) (function)
So, f is onto.
Redefine the given function,
Hence, f is both one-one and onto. 53. (b) Given that, f : Z → N
 x , x > 0  1, x > 0
 and f ( x ) = |x |
f ( x ) =  −xx = 50. (b) Given that,
−1, x < 0 Graph of f ( x ) =|x |
 , x<0  X = {Set of all citizens of India}
 x Y
∴ Range of f ( x ) = { −1, 1} and R = {(x , y ) : x , y ∈ X , |x − y | = 5}
y =| x |
45. (c) Given that, A = { 1, 2 }, B = { 2, 3} Reflexive |x − x | = 0 ≠ 5
and C = {3,4} ∴ xRx ∉ R
Now, ( A × B ) = { 1, 2 } × { 2, 3} So, R is not reflexive. X′ X
O
= {( 1, 2),( 1, 3), ( 2, 2),( 2, 3)} Symmetric Again, xR y
and ( A × C ) = { 1, 2 } × {3, 4} ⇒ x − y =5
= {( 1, 3), ( 1, 4), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 4)} ⇒ | y − x |= 5 ⇒ yRx Y′
∴( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C ) = {( 1, 3), ( 2, 3)} So, R is symmetric. We see that, if we draw a parallel line
So, the cardinality of Transitive Let x , y , z ∈ X along X-axis. It cuts the curve into more
( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C ) is 2. than one point. So, function f ( x ) = |x | is
Then, xRy ⇒ |x − y| = 5
not one-one.
46. (c) and yRz ⇒ | y − z| = 5 Since, f ( x ) = |x | is always
47. (c) Here, n ( A ) = 4 and n ( B ) = 3 But |x − z| ≠ 5 non-negative.
∴ n ( A × B ) = n ( A) × n ( B) So, R is not transitive. ∴ Range of f = Set of non-negative
integers = Codomain of f
= 4 × 3 = 12 Hence, the relation is symmetric but
⇒ f ( x ) is onto.
neither reflexive nor transitive.
48. (d) Given, R = {( a , b ): a − b is Thus, f ( x ) = |x | is onto but not
divisible by 5} 51. (c) Given that, S = Set of all integers. one-one.
Reflexive ( a − a ) is divisible by 5 for and R = {(a, b), a, b ∈ S and ab ≥ 0}
54. (d)
all a ∈ Z . So, R is reflexive. Reflexive a R a
55. (d) We have, f ( x ) = ax + b
Symmetric Let ( a , b ) ∈ R ⇒ ( a − b ) is ⇒ a ⋅ a = a 2 ≥ 0, ∀a ∈ S and g( x ) = cx + d
divisible by 5. So, R is reflexive. f [ g( x )] = a( cx + d ) + b
⇒( b − a ) is divisible by 5 ⇒ b − a ∈ R Symmetric a R b ⇒ ab ≥ 0, ∀ a , b ∈ S = acx + ad + b
So, R is symmetric. ⇒ b ⋅ a ≥ 0 ⇒ bRa and g [ f ( x )] = c ( ax + b ) + d
Transitive Let ( a , b ) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈R = acx + bc + d
So, R is symmetric.
Q f [ g( x )] = g [ f ( x )]
⇒( a − b ) and ( b − c ) are both divisible Transitive If aR b ⇒ ab ≥ 0
by 5. ⇒ ad + b = bc + d ⇒ f ( d ) = g( b )
and b R c ⇒ b c ≥ 0, ∀ a , b , c ∈ S
⇒ a − b + b − c is divisible by 5. 56. (b) We have, f : N → N
Then, ac ≥ 0 ⇒ aR c f ( x ) = 2x + 3 ⇒ f ′( x ) = 2 > 0
⇒ ( a − c ) is divisible by 5.
So, R is also transitive. So, f ( x ) is increasing, ∀x ∈ N .
⇒ ( a , c) ∈ R Hence, f ( x ) is injective.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
So, R is transitive. Let f (x ) = y
52. (c) Given that, A = {u, v, w, x, y, z}
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and ⇒ y = 2x + 3
transitive. and B = {p , q , r , s } y −3
We know that, a mapping f : x → y is ⇒ x =
Hence, R is an equivalence relation. 2
said to be a function, if each element in 1
49. (c) Let A = {Set of even natural the set x has its image in set y. It is also Let y=4 ⇒ x =
number} 2
possible that there are few elements in
Given, f : N → A and f ( x) = 2x set y which are not the image of any i.e. y ∈ N but x ∉ N
element in set x. Every element in set x Hence, f ( x ) is not surjective.
For one-one Let x , x ∈ R
1 2 should have one and only one image.
28 NDA/NA Pathfinder

57. (c) The relation S is defined on the set of 62. (b) We have, X = Set of all persons III. We have, f ( x ) = e x , x ∈ R
integers Z and xSy, if integer x divides living in a city ⇒ f ′( x ) = e x > 0
integer y. Let R be a relation on X , define as So, f is increasing function.
Reflexive Since, every integer divides x < y , if y is atleast 5 yr older than x. ⇒ f is one-one.
itself.
Since, x cannot be less than x itself, so R Hence, f is invertible on its range.
∴ Integer x divides integer x ⇒ xSx
is not reflexive. Now, let xRy, then
Hence, S is reflexive. 66. (c) We have, aRb, where a , b ∈ Z,
x < y , i.e. y is atleast 5 yr older than x.
Symmetric Let x , y ∈ z such that xSy if ( a − b ) is divisible by 5.
Thus, x is smaller than y. Hence, R is
i.e. integer x divides integer y. not symmetric. Thus, ( a − b ) = 0, 5, 10, 15, K
But this does not implies that integer y So, Statement I is true, since the relation
Now, let xRy and yRz, then x < y and
divides integer x. R partitions Z into five equivalent
y < z, clearly x < z.
Thus, S is not symmetric. classes, which are, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
Hence, R is transitive.
Transitive Let x , y , z ∈ Z such that x Also, any two equivalent classes are either
xSy and ySz 63. (c) We have, f ( x ) = , for x =/ 0 disjoint or equal.
|x |
⇒ Integer x divides integer y and Hence, both the statements are true.
integer y divides integer z.  x , if x > 0 1
67. (b) Given, f ( x ) =
⇒ Integer x divides integer z. i.e. f ( x ) =  x |x | − x
⇒ xSz x
 , if x < 0
⇒ Hence, S is transitive.  −x Here, f ( x ) is defined only when
x −1 1, if x > 0 | x | − x > 0 or | x | > x
58. (a) We have, f ( x ) = 
= which is possible only for negative values
x+1 −1, if x < 0 of x.
Applying componendo and dividendo,
we get Thus, range of f = { 1, − 1}. ∴ Domain of f is ( − ∞ , 0).
f (x ) + 1 x − 1+ x + 1 1+ x 
= 64. (b) We have, f ( x ) = log e   68. (b) Given, f ( x ) = 2x − 3
f (x ) − 1 x − 1− x − 1  1− x 
f (x ) + 1 3x + x 3 and g( x ) = x 3 + 5
⇒ = −x and g( x ) =
f (x ) − 1 1 + 3x 2 Now, fog( x ) = f ( g( x ))
 ( e − 1)  = 2( x 3 + 5) − 3
f (x ) + 1 1+ 
Now, + x = −x + x = 0  e − 1  ( e + 1) 
f (x ) − 1 ∴f   = log e = 2x 3 + 10 − 3 = 2x 3 + 7
 e + 1  ( e − 1) 
1−  Let fog ( x ) = y , then
59. (c) We have,  ( e + 1) 
1/3
y − 7
x −1 2x − 1 = log e 
e + 1 + e − 1
 y = 2x 3 + 7 ⇒ x =  
f (x ) = ⇒ f ( 2x ) =  e + 1 − e + 1  2 
x + 1 2x + 1 1/3
= log e   = log e ( e ) = 1…(i) x − 7
∴( fog )− 1 ( x ) = 
2e
2[ f ( x ) + 1]  2 
−1  2 
1− f (x ) e − 1   e − 1 
⇒ f ( 2x ) = gof   = gf   69. (d) Given, R = {( a , b ) : |a − b | ≤ 5}
2[ f ( x ) + 1]  e + 1   e + 1 
+ 1 Reflexive ( a , a ) ∈ R
1 − f (x )
= g ( 1) [using Eq. (i)] ( a , a ) = | a − a | = 0, 0 ≤ 5, ( a , a ) ∈ R
  3( 1) + ( 1)3 4
Q x = f ( x ) + 1  = = =1 Hence, R is reflexive.
 1 − f (x ) 1 + 3( 1)2 4 Symmetric ( a , b ) ∈ R
 
65. (c) I. We have, f ( x ) = x 3 , x ∈ R ⇒ ( b, a) ∈ R
3 f (x ) + 1
⇒ f ( 2x ) = ⇒ f ′( x ) = 3x 2 ≥ 0 ( a, b) = | a − b | ≤ 5 ,
f (x ) + 3
⇒ f is increasing function. ( b, a) = | b − a | ≤ 5
x −1
60. (c) We have, f ( x ) = So, f is one-one. ∴ ( a, b) ∈ R ⇒ ( b, a) ∈ R
x+1
Hence, f is invertible on its range. Hence, R is symmetric.
f (x ) − 1
⇒ f [ f ( x )] = Transitive ( a , b ) ∈ R, ( b , c ) ∈ R
f (x ) + 1 II. We have, f ( x ) = sin x , 0 < x < 2 π
π π ⇒ ( a , c) ∈ R
Clearly, f   = sin =
3
⇒ f [ f ( x )] = −
1 3 3 2 ( a , b ) = | a − b | ≤ 5,
2π π
and f  
x
 = sin  π −  ( b , c ) = |b – c |≤ 5
    3  3
Q x = −  f ( x ) + 1  π
|a − b |+ |b − c | ≤ 10, |a − c | ≤ 10
= sin   =
3
  f ( x ) − 1 ∴ ( a , c) ∉ R
 3 2
Hence, R is not transitive.
61. (a) Number of distinct relations from So, f is not one-one.
So, R is reflexive and symmetric but not
B to A = 24 × 3 = 212 = 4096 Hence, f is not invertible on its
transitive.
range.
MATHEMATICS Relations and Functions 29

70. (b) Given, g( x ) =

1
and f ( x ) = x  1 − x1 − x 2  27( x 2 / 3 − x )
  79. (b) Given function, f ( x ) =
f (x )  x −x  1− x x  4
and f  1 2  = ln  1 2
∴
1
g( x ) = , x ≠ 0  1− x x   x −x  If f (x ) = 1
 1 2  1+ 1− x x 
1 2
x
 27( x 2 / 3 − x ) 4
1 1 1 2  ⇒ 1= ⇒ x 2/3 − x =
Clearly, g( f ( x )) = = 4 27
f (x ) x  1− x x − x + x  Let x1 / 3 = α ⇒ x = α3
1 = ln  1 2 1 2 …(ii)
g( g ( f ( x ))) = =x  1− x x + x − x  Then, α − α 3 =
2 4
 1  1 2 1 2 …(i)
  27
x
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ α 2 (1 − α ) = × ×
2 2 1
1 1
g( g( g( f ( x )))) = =  x −x  3 3 3
(x ) x f (x ) − f (x ) = f  1 2  2 2 1
1 1 2  1− x x  ⇒ α ⋅ α (1 − α ) = × ×
f ( g( g( g( f ( x ))))) =  1 2 3 3 3
x 2 2
1 x2 ⇒ α= ⇒ x1 / 3 =
f ( f ( g( g( g( f ( x )))))) = 75. (a) Let f ( x ) = 3 3
x 1 + x2 8
1 ∴ x =
and g( f ( x )) = 27
x Clearly, domain ( f ) = R
1 x2 Also, from Eq. (i)
f ( g( f ( x ))) = Let y = f ( x ) ⇒ y = 4
x 1+ x2 α2 − α3 =
1 ⇒ y + x y = x ⇒ x2 − x2y = y
2 2 27
g( f ( g( f ( x )))) = =x
⇒ α ⋅ α( 1 − α ) =  −  ×  −  ×  
 1 y 1 1 4
  ⇒ x 2 (1 − y ) = y ⇒ x = ±  3  3  3 
x 1− y
α = − ⇒ x 1 / 3 =  − 
1 1 1
g( g( f ( g( f ( x ))))) = Clearly, x will take real values, ⇒
3  3
x y y−0
From option (b), LHS = RHS if ≥0⇒ ≤0 1
1− y y−1 ⇒ x =−
71. (d) Let f ( x ) = log x + – + 27
–∞ ∞ Hence, f ( x ) has two solutions.
∴ f ( xy ) = log( xy ) 0 1
Now, f ( x ) + f ( y ) = log x + log y ⇒ 0 ≤ y < 1 ⇒ y ∈[ 0, 1) 27( x 2 / 3 − x )
80. (a) Given, f ( x ) =
Hence, range f ( x ) is [ 0, 1). 4
= log ( xy ) = f ( xy )
76. (c) Given, R is a relation on the set N of We have, f (x ) = − 1
Hence, f ( x ) + f ( y ) = f ( xy ) natural numbers defined by nRm ⇔ n is a 27( x 2/3
− x)
72. (a) I. is correct, since f ( x ) = x 3 is factor of m. ⇒ = −1
4
one-one, ∀ x ∈ R. Reflexive Since, n is a factor of n for
each n ∈ N , therefore, nRn, ∀ n ∈ N , i.e. 4
Q f ( a) = f ( b) ⇒ a3 = b 3 ⇒ a = b ⇒ x 2/3 − x = −
R is reflexive. 27
II. is also correct and is the correct
Symmetric Note that 2 is a factor of 4 Let x1 / 3 = α ⇒ x = α3
explanation of Statement I. but 4 is not a factor of 2, i.e. 2R4 but 4
Then, α2 − α3 = −
73. (a) Reflexive Given, xRy ⇒ x is less 4 R/ 2 . Thus, R is not symmetric. 27
than y 2 . Hence, option (c) is correct. 4 4
⇒ α3 − α2 = ⇒ α3 = α2 +
∴ xRx ⇒ x is less than x 2 .
77. (c) ( gof )  −  − ( fog )  − 
5 5 27 27
which is true. Hence, R is reflexive.  3  3
Y
Symmetric xRy is not equivalent to  5   5  y=α2 + 4/27
yRx because = g  f  −   − f  g  −   2
  3    3 
1R 2 ⇒ 1 is less than 22 . 1
 5   5 
2R 1 ⇒ 2 is less than 12 . = g   −   − f  −  X′ X
  3     3  −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Thus, it is not symmetric. Hence, option
= g( −2) − f  
5 −1
(a) is correct.
3 −2
1− x 
74. (a) Let f ( x ) = ln    5 y=α3
 1+ x  = |− 2|− = 2 − 1= 1 Y′
 3 
Now, f ( x ) − f ( x ) Since, the graph of y = α 3 and
78. (b) ( fof )  −  + ( gog ) ( −2)
1 2 9
 1− x   1− x  4
= ln  1  − ln  2   5 y = α2 + intersects at only one
 1+ x   1+ x  27
 1  2  9 
= f  f  −   + g( g( −2)) point.
 ( 1 − x )( 1 + x )    5
= ln  1 2 
∴ α3 = α2 +
4
 ( 1 − x )( 1 + x )  has only one solution.
 1   9 
2 = f   −   + g(| − 2 |) 27
 1+ x − x − x x    5   4
Hence, x − x 2 / 3 = has only one
= ln  2 1 1 2 …(i) 27
 1+ x − x − x x  = f ( −2) + g( 2) = − 2 + 2 = 0
 1 2 1 2 solution.
03
30 CDS Pathfinder

COMPLEX NUMBERS
In NDA exam, generally 3-5 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on real and
imaginary parts of complex number, modulus, argument, square root, cube root of unity etc.

If a and b are two real numbers, then any number of the form a + ib is called a complex number,
where i = − 1. In other words, we can say that a number consisting of real number and imaginary
number is called complex number. It is usually denoted by z, i.e. z = a + ib

Iota and Imaginary Quantities

There is no real number whose square is negative real number. Euler was the first Mathematician to
introduce the symbol i (iota) for the square root of −1 with the property that i 2 = − 1 . He called this
symbol as the imaginary unit. The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary
9
quantity or an imaginary number. e.g. −3, −4, − etc., are imaginary quantities.
4

Integral Powers of i
We have, i = −1, i 2 = −1. Therefore, i 3 = i 2 × i = ( −1) × i = − i, i 4 = i 2 × i 2 = ( −1) × ( −1) = 1
Thus, i + i 2 + i 3 + i 4 = 0. In general, i r + i r + 1 + i r + 2 + i r + 3 = 0 i.e. the sum of four consecutive powers
of i is equal to zero.
2
 1 25 
EXAMPLE 1. The value of i 19 +    is
 i 
a. 2 b. −2 c. 4 d. −4
 
+    1 
= i +  = − i +  = ( − i − i) = 4i = − 4
1 1 i
Sol. d. We have, i  = i +
 
  i   i i   i 

Set of Complex Numbers

The product set R × R consisting of the ordered pairs of real numbers, called the set of complex
numbers. The set of all complex numbers is denoted by C, i.e. C = { a + ib | a, b ∈ R}.
Since, a real number ‘a’ can be written as a + 0 i, therefore every real number is a complex number.
Hence, R ⊂ C, where R is the set of all real numbers.
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 31

Real and Imaginary Parts Properties of Addition

of a Complex Number 1. z1 + z 2 = z 2 + z1 , ∀ z1 , z 2 ∈ C [Commutative law]
If z = a + ib is a complex number, then ‘a’ is called the 2. ( z1 + z 2 ) + z 3 = z1 + ( z 2 + z 3 ), ∀ z1 , z 2 , z 3 ∈ C
real part of z and ‘b’ is known as the imaginary part [Associative law]
of z. The real part of z is denoted by Re( z) and the 3. z + 0 = z = 0 + z, ∀ z ∈ C, where 0 = 0 + i0 is the identity
imaginary part is denoted by Im( z). element.
e.g. If z = 7 + 5i, then Re( z) = 7 and Im( z) = 5 4. z + ( − z) = 0 = ( − z) + z, ∀ z ∈ C, where z and −z are
A complex number z is purely real, if its imaginary additive inverse of each other.
part is zero, i.e. Im ( z) = 0 and is said to be purely
Subtraction of Complex Numbers
imaginary, if its real part is zero, i.e. Re ( z) = 0.
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib2 be any two complex
The complex number 0 = 0 + i 0 is both purely real numbers. Then,
and purely imaginary.
z1 − z 2 = z1 + ( − z 2 ) = ( a1 + ib1 ) + ( − a 2 − ib2 )
 (3 + i) 2  = ( a1 − a 2 ) + i( b1 − b2 )
EXAMPLE 2. Find the Im  .
 7 −i  Multiplication of Complex Numbers
2 8 Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib2 be any two complex
a. i b. i
numbers. Then,
3 7
c. i
4
d. − i z1 z 2 = ( a1 + ib1 ) ( a 2 + ib2 )
7
= ( a1 a 2 − b1 b2 ) + i( a1 b2 + a 2 b1 )
( 3 + i) 9 + i + 6i 9 − 1 + 6i 8 + 6i Thus, z1 z 2 = [Re ( z1 ) Re ( z 2 ) − Im ( z1 ) Im ( z 2 )]
Sol. c. We have, = = =
7−i 7−i 7−i 7−i
+ i [Re ( z1 ) Im ( z 2 ) + Re ( z 2 ) Im ( z1 )]
(8 + 6i)(7 + i) 56 + 8i + 42i + 6i
= = Properties of Multiplication
(7 − i)(7 + i) 49 − i
56 − 6 + 50i 50 + 50i 1. z1 z 2 = z 2 z1 [Commutative law]
= = = 1 + i,
49 + 1 50 2. ( z1 z 2 ) z 3 = z1 ( z 2 z 3 ) [Associative law]
 ( 3 + i)  3. z ⋅ 1 = z = 1⋅ z, where 1 is multiplicative identity.
∴ Im   =i
 7−i  4. z ⋅ z1 = 1 = z1 ⋅ z, where complex number z1 is called the
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of z and is given by
Equality of Complex Numbers a ( − b)
z1 = 2 +i 2
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib2 a +b 2
a + b2
are equal, 5. (i) z1 ( z 2 + z 3 ) = z1 z 2 + z1 z 3 [Distributive law]
if a1 = a 2 and b1 = b2 (ii) ( z 2 + z 3 ) z1 = z 2 z1 + z 3 z1 [Distributive law]
i.e. Re ( z1 ) = Re ( z 2 ) and Im ( z1 ) = Im ( z 2 )
e.g. If z1 = 2 − iy and z 2 = x + 3i are equal, then Division of Complex Numbers
2 − iy = x + 3i ⇒ x = 2 and y = − 3 The division of a complex number z1 by a non-zero
complex number z 2 is defined as the multiplication of z1 by
Note Two complex numbers cannot be compared, i.e. no z
greater complex number can be find in two given complex the multiplicative inverse of z 2 and is denoted by 1 .
numbers. z2
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib 2
Addition of Complex Numbers z1  a ( − b 2 ) 
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z 2 = a 2 + ib 2 be any two Then, = ( a1 + ib1 )  2 2 2 + i 2 
z2  a 2 + b2 a 2 + b22 
complex numbers. Then,
z1 + z 2 = ( a1 + a 2 ) + i( b 1 + b 2 ).  a1 a 2 + b1 b 2   a 2 b1 − a1 b 2 
=  +i 
Thus, Re ( z1 + z 2 ) = Re ( z1 ) + Re ( z 2 )  a 2 + b2 
2 2
 a 22 + b22 
and Im ( z1 + z 2 ) = Im ( z1 ) + Im ( z 2 )
32 NDA/NA Pathfinder

5+i 2
EXAMPLE 3. Compute z = + . Modulus of a Complex Number
3−i 1 − 3i The modulus of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted
7 5 5 7 7 5 −7i 8 by mod ( z ) or | z | and is defined as
a. i + b. i + c. i − d. +
5 8 8 5 5 8 5 5
| z | = a 2 + b 2 = {Re ( z)} 2 + {Im ( z)} 2
5+ i 2 ( 5 + i )(1 − 3i ) + 2( 3 − i)
Sol. d. We have, z = + =
Clearly, | z | ≥ 0, ∀ z ∈ C
3 − i 1 − 3i ( 3 − i)(1 − 3i)
5 − 15i + i + 3 + 6 − 2i 14 − 16i −7 8 e.g. If z = 4 + 3i is a complex number, then
= = = i+
3 − 9i − i − 3 −10i 5 5 | z | = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

Conjugate of a Complex Number Properties of Modulus

A pair of complex numbers z1 and z 2 are said to be If z, z1 , z 2 ∈ C, then
conjugate of each other, if the sum and product of two
(i) | z | ≥ 0 ⇒ | z | = 0, iff z = 0, i.e. Re(z) = Im( z) = 0 and
z1 and z 2 both are real.
| z | > 0, iff z ≠ 0,
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then, the conjugate
of z is denoted by z or z ′ and is equal to a − ib. (ii) | z | = | z | = | − z | = |− z |
(iii) − | z | ≤ Re ( z) ≤ | z |, − | z | ≤ Im ( z) ≤ | z |
Thus, z = a + ib ⇒ z = a − ib
(iv) | z | 2 = zz
Note It shows that the conjugate of a complex number is obtained (v) | z n | =| z | n
by replacing i by −i.
(vi) | z1 z 2 | = | z1 | | z 2 |
Properties of Conjugate z  |z |
(vii)  1  = 1 ; z 2 ≠ 0
If z, z1 and z 2 are complex numbers, then  z2  | z2 |
(i) ( z ) = z (ii) z + z = 2Re ( z) (viii) | z1 + z 2 | 2 = | z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 + 2 Re ( z1 z 2 )
(iii) z − z = 2i Im ( z) (iv) z = z ⇔ z is purely real
(ix) | z1 − z 2 | 2 = | z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 − 2 Re ( z1 z 2 )
(v) z = − z ⇔ z is purely imaginary
(x) | z1 + z 2 | 2 + | z1 − z 2 | 2 = 2 (| z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 )
(vi) zz = {Re ( z)} 2 + {Im ( z)} 2
(xi) | az1 − bz 2 | 2 + | bz1 + az 2 |=2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) (| z | 2 + | z | 2 ),
1 2
(vii) z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 (viii) z1 − z 2 = z1 − z 2
where a, b ∈ R
z  z (xii) | z1 ± z 2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 |
(ix) z1 z 2 = z1 z 2 (x)  1  = 1 , z 2 ≠ 0
 z2  z2 (xiii) | z1 ± z 2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 ||
z
(xi) ( z ) n = ( z n ) (xiv) | z1 + z 2 | 2 = | z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 ⇔ 1 is purely imaginary.
z2
(xii) z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 = 2 Re ( z1 z 2 ) = 2 Re ( z1 z 2 )

EXAMPLE 4. If (x − iy )(3 + 5i ) is the conjugate of Argument/Amplitude of

(− 6 − 24i ), then the values of x and y are respectively Complex Numbers
a. 3, –3 b. 3, 4 c. – 3, 4 d. – 3, – 4 Let z = x + iy be a Y
Sol. a. ( x − iy)( 3 + 5i ) = 3x + 5xi − 3yi − 5yi non-zero complex number
and can be represented in N P(x, y) = (r, θ)
= 3x + ( 5x − 3y) i + 5y [Q i = − 1]
y2

the form
+

= ( 3x + 5y) + ( 5x − 3y) i …(i)

√x 2

z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) where, r y = r sin θ

( x − iy) ⋅ ( 3 + 5i ) = ( − 6 − 24i )
r=

Given, is the modulus and θ is the θ

⇒ ( 3x + 5y) + i( 5x − 3y) = − 6 + 24i argument of z. X′ X
O y = r cos θ M
[using Eq. (i) and z = ( a + ib) ⇒ z = ( a − ib)] Then,
Comparing the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we y Y′
get tan θ =
x
3x + 5y = − 6 and 5x − 3y = 24
 y  y
Solving the above equations by substitution or elimination ⇒ θ = tan −1   or arg ( z) = tan −1  
method, we get x = 3, y = − 3.  x  x
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 33

Principal Value of Argument z is positive, so the point lies in IInd quadrant.

π 3π
The value of θ of the argument which satisfies the ∴ arg(z) = π − θ = π − =
4 4
inequality −π < θ ≤ π is called the principal value of the
1 3π
argument. Principal values of the argument are Hence, modulus = and arg ( z) =
θ, π − θ, − π + θ, − θ according as the complex number lies 2 4
on the Ist, IInd, IIIrd, or IVth quadrant respectively.
Square Root of a Complex Number
Properties of Argument Let (a + ib) be any complex number such that
If z, z1 and z 2 are complex numbers, then a + ib = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers.
(i) arg ( z ) = − arg ( z)
If b is positive, then
(ii) arg ( z1 z 2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z 2 )
 1 1 
(iii) arg ( z1 z 2 ) = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z 2 ) a + ib = ±  { a 2 + b 2 + a} + i { a 2 + b 2 − a} 
(iv) arg ( z n ) = n arg ( z)  2 2 
(v) arg ( z1 / z 2 ) = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z 2 ) If b is negative, then
 z  1 1 
(vi) arg   = 2 arg ( z) a − ib = ±  { a 2 + b 2 + a} − i { a 2 + b 2 − a} 
 z
 2 2 
(vii) | z1 + z 2 | 2 = | z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 + 2 | z1 | | z 2 | cos (θ1 −θ 2 ) ,
Note If x, y ∈ R,then
and | z1 − z 2 | 2 = | z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 − 2 | z1 | | z 2 | cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) ,
• x + iy + x − iy = 2( x 2 + y 2 + x )
where θ1 = arg ( z1 ) and θ 2 = arg ( z 2 )
π • x + iy − x − iy = i 2( x 2 + y 2 − x )
(viii) | z1 + z 2 | = | z1 − z 2 | ⇔ arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z 2 ) =
2
EXAMPLE 6. If (−7 − 24i) = x − iy , then x 2 + y 2 is
(ix) | z1 + z 2 | = | z1 | + | z 2 | ⇔ arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z 2 )
(x) The argument of zero is not defined. equal to
a. 15 b. 25 c. −25 d. −15
(xi) If arg ( z) = 0 ⇒ z is real.
Sol. b. We have, −7 − 24i = x − iy
EXAMPLE 5. The modulus and argument of the
1 + 2i On squaring both sides, we get −7 − 24i = x − y − ( 2xy) i
complex number is On equating real and imaginary parts, we get
1 − 3i
x − y = − 7 and 2xy = 24
1 3π 1 3π 1 3π
a. , b. ,− c. , d. None of these ∴ x + y = 49 + 576 = 625 = 25
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 + 2i 1 + 2i 1 + 3i 1 + 3i + 2i + 6i Cube Roots of Unity
Sol. a. Let z= ⇒z= × =
1 − 3i 1 − 3i 1 + 3i 1 − ( 3i ) Let z = 11/3 , then z 3 = 1 [on cubing both sides]
[Q( a + b)( a − b) = a − b ] ⇒ z −1=0 3

1 + 5i + 6( − 1) ⇒ ( z − 1) ( z + z + 1) = 0
2
= [Q i = − 1]
1 − 9i
⇒ z − 1 = 0 or z 2 + z + 1 = 0
1 + 5i − 6 − 5 + 5i − 1+ i 1 1
= = = ⇒z = − + i −1 ± 1 − 4
1+ 9 10 2 2 2 ⇒ z = 1 or z =
2
z =  −  +  
1 1 −1 ± i 3
∴ [Q a + ib = a + b ] ⇒ z = 1 or z =
 2  2
2
1 1 2 1 1
= + = = = −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
4 4 4 2 2 So, the cube roots of unity are 1, and .
1 2 2
 −  Im ( z) 
 Clearly, one of the cube roots of unity is real and the
Now, tan θ = 2 Q θ = tan   other two are complex.
1  Re ( )  
−  z
2 −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
π π
Here, = ω and = ω2
⇒ tan θ = 1 = tan ⇒ θ = 2 2
4 4
Since, the real part of z is negative and imaginary part of
34 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Properties of Cube Root of Unity Euler or Eulerian Form of

0, if r is not a multiple of 3 Complex Number
(i) 1 + ω + ωr 2r
=
 3, if r is multiple of 3 We have, e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e − iθ = cos θ − i sin θ
(ii) ω = 1 or ω = 1 and 1 + ω + ω = 0
3 3r 2
These two are called Euler’s notations.
(iii) ω 3r + 1 = ω, ω 3r + 2 = ω 2 Let z be any complex number such that | z | = r and
(iv) ω and ω 2 are the roots of the equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0. arg ( z) = θ. Then, z = x + iy = r (cos θ + i sin θ) = re iθ , where
2π 4π r is modulus. This form of z is known as Euler form.
(v) arg (ω ) = , arg (ω 2 ) =
3 3
EXAMPLE 8. Let O be the origin and point A be
(vi) Cube roots of −1 are −1, − ω, − ω 2 . represented by z. If OA is rotated through an angle π/ 2
(vii) Cube roots of unity lie on the unit circle | z| = 1 and in the anti-clockwise direction keeping the length of
divides its circumference into three equal parts. OA same, then what represents the new point?
a. −iz b. | z | i c. iz d. z
IMPORTANT RELATIONS Sol. c. Let z = cos θ + i sin θ
(i) x 2 + xy + y 2 = ( x − yω)( x − yω2 ) π
Now, on rotating through an angle , z becomes
(ii) x − xy + y = ( x + yω)( x + yω )
2 2 2 2
π π
(iii) x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y )( x + yω)( x + yω2 ) z = cos  + θ + i sin  + θ
2  2 
(iv) x 3 − y 3 = ( x − y )( x − yω)( x − yω2 ) = − sin θ + i cos θ = i sin θ + i cos θ
= i (cos θ + i sin θ) = iz
i+ 3
EXAMPLE 7. If α = , then what is the value of DE-MOIVRE’S THEOREM
2
1+α +α8 16
+α 24
+ α 32 ? A simple formula for calculating powers of complex
a. 0 b. 1 c. −ω d. −ω 2 numbers in the form of cos θ and sin θ is known as
De-Moivre’s theorem. If n ∈ Z (the set of integers), then
i+ 3
Sol. c. We have, α = (i) (cos θ + i sin θ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
2
 i + 3 −1+ 3i ω (ii) (cos θ − i sin θ) n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
⇒ iα = i   = ⇒ iα = ω ⇒ α = = − iω
 2  2 i 1
(iii) = (cos θ + i sin θ) −1
∴1 + α + α + α + α cos θ + i sin θ
= 1+ ( − iω) + ( − iω) + ( − iω) + ( − iω) = cos θ − i sin θ
= 1+ ω + ω + ω + ω
(iv) (sin θ ± i cos θ) n ≠ sin nθ ± i cos nθ
= 1+ ω + ω + 1+ ω = 0 + 1+ ω = − ω
n
 π  π 
Trigonometrical or Polar Form of a (v) (sin θ + i cos θ) n = cos  − θ + i sin  − θ 
  2   2 
Complex Number  nπ   nπ 
= cos  − nθ + i sin  − nθ
Let z = x + iy be a complex number represented by a  2   2 
point P( x, y) in the argand plane. Then, (vi) (cos θ + i sin φ) ≠ cos nθ + i sin nφ
n
Y
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) P(x, y) z 2n − 1
where, r = | z | = x + y 2 2 |z| EXAMPLE 9. If z = cos θ + i sinθ, then , n ∈ Z is
z 2n + 1
 y θ equal to (where n is a rational)
and θ = arg ( z) = tan −1   X′ X
 x O M a. i cot nθ b. i tan nθ c. tan nθ d. cot nθ
This form of z is called the z n
− 1 (cos θ + i sin θ) n
−1
Sol. b. We have, =
polar form of z. Y′
z n
+ 1 (cos θ + i sin θ) n
+1
In general, polar form is cos 2nθ + i sin 2nθ − 1
=
z = r [cos( 2nπ + θ) + i sin( 2nπ + θ)] cos 2nθ + i sin 2nθ + 1
where, r =| z |, θ = arg ( z) and n ∈ N [using De-Moivre’s theorem]
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 35

(1 − 2sin nθ) + 2i sin nθ cos nθ − 1 3. If P( z) is the mid-point of A ( z1 ) and B ( z 2 ), then

=
( 2cos nθ − 1) + 2i sin nθ cos nθ + 1 z + z2
z= 1
i sin nθ cos nθ + i sin nθ 2
= [Q i = − 1]
cos nθ + i sin nθ cos nθ 4. If z1 , z 2 and z 3 are the vertices of a triangle, then
i sin nθ(cos nθ + i sin nθ) z + z2 + z3
= = i tan nθ centroid of ∆ABC = 1
cos nθ(cos nθ + i sin nθ) 3
z1 z1 1
1
nth ROOTS OF UNITY Area of triangle = z 2 z 2 1
2
Let z = 11/n z3 z3 1
Then, z = (cos 0 ° + i sin 0 ° )1/n = (cos 2rπ + i sin 2rπ )1/n , 5. General equation of straight line is az + az + b = 0
2rπ 2rπ where a is a complex number and b is a real number.
where r ∈ Z ⇒ z = cos + i sin ,
n n 6. The general equation of circle with centre at z 0 and
where r = 0, 1, 2, K, n − 1 [using De-Moivre’s theorem] radius r is given by | z − z 0 | = r
 2π 2π 
r or zz − z 0 z − z 0 z + z 0 z 0 − r 2 = 0
⇒ z = cos + i sin  = α r ; r = 0, 1, 2, K, n − 1
 n n z −2
2π EXAMPLE 12. If = 2 represents a circle, then
2π 2π i z −3
where α = cos + i sin =e n
n n centre and radius are
Also, 1 + α + α 2 + . . . + α n −1 = 0 a. 
10  2  −10  2
, 0 , b. 
 10  2
, 0 , c.  , 1 , d. None of these
n−1 n−1
2kπ n−1 2kπ  3  3  3  3  3  3
∑ α k
= 0 ⇒ ∑ cos
n
+ i ∑ sin
n
=0
Sol. a. Let z = x + iy
k= 0 k=0 k=0
x + iy − 2
Given equation becomes, =2
EXAMPLE 10. The n th roots of unity are in x + iy − 3
a. AP b. GP ⇒ |( x − 2) + iy | = 2|( x − 3) + iy |
c. HP d. None of these ⇒ ( x − 2) + y = 2 ( x − 3) + y
Sol. b. x n = 1 = (cos 0° + i sin 0° ) = cos 2rπ + i sin 2rπ = ei rπ
⇒ ( x − 2) + y = 4[( x − 3) + y ]
⇒ x = ei rπ n
; r = 0, 1, 2, … ⇒ x + 4 − 4x + y = 4( x + 9 − 6x + y )
20 32
Then, the roots are 1, e πi n, e πi n
, … which are clearly in ⇒ 3x + 3y − 20x + 32 = 0 ⇒ x + y − x+ =0
3 3
GP with common ratio e πi n.
Standard equation of circle is x + y + 2g x + 2fy + c = 0
EXAMPLE 11. If α is an nth root of unity, then −10 32
∴ g= , f = 0, c =
1 + 2α + 3α 2 +…+ n ⋅ α n −1 equals 3 3
∴Centre of circle = ( − g , − f ) = 
10 
n −n −n n2 , 0
a. b. c. d.  3 
1− α 1− α (1 − α )2 (1 − α )2
∴Radius = g + f − c =   + (0) −
10 32 100 32
S = 1+ 2α + 3α + ... + n ⋅ α n− = −
Sol. b. Let …(i)  3 3 9 3
Then, αS = α + 2α + 3α + … + (n − 1) α n − + nα n …(ii) 100 − 96 4 2
= = =
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 9 9 3
αn − 1
S − αS = − nα n [Qα n = 1] EXAMPLE 13. If z 1 lies on the circle | z − 1| = 1, then
α −1  z −2
−n Re 1  is equal to
S=  z1 
1− α
a. 0 b. 2 c. −1 d. −2
GEOMETRICAL APPLICATIONS Sol. a. Since, | z − 1| = 1 represents a circle whose diameter is
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS a line segment joining the points z = 0 and z = 2, if z
z −2 z −2
1. Distance between A ( z1 ) and B( z 2 ) is given by lies on a circle, then , i.e. is purely
z −0 z
AB =| z 2 − z1 | imaginary.
2. Distance of point P( z) from origin = | z |
36 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. What is the value of 1 + i + i + i + K + i , (1 − i )n
12. If the number is real and positive,
where i = −1? (1 + i )n −
(a) 0 (b) 1 then n is
(c) −1 (d) None of these (a) any integer (b) any even integer
(c) any odd integer (d) None of these
 1 + i  1 − i
2.   +  is equal to 13. What is the argument of (1 − sin θ) + i cos θ?
 2   2 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
( i = −1)
π θ π θ π θ π θ
(a) − (b) + (c) − (d) +
  1  2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2
3. Evaluate i +   .
  i  14. If the cube roots of unity are 1, ω , ω , then the
(a) 2 (1 − i ) (b) 7 (i − 1) (c) 2 − 7 i (d) 8i + 4 roots of equation ( x − 1) + 8 = 0 are
1 + 7i (a) −1, 1 + 2ω, 1 + 2ω2 (b) −1, 1 − 2ω, 1 − 2ω2
4. is equal to
(2 − i) (c) −1, − 1, − 1 (d) None of these
(a) ( 2 , π / 4) (b) ( 2 , π / 2 ) 15. If ω is a cube root of unity, then the value of
(c) ( 2 , 3 π / 4) (d) None of these (1 + ω − ω ) (1 − ω + ω ) is equal to
3+i (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 4
5. If z = , then ( z +i ) is equal to
2 ( −1 + i 3 ) ( −1 − i 3 )
16. + is equal to
(a) z (b) z2 (1 − i ) (1 + i )
(c) z3 (d) None of these (a) 32 (b) 64
 3 i  3 i (c) −64 (d) None of these
6. If z =  +  + −  , then
 1 + 2i 
 2 2  2 2 17. What is the conjugate of   ?
(a) Re ( z) = 0 (b) Im ( z) = 0  2+ i
(c) Re ( z) > 0, Im ( z) = 0 (d) Re ( z) > 0, Im ( z) < 0 7 24 7 24
(a) + i (b) − −i
25 25 25 25
1+ i 3 7 24 7 24
7. The argument of is (c) − + i (d) −i
3+1 25 25 25 25
π π π 18. If ω is imaginary cube root of unity, then
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
6 4 3  π
sin (ω +ω )π +  is equal to
8. If z = 1 + i 3, then|arg ( z )| +| arg ( z )| is equal to  4
π 2π π (a) −
3
(b) −
1
(c)
1
(d)
3
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
3 3 2 2 2 2 2

9. If ( a + ib) ( c + id ) ( e + if ) ( g + ih ) = A + iB, then 19. If ω is the imaginary cube root of unity, then
( a + b ) ( c + d ) ( e + f ) ( g + h ) is equal to what is ( 2 − ω + 2ω ) equal to?
(a) A 2 − B2 (b) A 2 + B2 (c) A 4 + B4 (d) A 4 − B4 (a) 3 ω
27
(b) −3 ω 27 2
(c) 327 (d) −327
20. The modulus of the complex number
10. What is the value of (1 − i 3 ) (cos θ + i sin θ )
z= is
 i+ 3   i − 3 2(1 − i ) (cos θ − i sin θ )
  +  + 1?
 −i + 3  i + 3 (a)
1
(b)
1
(c)
1
(d) None of these
2 2 2 3
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
n + 21. If α , β are complex cube roots of unity and
11. What is the value of ( − −1 ) + (i + i− ) ,
x = a + b, y = aα + bβ, z = aβ + bα, then xyz is equal
where n ∈ N ?
to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) i (d) −i
(a) (a + b )3 (b) a3 + b 3 (c) (a − b )3 (d) a3 − b 3
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 37

22. If ( 3 + i ) =2 ( a + ib), then a + b is equal to 35. If α is an nth root of unity other than unity
(a) 2 (b) 4 itself, then the value of 1 + α + α + K + α n − is
(c) 3 (d) None of these equal to
z −1 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) None of these
23. If the number is purely imaginary, then | z − 2|
z +1 36. If = 2 represents a circle, then its radius is
(a) | z| > 1 (b) | z| = 1
| z − 3|
1 3 2
(c) | z| < 1 (d) None of these (a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3
24. If z + z − = 1, then z + z− is equal to 3π
(a) i (b) −i (c) 1 (d) −1
37. If z = 1 + i tan α, where π < α < , then what is
2
3 + 2i sin θ | z| equal to?
25. If is purely real, then θ is equal to (a) sec α (b) − sec α
1 − 2i sin θ
nπ π π (c) sec 2 α (d) −sec 2 α
(a) nπ (b) (c) nπ ± (d) 2 nπ ±
2 3 4 38. The smallest positive integral value of n for
1 + x + iy  1 − i
n
26. If x + y = 1, then what is equal to? which   is purely imaginary with positive
1 + x − iy  1 + i
(a) x − iy (b) x + iy (c) 2x (d) −2iy imaginary part is
1 + 2i 2− i (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
27. If z = − , then what is the value of
2 − i 1 + 2i 39. The points z , z , z and z in the complex plane
z + zz ? ( i = −1) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order
if and only if
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 8
(a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3 (b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
a + bω + cω a + bω + cω (c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4
28. + is equal to (d) None of these
c + aω + bω b + cω + aω
40. If 2x = 3 + 5i, then what is the value of
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) −1 2x + 2x − 7x + 72?
29. The number of solutions of the equation z = z is (a) 4 (b) −4 (c) 8 (d) −8
(a) 2 (b) 3 41. The smallest positive integer for which
(c) 4 (d) None of these (1 + i ) n
= (1 − i ) n
is
( 3 + i) I. n = 2 II. n = 8
30. If z = , then arg ( z ) is equal to
(1 − i ) (a) Only II (b) Only I
2π π 2π (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither I nor II
(a) (b) − (c) − (d) None of these
3 3 3 1 + 2i 2+ i 1+ i
42. If z = , z = and z = in which
31. The solution of the equation| z| − z = 1 + 2i is 1− i 3− i 2i + 1
3 3 3 quadrant does the each complex number lies.
(a) − 2i (b) + 2i (c) 2 − i (d) None of these
2 2 2 I. z in second quadrant and z in second quadrant.
II. z in second quadrant and z in first quadrant.
32. The locus of the point z = x + iy satisfying
III. z in fourth quadrant and z in first quadrant.
z − 2i
= 1 is (a) Only I (b) Only II
z + 2i (c) Only III (d) Both I and III
(a) X-axis (b) Y-axis (c) y = 2 (d) x = 2
43. In the argand diagram, if Y
33. The complex number z satisfying the equations O , P and Q represent P
z − 4 = z − i − z + 5i = 0 is respectively the origin, the
(a) 3 − i , − 3 − i (b) 2 3 − 2 i , − 2 3 − 2 i complex numbers ( z ) and Q
(c) − 3 + i , − 3 − i (d) − 2 3 + 2 i , − 2 3 − 2 i ( z + iz ), then the ∠OPQ is X′ X
2π π π
34. The common roots of the equations I. II. III.
z + 2z + 2z + 1 = 0 and z +z + 1 = 0 are 3 2 3 Y′
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) − 1, ω (b) − 1, ω 2
(c) Only III (d) None of these
(c) ω, ω2 (d) None of these
38 NDA/NA Pathfinder

3 +i Directions (Q. Nos. 52-55) Let z = x + iy be a

Directions (Q. Nos. 44-45) If z1 = and
complex number such that | z| = 1 and z ≠ 1.
3 −i
i( 3 + i) 4
52. If arg ( z z ) = 0 and|z | =|z|, then
z2 = . Then,
(2 − i2 3) 2
(a) z1 + z = 0 (b) z1 z = 1
(c) z1 = z (d) None of these
44. amp ( z ) + amp ( z ) is equal to 1
π π π
(d) −
π 53. If z = , then z lies on
(a) (b) (c) 1− z
3 6 9 6
(a) a parabola (b) a straight line
45. Which of the following is correct? (c) a circle (d) an ellipse
(a) z1 < z2 (b) z1 > z2
1+ z
(c) z1 ≥ z2 (d) None of these 54. The complex number is equal to
1+ z
Directions (Q. Nos. 46-48) If n ∈ Z (the set of (a) z (b) z
integers), then (c) z + z (d) None of these
(cos θ + i sin θ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ and 55. Consider the following statements
I. z lies on a unit circle with centre at the origin.
(cos θ − i sin θ) = cos nθ − i sin nθ
n
II. The reciprocal of z is z.
 1 + cos φ + i sin φ 
n
46. If   = u + iv, where u and v all
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
 1 + cos φ − i sin φ  (a) Only I (b) Only II
real numbers, then u is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

(c) cos   (d) sin  

nφ nφ
(a) n cos φ (b) cos nφ
2  2  Directions (Q. Nos. 56-60) Suppose ω and ω 2 are the
1 1 complex cube root of unity which are given as
47. If x + = 2 cosθ, then x n + n is equal to
−1 + 3i −1 − 3i
x x ω= and ω 2 = .
(a) 2cos nθ (b) 2sin nθ (c) cos nθ (d) sinnθ 2 2
Also, 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0 and ω3 = 1 .
48. If n is a positive integer, then (1 + i ) + (1 − i )n is n

equal to 56. The value of expression

nπ nπ
(a) ( 2 )n − 2 cos   (b) ( 2 )n − 2 sin    1  1  1  1
 4  4 2 1 +  1 +  + 3 2 +  2 + 
nπ nπ  ω  ω   ω  ω 
(c) ( 2 )n + 2 cos   (d) ( 2 )n + 2 sin  
 4  4
 1  1  1  1
Directions (Q. Nos. 49-51) If z1 , z 2 and z3 represent + 4  3 +   3 +  + K + ( n + 1)  n +   n + ,
 ω  ω   ω  ω 
the vertices of an equilateral triangle, then
z12 + z 22 + z32 = z1 z 2 + z 2z3 + z3z1 is equal to
n(n2 + 2 ) n(n2 − 2 )
(a) (b)
49. If z is the circumcentre of equilateral triangle 3 3
with vertices z , z and z , then z +z +z , n2 (n + 1)2 + 4n
(c) (d) None of these
equals to 4
(a) z02 (b) 3 z02 (c) 2 z02 (d) 0
57. If (1 + ω ) = A + Bω, then ( A, B) is equal to
50. The origin and the roots of the equation (a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 1)
z + pz + q = 0 form an equilateral triangle, if (c) (1, 0) (d) (−1, 1)
(a) p2 = q (b) p2 = 3 q (c) q 2 = 3 p (d) q 2 = p
58. The value of expression
51. Consider the following statements  1 i 3  1 i 3
I. The cube roots of unity form an equilateral 4 + 5 − +  + 3 − +  is equal to
 2 2   2 2 
triangle.
(a) 1 − i 3 (b) − 1 + i 3
II. z , z and z are the vertices of equilateral
1 1 1 (c) i 3 (d) − i 3
triangle, if + + = 0.
(z − z ) (z − z ) (z − z ) 59. arg (iω ) + arg ( iω ) is equal to
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 0 (b) π/2
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) π (d) π/ 3
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 39

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 70. Let z = x + iy, where x , y are real variables and
4 + 2i i = −1. If | 2z − 1|=| z − 2|, then the point z
60. If A + iB = , where i = −1, then what is the describes e 2014 I
1 − 2i
(a) a circle (b) an ellipse
value of A? e 2012 I
(c) a hyperbola (d) a parabola
(a) − 8 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 8
71. If| z + z | =| z − z |, then the locus of z is e 2014 I
61. If z = − z , then which one of the following is (a) a pair of straight lines (b) a line
correct? e 2012 I
(c) a set of four straight lines (d) a circle
(a) The real part of z is zero n +
(1 + i )
(b) The imaginary part of z is zero 72. What is equal to, where n is a natural
(c) The real part of z is equal to imaginary part of z (1 − i ) n +
(d) The sum of real and imaginary parts of z is z number and i = −1? e 2014 II

2+i (a) 2 (b) 2 i (c) −2 i (d) i

62. What is the modulus of , where i = −1?
2−i  3 + i
e 2012 II 73. What is   equal to, where i = −1?
(a) 3 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) None of these  3 − i e 2014 II
63. Consider the following statements (a) 1 (b) 1/6 (c) 6 (d) 2
I. (ω + 1) + ω = 0 74. If z is a complex number such that | z| = 4 and
II. (ω + 1) = p for some prime number p, 5π
arg ( z ) = , then what is z equal to?
where, ω ≠ 1 is a cubic root of unity. 6 e 2014 II
(a) 2 3 + 2 i (b) 2 3 − 2 i (c) −2 3 + 2i (d) − 3 + i
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
where, i = −1
e 2012 II
(a) Only I (b) Only II 75. If 1, ω and ω are the cube roots of unity, then
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II the value of (1 + ω )(1 + ω )(1 + ω )(1 + ω ) is

∑ (in + in +
e 2015 I
64. The value of the sum ), where i = −1
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
n=
is e 2012 II −2 (1 + 2i )
76. If z= , where i = −1, then the
(a) i (b) −i (c) 0 (d) i − 1 (3 + i)
argument θ ( − π < θ ≤ π ) of z is e 2015 I
65. What is the value of −i, where i = −1? e 2013 I 3π π 5π 3π
(a) (b) (c) (d) −
1− i 1+ i 1− i 1+ i 4 4 6 4
(a) ± (b) ± (c) ± (d) ±
2 2 2 2
77. What is the square root of i, where i = −1?
66. What is the argument of the complex number e 2015 I
( −1 − i ), where i = −1? e 2013 I 1+ i 1− i 1+ i
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5π 5π 3π 2 2 2
(a) (b) − (c) (d) None of these
4 4 4  π  π 
67. What is one of the square roots of 3 + 4i, where  sin 6 + i 1 − cos 6  
i = −1?
78. What is   , where i = −1,
e 2013 II  sin π − i 1 − cos π  
  
(a) 2 + i (b) 2 − i (c) −2 + i (d) − 3 − i 6  6  
68. What is the argument of the complex number equal to? e 2015 I
(1 + i ) ( 2 + i ) (a) 1 (b) −1 (c) i (d) −i
, where i = −1?
3− i e 2014 I 79. What is the real part of (sin x + i cos x ) , where
π π π i = −1?
(a) 0 (b) (c) − (d) e 2015 I
4 4 2 (a) −cos 3x (b) −sin3x
69. If P and Q are two complex numbers, then the (c) sin3x (d) cos 3x
modulus of the quotient of P and Q is e 2014 I
80. ( x − 1) can be factorised as e 2015 I
(a) greater than the quotient of their moduli (a) (x − 1)(x − ω)(x + ω2 ) (b) (x − 1)(x − ω)(x − ω2 )
(b) less than the quotient of their moduli (c) (x − 1)(x + ω)(x + ω2 ) (d) (x − 1)(x + ω)(x − ω2 )
(c) less than or equal to the quotient of their moduli
where, ω is one of the cube roots of unity.
(d) equal to the quotient of their moduli
40 NDA/NA Pathfinder

81. If z and z are complex numbers with |z | =|z |, Directions (Q. Nos. 86-87) Let z be a complex number
then which of the following is/are correct?  z − 4
satisfying   = 1 and 
 z  = 3
I. z = z  z − 8   z − 2  2 e 2016 I

II. Real part of z = Real part of z 86. What is| z| equal to?
III. Imaginary part of z = Imaginary part of z (a) 6 (b) 12
(c) 18 (d) 36
Select the correct answer using the code given
 z − 6
 equal to?
below e 2015 II 87. What is
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) None of these  z + 6
82. If the point z = 1 + i , where i = − 1, is the (a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
reflection of a point z = x + iy in the line
iz − iz = 5, then the point z is e 2015 II 88. Suppose, ω is a cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1.
(a) 1 + 4i (b) 4 + i (c) 1 − i (d) − 1 − i Suppose, P and Q are the points on the complex
plane defined by ω and ω . If O is the origin, then
83. zz + ( 3 − i ) z + ( 3 + i ) z + 1 = 0 represents a circle
what is the angle between OP and OQ? e 2016 I
with e 2015 II
(a) 60° (b) 90°
(a) centre (− 3, − 1) and radius 3 (c) 120° (d) 150°
(b) centre (− 3, 1) and radius 3
(c) centre (− 3, − 1) and radius 4 89. Suppose, ω and ω are two distinct cube roots of
(d) centre (− 3,1) and radius 4 unity different from 1. Then, what is (ω − ω )
equal to? e 2016 I
Directions (Q. Nos. 84-85) Let z1, z 2 and z3 be non-zero (a) 3 (b) 1
complex numbers satisfying z 2 = i z , where i = −1. (c) −1 (d) −3
e 2016 I −
 1 i 
84. What is z + z + z equal to? 90. If z = x + iy =  −  , where i = −1, then
 2 2
(a) i (b) −i (c) 0 (d) 1
z− 2
85. Consider the following statements what is the fundamental amplitude of ?
z−i 2
I. z z z is purely imaginary.
e 2016 I
II. z z + z z + z z is purely real. π
(a) π (b)
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 2
(a) Only I (b) Only II π π
(c) (d)
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 3 4

ANSWERS
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 b 9 b 10 b
11 c 12 d 13 d 14 b 15 d 16 c 17 d 18 b 19 d 20 a
21 b 22 b 23 b 24 d 25 a 26 b 27 a 28 d 29 c 30 c
31 a 32 a 33 b 34 c 35 a 36 d 37 a 38 b 39 b 40 a
41 b 42 b 43 b 44 b 45 d 46 b 47 a 48 c 49 b 50 b
51 c 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 c 56 c 57 b 58 c 59 c 60 b
61 a 62 c 63 b 64 d 65 a 66 a 67 a 68 d 69 d 70 a
71 a 72 a 73 a 74 d 75 c 76 d 77 c 78 c 79 b 80 b
81 d 82 a 83 a 84 c 85 c 86 a 87 d 88 c 89 d 90 a
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 41

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (b) 2. (b) 11. (c) ( − −1)4 n + 3
+ (i 41 + i −257 )9 20. (a) Q | e iα | = 1 = | e − iα |
1 + 3 |e iθ |
9
+  i + 
3 1 2 1
 1 
25
= ( − i )4 n + 3
[Q i 4 = 1] ∴ |z |= = =
3. (a) We have, i 18 +     i 2 1 + 1|e − i θ | 2 2 2
 i  

= ( −1)4 n + 3
(i ) 4 n (i ) 3 + (i − i ) 9 21. (b) Let α = ω and β = ω2
= [ −1 + ( −i )25 ]3 = [ −1 − i ]3 = − ( 1) ( −i ) + 0 = i
= −[ 1 + i ]3 Then, xyz =( a + b )( aω + bω2 ) ( aω2 + bω)
n−2
1− i 
=− [ 1 + 3i − 3 − i ] =− [ −2 + 2i ] 12. (d) E =   ( 1 − i )2 = a3 + b3
 1+ i 
22. (b) ( 3 + i )100 = 299 ( a + ib )
= 2( 1−i ) n−2
=  − 
2i
( −2i ) = 2( −i )n − 1 ⇒ ( − 2iω2 )100 = 299 ( a + ib )
1 + 7i 1 + 7i 1 + 7i  2
4. (c) = = ⇒ 2100 ω2 = 299 ( a + ib )
( 2 − i )2 4 + i 2 − 4i 3 − 4i = 2 [( −i )2 ](n − 1 )/ 2 = 2( −1)(n − 1 )/ 2
 −1 − 3i 
( 1 + 7i )(3 + 4i ) Since, E is real and positive. ⇒ 2  = a + ib
= n− 1
(3)2 − ( 4i )2 Therefore, = 2λ  2 
2 ⇒ a = −1 and b = − 3
−25 + 25i ∴ n = 4λ + 1
= = −1+ i ∴ a 2 + b 2 = ( −1)2 + ( − 3 )2 = 4
25 i.e. odd of this type but not any odd.
z − 1  z − 1
∴ −1 + i = ( 2 , π − π / 4) =  2 ,
3π 13. (d) Let z = ( 1 − sin θ) + i cos θ 23. (b)  +  =0
  z + 1  z + 1
 4   Im(z ) 
⇒ arg(z ) = tan −1   ⇒
z−1 z −1
+ =0
−1 + i 3  Re(z ) 
5. (c) iz = =ω z+ 1 z + 1
2  1 + tan θ  (z − 1)(z + 1) + (z − 1)(z + 1)
    ⇒ =0
⇒ z =   ω = − iω  cos θ  = tan −1
1
...(i) = tan −1

2 (z + 1)(z + 1)
i   1 − sin θ  θ
   1 − tan  2( 1−|z |2 )
 2
∴ z101 + i 103 = ( −i )101 ω101 + i 103 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ 1−|z|2 = 0 ⇒ |z|= 1
 cos θ + sin θ  |1 + z|2
= − iω − i = − i ( 1 + ω )
2 2
−1  2 2 z + z −1 = 1 ⇒ z 2 − z + 1 = 0
= tan  24. (d)
= − i ( − ω) = iω θ θ
 cos − sin  z = − ω or −ω2
Now, (z101 + i 103 )105 = i 105 ω105 = i ⋅ ω3  2 2
For z = − ω , we have
= i (iz )3 = i 4z 3 = z 3 −1   π θ π θ
= tan + = +
  4 2   4 2 z100 + z −100 = ( − ω)100 + ( − ω)−100
tan
5 5
 3+i  3 −i  = ω + 1/ ω = ω + ω2 = − 1
6. (b) z =   + 
 2   2  14. (b) ( x − 1) + 8 = 0 or ( x − 1) = − 8
3 3
For z = − ω , we have
2

∴ x − 1 = ( −8)1 / 3 = − 2( 1)1 / 3 z100 + z −100 = ( − ω2 )100 + ( − ω2 )−100

= ( −iω)5 + (iω2 )5 = −iω2 + iω 1 1
= − 2, − 2ω, − 2ω2 = ω200 + 200 = ω2 + 2
= i [ω − ω2 ] = i (i 3 ) = − 3 Hence, x = − 1, 1 − 2ω, 1 − 2ω2 ω ω
7. (c) = ω2 + ω = − 1
15. (d) ( 1 + ω − ω2 )( 1 − ω + ω2 )
π π 2π 25. (a) For purely real number
8. (b) |arg (z )|+ |arg(z )|= + − = = ( − ω2 − ω2 )( − ω − ω)
3 3 3  3 + 2i sin θ  =  3 + 2i sin θ 
= ( −2ω2 ) × ( − 2ω) = 4ω3 = 4    
 1 − 2i sin θ   1 − 2i sin θ 
9. (b) Taking mode on both sides, we get
( 2e 2 πi / 3 )15 ( 2e −2 πi / 3 )15 3 + 2i sin θ 3 − 2i sin θ
| a + i b || c + i d || e + i f || g + i h | 16. (c) − πi / 4 20
+ ⇒ =
( 2e ) ( 2 e πi / 4 )20 1 − 2i sin θ 1 + 2i sin θ
=|A + iB|
= 25 [ e15 πi + e −15 π i ] ⇒3 + 8i sin θ − 4 sin 2 θ =3 −8i sin θ − 4 sin 2 θ
⇒ ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( c2 + d 2 ) ( e 2 + f 2 )
= 25 ⋅ 2 cos 15 π = 64 cos π = − 64 ⇒ 16i sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ = n π
( g 2 + h2 )
= A + B 2 2
17. (d) 26. (b)
1 + 2i 1 + 2i 2 + i
i + 3 ( 3 + i ) / 2 −iω 18. (b) Q ω13 + ω20 = ω + ω2 = − 1 27. (a) Let ω = = ×
10. (b) = = = − ω2 2 −i 2 −i 2+i
−i + 3 ( 3 − i ) / 2 iω2 π 3π
∴E = sin  − π +  = − sin
1
=− 2 + 5i − 2
 4 4 2 = =i
i − 3 ( − 3 + i ) / 2 −iω2 4+ 1
and = = =ω
i + 3 ( 3 + i) / 2 −iω 19. (d) ( 2 − ω + 2ω2 )27 1
200 200 ∴ z = i − = i + i = 2i
 i+ 3  i − 3 = { 2 − ( −1 − ω2 ) + 2ω2 }27 = {3 + 3ω2 }27 i
∴   +   + 1
 −i + 3  i + 3  = (3)27 ( 1 + ω2 )27 = (3)27 ( − ω)27 ∴ z 2 + zz = z (z + z )
= − (3)27 = 2i ( 2i − 2i ) = 0
= ( −ω2 )200 + ω200 + 1 = 0
42 NDA/NA Pathfinder

28. (d) The given expression can be written as 34. (c) We have, z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0. ⇒ z lies in first quadrant.
2
ω ( a + bω + cω2 ) a + bω + cω2 ⇒ (z + 1)(z 2 + z + 1) = 0 1 + i 1 − 2i 1 − 2i + i − 2i 2 3 − i
= + z = × = =
( cω + aω 2 + b ) b + cω + aω 2 Its roots are − 1, ω and ω2 . The root
3
2i + 1 1 − 2i 1+ 4 5
( a + bω + cω2 )(ω + 1) z = − 1 does not satisfy the equation ⇒ z lies in fourth quadrant.
= z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 but z = ω and
3
b + cω + aω 2 43. (b) Let z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
z = ω2 satisfy it. Hence,ω and ω2 are the
( a + bω + cω2 )( −ω2 ) z + iz = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
= [Q 1 + ω = − ω2 ] common roots.
b + cω + aω 2 + ir(cos θ + i sin θ)
35. (a)
−( aω2 + b + cω) = r[(cos θ − sin θ) + i (sin θ + cos θ)]
= = −1 36. (d) | z − 2 | = 2 | z − 3 |
b + cω + aω 2 π π
⇒ |( x − 2) + iy | 2 = 4 |( x − 3) + iy |2 = 2r  cos  θ +  + i sin  θ +  
  4  4  
29. (c) z 2 = z ⇒ ( x + iy )2 = x − iy ⇒ ( x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 [( x − 3)2 + y 2 ]
x 2 − y 2 − x + i ( 2xy + y ) = 0 ⇒ 3x 2 + 3 y 2 − 20x + 32 = 0 In ∆OPQ,
⇒ x − y 2 − x = 0 and 2xy + y = 0
2
20 32 PQ 2 = r 2 + ( 2r )2 − 2r( 2r ) cos π / 4
⇒ x2 + y2 − x + =0
Now, 2xy + y = 0 gives 3 3 = r 2 + 2r 2 − 2r 2 = r 2
y = 0 or x = − 1/ 2 2 PQ = r 2 ⇒ PQ = r
2
Radius =  − 10  − 32 = 2
when, y = 0, x 2 − y 2 − x = 0   ∴ ∆OPQ is right angle triangle.
 3 3 3
gives x 2 − x = 0 or x = 0, 1 π
∴ ∠OPQ = 90° = .
when, x = − 1/ 2, x 2 − y 2 − x = 0 gives 37. (a) Given, z = 1+ i tan α , 2
1/ 4 − y 2 + 1/ 2 = 0 ⇒ y = ± ( 3 / 2) where π < α < 3 π / 2 3+i
Sol. (Q. Nos. 44-45) Given, z =
Hence, there are four solutions. ⇒ |z|= 1 + tan 2 α ⇒ |z|= sec 2 α 1
3 −i
π 3+i 3+i
i
( 2e 6 )17 1 17 π i 25 π i ⇒ |z|= sec α Q π < α < 3 π  ⇒ z = ×
30. (c) z = π = e 6 ⋅e 2  2 
1
3 −i 3+i
(
− i
2e 4 )50 28
3 − 1 + 2 3i 1 3
17 π 25 π 46 π 1− i 
n
 ( 1 − i )( 1 − i ) 
n
= = + i
∴ amp (z ) = + = 38. (b) Let z =   =  3+ 1 2 2
6 2 3  1+ i  ( 1 + i )( 1 − i )   3 / 2
2π 2π 1 − 1 − 2i 
n amp (z ) = tan −1  
= 16 π − =− =   = ( −i )
n 1
 1/ 2 
3 3  2  π
= tan −1 ( 3 ) =
31. (a) Let z = x + iy , |z | − z = 1 + 2i For n = 3, i = ( −1)3 = i 3
x 2 + y 2 − ( x + iy ) = 1 + 2i Hence, required value of n = 3 i ( 3 + i )4 i ( 2 + 2 3i )2
Now, z = =
⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 − x ) − iy = 1 + 2i 39. (b) Let ABCD be a parallelogram such
2
(2 − i 2 3) 2
4( −2 − 2 3i )
that affixes of A,B,C,D are z , z , z , z , 3+i 3 i
⇒ x + y − x = 1 and y = −2
2 2
1 2 3 4 = = −
respectively. Then, 1 + 3i 2 2
Now, x 2 + y 2 − x = 1 AB = DC ⇒ z − z = z − z −1  − 1 / 2  π
2 1 3 4 amp (z ) = tan   =−
⇒ x2 + 4 = 1+ x [Q y = − 2] ⇒ z +z =z +z 2  3 / 2 6
2 4 1 3
π π π
⇒ x 2 + 4 = 1 + x 2 + 2x ⇒ x = 3 / 2 40. (a) ( 2x − 3) = (5i )2 = −25
2
44. (b) amp (z ) + amp (z ) = − =
1 2
3 6 6
∴ The solution is 3 / 2 − 2i. ⇒ 2x 2 − 6x + 17 = 0 45. (d) Complex numbers do not follow the
z − 2i Dividing, 2x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + 72 by rule of inequality, i.e. inequality is
32. (a) = 1 ⇒ |z − 2i |= |z + 2i |
z + 2i 2x 2 − 6x + 17, we get quotient = x + 4 meaningless in complex numbers.
⇒ |x + i ( y − 2)|= |x + i ( y + 2)| and remainder = 4 n
 
∴ 2x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + 72 1 + cos φ + i sin φ 
⇒ x + ( y − 2) = x + ( y + 2)
2 2 2 2
46. (b)  = u + iv
= ( x + 4)( 2x 2 − 6x + 17) + 4 = 4  1 + cos φ − i sin φ 
⇒ y2 + 4 − 4y = y2 + 4 + 4y ⇒ y = 0  
2n 2n n
∴ Locus of z lies on X-axis. 41. (b) 
1− i 
= 1 , 
1− i 1− i 
× =1  2 cos 2 φ + 2i sin φ cos φ 
  
33. (b) Let z = x + iy
 1+ i   1+ i 1− i  ⇒ 2 2 2  = u + iv
2 φ φ φ
−2i 
2n
 2 cos − 2 sin cos 
⇒ 
|x + iy| = 4, i.e. x 2 + y 2 = 16 …(i) i
 = 1 ⇒ ( − i )n = 1  2 2 2
and |x + iy − i |= |x + iy + 5i |  2  n
 2 cos φ  cos φ + i sin φ  
∴ Smallest positive value of n = 2   
or x 2 + ( y − 1)2 = x 2 + ( y + 5)2
⇒ 2 2 2   = u + iv
1 + 2i 1 + i 
i.e. y = −2 …(ii) 42. (b) We have, z = × φ  φ
 2 cos  cos − i sin   φ
Putting y = − 2 in Eq. (i), x 2 + 4 = 16 1− i
1
1+ i  2 2 2  
or x = ± 2 3. 1 + 3i − 2 −1 3i  e iφ / 2 
n
= = +
Hence, the complex numbers satisfying 1+ 1 2 2 ⇒  − i φ / 2  = u + iv ⇒ e inφ = u + iv
e 
the given equations are ⇒ z lies in second quadrant.
1
z = 2 3 − 2i and z = − 2 3 − 2i 2 + i 3 + i 6 + 2i + 3i − 1 1 + i ⇒ cos nφ + i sin nφ = u + iv
1 2 z = × = =
2
3 −i 3 + i 9+ 1 2 ⇒ u = cos nφ, v = sin φ
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 43

334 365
47. (a) x + 1/ x = 2 cosθ ∴ Statement I is correct.  1 i 3  1 i 3
58. (c) 4 + 5 − +  +3  − + 
⇒ x 2 − 2x cosθ + 1= 0 ⇒ x = cos θ ± i sin θ 1 1 1  2 2   2 2 
Now, + =
⇒ x n =(cos θ ± i sin θ)n = cos nθ ± i sin nθ z −z z −z z −z
1 1 2 2 3 1 3 = 4 + 5ω334 + 3ω365
⇒ = cos θ m i sin nθ
xn ⇒ zz −zz − z2 +zz = 4 + 5ω + 3ω2
1 2 1 3 2 2 3
1 = z2 + z2 − 2z z  1 i 3  1 i 3
∴ x n + n = 2 cos nθ 1 3 1 3 = 4 + 5 − +  + 3− − 
x ⇒ z2 + z2 + z2 = z z + z z + z z  2 2   2 2 
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3
48. (c) ( 1 + i )n + ( 1 − i )n Thus, z , z , z are vertices of equilateral =i 3
1 2 3
n n triangle. 2π
=  2 
1 i    1 − i  59. (c) We have, arg (ω) =
+   +  2 
  2 2   2 2 ∴ Statement II is correct. 3
4π 2π
π π
n
52. (c) We have, arg (z z ) = 0 and arg (ω2 ) = or arg (ω2 ) = −
= 2n / 2  cos + i sin  1 3 3
 4 4  ⇒ arg (z ) + arg (z ) = 0
π π
n 1 ∴ arg (iω) + arg (iω2 )
+ 2n / 2  cos − i sin  ⇒ arg (z ) = − arg (z )
 4 4  1
= arg(i ) + arg(ω) + arg(i ) + arg(ω)2
⇒ arg (z ) = arg (z ) and |z | = |z | = |z |
nπ nπ π 2π π 2π π π
= 2n / 2  cos
1 1
+ i sin Hence, z = z = + + − = + = π
 4 4 1
2 3 2 3 2 2
+ cos
nπ nπ
− i sin  1 1 z2 − 1 4 + 2i 1 + 2i
53. (b) z = ⇒ z = 1− = 60. (b) Given, A + iB = ×
4 4  2
1−z z z 1 − 2i 1 + 2i
n/ 2 + 1  nπ  n+ 2  nπ  2 2
=2 cos   = ( 2 ) cos   z −1 z −1 |z − 1| 4 + 10i − 4 10i
 4   4  ∴|z | =
2
⇒1= 2 =
2 = = = 2i
z z |z | 1+ 4 5
49. (b) In an equilateral triangle 2 2 2 [Q i 2 = − 1]
circumcentre, centroid and orthocentre [Q |z | = 1] ⇒ A + iB = 0 + i ⋅ 2
are coincident.
z +z +z ⇒ |z | = |z − 1| ⇒ A = 0 and B = 2
2 2
∴z = 1 2 3 ⇒z + z + z = 3z
Let z = x + iy , |x + iy | = |( x − 1) + iy|
0
3 1 2 3 0
2 61. (a) Given that, z = − z
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = ( x − 1)2 + y 2 ⇒ x = 1/ 2
Now, z , z , z are the affixes of the Let z = x + iy ⇒( x + iy ) = − ( x + iy )
1 2 3
vertices of an equilateral triangle. ∴ z lies on straight line.
2
( x + iy ) = − ( x − iy )
∴ z2 + z2 + z2 = z z + z z + z z 54. (a) We have,|z | = 1⇒|z |2 = 1 ⇒ zz = 1
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 [Q z = x + iy , z = x − iy ]
1 + z zz + z z(z + 1)
(z + z + z )2 = 3(z z + z z + z z ) ∴ = = =z ⇒ ( x + iy ) = ( − x + iy )
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1+ z 1+ z 1+ z
⇒ (3z )2 = 3(z z + z z + z z ) ⇒ 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
0 1 2 2 3 3 1 55. (c) |z|= 1 represents a unit circle with
⇒ z z + z z + z z = 3z 2 centre at origin. Hence, the real part of z is zero.
1 2 2 3 3 1 0
⇒ z 2 + z 2 + z 2 = 3z 2 Hence, Statement I is correct. 62. (c)
1 2 3 0 1 z z 63. (b) I. LHS = (ω10 + 1 )7 + ω
50. (b) Let z , z be the roots of Reciprocal of z = = = =z
z zz |z |2
1 2
= [(ω3 )3 ω + 1]7 + ω
z 2 + pz + q = 0.
Then, z + z = − p , z z = q Hence, Statement II is correct. = ( 1 + ω) 7 + ω = ( − ω 2 ) 7 + ω
1 2 1 2
Since, z , z , z ( = 0) form an equilateral 56. (c) In general, rth term of the given [Q 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, ∴ 1 + ω = − ω2 ]
1 2 3 expression
triangle. = − ω14 + ω = − (ω3 )4 ω2 + ω
T r = ( r + 1)  r +   r + 2 
1 1
∴z 2 + z2 + z2 =zz + z z + z z  = − ω 2 + ω = ( 1 + ω) + ω
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 ω  ω 
⇒ z2 + z z2 =zz [Q z = 0]
= r 3 + r 2  2 + + 1 = 1 + 2ω ≠ 0
1 2 2 1 2 3 1 1
⇒ (z + z )2 = 3z z ω ω  So, Statement I is false.
1 2 1 2
+ r  1 + 2 +  + 1

⇒ ( − p ) = 3q ⇒ p 2 = 3q
2 1 1 II. LHS = (ω105 + 1)10 = [(ω3 )35 + 1]10
 ω ω [Q ω3 = 1]
51. (c) Let P, Q, R represent 1, ω and ω2 ,
respectively. = r3 + 1 [Q 1 + ω + ω2 = 0] = ( 1 + 1) = 2 = p
10 10 10
n

PQ = |1 − ω | =
2
3 +  3
2
= 3
∴ Sn = ∑ ( r 3 + 1) which is true for prime number 2.
    So, Statement I is false and
 2  2  r =1
Statement II is true.
n ( n + 1)2
2
n2 ( n + 1)2 + 4n 13 13 13
QR = |ω − ω2 | = 3 and = + n =
∑ (i + i n +1 ) = ∑i ∑i
n +1
4 4 64. (d) n n
+
2 2
RP = |1 − ω2 | = 3 +  3 = 3 57. (b) We have, ( 1 + ω)7 = A + Bω
n =1 n =1 n =1
     1 − i 13  2  1− i 
13
 2  2  = i
⇒ ( − ω2 )7 = A + Bω ⇒ − ω14 = A + Bω  +i  
 1− i   1− i 
∴ PQ = QR = RP
⇒− ω2 = A + Bω ⇒ 1 + ω = A + Bω
1− i   1− i 
Thus, points representing 1, ω, ω2 form
On comparing, we get A = 1, B = 1 = i   −  =i −1
an equilateral triangle.  1− i   1− i 
44 NDA/NA Pathfinder

65. (a) −i = e − i π / 2 − i θ 70. (a) Given that, z = x + iy ; x , y ∈ R ∴ tan α =

1 Q tan α = b 
[Qe = cos θ − i sin θ] 3  a 
π 1 π We have, 2z − 1 = z − 2
−i × −i
=± e 2 2 =± e 4 ∴ z = − 3 + i [Q a < 0 and b > 0]
π π ⇒ 2 ( x + iy ) − 1 = x + iy − 2 75. (c) ( 1 + ω)( 1 + ω2 )( 1 + ω4 )( 1 + ω8 )
= ±  cos   − i sin   
  4   4   = ( 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 )( 1 + ω3 ⋅ ω)
⇒ ( 2x − 1) + 2iy = ( x − 2) + iy
 1− i  [ 1 + (ω 3 ) 2 ⋅ ω 2 ]
=± 
1 i 
− =±   2 2
 2 2  2 ⇒ ( 2x − 1) + 2iy = ( x − 2) + iy = 1⋅ ( 1 + ω)( 1 + ω ) 2
 
[Q 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1]
66. (a) Let z = −1− i = r (cos θ + i sin θ) ⇒ ( 2x − 1)2 + ( 2 y )2 = ( x − 2)2 + y 2
= ( 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 ) = 1
On comparing both sides real and ⇒ 4x 2 + 1− 4x + 4 y 2 = x 2 + 4 − 4x + y 2
−2( 1 + 2i )
imaginary parts, we get
⇒ 3x 2 + 3 y 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1 76. (d) We have, z =
r cosθ = −1 ...(i) 3+i
which represents a circle. −2( 1 + 2i )(3 − i )
and r sinθ = −1 ...(ii) =
Hence, point z describes a circle. (3 + i )(3 − i )
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
r sin θ −1 71. (a) Given condition, |z + z | = |z − z | −10
= = (i + 1) = − i − 1
r cos θ −1 Let z = x + iy ⇒ z = x − iy 10
⇒ tan θ = 1= tan π / 4 ⇒ θ = π / 4 ∴|x + iy + x − iy| = |x + iy − x + iy| ∴ Argument (θ) = − π + θ
π
= − π + tan −1   = − π +
Since, argument of z lies in the IIIrd ⇒ |2x | = |2iy| [Q|a + ib|= a2 + b2 ] 1
quadrant.  1 4
∴ arg (z ) = π + θ = π + π / 4 = 5 π / 4 ⇒ 4x 2 = 4y2 ⇒ x = ± y −4 π + π −3 π
= =
67. (a) We know that, which represent pair of straight lines 4 4
 1 passing through the origin. Hence, the
a + ib = ±  ( a 2 + b 2 + a ) locus of z is a pair of straight lines. 77. (c) Given, i = −1
 2 i
π
i
π

1  72. (a) We have, ∴ i = e 2 =e 4

+i ( a 2 + b 2 − a ) , b > 0
( 1 + i )4 n + 5 ( 1 + i )4n + 3 ⋅ ( 1 + i )2 π π
2  = = cos + i sin
 1 ( 1 − i )4 n + 3 ( 1 − i )4n + 3 4 4
∴ 3 + 4i = ±  ( 9 + 16 + 3) 4n + 3 1 1+ i
1+ i  i
 2 =   ⋅ ( 1 + i )2 = + =
1   1− i  2 2 2
+i ( 9 + 16 − 3)  4n + 3 3
2   ( 1 + i )( 1 + i )   sin π + i  1 − cos π  
= ⋅ ( 1 + i 2 + 2i ) 
= ± [ 4 + i 1] = ± ( 2 + i ) 
 ( 1 − i )( 1 + i )  78. (c) Let z =  6  6
π π 
68. (d) Let z =
( 1 + i )( 2 + i ) 4n + 3  sin − i  1 − cos  
 1 + i 2 + 2i   6  6 
(3 − i ) =  ⋅ 2i
 1+ 1  π
 2 sin cos π π 3
2 + 3i + i 2 2 + 3i − 1 + i 2 sin 2
= = [Q i 2 = − 1] = (i )4 n + 3 ⋅ 2i = 2(i )4 n + 4
=2  12 12 12 
3−1 3 −i =
 2 sin π cos π − i 2 sin 2 π 
1 + 3i 3 + i 3 + 10i + 3i 2  3+i 3+i 3+i 
= × = 73. (a)   = × 12 12 12 
3 −i 3+i 9 −i2  3 −i  3 −i 3+i π π 3
 cos + i sin 
3 + 10i − 3 10i 3 + i 2 + 2 3i 3 − 1 + 2 3i
= = =i [Qi 2 = − 1] = = = 2 12 
9+ 1 10 3 −i2 3+ 1  cos π − i sin π 
2( 1 + 3i ) 1  12 
∴ z = 0 + i⋅1 = = +i
3 2
π   cos π + i sin π   cos π + i sin π  
3
So, arg (z ) = tan − 1   = tan − 1 ( ∞ ) =
1 4 2 2
π
π π
 0 =  cos + i sin  = e 3  12   12  
i
2 2 12
 =
3 3  π π  π π 
69. (d) Let P = x + iy and Q = α + iβ be two   cos − i sin   cos + i sin  
 3+i
6
π   12 12   12 12  
= ei 2π
i
complex numbers. ∴   = (e 3)
6
2 3
P x + iy  3 −i   π π 
Then, its quotient = =   cos + i sin  
Q α + iβ 12 12 
= cos 2 π + i sin 2 π = π 
x + iy 2 π
P x + iy  cos + sin 2 
Now, = = = 1+ 0⋅i = 1
Q α + iβ α + iβ  12 12 
74. (d) Since, arg (z ) = 5 π / 6 6
π π
=
x2 + y2
=
|P | So, z lies in second quadrant. =  cos + i sin 
 12 12 
α2 + β2 |Q | Let z = a + ib and | z | = a 2 + b 2 = 4 π π
= cos 6 × + i sin 6 ×
5π π π
Hence, the modulus of the quotient of P Also, tan α =  π −  = ⇒α= π
12
π
12
and Q is equal to the quotient of their  6  6 6 = cos + i sin = i
2 2
moduli.
MATHEMATICS Complex Numbers 45

79. (b) (sin x + i cos x )3 we get ( x + iy )( x − iy ) + (3 − i ) ( x + iy )  z  3

π π
3
+ (3 + i ) ( x − iy ) + 1 = 0
Also,  =
=  cos  − x  + i  sin − x   
z−2

2
  2   2   ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 3iy − ix + y + 3x
3 ⇒ 2 |z | = 3 |z − 2 |
  π − x   3i  π − x  −3iy + ix + y + 1 = 0
= e i 2 
 =e 2 
⇒ 2 x + y = 3 × ( x − 2)2 + y 2
2 2
  ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 2 y + 1 = 0
π π ∴ Centre = ( − g , − f ) = ( − 3, − 1) ⇒ 4( x 2 + y 2 ) = 9 [( x − 2)2 + y 2 ]
= cos 3  − x  + i sin 3  − x 
2  2  and radius = g + f
2 2
−c For x = 6, 4(36 + y 2) = 9( 16 + y 2 )
3π 3π ⇒ 144 + 4 y 2 = 144 + 9 y 2 ⇒ y = 0
= cos  − 3x  + i sin  − 3x  = 9 + 1 −1 = 9 =3
 2   2  Hence, z = 6 + 0i
Sol. (Q. Nos. 84-85)
= ( − sin 3x − i cos 3x ) 86. (a) | z | = ( 6)2 + ( 0)2 = 6
We have, z2 = i z ...(i)
Hence, the real part is − sin3x. z−6
⇒ | z |2 = | iz | 87. (d) As, z − 6 = 0 ⇒  =0
80. (b) ( x 3 − 1) = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1+ x ) z + 6
⇒ | z |2 = | z | [Q |z | = |z|]
= ( x − 1)( x 2 + x − ω − ω2 )
⇒ |z | − |z | = 0
2 88. (c) We know that, nth roots of unity
[Q 1 + ω + ω2 = 0] represent vertex of a regular polygon in
⇒ | z |(| z | − 1) = 0
= ( x − 1)( x 2 − ω2 + x − ω) argand plane.
As, z is non-zero complex number.
= ( x − 1)[( x + ω)( x − ω) + ( x − ω)] Angle between OP and OQ
∴ | z | = 1 ⇒ | z |2 = 1
= ( x − 1)( x − ω)( x + ω + 1) = arg(ω2 ) − arg(ω)
⇒ zz = 1 ⇒ z = 1/ z 4π 2π 2π
= ( x − 1)( x − ω)( x − ω ) 2
= − = = 120°
From Eq. (i), we have 3 3 3
81. (d) We have, | z | = | z |
1 2 z 2 = iz 89. (d) Given, (ω − ω )2
Let z = x + iy and z = x + iy 1 2
1 1 2 21 2 ⇒ z 2 = i 1/ z = ω2 + ω2 − 2 ω ω
∴ x2 + y2 = x2 + y2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 ⇒ z3 = i ⇒ z3 − i = 0 ...(ii) Let ω = ω2 and ω = ω
⇒ (x 2 − x 2 ) + ( y2 − y2 ) = 0 If z , z and z satisfying the Eq. (ii),
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 ∴ (ω − ω ) 2 = (ω 2 ) 2 + ω 2 − 2 ω 2 ⋅ ω
⇒ x 2 − x 2 = 0 or y 2 − y 2 = 0 then 1 2
1 2 1 2 = ω4 + ω2 − 2ω3
⇒ x = ± x or y = ± y z +z +z =0
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 = ω3 ⋅ ω + ω2 − 2 ω3
e.g. Let z = 1 + i and z = − 1 − i z z + z z + z z = 0 and z z z = i
1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 = ω + ω2 − 2 = − 1 − 2
|z | = 2 and | z | = 2 84. (c) We have, z + z + z = 0
1 2 1 2 3 ⇒ (ω − ω ) 2 = −3
∴ Re(z ) ≠ Re(z ) and 1 2
1 2 85. (c) We have, z z z = i 90. (a) We have,
Im (z ) ≠ Im(z ) and z ≠ z 1 2 3
−25
1 2 1 2 ⇒ z z z is purely imaginary.
z = x + iy = 
1 i 
82. (a) Given equation of line is iz − i z = 5. 1 2 3 − 
∴ Statement I is correct.  2 2
Let z = x + iy and z = x − iy and z z + z z + z z = 0 π 25
1 2 2 3 3 1 −i −25 i π
∴ i ( x − iy ) − i ( x + iy ) = 5 ⇒ 2 y = 5 ⇒ z z + z z + z z is purely real. = (e 4) =e 4
1 2 2 3 3 1
⇒ 2y − 5 = 0 ...(i) ∴ Statement II is correct.
π
i  6 π + 
π
i  
=e  4 =e  4
Since, it is given that reflection of point Sol. (Q. Nos. 87-88) Let z = x + iy
x + iy , i.e. ( x , y ) about the line (i) is π π 1 1
= cos+ i sin = +i
z− 4  x + iy − 4 
( 1 + i ), i.e. ( 1, 1). ∴  = 1 ⇒ = 1 4 4 2 2
1 − x 1 − y −2( 2 y − 5)  z −8   x + iy − 8  1
+i
1
− 2
∴ = = z− 2
∴ = 2 2
0 2 4
|x + iy − 4|  z |z |
1 − x −( 2 y − 5) ⇒ = 1 Q 1 = 1  z−i 2 1
+ i 
1 
⇒ = |x + iy − 8|  −i 2
 z2 |z |
2  2  2
0 2
1− y ( 2 y − 5) ( x − 4)2 + y 2 1+ i − 2
and =− =
2 2 ⇒ =1 1 + i − 2i
( x − 8)2 + y 2
⇒ x = 1 and y = 4 = − 1 + 0i
⇒ ( x − 4)2 + y 2 = ( x − 8)2 + y 2
Now, α = tan −1   = tan −1 ( 0)
∴ Required point is 1 + 4i. 0
⇒ ( x − 4)2 = ( x − 8)2  −1 
83. (a) Given,
⇒ ( x − 4) = ± ( x − 8) = tan −1 | tan 0 | = 0
zz + (3 − i )z + (3 + i )z + 1 = 0
∴ x =6 ∴ θ (argument) = π − 0 = π
Put z = x + iy and z = x − iy ,
04
46 CDS Pathfinder

BINARY NUMBERS
In NDA exam, generally 1-2 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on conversion
of binary to decimal and decimal to binary. In the binary system, only two symbols 0 and 1 are
used as digits, called binary digits or bits. Since, in this system only two numbers are used, so its
base or radix is 2.

DECIMAL SYSTEM
In the decimal system, we use 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Since, 10 basic symbols are used
in this system, so its base or radix is 10.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

1. Conversion of Integral Decimal Numbers
Step 1 Take the LCM of the given decimal number taking only 2 as divisor (as the base or radix of
binary number is 2).
Step 2 Write the remainder at each step in bracket as shown in the given example.
Step 3 Repeat this process until we obtain quotient less than the divisor.
e.g. Write ( 21)10 into binary number system.
2 21 5
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
1 0

Step 4 When we obtain 1 as quotient, start writing the number from there to upward direction, as shown
above.
∴ ( 21)10 = (10101) 2
Therefore, 21 of decimal system is equal to (10101) of binary system.
EXAMPLE 1. Conversion of 175 into a binary number is
a. (10101111)2 b. (10010011)2 c. (11000111)2 d. None of these
MATHEMATICS Binary Numbers 47

Sol. a. EXAMPLE 3. Conversion of (10010) 2 to its equivalent

2 175 decimal number is
2 87 1 a. (18)10 b. (81)10 c. (16)10 d. (34)10
2 43 1 Sol. a. (10010) 2 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
2 21 1
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 18
2 10 1
∴(10010) 2 = (18)10
2 5 0
2. Conversion of Fractional Binary Numbers In
2 2 1
order to convert the binary fractions to decimal
1 0 numbers, we use negative powers of 2 to the right of
∴ (175)10 = (10101111) 2 the binary point.
2. Conversion of Fractional Decimal Numbers
EXAMPLE 4. Find the decimal equivalent to (0.1101) 2 .
Fractional numbers can be converted to binary form by
successive multiplication by 2. In each step, the digit a. (81.25)10 b. (0.8125)10 c. (8.125)10 d. All of these
before the decimal point is being transfered to the binary Sol. b. 1 1 0 1
record and the process is repeated with the remaining
−1 1 −2 1 −3 1 −4 1
fractional number. 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 =
2 4 8 16
The last step is reached, if the fractional part is zero 1 1 1 1
or it is terminated, when the desired accuracy is ∴ (0.1101) 2 = × 1+ × 1+ × 0+ ×1
2 4 8 16
attained. The first bit obtained is the most significant
and the last is the least significant. = 0.5 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625 = 0.8125
Now, (0.1101) 2 = (0.8125)10
EXAMPLE 2. Conversion of 0.638 to binary form is
a. (0.1010101110)2 b. (1111000011)2 Arithmetic Operations
c. (0.1010001101)2 d. None of these of Binary Numbers
The arithmetic operations of binary numbers namely
Sol. c. Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are
0.638 × 2 = 1.276 1 almost similar to those of decimal.
0.276 × 2 = 0.552 0
0.552 × 2 = 1.104 1 Binary Addition
0.104 × 2 = 0.208 0
0.208 × 2 = 0.416 0
The rules of binary addition are
0.416 × 2 = 0.832 0 (i) 0 + 0 = 0 (ii) 0 + 1 = 1
0.832 × 2 = 1.664 1 (iii) 1 + 0 = 1 (iv) 1 + 1 = 10 (one-zero, not ten)
0.664 × 2 = 1.328 1
0.328 × 2 = 0.656 0 Note The last rule is often written as 1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1.
0.656 × 2 = 1.312 1
EXAMPLE 5. Add (1101) 2 and the conversion of
Rounding off after 10 bits, the binary result is (53)10 into binary system of numbers. Also find the
(0.638)10 = (0.1010001101) 2 result.
Note The point in front of the binary is referred to as the binary a. (110010)2 b. (100101)2
point.
c. (1110011)2 d. None of these

BINARY TO DECIMAL Sol. d. Let us first convert ( 53)10 into binary system of numbers.

CONVERSION 2
2
53
26 1
1. Conversion of Integral Binary Numbers For 2 13 0
converting binary number to decimal number, we 2 6 1
start from the least significant bit, i.e. from right, by 2 3 0
multiplying them with the powers of 2 in increasing 1 1
order, i.e. with 20 , 21 , 22 and so on. This process is The required number in binary system is obtained by
repeated until the most significant bit, i.e. left bit has writing the number from left to upward direction, as
been processed. Adding all of them, we get the shown.
required decimal number. ∴ ( 53)10 = (110101) 2
48 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Now, add (1101) 2 and (110101) 2 Sol. b. Firstly, we multiply (1010) 2 and (111) 2
110101 1010
1101 ×111
1000010 1010
Hence, the answer is (1000010) 2. 1010×
1010××
Binary Subtraction 1000110
The rules of binary subtraction are Now, we convert (1000110) 2 to its decimal equivalent
(i) 0 − 0 = 0 (ii) 1 − 0 = 1 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
(iii) 1 − 1 = 0 (iv) 0 − 1 = 1 = 64 + 4 + 2 = (70) 2
∴ X = 70
EXAMPLE 6. Subtract 10001 from 10011.
a. ( 00100)2 b. (11000)2 Binary Division
c. ( 00010)2 d. None of these
The rules of binary division are
Sol. c. 10 0 1 1(19) (i) 1 ÷ 1 = 1 (ii) 0 ÷ 1 = 0
−10 0 0 1(17) (iii) 0 ÷ 0 = Not defined (iv) 1 ÷ 0 = Not defined
0 0 0 10 ( 2)
EXAMPLE 8. Divide (1111) 2 by (11) 2 .
a. (11)2 b. (101)2
Binary Multiplication
c. (10 )2 d. None of these
The rules of binary multiplication are
(i) 0 × 0 = 0 (ii) 0 × 1 = 0 Sol. b. 11 ) 1111 ( 101
(iii) 1 × 0 = 0 (iv) 1 × 1 = 1 11
11
11
EXAMPLE 7. What is the value of X, if
(1010) 2 × (111) 2 = (X)10 ? ×
a. 60 b. 70 c. 75 d. 80

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Binary equivalent of 182 is 6. The decimal number corresponding to the binary
(a) (10110110)2 (b) (111000110)2 number (111000.0101)2 is
(c) (10111001)2 (d) None of these (a) (56.3275)10 (b) (56.3125)10
(c) (57.4375)10 (d) (57.5625)10
2. The number 0.0011 in binary system represents
(a) rational number 3/8 in decimal system 7. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal
(b) rational number 1/8 in decimal system number 18.5625?
(c) rational number 3/16 in decimal system (a) (1000110011
. )2 (b) (1001110001
. )2
(d) rational number 5/16 in decimal system (c) (1001010010
. )2 (d) (1001010011
. )2
3. The binary number corresponding to (13.0625)10 is 8. In the binary addition, where x, y, z are binary
(a) (1011.0010)2 (b) (1110.0101)2 digits
(c) (1101.0001)2 (d) None of these x1 0 1
4. The sum of (1011.01) 2 + (1001.11) 2 is + 1 0 y 1
1 1 z0 0
(a) 111011 (b) 10001 (c) 10000 (d) 10101
the possible values of x, y and z respectively are
5. What is (1111)2 + (1001)2 − (1010)2 equal to? (a) 0, 1 and 0 (b) 1, 1 and 0
(a) (111)2 (b) (1100)2 (c) (1110)2 (d) (1010)2 (c) 0, 0 and 1 (d) 1, 0 and 1
MATHEMATICS Binary Numbers 49

9. If (10x 010)2 − (11 y1)2 = (10z11)2, then what are 17. A number in binary system is 110001. It is equal
the possible values of the binary digits x, y, z to which one of the following numbers in decimal
respectively? system? e 2013 II
(a) 0, 0, 1 (b) 0, 1, 0 (a) 45 (b) 46
(c) 1, 1, 0 (d) 0, 0, 0 (c) 48 (d) 49
10. If x = (1101)2 and y = (110)2, then what is the 18. The number 83 is written in the binary system
value of x 2 − y 2? as e 2013 II
(a) 100110 (b) 101101
(a) (1000101)2 (b) (10000101)2 (c) 1010011 (d) 110110
(c) (10001101)2 (d) (10010101)2
19. The number 251 in decimal system is expressed
11. What is the value of in binary system by e 2014 I
(0.101)(11) 2 + (0.011)(11) 2 (a) 11110111 (b) 11111011
2 2
2 − (0.101)(01) 2 (0.011)(01) 2 + (0.011)(10) 2
(c) 11111101 (d) 11111110
(0.101)(10)
2 2 2 2
(a) (0.001)2 (b) (0.01)2
20. What is the sum of the two numbers (11110)2 and
(c) (0.1)2 (d) (1)2 (1010)2? e 2014 I
(a) (101000)2 (b) (110000)2
(c) (100100)2 (d) (101100)2
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 21. What is (1001)2 equal to? e 2014 I
12. The number 292 in decimal system is expressed (a) (5)10 (b) (9)10
in binary system by e 2012 I (c) (17 )10 (d) (11)10
(a) 100001010 (b) 100010001
(c) 100100100 (d) 10101000
22. If (11101011)2 is converted to decimal system,
then the resulting number is e 2015 I
13. What is the decimal number representation of (a) 235 (b) 175
the binary number (11101.001)2? e 2012 I (c) 160 (d) 126
(a) 30.125 (b) 29.025
23. The decimal number (127. 25)10, when converted
(c) 29.125 (d) 28.025
to binary number, takes the form e 2015 I
14. The decimal number ( 57. 375)10, when converted (a) (111111111
. )2
to binary number takes the form e 2012 II (b) (1111110.01)2
(a) (111001011
. )2 (b) (100111110
. )2 (c) (111011111
. )2
(c) (110011101
. )2 (d) (111011011
. )2 (d) (111111101
. )2

15. The decimal representation of the number 24. What is (1000000001)2 − ( 0.0101)2 equal to?
e 2015 II
(1011)2 in binary system is e 2012 II (a) ( 512.6775)10 (b) ( 512.6875)10
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 11 (c) ( 512.6975)10 (d) ( 512.0909)10
16. The binary representation of the decimal number 25. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal
45 is e 2013 I number 0.3125? e 2016 I
(a) 110011 (b) 101010 (a) 0.0111 (b) 0.1010
(c) 1101101 (d) 101101 (c) 0.0101 (d) 0.1101

ANSWERS
1 a 2 c 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 b 9 b 10 b
11 d 12 c 13 c 14 a 15 d 16 d 17 d 18 c 19 b 20 a
21 b 22 a 23 d 24 b 25 c
50 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 1
1. (a) 2 182 = 32 + 16 + 8 + +
4 16
2 91 0
= 56 + 0.25 + 0.0625 = (563125
. )
2 45 1 10

2 22 1 7. (c) For integer part of 18.5625 i.e. ( 18)

10
2 11 0 2 18
2 5 1 2 9 0
2 2 1 2 4 1
1 0 2 2 0
∴ ( 182) = ( 10110110) 1 0
10 2

2. (c) (. 0011) = 0 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 +1 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4 For fractional part of 185625
. i.e. (.5625)
10
2
Binary
1 1 3
= + = 05625
. × 2 = 1125
. 1
8 16 16
0.125 × 2 = 2.250 0
3. (c) For integer part of ( 13. 0625)
10 0.250 × 2 = 0500
. 2
i.e. ( 13)
10
0500
. × 2 = 10. 1
∴ ( 13) = ( 1101) ∴ ( 185625
. ) = ( 10010.10010)
10 2 10 2

2 13 8. (b) ( x 101) = x × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 +1 × 20 = 8x + 5
2

2 6 1 ( 10 y 1) = 1 × 23 + 0 + y × 21 +1 × 20 = 9 + 2 y
2
2 3 0 ( 11z 00) = 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + z × 22 + 0 + 0 = 24 + 4z
2

2 1 1 ∴ 8x + 5 + 9 + 2 y = 24 + 4z ⇒ 8x + 2 y = 4z + 10
As x , y and z can take values 0 and 1 only
For fractional part of ( 13. 0625) i.e. (. 0625)
10 10 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1, z = 0
Binary
0. 0625 × 2 = 0.125 0 9. (b) ( 10x 010) − ( 11y 1) = ( 10z 11)
2 2 2
0.125 × 2 = 0.25 0
⇒ ( 2 × 1 + 0 + x × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 21 + 0)
5 3 2
0.25 × 2 = 0.5 0
0.5 × 2 = 1.0 1 − ( 23 × 1 + 22 × 1 + y × 21 + 1 × 20 )
∴ (13.0625) = (1101.0001) = 2 × 1 + 0 + 22 × z + 21 × 1 + 20
4
10 2
⇒ (34 + 8x ) − ( 13 + 2 y ) = 19 + 4z
4. (d) 1 0 1 1.0 1
⇒ 2 + 8x − 2 y = 4z
+ 1 0 0 1.1 1
1 0 1 0 1. 0 0 ∴ x = 0, y = 1 and z = 0

5. (c) ( 1111) = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 +1 × 20 = 15 10. (b) Given, x = ( 1101) = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20

2
2

( 1001) = 1 × 23 + 0 + 0 + 1 × 20 = 9 = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13
2
( 1010) = 1 × 23 + 0 + 1 × 21 + 0 = 10 and y = ( 110) = 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 4 + 2 = 6
2 2
∴ 15 + 9 − 10 = 14 ∴ x − y 2 = ( 13)2 − ( 6)2 = 169 − 36 = 133
2

Now,
2 14 Now, 2 133
2 7 0 2 66 1
2 3 1 2 33 0
1 1 2 16 1
2 8 0
∴ ( 14) = ( 1110)
10 2
2 4 0
6. (b) ( 111000.0101) = 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22
2 2 2 0
+ 0 × 21 + 0 × 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4 1 0
∴ 133 = ( 10000101)
2
MATHEMATICS Binary Numbers 51

11. (d) ( 11) = 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 3 18. (c) 19. (b)

2

( 10) = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 = 2
1 0 20. (a)
2
11110
and ( 01) = 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 1
2
+1010
Thus, the given expression can be written as
101000
[( 0.101 ) ]3 + [( 0.011) ]3
2 2
[( 0.101) ]2 − ( 0.101) ( 0.011) + [( 0.011) ]2 21. (b) ( 1001)
2 2 2 2 2
 a3 + b3  = ( 23 × 1 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 0 + 20 × 1)
= ( 0.101) + ( 0.011) = ( 1) Q a 2 − ab + b 2 = a + b 10
2 2 2
  = (8 + 1) = ( 9)
10 10

12. (c) 22. (a) ( 11101011) = (?)

2 10

13. (c) ( 11101. 001) = 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1

4 3 2 1
= [1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24
7 6
2
× 2 0 + 0 × 2 −1 + 0 × 2 −2 + 1 × 2 −3 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 ]
10
1 = [ 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1]
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 10
8
= ( 235)
1 233 10
= 29 + = = ( 29.125)
8 8 10 23. (d) ( 127. 25) = (?)
10 2

14. (a) For integer part of 57.375 i.e. (57)

10 2 127
2 57 2 63 1
2 28 1
2 31 1
2 14 0
2 15 1
2 7 0
2 3 1 2 7 1

1 1 2 3 1
∴ (57) = ( 111001) 1 1
10 2

For after decimal part of 57.375 Here, 0. 25 × 2 = 050

. , carry = 0
i.e. (0.375) and . × 2 = 1.00, carry = 0
050
10
Now, Binary ∴ ( 127. 25) = ( 1111111. 01)
10 2
0375
. × 2 = 0.75 0
0.75 × 2 = 1.5 1 24. (b) ( 1000000001) − ( 0.0101)
2 2
0.5 × 2 = 1.0 1 = ( 29 + 20 ) − ( 1 × 2− 2 + 1 × 2− 4 )
= ( 0.011)
= (512 + 1) −  +
( 0.375) 1 1
10 2 
∴ (57.375) = ( 111001011
. )  4 16 
10 2
5
15. (d) ( 1011) = 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 513 − = 513 − 03125
.
2 16
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11 = (512.6875)
10
16. (d)
25. (c) 0.3125 × 2 = 0.625, carry = 0
17. (d) ( 110001) = 1 × 25 + 1 × 24
2
0.625 × 2 = 125
. , carry = 1
+ 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
0.25 × 2 = 0.50, carry = 0
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = ( 49)
10 0.50 × 2 = 100
. , carry = 1
So, the required decimal number is 49.
∴ ( 03125
. ) = ( 0.0101)
10 2
05
52 CDS P a t h f i n d e r

SEQUENCES
AND SERIES
In NDA exam, generally 2-5 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on general
term and sum of AP/GP, sum of special series and infinite terms of GP, conditions for terms to be
in AP/GP/HP and arithmetic/geometric mean.

A succession of numbers a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . , a n formed according to some definite rule is called a sequence.

The different terms of a sequence are usually denoted by a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . or by t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , . . . . The term at
the nth place of a sequence, i.e. t n is called the general term of sequence. A series is obtained by adding
or subtracting the terms of a sequence. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , . . . , a n , ... is a sequence, then the expression
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a5 + . . . + a n + . . . is a series. A series can be finite or infinite depending on the
number of terms in the corresponding sequence is finite or infinite.

PROGRESSIONS
The sequences whose terms follow certain patterns are called progressions, but it is not necessary that
the terms of every sequence always follows a certain pattern or they are described by some explicit
formula.

Arithmetic Progression (AP)

A sequence is called an arithmetic progression if the difference of a term and the previous term is
always same, i.e. a n + 1 − a n = constant ( = d ), ∀ n ∈ N.
The constant difference, generally denoted by d is called the common difference.
In other words, if a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . , a n are in AP, then a 2 − a1 = a 3 − a 2 = . . . = a n − a n −1 = d
If a is the first term and d is the common difference, then AP can be written as
a, a + d , a + 2d , . . . , { a + ( n − 1) d }
e.g. (i) 1, 4, 7, 10, … is an AP whose first term is 1 and the common difference is 4 − 1 = 7 − 4 = 3.
(ii) 11, 7, 3, 1, … is an AP whose first term is 11 and the common difference is 7 − 11 = 3 − 7 = − 4.
 53

General Term of an AP For y = 8, we get 2x = 8 = 23 or x = 3

When x = 2,log 3 ( 2x − 5) = log 3 ( − 1) is not defined.
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
of an AP. Then, its nth term is a + ( n − 1) d , Therefore, x = 3 is the only solution.
Selection of Terms in an AP
i.e. Tn = a + ( n − 1) d , where d = Tn − Tn − 1
Number Terms Common
If l is the last term of a sequence, then of terms difference
l = Tn = a + ( n − 1) d 3 a − d , a, a + d d
4 a − 3d , a − d , a + d , a + 3d 2d
nth Term of an AP from the End 5 a − 2d , a − d , a, a + d , a + 2 d d
nth term from the end of an AP consisting of m terms is 6 a − 5 d , a − 3 d , a − d ,a + d , a + 3 d , a + 5 d 2d
( m − n + 1)th term from the beginning. So, nth term from
the end is EXAMPLE 3. If the sum of three numbers of an
Tm − n + 1 = a + ( m − n + 1 − 1) d = a + ( m − n) d . arithmetic sequence is 15 and the sum of their squares
is 83, then the numbers are
or l − ( n − 1) d , whene l is the last term.
a. 4, 5, 6 b. 1, 5, 9
EXAMPLE 1. The 3rd, 15th and the last term of an AP c. 3, 5, 7 d. 2, 5, 8
are 4, 8 and 18, respectively. Find the first term, the Sol. c. Let three numbers are ( a − d), a and ( a + d).
common difference and the number of terms.
∴ a − d + a + a + d = 15 ⇒ a = 5
10 1 1
a. , , 45 b. 10 , , 45 and ( a − d) 2 + a2 + ( a + d) 2 = 83
3 3 3
10 1 ⇒ a2 + d 2 − 2ad + a2 + a2 + d 2 + 2ad = 83
c. , , 50 d. None of these
3 3 ⇒ a2 + 2( a2 + d 2) = 83
Sol. a. Let the first term, common difference and the Put a = 5 in above equation
number of terms of the AP be a, d and n respectively. ⇒ 25 + 2( 25 + d 2) = 83
The nth term of an AP is given by Tn = a + (n − 1) d ⇒ 2d 2 = 8 ⇒ d = 2
Therefore, T 3 = a + 2d = 4, T15 = a + 14 d = 8 Thus, the numbers are 3, 5 and 7.
and Tn = a + (n − 1) d = 18 Trick 3 + 5 + 7 = 15 and 32 + 52 + 72 = 83
We have, T15 − T 3 = ( a + 14d) − ( a + 2d) = 8 − 4
⇒ 12d = 4 ⇒ d = 1/ 3 Sum of n Terms of an AP
2 10 The sum of n terms S n of an AP with first term ‘a’ and
Hence, a = 4 − 2d = 4 − =
3 3
common difference ‘d’ is
10 1 1
Therefore, + (n − 1) = 18 ⇒ (10 + n − 1) = 18 n n
3 3 3 S n = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] or S n = [ a + l ],
⇒ 9 + n = 54 2 2
∴ n = 45 where, l = last term = a + ( n − 1) d
Also, Tn = S n − S n − 1
EXAMPLE 2. If log 3 2, log 3 (2 x − 5) and
log 3 (2 x − 7/2) are in AP, then find the value of x. EXAMPLE 4. If the sum of first 10 terms of an
arithmetic progression with first term p and common
a. 2 b. 3 c. 2 or 3 d. None of these
difference q, is 4 times the sum of the first 5 terms,
Sol. b. If the given three numbers a = log 3 2, b = log 3 ( 2x − 5) then what is the ratio of p : q?
and c = log 3 ( 2x − 7 / 2) are in AP, a. 1 : 2 b. 1 : 4 c. 2 : 1 d. 4 : 1
then b − a = c − b ⇒ 2b = a + c Sol. a. Since, first term = p and common difference = q
2 log 3 ( 2x − 5) = log 3 2 + log 3 ( 2x − 7 / 2)
10 5
⇒ log 3 ( 2x − 5) 2 = log 3 [ 2 ( 2x − 7 / 2)] According to the question, [ 2 p + 9 q] = 4 × [ 2 p + 4 q]
2 2
⇒ ( 2x − 5) 2 = 2 ( 2x − 7 / 2)
⇒ 2p + 9q = 4 p + 8q ⇒ 2p = q ⇒ p : q = 1: 2
Let 2x = y, then we have ( y − 5) 2 = 2 ( y − 7 / 2)
⇒ y 2 − 10y + 25 = 2y − 7 Properties of Arithmetic Progression
⇒ y 2 − 12y + 32 = 0 (i) If a constant is added or subtracted from each term
⇒ ( y − 4) ( y − 8) = 0 of an AP, then the resulting sequence is also an AP
Hence, y = 4 or y = 8
with the same common difference.
For y = 4, we get 2x = 4 = 22 or x = 2
54 NDA/NA Pathfinder

(ii) If each term of a given AP is multiplied or divided by Geometric Progression (GP)

a non-zero constant k, then the resulting sequence is A sequence of non-zero numbers is called a geometric
d progression, if the ratio of a term and the term preceding
also an AP with common difference kd or , where d
k it is always constant. The constant ratio, generally
is the common difference of the given AP. denoted by r is called the common ratio of the GP.
(iii) A sequence is an AP if its nth term is of the form In other words, if a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . , a n are in GP, then
a2 a3 a
An + B, i.e. a linear expression in n. = = n = r (say ), where r is known as common
a1 a 2 a n − 1
(iv) In a finite AP the sum of the terms equidistant from
the beginning and end is always same. ratio of GP.
i.e. a1 + a n = a 2 + a n − 1 = a 3 + a n − 2 = . . . 1 1 3 9
, − , , − , . . . is a GP with first
e.g. The sequence
3 2 4 8
n Arithmetic Means between Two Numbers
term and common ratio  −    = − .
1 1 1 3
If a, A1 , A 2 , A 3 , . . . , A n , b are in AP, then we say that 3  2   3 2
A1 , A 2 , A 3 , . . . , A n are the n arithmetic means (AM)
between two numbers a and b. The common difference General Term of a GP
b− a The nth term of a GP with first term a and common
(d) of this AP is and mth arithmetic mean is given
n+1 ratio r is given by Tn = ar n − 1 or l = ar n−1 , where l is
m ( b − a) the last term.
by A m = a +
n+1 GP can be written as a, ar , ar 2 , . . . , ar n − 1
By putting m = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, we can get the values of or a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 , ar 4 , . . . , ar n − 1 , …
A1 , A 2 , . . . , A n . accordingly they are finite or infinite.
The sum of n arithmetic means between two given
numbers is n times the single AM between them i.e. nth Term from the End of a Finite GP
A1 + A 2 + A 3 + . . . + A n = n (single AM between a and b) The nth term from the end of a finite GP consisting of
If there is only one arithmetic mean ‘A’ between a and b, m terms is ar m − n , where a is the first term and r is the
a+b common ratio of the GP.
then A =
2
EXAMPLE 6. If x, y , z are the pth, qth and rth terms
EXAMPLE 5. If n arithmetic means are inserted of a GP, then the value of x q − r y r − p z p − q is equal
between 20 and 80 such that the ratio of first mean to to
the last mean is 1 : 3, then find the value of n. a. 0 b. 1 c. − 1 d. None of these
a. 12 b. 13 c. 11 d. 14
Sol. b. Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio
Sol. c. Let A1, A2 , A3 , ... , An be n arithmetic means between
of the GP. We have, Tp = AR p − 1 = x
20 and 80, and let d be the common difference of the
AP; 20, A1, A2 , ... , An , 80. Tq = AR q − 1 = y and Tr = AR r − 1 = z
q− r
Now, x = [ AR p − 1]q − r = Aq − r R ( p − 1) ( q − r )
80 − 20 60  b − a
Then, d= = using, d = n + 1 y r − p = [ AR q − 1] r − p = Ar − p R ( q − 1) ( r − p)
n+1 n+1  
z p − q = [ AR r − 1]p − q = Ap − q R ( r − 1) ( p − q)
60  n + 4
Now, A1 = 20 + d ⇒ A1 = 20 + = 20  
n+1  n + 1 ∴ x q − r y r − p z p − q = [ Aq − r + r − p + p − q ]
[R ( p − 1) ( q − r ) + ( q − 1) ( r − p) + ( r − 1) ( p − q) ]
60 n  4n + 1
and An = 20 + nd ⇒ An = 20 + = 20   = A0 R 0 = 1
n+1  n + 1
20 (n + 4) Selection of Terms in GP
A1 1 n+1 1 Number of terms Terms Common ratio
∴ = ⇒ = a
An 3 20 ( 4n + 1) 3 3 , a, ar r
r
n+1
a a
, , ar, ar 3 r2
n+ 4 1 4
r3 r
⇒ =
4n + 1 3 a a
5 , , a, ar, ar 2 r
r2 r
⇒ 4n + 1 = 3n + 12 ⇒ n = 11
MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series 55

6 6 6
+ + + ... ∞
EXAMPLE 7. Find the three numbers in GP, whose 2 3
Sol. d. 7 6 /7 ⋅ 7 6/7 ⋅ 7 6/7 ... ∞ = 7 7 72 73
sum is 19 and product is 216.
1 1 1   1/7 
6 
6  1/7 
a. 4, 6, 9 b. 13, 4, 2 6 + + + ... ∞  
 1 − 1/7 
7 7 7 7   6 /7 
2 3
c. 6, 5, 8 d. None of these = =7 =7 = 71 = 7
a
Sol. a. Let three numbers in GP be , a and ar. Properties of Geometric Progression
r
(i) If all the terms of a GP be multiplied or divided by
According to the given condition,
the same non-zero constant, then it remains a GP
Product of three numbers
a with same common ratio.
⋅ a ⋅ ar = 216 ⇒ a3 = 216 = 63
r (ii) The reciprocals of the terms of a given GP forms a
∴ a=6 GP.
a
and sum of three numbers = + a + ar = 19 (iii) If each term of a GP be raised to the same power,
r
then the resulting sequence also forms a GP.
a  + 1 + r  = 19
1
⇒
 r  (iv) In a finite GP the product of the terms equidistant
1 + r + r 
2 from the beginning and the end is always same and
⇒ 6  = 19 [put a = 6] is equal to the product of the first and the last term.
 r 
(v) Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in GP, iff b 2 = ac.
⇒ 6 + 6r + 6r 2 = 19r
⇒ 6r + 6r − 19r + 6 = 0
2 (vi) If the terms of a given GP are chosen at regular
⇒ 6r 2 − 13r + 6 = 0 intervals, then the new sequence, so formed also
 forms a GP.
13 ± ( −13) 2 − 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 − b ± b2 − 4ac 
∴ r= Q r =  (vii) If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . , a n , . . . is a GP of non-zero,
2⋅ 6  2a 
non-negative terms, then
13 ± 5 18 8 3 2
= = , = , log a1 , log a 2 , . . . , log a n , . . . is an AP and vice-versa.
12 12 12 2 3
3 6 3
When r = , then the numbers are , 6, 6 × n Geometric Means between
2 3/ 2 2
i.e. 4, 6, 9. Two Numbers
2 6 6
When r = , then the numbers are ,6 , If a, G1 , G2 , G3 , . . . , Gn , b are in GP, then
3 2/ 3 3/ 2
G1 , G2 , G3 , . . . , Gn are callled n geometric means
i.e. 9, 6, 4.
between two numbers a and b. The common ratio (r) of
Hence, the numbers are 4, 6, 9 or 9, 6, 4. 1 /(n + 1 )
 b
this GP is   and mth geometric mean is given by
Sum of n Terms of a GP  a
The sum of n terms of a GP with first terms ‘a’ and m
 b n + 1
common ratio ‘r’ is given by Gm = a   .
 a
 1 − r n  a − lr
Sn = a  = , for | r | < 1 By putting m = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, we can get the values of
 1−r  1−r
G1 , G2 , . . . , Gn .
 r n − 1 lr − a The product of n geometric means is equal to the nth
and S n = a  = , for | r | > 1
 r −1 r −1 power of single geometric mean between the two
If number of terms is infinite, then sum of the terms is quantities, i.e. G1 ⋅ G2 ⋅ G3 ⋅ G4 . . . Gn = ( ab ) n .
a If there is only one geometric mean ‘G’ between a and
S= , | r | < 1.
1−r b, then
EXAMPLE 8. What is the value of G = ab
2 3
7 6/7 ⋅ 7 6/7 ⋅ 7 6/7 ... upto ∞?
Note • If A and G are the AM and GM between two positive
a. log7  
6 numbers, then the numbers are A ± A 2 − G 2.
b. ∞
 7 • If A and G are respectively AM and GM between two positive
6 numbers a and b, then the quadratic equation having a, b as
c. d. 7
7 its roots is x 2 − 2 Ax + G 2 = 0.
56 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 9. If one geometric mean G and two Relation Among Arithmetic, Geometric and
arithmetic means A1 and A2 are inserted between two Harmonic Means
numbers, then (2 A1 − A2 )(2 A2 − A1 ) is equal to Let A , G and H be the arithmetic, geometric and
a. 2G b. G c. G 2 d. G 3 harmonic means between a and b, then
( b − a) 2a + b (i) A ≥ G ≥ H (ii) G 2 = AH
Sol. c. We have, G = ab, A1 = a + =
3 3
2( b − a) a + 2b EXAMPLE 10. If for positive real numbers x, y , z the
and A2 = a + =
3 3 numbers x + y , 2y and y + z are in harmonic
∴ 2A1 − A2 = a and 2A2 − A1 = b progression, then which one of the following is
⇒ ( 2A1 − A2)( 2A2 − A1) = ab = G 2 correct?
a. x, y , z are in GP b. x, y , z are in AP
Harmonic Progression (HP) c. x, y , z are in HP d. None of these
A sequence a1 , a 2 , . . . , a n of non-zero numbers is called a
2 ( x + y) ( y + z)
harmonic progression, if the sequence of reciprocal of Sol. a. Q x + y , 2y and y + z are in HP, 2y =
1 1 1 x+ y + y + z
these numbers, i.e. , , ..., is an AP. ⇒ 2y ( x + 2y + z) = 2 ( xy + xz + y 2 + yz)
a1 a 2 an
⇒ 2xy + 4y 2 + 2yz = 2xy + 2xz + 2y 2 + 2yz
1 1 1
e.g. The sequence 1, , , , . . . is a HP because the ⇒ 2y 2 = 2xz ⇒ y 2 = xz
3 5 7
Hence, x, y , z are in GP.
sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . is an AP.
Their is no formula for finding the sum of HP sequence. Sum to n Terms of Special Series
The sum of first n terms of special series is given below
General Term of a HP n ( n + 1)
If the sequence a1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . is a HP, then its nth term Σ n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2
will be n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
1 a1 a 2 Σ n 2 = 12 + 22 + . . . + n 2 =
Tn = = 6
1  1 1  a 2 + ( n − 1)( a1 − a 2 ) 2
+ ( n − 1)  −   n ( n + 1)
a1  a 2 a1  Σ n 3 = 13 + 23 + . . . + n 3 = = ( Σn) 2
 2 
and nth term from end,
a1 a 2 a n Note If nth term of the sequence is Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d . Then,
1
Tn′ = = sum of n terms is given by
1  1 1 a1 a 2 − a n ( n − 1)( a1 − a 2 ) S n = ΣTn = a Σn3 + b Σn2 + c Σn + Σd .
− ( n − 1) − 
an  a 2 a1 
Arithmetico-Geometric
n Harmonic Means between Two Numbers Progression (AGP)
If a, H1 , H 2 , . . . , H n , b are in GP, then H1 , H 2 , . . . , H n A sequence of the form
are called n harmonic means between two numbers a and a, ( a + d ) r , ( a + 2d ) r 2 , . . . , { a + ( n − 1) d } r n − 1 , . . .
b. The common difference of the corresponding AP is is called an arithmetico-geometric sequence, where
a−b
and mth harmonic mean is given by { a + ( n − 1) d }r n − 1 is the nth term of the sequence.
( n + 1) ab
Sum of its n terms is
( n + 1) ab  a dr (1 − r n −1 ) { a + ( n − 1) d} r n
Hm = , m = 1, 2, . . . , n
ma + [ n − ( m − 1)] b 1 − r + (1 − r )2
−
1−r
, r ≠1
Sn = 
By putting m = 1, 2, . . . , n, we can get the values of  n { 2a + ( n − 1) d}, r = 1
 2
H1 , H 2 , . . . , H n . If there is only one harmonic mean H
2ab If this series has infinite terms, then
between a and b, then a, H, b are in HP. Then, H = a dr
a+b S∞ = + , |r |< 1
1 − r (1 − r ) 2
.
MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series 57

Difference Method for Finding Sol. b. Here, the difference in consecutive terms are
3, 5, 7, … which are in AP.
Sum of AGP Series
Let S n = 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + K + t n − 1 + t n
Suppose a1 , a 2 , a 2 , … is a sequence such that the
On shifting every term one place to the right
sequence a 2 − a1 , a 3 − a 2 , … is either an AP or a GP
S n = 2 + 5 + 10 + K + t n − 1 + t n
The nth term ‘ a’n of this sequence is obtained as follows On subtracting, we get
S = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + K + a n − 1 + a n 0 = ( 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + K to n terms) − t n
S= a1 + a 2 + K + a n − 1 + a n ⇒ t n = 2 + [ 3 + 5 + 7 + K to (n − 1) terms]
⇒ a n = a1 + [( a 2 − a1 ) + ( a 3 − a 2 ) + K + ( a n − a n − 1 )] n −1
= 2+ [ 2 × 3 + (n − 2) × 2]
Since, the terms within the brackets are either in AP or 2
n −1
in GP, in either case we can find the value of a n , the nth = 2+ ( 2n + 2) = 2 + (n − 1)(n + 1)
term, we can now find the sum of the n terms of the 2
n = 2 + (n2 − 1) = n2 + 1
sequence as S = ∑ a kn Putting n = 1, 2, 3, …, n and adding, we get
k=1 n
n(n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
Sn = ∑ k 2 + n = +n
EXAMPLE 11. Find the sum to n terms of the series k =1
6
2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + K . =
n
( 2n2 + 3n + 1 + 6)
n n 6
a. ( 2n2 + 3n + 7) b. ( 2n2 + 3n + 7)
5 6 n
= ( 2n2 + 3n + 7)
n (n + 1)( 2n + 1) 6
c. d. None of these
6

PRACTICE EXERCISE
3 + 5 + 7 +L+ n 7. The sum of n terms of an AP is an ( n − 1). The
1. If = 7, then the value of n
5 + 8 + 11 + L + 10 terms sum of the squares of these terms is equal to
is a2
(a) a2 n2 (n − 1)2 (b) n (n − 1) (2 n − 1)
(a) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (d) 40 6
2. If sum of n terms of an AP is 3n 2 + 5n and 2 a2 2 a2
(c) n (n − 1) (2 n − 1) (d) n (n + 1) (2 n + 1)
Tm = 164, then m is equal to 3 3
1 1
(a) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) None of these 8. If a , b, c are in GP, then + is equal to
a −b
2 2
b2
3. In a GP, if the ( m + n )th term be p and ( m − n )th
(a) 1/(c 2 − b 2 )
term be q, then its mth term is
(a) pq (b) p/q (c) q/p (d) p+ q (b) 4b 2 − c 2
(c) 1/ (c 2 − a2 )
4. The sum of the first ‘n’ terms of the series
1 3 7 15 (d) 1/(b 2 − c 2 )
+ + + + L is
2 4 8 16 9. If S be the sum to infinity of a GP, whose first
(a) 2 n − n − 1 (b) 1 − 2 − n term is a, then the sum of first n terms is
(c) n + 2 − n − 1 (d) 2 n − 1 n
 a 
n
(a) S  1 −  (b) S 1 −  1 −  
a
5. An AP consists of n (odd terms) and its middle  S  S 

term is m. Then, the sum of the AP is  a 
n
1 (c) a 1 −  1 −   (d) None of these
(a) 2mn (b) mn (c) mn (d) mn2  S 
2 
2 3 4 10. If the non-zero numbers a , b, c are in AP and
6. The sum of 1 + + + + L ∞ upto n terms is
5 52 53 tan− 1 a , tan− 1 b, tan− 1 c are also in AP, then
25 15 5 3 (a) a = b = c (b) b 2 = 2 ac (c) a2 = bc (d) c 2 = ab
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 16 2
58 NDA/NA Pathfinder

1 1 3
a a 20. Which term of the sequence 20, 19 , 18 , 17 , ...
11. The harmonic mean of and is equal 4 2 4
1 − ab 1 + ab is the first negative term?
to (a) 27th (b) 28th
a a 1 (c) 29th (d) No such term exists
(a) (b) (c) a (d)
1 − a2 b 2 1 − a2 b 2 1 − a2 b 2 21. If p times the pth term of an AP is q times the qth
term, then what is the ( p + q )th term equal to?
1 1
12. If first three terms of sequence , a , b, are in (a) p + q (b) pq (c) 1 (d) 0
16 6
geometric series and the last three terms are 22. If a , 2a + 2, 3a + 3 are in GP, then what is the
in harmonic series, then the values of a and b fourth term of the GP?
will be (a) − 13.5 (b) 13.5
1 1 1 (c) − 27
(a) a = − , b = 1 (b) a = ,b= (d) 27
4 12 9
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these a n + 1 + bn + 1
23. If is the arithmetic mean between a
a n + bn
13. If a , b, c are in AP, p, q , r are in HP and ap, bq , cr and b, then n is equal to
are in GP, then
p r
+ is equal to (a) − 1 (b) − 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
r p
24. Let a, b, c be three positive real numbers such
a c a c b q b q
(a) − (b) + (c) + (d) − that their product is unity, then the least value
c a c a q b q b of (1 + a )(1 + b)(1 + c) is
14. If x = 1 + a + a 2 + a3 + L ∞ (| a|< 1) and (a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 0 (d) 3
y = 1 + b + b + b + L ∞ (| a|< 1), then
2 3
25. If one AM ‘A’ and two GM p and q be inserted
1 + ab + a 2b2 + a3 b3 + L ∞ is equal to between any two numbers, then the value of
xy x+ y p3 + q3 is
(a) (b)
x+ y−1 x+ y+1 2 pq
(a) (b) 2 Apq
x− y A
(c) (d) None of these
x− y+1
(c) 2 Ap2q 2 (d) None of these
1 1 1 1
15. + = + , then a , b, c are in 26. A square is drawn by joining mid-points of the
b− a b− c a c
sides of a square. Another square is drawn inside
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these the second square in the same way and the
16. The value of x + y + z is 15, if a , x , y , z , b are in process is continued indefinitely. If, the side of
1 1 1 5 the first square is 16 cm, then what is the sum
AP while the value of + + is , if a , x , y , z , b of the areas of all the squares?
x y z 3
(a) 256 sq cm (b) 512 sq cm
are in HP. Then, a and b are
(c) 1024 sq cm (d) 512 / 3 sq cm
(a) 1, 9 (b) 3, 7
(c) 7, 3 (d) None of these 27. Let a , b and c be in an AP.
17. If ( m + 1)th, ( n + 1)th and (r + 1)th terms of an AP Consider the following statements
are in GP and m , n , r are in HP, then the ratio of 1 1 1
I. , and are in an AP.
the first term of the AP to its common difference ab ca bc
in terms of n is equal to 1 1 1
II. , and are in AP.
(a) n/2 (b) − n/2 (c) n/3 (d) − n/3 b+ c c+ a a + b
18. If the mth and nth term of a HP are n and m Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
respectively, then the mnth term is (a) Only I (b) Only II
1 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
2
28. Let a , b, c be in AP and a 2 , b2 , c2 are in HP.
19. Two AM’s A1 and A2 , two GM’s G1 and G2 and
Consider the following statements.
two HM’s H 1 and H 2 are inserted between any
−1 I. a ≠ b ≠ c
two numbers, then H 1 + H 2−1 is equal to
II. − a / 2, b and c are in GP.
(a) A 1−1 + A 2−1 (b) G 1−1 + G 2−1
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
G 1G 2 A + A2
(c) (d) 1 (a) Only I (b) Only II
A1 + A 2 G 1G 2 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series 59

29. We have two series, one is AP, i.e. 12, 18, 24, … Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
and another is GP, i.e. 4, 8, 16, … . Now taking (a) Only I (b) Only II
first three terms of each and adding its (c) Both I and III (d) Both II and III
respective middle term to each term. Which
series results into an HP? Directions (Q. Nos. 35-36) Sides of the right angled
I. AP II. GP triangle are in AP with common difference d.
(a) Only I (b) Only II 35. The area of the triangle is
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 1
(a) d 2 (b) 12d 2 (c) d 2 (d) 6d 2
30. If|x|< 1, then the sum of the series 2
1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x3 + ... ∞ will be 36. If sides of the triangle are three arithmetic
1 1 means between two numbers such that sum of
I. II.
(1 + x)2 (1 − x)2 the 5 numbers is 15, then sides of the triangle are
3 5 9 15 3 5 9 15
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) , 1, (b) , 3, (c) , 2, (d) , 6,
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II Directions (Q. Nos. 37-38) Let a, b, c be in GP and
31. If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers and x, y be the AM’s between a, b and b, c respectively.
a 2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Then, ab + bc + ca is a c
37. The value of + is
I. equal to 1. II. less than 1. x y
III. greater than 1. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 38. Consider the following statements
(a) Only II (b) Only III (c) Only I (d) None of these ( a + c )2
I. The sum of x and y is .
32. If the sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers is 2
n( n + 1) (a + b)2
. Then, what will be the sum of first ‘n’ II. The sum of x and y is .
2 2
terms of the series of alternate positive and Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
negative numbers when ‘n’ is even? (a) Only I (b) Only II
12 − 22 + 32 − 42 + 52 − K (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

n (n + 1) n 2(n + 1) − n (n + 1)
I. II. III. Directions (Q. Nos. 39-41) Given two series
2 2 2
S1 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + L 100 terms
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? and S 2 = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + L 100 terms.
(a) Only I (b) Only III (c) Only II (d) None of these
33. If general term of a GP with common ratio ‘r’ be 39. Find last term of series S1.
2100
tk + 1 and general term of another GP with (a) 2 98 (b) 2 99 (c) 2100 (d)
common ratio r be t ′ k + 1, then the series whose 2
general term tk′′ + 1 = tk + 1 + t ′ k + 1 is 40. Find the number of common terms in both of the
I. an AP with common difference ‘r’.
series.
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
II. a GP with common ratio ‘r’.
III. a HP. 41. Find the sum of all the terms of series S 2.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 14450 (b) 14590 (c) 14950 (d) 19450
(a) Only III (b) Only I
(c) Only II (d) Both II and III Directions (Q. Nos. 42-44) Read the following
information carefully and answer the question that
34. Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘d’ be the common follow.
difference, S n denotes the sum of ‘n’ terms and ‘an ’ Consider a sequence whose sum to n terms is given
S
denotes the nth term of an AP, then m equals by quadratic function, S n = 3 n2 + 5n.
Sn
m2 42. The nature of the given series is
to 2 , when m ≠ n for some m, n ∈ N . The ratio (a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) AGP
n
am : an is 43. For the given sequence the number 5456 is the
m −1 2m − 1 4S m − a (a) (153)th term (b) (932)th term
I. II. III.
n −1 2n − 1 4S n − a (c) (707)th term (d) (909)th term
60 NDA/NA Pathfinder

44. Sum of the squares of the first 3 terms of the 54. The HM of two numbers is 4 and their AM and
given series is GM satisfy the relation 2 A + G 2 = 27, then the
(a) 100 (b) 660 (c) 799 (d) 1000 number are
Directions (Q. Nos. 45-47) Four different integers (a) − 3 and 1 (b) 5 and − 25 (c) 5 and 4 (d) 3 and 6
form an increasing AP. The largest number is equal
to the sum of the squares of the other three 55. If the ratio of AM between two positive real
numbers a and b to their HM is m : n, then a : b
numbers. Then,
is equal to
45. The smallest number is m− n + n n+ m− n
(a) (b)
(a) − 2 (b) 0 (c) − 1 (d) 2 m− n − n n− m− n
46. The common difference of the four number is m+ m− n m− n + m
(c) (d)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4 m− m− n m− n − m

47. The sum of all the four numbers is

(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 6 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
Directions (Q. Nos. 48-51) The sum of n terms of an 56. What is the nth term of the sequence
AP is given by S n = pn + qn2, where p, q are 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, … ? e 2012 I
independent of n. (a) 2 n − 1 (b) 2 n + 1
(c) 4 n − 3 (d) None of these
48. The nth term of the AP is
(a) q + p(2 n − 1) (b) p + q (2 n − 1) 1
57. What does the series 1 + 3−1/ 2 + 3 + +L
(c) q + p(n − 1) (d) p + q (n − 1) 3 3
represent? e 2012 I
49. The common difference of the AP is (a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
(a) p + q (b) q (c) 2q (d) 2 p + 3q 1 1 1
58. What is the sum of the series 1 − + − +L?
2 4 8
50. If S1, S 2, S3 be the sum of n, 2n, 3n terms of AP, e 2012 I
then (a) 1/2 (b) 3/2 (c) 2 (d) 2/3
(a) 2S 2 − S 3 + S1 = pn (b) S 3 − (S 2 + S1 ) = 2qn2
59. If 1/4, 1/x and 1/10 are in HP, then what is the
(c) 2S 2 − S 3 + S1 = 3 pn (d) S 3 − (S 2 + S1 ) = 4qn2 value of x? e 2012 I
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
51. If sum of 7 terms is 77 and 10 terms is 140.
Then sum of 13 terms is 60. If the sequence { S n } is a geometric progression and
(a) 221 (b) 208 (c) 351 (d) 195 S 2S11 = S pS 8, then what is the value of p? e 2012 I
(a) 1 (b) 3
Directions (Q. Nos. 52-55) If A, G and H are (c) 5 (d) Cannot be determined
respectively arithmetic, geometric and harmonic
61. If p, q and r are in AP as well as GP, then which
means between a and b both being unequal and one of the following is correct? e 2012 I
positive, then (a) p = q ≠ r (b) p ≠ q ≠ r (c) p ≠ q = r (d) p = q = r
a+b 2 ab
A= , G = ab and H = 62. What is the sum of first eight terms of the series
2 a+b 1 1 1
The equation having a and b as its roots is 1− + − +L?
2 4 8 e 2012 II
x 2 − 2 A x + G 2 = 0. 89 57 85
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
52. If the geometric and harmonic means of two 128 384 128
4 63. The angles of a triangle are in AP and the
numbers are 16 and 12 , then the ratio of one
5 least angle is 30°. What is the greatest angle
number to the other is (in radian)? e 2012 II
π π π
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 2 : 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) π
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 3 : 1 2 3 4

53. Two numbers whose arithmetic mean is 34 and Directions (Q. Nos. 64-65) The sum of first 10 terms
the geometric mean is 16 are and 20 terms of an AP are 120 and 440,
(a) 16, 16 (b) 64, 4 (c) 32, 36 (d) 48, 20 respectively. e 2012 II
MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series 61

64. What is its first term?

75. What is the value of b?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1
65. What is the common difference? (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
76. f ′ ( a ), f ′ ( b), f ′ ( c) are in
66. If the numbers n − 3, 4n − 2 , 5n + 1 are in AP, (a) AP (b) GP (c) HP
what is the value of n? e 2013 I (d) Arithmetico-geometric progression
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
67. What is the seventh term of the sequence 77. f ′ ′ ( a ), f ′ ′ ( b), f ′ ′ ( c) are
(a) in AP only (b) in GP only
0, 3, 8, 15, 24 ? e 2013 II
(c) in both AP and GP (d) Neither in AP nor in GP
(a) 63 (b) 48 (c) 35 (d) 33
68. The sum of the first five terms and the sum of 78. If log10 2, log10( 2 x − 1) and log10( 2x + 3) are
the first ten terms of an AP are same. Which three consecutive terms of an AP, then the value
one of the following is the correct statement? of x is e 2015 I

(a) The first terms must be negative e 2013 II (a) 1 (b) log 5 2 (c) log 2 5 (d) log10 5
(b) The common difference must be negative 79. What is the sum of the series
(c) Either the first term or the common difference is 0 . 5 + 0 . 55 + 0 . 555 + K + n terms? e 2015 I
negative but not both
(a)  n −  1 − n   (b)  5 −  1 − n  
5 2 1 1 2 1
(d) Both the first term and the common difference are
negative 9  9 10   9  9 10  

n −  1 − n   n −  1 − n  
1 5 1 5 1 1
69. What is 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + L equal to? e 2013 II (c) (d)
9  9 10   9  9 10  
(a) 1 (b) 1.01 (c) 1.001 (d) 1.1
70. If the positive integers a, b, c and d are in AP, 80. The value of the infinite product
1 1 3 1
then the numbers abc, abd, acd and bcd are in 6 2 × 6 2 × 6 8 × 6 4 × ... is e 2015 II
e 2013 II
(a) 6 (b) 36 (c) 216 (d) ∞
(a) HP (b) AP (c) GP (d) None of these 3+ n
81. If the nth term of an AP is , then the sum
71. The sum of an infinite GP is x and the common 4
ratio r is such that |r|< 1. If the first term of of first 105 terms is e 2015 II
the GP is 2, then which one of the following is (a) 270 (b) 735 (c) 1409 (d) 1470
correct? e 2014 I
82. What is the sum of n terms of the series
(a) −1 < x < 1 (b) − ∞ < x < 1 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + L ? e 2015 II
(c) 1< x < ∞ (d) None of these n(n − 1)
(a) (b) 2 n (n + 1)
72. The sum of the series formed by the sequence 2
n(n + 1) n(n − 1)
3, 3, 1, ... upto infinity is e 2014 I (c) (d)
2 2
3 3 ( 3 + 1) 3 3 ( 3 − 1)
(a) (b) 83. If p, q, r are in one geometric progression and
2 2
3( 3 + 1) 3( 3 − 1)
a, b, c are in another geometric progression, then
(c) (d) ap, bq, cr are in e 2015 II
2 2 (a) AP (b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these
Directions (Q. Nos. 73-74) Let S n denotes the sum of
first n terms of an AP and 3S n = S 2n. e 2014 II Directions (Q. Nos. 84-85) Given that
log x y, log z x , log y z are in GP, xyz = 64 and
73. What is S3 n : S n equal to?
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 6 : 1 (c) 8 : 1 (d) 10 : 1 x 3, y3, z 3 are in AP. e 2016 I

74. What is S3 n : S 2n equal to? 84. Which one of the following is correct?
x, y and z are
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 5 : 1 (a) in AP only (b) in GP only
(c) in both AP and GP (d) Neither in AP nor in GP
Directions (Q. Nos. 75-77) Read the following
information carefully and answer these question 85. Which one of the following is correct?
given below. xy, yz and zx are
Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c such that f (1) = f ( −1) and a, b, c (a) in AP only (b) in GP only
are in Arithmetic Progression (AP). e 2014 II (c) in both AP and GP (d) Neither in AP nor in GP
62 NDA/NA Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 d 9 b 10 a
11 c 12 c 13 b 14 a 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 b 19 d 20 b
21 d 22 a 23 c 24 b 25 b 26 b 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 b
31 a 32 b 33 c 34 d 35 d 36 b 37 b 38 a 39 b 40 b
41 c 42 a 43 d 44 b 45 c 46 b 47 c 48 b 49 c 50 d
51 a 52 a 53 b 54 d 55 c 56 c 57 d 58 d 59 c 60 c
61 d 62 c 63 a 64 b 65 b 66 a 67 b 68 c 69 a 70 a
71 c 72 a 73 b 74 a 75 b 76 a 77 c 78 c 79 d 80 b
81 d 82 c 83 b 84 c 85 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (a) 7. (c) Let Sn = an( n − 1), then x −1 y−1
∴ a= , b=
2. (b) Q Tm = Sm − Sm − 1 x y
S = a ( n − 1)( n − 2)
n −1
⇒ 164 = 3 ( 2m − 1) + 5 ⋅ 1 ⇒ 6m = 162 ∴ Tn = Sn − S = 2a ( n − 1) ∴ 1 + ab + a 2 b 2 + … ∞
n −1
∴ m = 27 1 1
Tn 2 = 4a 2 ( n − 1) 2 = =
m + n −1
( n − 1)( n)( 2n − 1) 1 − ab 1 − ( x − 1)( y − 1)
3. (a) T = ar = p,
m + n ∴ Sum = ΣTn2 = 4a 2 xy
Tm − n = ar m − n − 1 = q 6 xy
On multiplying, we get a 2 r 2 m − 2 = pq 2a 2 n( n − 1)( 2n − 1) =
= x + y−1
∴ Tm = ar m − 1 = pq 3
1 3 7 15 15. (c)
4. (c) + + + + ... + n terms 8. (d)
2 4 8 16 9. (b) Let r be the common ratio of GP, 16. (a) Q a, x, y, z, b are in AP.
a + b  a + b
=  1 −  +  1 −  +  1 −  ∴ x + y + z = 3 
1 1 1 then  ⇒ 15 = 3 
 2  4  8 S=
a
, r = 1−
a  2   2 
1− r S
+ ... +  1 − n  ⇒ a + b = 10
1 …(i)
 2  a( 1 − r n ) a
∴ Sn = = (1 − rn ) Also, a , x , y , z , b are in HP.
1− r 1− r
= n −  + + + ... + n 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
n ⇒ , , , , are in AP.
 a 
2 4 8 2  = S  1 −  1 −   a x y z b
  S 
1  1 − ( 1 / 2)n  a + b
+ + = 3
−n 1 1 1
= n−   = n+ 2 − 1 ⇒ 
2  1− 1/ 2  10. (a) 11. (c) x y z  2ab 
1 ⇒
5. (c) Middle term = T 12. (c) Q , a, b are in GP.
n+1 16 5 3 × 10
2 = [Q a + b = 10]
1 3 2ab
n+ 1 ⇒ a2 = × b ⇒ b = 16a 2
∴ a +  − 1 d = m
…(i)
[given]
 2  16 ⇒ ab = 9
1
2a + ( n − 1) d = 2m …(i) Also, a, b, are in HP. On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n 6 a = 1, b = 9 or b = 1, a = 9
Now, Sn = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] = nm 1 1 2 1
2 ⇒ , , 6 are in AP. ⇒ =6+
a b b a 17. (b) Let the first term of AP be a and
6. (a) The given sequence is arithmetico- 2 6a + 1 common difference be d, then
1 ⇒ = ⇒ 8a ( 6a + 1) = 1
geometric series, where r = and d = 1 16a 2 a t = a + md , t = a + nd
5 m +1 n+1
−1 1 and t = a + rd
S∞ =
a
+
dr ⇒ 48a 2 + 8a − 1 = 0 ⇒ a = , r +1
1 − r ( 1 − r )2 4 12 Also, m, n, r in HP.
1 1 2mr
1×
1 ∴ a = − and b = 1 and a = ⇒ n = …(i)
1 5 4 12 m+ r
= + 2 1
1  and b =
1 − 
1− 1 Given, t ,t ,t are in GP.
5   9 m +1 n+1 r +1
5
5 5 25 13. (b) ⇒ ( a + nd ) = ( a + md )( a + rd )
2
= + = ⇒ a 2 + n2 d 2 + 2and
4 16 16 1 1
14. (a) x = , y= = a 2 + ad (m + r ) + mrd 2
1− a 1− b
MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series 63

⇒ n2  d 2 +
2ad  2mr t = a + ( p − 1)d
 = ad × + mrd 2 G
p B
 n 
A
n ⇒ t q = a + ( q − 1)d L K
⇒ n2  d 2 +
2ad 
= mr  + d2
2ad Given,
 n   n  p [ a + ( p − 1)d ] = q [ a + ( q − 1)d ] H F

⇒ ( n − mr ) d +
2 2 2ad 
=0 ⇒ ap + p 2 d − pd = aq + q 2 d − qd
 n  ⇒ ap − aq = d [ q 2 − q − p 2 + p ] I J
2ad a n ⇒ a[ p − q ] = d [( q − p )( q + p − 1)]
⇒ n2 = mr or d 2 = − ⇒ =− D E C
n d 2 ⇒ a( q − p ) + d ( q − p )( q + p − 1) = 0
∴ Required sum
18. (b) Let a be the first term and d the ⇒ ( q − p )[ a + d ( q + p − 1)] = 0 1 1
common difference of corresponding ⇒ q − p = 0 or a + d ( q + p − 1) = 0 = 162 + ( 16)2 + ( 16)2 + …∞
2 4
AP. ⇒ t =0
= ( 16)2  1 + + + … ∞ 
p + q 1 1
mth and nth term of HP are n and m.
1 1 22. (a) a , 2a + 2, 3a + 3 are in GP.  2 4 
So, mth and nth terms of AP are and . ⇒ ( 2 a + 2 ) 2 = (3 a + 3 )a
n m  
⇒ 4a + 4 + 8a = 3a 2 + 3a
2  1 
1 = 162   = 512 sq cm
∴ = a + (m − 1)d …(i)
n ⇒ a 2 + 5a + 4 = 0 ⇒ a = −1, − 4  1 − 1
1  2
and = a + ( n − 1)d …(ii) Now, a = −1 does not satisfy the given
m series. 1 1 1
27. (c) Let , , are in AP.
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ −4, − 6, − 9 are in GP. ab ca bc
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 b−c a−b
⇒ − = − ⇒ =
d = and a = t = −4  
3
∴ ca ab bc ca abc abc
mn mn 4  2
∴mnth term of AP ⇒ b − c = a − b ⇒ 2b = a + c
= −13.5
1 1 So, a , b , c are in AP.
= + (mn − 1) ×
mn mn 23. (c) 1 1 1
Now, , , are
∴mnth term of HP = 1 b+ c c+ a a+ b
24. (b) Since, abc = 1
19. (d) Sum ofn AM’s = n × single AM in AP.
As, we know AM ≥ GM 2 1 1
a + b ∴ = +
∴ A + A = 2   = a + b …(i) ⇒
1+ a
≥ a c+ a b + c a + b
1 2  2 
2 ⇒ 2 ( b + c) ( a + b)
Product of n GM’s = (single GM) n ⇒ 1+ a≥ 2 a …(i)
= ( c + a) ( a + 2 b + c)
G G = ( ab )2 = ab …(ii) Similarly, 1 + b ≥ 2 b …(ii)
1 2 ⇒ 2b = a + c
1 1 1 1 and 1+ c≥ 2 c …(iii)
, , , are in AP. So, a , b , c are in AP.
a H H b On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii),
1 2 we get Hence, both the statements are correct.
1 1 1 1 a+ b a+ c
∴ + = + = ( 1 + a )( 1 + b )( 1 + c ) ≥ 8 abc 28. (b) Given, b = …(i)
H H a b ab 2
1 2 ∴ Least value of
[from Eq. (i)] 2a 2 c 2
( 1 + a )( 1 + b )( 1 + c ) = 8 b2 = 2 …(ii)
−1 −1 A + A a + c2
⇒H + H = 1 2
1 2 25. (b) A is the arithmetic mean of a and b. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
GG
1 2
a+ b ( a + c )2 2a 2 c 2
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ∴ A= = 2
2 4 a + c2
20. (b) Given, series can be rewritten as p and q are two geometric means between
77 37 71 ⇒ ( a + c + 2ac )( a 2 + c 2 ) = 8a 2 c 2
2 2

20, , , ,… a and b.
4 2 4 1/3 ⇒ ( a 2 + c 2 )2 + 2ac ( a 2 + c 2 )
∴ p = a  
b
= a 2 / 3 ⋅ b1 / 3 + a 2 c 2 = 9a 2 c 2
This is an AP series.  a
3 ⇒ ( a + c + ac ) = 9a c
2 2 2 2 2
Here, a = 20 and d = − 2/3
and q = a  
b
4 = a1 / 3 b 2 / 3 ⇒ a 2 + c 2 + ac = ±3ac
 a
∴ Tn = a + ( n − 1) d ∴ either a 2 + c 2 = 2ac
⇒ p 3 + q 3 = a 2 b + ab 2 = ab( a + b ) ⇒ ( a − c )2 = 0 ⇒ a = c ⇒ a = b = c
= 20 + ( n − 1)  −  =
3 83 3
− n = 2 Aab = 2 Apq
 4 4 4 [from Eq. (i)]
For first negative term, Tn < 0 26. (b) Given, AB = 16 cm or a 2 + c 2 + ac = −3ac
83 3
⇒ − n < 0 ⇒ 83 < 3n ⇒ n >
83
∴ HG = 8 2 =
16
cm ⇒ ( a + c )2 = −2ac
4 4 3 2 ⇒ 4b 2 = −2ac
So, n should be 28. 16 ⇒ 2b 2 = − ac
Similarly, KL = ( 4 2 ) 2 = cm [from Eq. (i)]
2 a
Hence, 28th term is first negative term. ∴ − , b, c are in GP.
2
21. (d) Let a be the first term and d be Thus, only Statement II is correct.
common difference of AP, then
64 NDA/NA Pathfinder

m
29. (b ) Given, 12, 18, 24 are is AP. Now, Sn = [ 2a + (m − 1)2a ] = am 2 39. (b) Last term of series
2
If 18 is added to each term, then the Sm S = 1 × 2100 − 1 = 299
series is ( 12 + 18), ( 18 + 18), ( 24 + 18) ⇒ m= 1

or 30, 36, 42 which is in AP. a 40. (b) For as S (i.e. GP) Tn = 2n − 1

1
Also, 4, 8, 16 are in GP. Sn For as S (i.e. AP)
Similarly, n = 2
If 8 is added to each term, then series is a Tm = 1 + (m − 1) 3 = 3m − 2
12, 16, 24 which is in HP am a + (m − 1)d 4S m − a They are common, if 2n − 1 = 3m − 2
∴ = = 3m
Hence, Statement II is correct. an a + ( n − 1)d 4S n − a ⇒ 2n − 2 + 1 = ≤ 150
30. (b) The given series is an AGP. 2
Let S = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + K ∞ …(i)
35. (d) Let the sides of triangle in increasing ⇒ n ≤ 9, m ≤ 100
form be ( a − d ), a , ( a + d ). As, 2n − 1 = 3m − 2
⇒ x ⋅ S = x + 2x 2 + 3x 3 + K ∞ …(ii)
∴( a + d )2 = ( a − d )2 + a 2 ∴ ( n = 1, m = 1), ( n = 3, m = 2),
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i),
⇒ a 2 + d 2 + 2ad ( n = 5, m = 6), ( n = 7, m = 22),
we get
1 = a 2 + d 2 − 2ad + a 2 ( n = 9, m = 86),
(1 − x ) S = 1 + x + x 2 + K ∞ = ⇒ a 2 − 4ad = 0 4d

5d
1− x and for n = 2, 4, 6, 8 ; m is a fraction
1 ⇒ a( a − 4d ) = 0 which is not possible.
∴ S= 3d
( 1 − x )2 ⇒ a = 4d [Q a ≠ 0] Hence, number of common terms = 5
∴ Sides of triangle are 3d, 4d and 5d.
31. (a) Since, a and b are unequal. 1 41. (c) Sum of 100 terms of series S
a2 + b2 ∴ Area of triangle = × 3d × 4d = 6d 2 100
2
∴ > a2b2 2 = [ 2 × 1 + ( 100 − 1) × 3]
2 2
36. (b) Since, 3d, 4d and 5d are three
[Q AM > GM for unequal numbers] arithmetic means between two numbers = 50 [ 2 + 99 × 3] = 50 × 299 = 14950
⇒ a 2 + b 2 > 2ab …(i) say x and y. 42. (a) Q Sn = 3n2 + 5n
Similarly, b 2 + c 2 > 2ac …(ii) ∴ x, 3d, 4d, 5d, y are in AP. ∴ Tn = Sn − S
n −1
and c 2 + a 2 > 2ca …(iii) ⇒ x = 2 × (3 d ) − 4 d = 2 d = (3n2 + 5n) − [3( n − 1)2 + 5( n − 1)]
and y = 2 × (5d ) − 4d = 6d
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get = (3n2 + 5n) − [3( n2 + 1 − 2n) + 5n − 5]
Sum of AP = 15 = 3 n2 + 5 n − 3 n2 − 3 + 6 n − 5 n + 5
2( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) > 2( ab + bc + ca ) ⇒ 2d + 3d + 4d + 5d + 6d = 15 = ( 6n + 2)
⇒ ab + bc + ca < 1 [Q a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1] 3
⇒ 20d = 15 ⇒ d = The nth term is a linear function in n.
4 Hence, sequence must be an AP.
32. (b) When ‘n’ is even. 9 15
∴ Sides of triangle are , 3, .
Let n = 2m, then 4 4 43. (d) Given,
= 12 − 22 + 32 − 42 + 52 − K a+ b b+c T n = 5456
37. (b) Given, x = and y =
= ( 12 − 22 ) + (32 − 42 ) + (52 − 62 ) 2 2 ⇒ 6n + 2 = 5456
+ K + ( 2m − 1)2 − ( 2m )2 Also, a, b, c, are in GP ⇒ 6n = 5454 ⇒ n = 909
= ( 1 + 2)( 1 − 1) + (3 + 4)( − 1) ⇒ b 2 = ac ∴ The number 5456 is (909)th term.
a c a c
+ (5 + 6)( − 1) + K Now, + = + 44. (b) T 2 + T 2 + T 2
x y a+ b b+c 1 2 3
+ ( 2m − 1 + 2m )( − 1)
2 2 = (8)2 + ( 14)2 + ( 20)2
= − ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 2m ) 2a 2c 2ab + 2ac + 2ac + 2bc
= + = = 64 + 196 + 400 = 660
= −2m( 2m + 1) = − n ( n + 1) a+ b b+ c ( a + b )( b + c )
2 2 Sol. (Q. Nos. 45-47) Let four integers be a − d ,
2[ ab + 2ac + bc ] a, a + d and a + 2d .
33. (c) Here, t = ar , t ′
k
= br k =
k +1 k +1 ab + ac + b 2 + bc where, a and d are integers and d > 0
∴ t ′′ =t + t′ 2[ ab + 2ac + bc ]
k +1 k +1 k +1 = = 2 [Q b 2 = ac] Q a + 2d = ( a − d )2 + a 2 + ( a + d )2
ab + ac + ac + bc
= ar + br = r ( a + b )
k k k ⇒ 2d 2 − 2d + 3a 2 − a = 0 …(i)
a+ b b+ c 1
which is also a GP. 38. (a) x + y = + ∴ d = [ 1 ± 1 + 2a − 6a ] 2 …(ii)
m 2 2 2
{ 2a + (m − 1)d } a + 2b + c a + 2 a c + c
S m2 = = Since, d is positive integer.
34. (d) m = 2n = 2 2 2
Sn { 2a + ( n − 1)d } n ∴ 1 + 2a − 6a 2 > 0
2 ( a + c )2
= 6a 2 − 2a − 1 < 0
m − 1
a + 
2
d 1− 7 1+ 7
 2  m ∴ Statement I is correct. ⇒ < a<
⇒ = b2 6 6
 n − 1 n a + 2b +
a+  d a + 2b + c Q a is an integer.
 2  Also, x + y = = a
d 2 2 ∴ a = 0 put in Eq. (ii)
⇒ a( n − m ) = {mn − m − mn + n} a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ( a + b )2 ∴ d = 1 or 0 but Eq. (ii) Q d > 0
2 = =
d 2a 2a ∴d = 1
⇒ a = ⇒ d = 2a [Qm ≠ n] ∴ Statement II is not correct.
2 So, the four numbers are − 1, 0, 1, 2.
MATHEMATICS Sequences and Series 65

45. (c) The smallest number is − 1. 55. (c) A = mλ, H = nλ 1 1 1

62. (c) Given series is 1 − + − +L
∴G 2 = AH = mnλ2 2 4 8
46. (b) Common difference = 0 − ( − 1) = 1
Qa, b are the roots of Since, it is a geometric progression.
47. (c) Sum of all the four numbers Here, first term, a = 1
x 2 − ( a + b )x + ab = 0
= − 1+ 0 + 1+ 2 = 2 and common ratio, r = − < 1
1
⇒ x 2 − 2 Ax + G 2 = 0
2
48. (b ) Q Sn = pn + qn2 ⇒ x − 2mλ + mnλ2 = 0
2
∴ Sum of first eight terms of the series,
∴ Tn = Sn − S
x = 2mλ ± 4m λ − 4mnλ
2 2 2
n −1 ∴ a (1 − r8 )
i.e. S =
= ( pn + qn ) − { p( n − 1) + q( n − 1) }
2 2 2 8
( 1 − r)
= pn + qn2 − { pn − p + qn2 + q − 2qn} = λ m( m ± m − n )  a( 1 − rn ) 
= p + q( 2n − 1) a m + m−n  by formula , Sn = , when r < 1
⇒ = 1− r
m − m−n  
b  
49. (c) Common difference = Tn − T
n −1 56. (c) 8
 1 
= p + q( 2n − 1) − [ p + q { 2( n − 1) − 1}] 57. (d) Given series is 1 1 −  −   1 − 1
= p + 2qn − q − { p + 2qn − 3q } = 2q 1 1  2
1+ +3+ +L =  = 256 = 85
3 3 3 
1 − − 
1 1+
1 128
50. (d) S = pn + qn2 , S = 2 pn + 4qn2 Here, between each two consecutive  2 2
1 2
and S = 3 pn + 9qn2 terms, no common difference and
3
common ratio are form. 63. (a) Let the angles of triangle be a,
∴ 2S − S + S = 2( 2 pn + 4qn2 ) a + d and a + 2d .
2 3 1 Hence, the given series does not form
− (3 pn + 9qn2 ) + ( pn + qn2 ) = 2 pn any series. Given, a = 30°
1 1 1 Q a + a + d + a + 2d = 180°
and S − ( S − S ) = (3 pn + 9qn2 ) 58. (d ) Given series is 1 − + − + ...
3 2 1 2 4 8 ∴ 3 a + 3 d = 180°
− ( 2 pn + 4qn2 ) − ( pn + qn2 ) = 4qn2 which form a GP with common ratio ⇒ 3 × 30° + 3 d = 180°
51. (a) Sum of 7 terms, S = 7 p + 49q = 77  − 1. ⇒ 3 d = 90° ⇒ d = 30°
 
7  2 ∴Angles of triangle are 30°, 60° and 90°.
⇒ p + 7q = 11 …(i)
∴ Sum of infinite term of GP π
Also, sum of 10 terms, Hence, the greatest angle = 90° =
a 1 1 2 2
S = 10 p + 100q = 140 = = = =
10 1 − r 1 −  − 1  1 + 1 /2 3 Sol. (Q. Nos. 64-65) Let the first term of an AP
⇒ p + 10q = 14 …(ii)  
 2 is a and common difference is d.
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
59. (c) Given that, 1/4, 1/x and 1/10 are in Given, S = 120 and S = 440
p = 4 and q = 1 HP.
10 n 20
Q Sn = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ]
∴ S = 13 p + 169q ⇒ 4, x and 10 are in AP, then 2
13
= 13( 4) + 169( 1) = 221 2x = 4 + 10 ⇒ x = 7 ∴ S =
10
[ 2a + ( 10 − 1) d ]
10
2
52. (a) ab = 16 ⇒ ab = 162 = 8 × 32 60. (c) We know that, in a GP the product of
2ab 4 2 × 256 64 two terms equidistant from the beginning ⇒ 120 = 5( 2 a + 9 d )
and = 12 ⇒ =
a+ b 5 a+ b 5 and end is a constant and is equal to the ⇒ 2a + 9 d = 24 ...(i)
product of first term and last term, i.e. if 20
⇒ a + b = 40 = 8 + 32 and S = [ 2a + ( 20 − 1) d ]
20
a 8 1 a , a , a ,..., a ,( a ) an are in GP, 2
∴ = = ⇒ a : b = 1: 4 1 2 2 (n − 2 ) n −1
b 32 4 then a an = a a =a a =K ⇒ 440 = 10 ( 2a + 19 d )
1 2 n −1 3 n− 2
a+ b Given that, ⇒ 2a + 19 d = 44 ...(ii)
53. (b) AM = 34 ⇒ = 34
2 S S = S S ⇒ ( p + 8) = ( 2 + 11) On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
2 11 p 8
a = 3 and d = 2
⇒ a + b = 68 …(i) ∴ p = 13 − 8 = 5
and GM = 16 ⇒ ab = 16 ⇒ ab = 256 64. (b) 65. (b)
61. (d ) Given that, p, q and r are in AP.
∴ ( a − b )2 = ( a + b )2 − 4ab ∴ 2q = p + r ...(i) 66. (a) Given that, ( n − 3), ( 4n − 2), (5n + 1)
⇒ ( a − b )2 = ( 68)2 − 4 × 256 = 3600 are in AP.
As well as are in GP.
⇒ a − b = 60 …(ii) ∴( 4n − 2) − ( n − 3) = (5n + 1) − ( 4n − 2)
∴ q 2 = pr ...(ii)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒3n + 1= n + 3 ⇒3n − n = 3 − 1 ⇒ 2n = 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a = 64 and b = 4 ∴ n=1
p + r = 2 pr
54. (d) We have, H = 4, G 2 = AH ⇒ ( p )2 − 2 p ⋅ r + ( r )2 = 0 67. (b) Given pattern is
⇒ 2 A + G 2 = 27 ⇒ 2 A + AH = 27 ⇒ ( p − r )2 = 0
0 3 8 15 24
9
⇒ 6 A = 27 ⇒ A = ⇒ p = r ⇒ p= r ...(iii) 3 5 7 9
2
From Eq. (ii), we get ∴ Sixth term = 24 + 11 = 35
∴ G 2 = 18 and seventh term = 35 + ( 11 + 2) = 48
q2 = r ⋅ r = r2 ⇒ q = r ...(iv)
∴ a + b = 9 and ab = 18 Now, from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 68. (c) Let a be the first term and d be the
⇒ a = 3, b = 6 or a = 6, b = 3 p=q=r
common difference of an AP.
66 NDA/NA Pathfinder

10  10 −
n
Given, S =S S 6 n2 d 1
5 10 74. (a) 3n = = 2: 1 =
5n
−
5
×  
5 10 S 3 n2 d 9  10n
⇒ ( 2a + 4d ) = ( 2a + 9d ) 2n 9 90
 
2 2
=  n −  1 − n  
75. (b) We have, 5 1 1
⇒ a + 2 d = 2a + 9d ⇒ a + 7d = 0 9  9 10  
f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
∴ a = − 7d ...(i)
f ( 1) = a + b + c 1 1 3 1
Thus, the series is and f ( −1) = a − b + c 80. (b) 6 2 × 6 2 × 6 8 × 6 4 ×... ∞
−7d , − 6d , − 5d , − 4d , − 3d ,... ∴ f ( 1) = f ( −1) 1 1 3 1 1 2 3
(1 + + +
4
+ ... )
+ + + + ... ∞
Hence, either the first term or the ⇒a+ b+ c = a− b+ c = 62 2 8 4 = 62 2 22 23
common difference is negative but not ⇒ b = 0 2 3 4
Let S = 1 + + 2 + 3 + ..., then
both. 2 2 2
76. (a) We have, f ′( x ) = 2ax + b 1 1 2 3
69. (a)
∴ f ′( a ) = 2a 2 , f ′( b ) = 2ab = 0 S = + 2 + 3 +....
2 2 2 2
70. (a)a, b, c, d are in AP. and f ′( c ) = 2ac [Qb = 0] 1 1 1 1
a b c d Now, S − S = 1 + + 2 + 3 + .....
⇒ , , , are in AP. ∴ f ′( a ) = 2a 2 , f ′( b ) = 0 2 2 2 2
abcd abcd abcd abcd
and f ′( c ) = − 2a 2 ⇒
1
S=
1
= 2⇒S = 4
1 1 1 1
⇒ , , , are in AP. [Q 2b = a + c ⇒ c = − a] 2 1
bcd acd abd abc 1−
Hence, f ′( a ), f ′( b ) and f ′( c ) are in AP. 2
⇒ bcd , acd , abd , abc are in HP. 1 1 3 1
77. (c) f ′′( x ) = 2a ∴ 6 2 × 6 2 × 6 8 × 6 4 ... ∞
71 (c) Given that,
sum of an infinite GP = x ⇒
a
=x ∴ f ′′ ( a ) = f ′′ ( b ) = f ′′ ( c ) 1
×4

1− r = 62 = 36
Hence, f ′′ ( a ), f ′′ ( b ) and f ′′( c ) are in
⇒
2
=x 3+ n
…(i) both AP and GP. 81. (d) We have, t n =
1− r 4
[Q given that, a = 2 and |r | < 1 ] 78. (c) 4 + ( n − 1) 1
⇒ tn = = 1 + ( n − 1)
Q |r | < 1 ⇒ − 1 < r < 1 . + 055
79. (d) 05 . + 0555
. + K n terms 4 4
⇒ 1> − r > − 1 ⇒ 1 + 1> 1 − r > 1 − 1 1
=
5
+
55
+
555
+ K n terms ∴First term = 1, Common difference =
⇒ 0 < 1 − r < 2 ⇒ ( 1 − r) < 2 10 100 1000 4
105 
2 + 104 ×  = 1470
5  1
+ K n terms  ∴S =
1 1 2 11 111
⇒ > ⇒ >1 = 1+ +
1− r 2 1− r 10  10 100 
105 2  4 
⇒ x>1
+ K n terms 
[from Eq. (i)] 5 1 99 999 82. (c) We have,
= × 9+ +
Hence, x ∈ ( 1, ∞ ), i.e. 1 < x < ∞. 10 9   2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + L n terms
10 100 
72. (a) 5  (102 − 1) = 2 [ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4+ .... n terms ]
= (10 − 1) + n ( n + 1)  n( n + 1)
73. (b) We have, 90  10 = 2 =
 2  2
Sn = Sum of first n terms of an AP (103 − 1) 
+ +K n terms 
∴
n
Sn = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] 102  83. (b)
2 5  102 103  Sol. (Q. Nos. 84-85)
2n =  10 + + + K n terms 
Similarly, S = [ 2a + ( 2n − 1) d ] 90  10 102  Given, log x y , log z x , log y z are in GP.
2n
2 5  1 1 1 ⇒ (log z x )2 = log x y × log y z
3n + −1 − − −
and S =
3n
[ 2a + (3n − 1) d ] 90  10 10−2 10−3 1
2 = log x z =
3 Sn = S − K n terms  log z x
Now, 
2n 
 n
⇒ 3   [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] 5 ⇒ (log z x )3 = 1 ⇒ log z x = 1 ⇒ x = z
 2 = [10 + 10 + 10 + K n terms]
90 Now, x 3 , y 3 , z 3 are in AP.
= 2   [ 2a + ( 2n − 1) d ]
n
+ ( −1)  1 +
5 1 1 1
 2 + + ∴ 2 y 3 = x 3 + z3 ⇒ 2 y 3 = z3 + z3
90  10 102 103
⇒ 2a = d ( n + 1) ⇒ y 3 = z3 ⇒ y = z [Qx = z ]
n
∴ Sn = [ d ( n + 1) + d ( n − 1)] = n2 d + K n terms  ∴ x = y =z

2 
n Also, xyz = 64 ⇒ xyz = 43
⇒ S = n [ d ( n + 1 + 2n − 1)] = 3n2 d   1 
1−    ⇒ x = y =z= 4
5 
2n
3n
and S = [ d ( n + 1 + 3n − 1)] = 6n2 d 5  10 
3n = × 10n −  
2 90 90  1 − 1  84. (c) x, y, z are in both AP and GP.
S 6 n2 d  10  85. (c) xy, yz and zx are in both AP and GP.
∴ 3n = 2 = 6 : 1
Sn n d
06
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 67

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
AND INEQUALITIES
In NDA exam, generally 4-6 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on nature of
roots, finding roots in different conditions, find equation when roots are given and solving in
equations etc.

When we equate quadratic polynomial of the form ( ax 2 + bx + c ) equal to zero we get a quadratic
equation, where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

POLYNOMIAL AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

An expression of the form a 0 x n + a1 x n− 2 + …+ a n−1 x + a n where a 0 , a1 , a 2 . . . a n are constant ( a ≠ 0 ) and
n is a positive integer is called a polynomial in x of degree n.
If f ( x) is a real or complex polynomial, then f ( x) = 0 is known as a polynomial equation.
e.g. If x 2 + 3x + 2 is a real polynomial, then x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 is a polynomial equation.

QUADRATIC EQUATION
If f ( x) is a polynomial of degree 2, then f ( x) = 0 is called a quadratic equation. The general form of a
quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Here, x is the
variable and a, b, c are the real coefficients.

Roots of a Quadratic Equation

The values of the variable satisfying the given quadratic equation are called roots of that equation. In
other words, x = α is a root of the equation, f ( x) = 0, if f (α ) = 0.
The set of all roots of an equation, in a given domain, is called the solution set of the equation. The
quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0 has two roots, namely
− b+ D − b− D
α= and β =
2a 2a
where, D = b 2 − 4ac is called the discriminant.

Note If one of the root of the quadratic equation is a + ib or a + b , then the other root will be a − ib or a − b.
68 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 1. If x 2 + x − 6 is a factor of polynomial EXAMPLE 2. If the equation

x 3 + Px 2 + Q then the values of P and Q are respectively (3 x ) 2 + (27 × 31/p − 15) x + 4 = 0
a. 8 and 17 b. 7 and −36 c. − 9 and 4 d. −5 and 14 has equal roots, then p is equal to
1
a. 0 b. 2 c. −
d. None of these
Sol. b. Let P( x) = x 3 + Px 2 + Q 2
Sol. c. The given equation will have equal roots iff
Since, x 2 + x − 6 is a factor of P( x). discriminant = 0
∴ Roots of x 2 + x − 6 = 0 satisfy the equation P( x) = 0. ⇒ ( 27 × 31/ p − 15) 2 − 4 × 9 × 4 = 0 [Q D = b2 − 4ac]
Now, x + x −6 =0
2
⇒ ( 27 × 31/ p − 15) 2 − 144 = 0
⇒ x 2 + 3x − 2x − 6 = 0
⇒ ( 27 × 31/ p − 15) 2 = 144 ⇒ 27 × 31/p − 15 = ± 12
⇒ ( x + 3) ( x − 2) = 0
⇒ 27 × 31/p = 27 or 27 × 31/p = 3
⇒ x = − 3, 2
1 1 1
∴ P ( −3) = 0 ⇒ − 27 + 9P + Q = 0…(i) ⇒ = 3−2 ⇒
31/p = 1 or 31/p = = 0 or =−2
9 p p
and P ( 2) = 0 ⇒ 8 + 4P + Q = 0…(ii) 1 1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get P = 7 and Q = − 36 But, cannot be zero. So, p = −
p 2

Nature of the Roots of a Relation between Roots and

Quadratic Equation Coefficients
Let the quadratic equation be ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c ∈ R
1. Quadratic equation Consider the quadratic
and a ≠ 0. The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation
equation is decided by discriminant (i.e. D = b 2 − 4ac ) ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0
(i) If b 2 − 4ac > 0, then the quadratic equation has two If α and β are the roots of the equation, then
real and distinct roots. − b − Coefficient of x
(ii) If b 2 − 4ac = 0, then the quadratic equation has two Sum of roots, α + β = =
a Coefficient of x 2
−b
equal roots i.e. α = β = . c Constant term
2a and product of roots, αβ = =
a Coefficient of x 2
(iii) If b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the quadratic equation has two
distinct complex roots, namely 2. Cubic equation If α, β, γ are the roots of the cubic
equation ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0, a ≠ 0, then
− b + i 4ac − b 2 − b − i 4ac − b 2
α= and β = Sum of roots, α + β + γ = −b / a
2a 2a
(iv) If a, b, c ∈ Q and D is a perfect square, then equation Sum of product of two roots, αβ + βγ + γα = c / a and
has rational roots. Product of three roots, αβγ = − d / a
(v) The roots are of the form p + q ( p, q ∈ Q) iff a, b, c EXAMPLE 3. If the roots of the equation
are rational and D is not a perfect square. k k +1
4β 2 + λβ − 2 = 0 are of the form and , then
k +1 k +2
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
what is the value of λ?
(i) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are both positives,
then the signs of a and c should be a like and opposite a. 2k b. 7 c. 2 d. k + 1
to the sign as b. k+1
k
(ii) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are of opposite signs, Sol. b. Let and be the roots of the equation
k+1 k+2
then the sign of a is opposite to the sign of c .
(iii) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are equal in k k+1 λ
4β 2 + λβ − 2 = 0, then + =− ...(i)
magnitude, but opposite in sign, then b = 0. k+1 k+2 4
(iv) If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are reciprocal of each k k+1 2
and × =−
other, then c = a . k+1 k+2 4
(v) It roots are negative, then a, b, c are of same sign. k 1
⇒ =− ⇒ 2k = − k − 2
(vi) The condition that the roots of the equation k+2 2
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 may be in the ratio m : n is 2
∴ k=−
mnb 2 = ac ( m + n ). 3
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 69

On putting the value of k in Eq. (i), we get

2 2 2 1
Method to Find Common Root
− − +1 −
3 + 3 λ 3+ 3 =−λ To find the common root of two equations, make the
=− ⇒
2 2 4 1 4 4 coefficient of second degree terms in two equations
− +1 − +2
3 3 3 3 equal and subtract. The value of x, so obtained is the
1 λ required common root.
⇒ − 2+ = − ⇒ λ =7
4 4
Condition for Common Roots
Formation of a Quadratic
When only one root is common If α is common root
Equation from Given Roots of the equations
If α, β are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the a1 x 2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 …(i)
equation is
and a 2 x + b2 x + c 2 = 0
2
…(ii)
x 2 − (sum of the roots) x + (product of roots) = 0
Then, the required condition for one common root is
i.e. x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
( a1 b2 − a 2 b1 )( b1 c 2 − b2 c1 ) = ( c1 a 2 − c 2 a1 ) 2
Note If α, β, γ are the roots of a cubic equation, then the equation
is x 3 − (α + β + γ ) x 2 + (αβ + βγ + γα ) x − αβγ = 0. and the value of the common root is
c a − c 2 a1 b c − b2 c1
α= 1 2 or 1 2
Equations in Terms of the Roots of a1 b2 − a 2 b1 c1 a 2 − c 2 a1
Another Equation When both roots are common If the Eqs. (i) and (ii)
If α, β are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0, then
2
have both roots common, then these equations will be
identical. Thus, the required condition for both roots
(i) α ± h, β ± h are the roots of the equation
common is
a ( x m h) 2 + b ( x m h) + c = 0
a1 b1 c1
(ii) αh, βh are the roots of the equation = =
a 2 b2 c 2
ax 2 + bhx + h 2 c = 0
α β Note If two quadratic equations with real coefficients have an
(iii) and are the roots of the equation imaginary root common, then both roots will be common.
h h
ah 2 x 2 + bhx + c = 0 EXAMPLE 5. If x 2 − ax + b = 0 and x 2 − px + q = 0
(iv) − α, − β are the roots of the equation ax 2 − bx + c = 0. have a root in common and the second equation has
equal roots, then
1 1
(v) , are the roots of the equation cx 2 + bx + a = 0. ap ap
α β a. b + q = b. b + q = ap c. b + q = 2ap d. b + q =
2 4

EXAMPLE 4. If α, β are roots of x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0, then Sol. a. Given equations are x 2 − ax + b = 0 …(i)

1 1 and x − px + q = 0
2
…(ii)
the equation whose roots are , is
α −2 β −2 Let α be the common root. Then, roots, of Eq. (ii) will be
α and α.
a. x2 + x − 1 = 0 b. x2 − x − 1 = 0
Let β be the other root of Eq. (i), then
c. x2 + x + 1 = 0 d. None of these
α + β = a , αβ = b
Sol. b. α , β are the roots of the equation x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0, then From Eq. (ii), α + α = 2α = p and α 2 = q
α + β = 3 and αβ = 1. Now,
p
b + q = αβ + α 2 = α (α + β) = × a =
ap
1 1 α + β −4 3− 4 2 2
S= + = = =1
α − 2 β − 2 αβ − 2(α + β) + 4 1− 2( 3) + 4
1 1 Symmetric Function of Roots of a
and p = = =1 Quadratic Equation
(α − 2) (β − 2) αβ − 2 (α + β) + 4
1 Let α and β be the roots of a quadratic equation. An
Hence, the equation whose roots are expression in α and β which remains same when α and β
α −β
are interchanged, is known as a symmetric function in α
1
and is x 2 − Sx + p = 0, i.e. x 2 − x − 1= 0 and β, then
β−2
70 NDA/NA Pathfinder

(i) α 2 + β 2 = (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ Use following steps to solve it.

(ii) (α − β ) = (α + β ) − 4αβ
2 2
Step I Equate the given expression to y.
(iii) α − β = (α − β ) (α + β ) = (α + β ) (α + β ) − 4αβ
2 2 2
Step II Obtain quadratic equation in x by simplifying
(iv) α 3 + β 3 = (α + β ) 3 − 3αβ (α + β ) the expression in step I.
(v) α 3 − β 3 = (α − β ) 3 + 3αβ (α − β ) Step III Put discriminant ≥ 0 of the equation which we
= (α − β ) (α 2 + αβ + β 2 ) get in step II.
(vi) α 4 + β 4 = (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 − 2α 2β 2 Step IV The values of y obtained by D ≥ 0 is the
solution set for the given rational expression.
(vii) α 4 − β 4 = (α + β ) (α − β ) (α 2 + β 2 )
= (α + β ) (α − β ) [(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ] x 2 − 3x + 4
EXAMPLE 7. The expression lies between
x 2 + 3x + 4
EXAMPLE 6. If α and β are the roots of 1 1 1 1
x β a. and 7 b. and 8 c. and 5 d. and 9
ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0, then + is equal to 7 8 5 9
β α
x2 − 3x + 4
4b2 − 2ac 4b2 − 4 ac 2b2 − 2ac 2b2 − 4 ac Sol. a. Let y =
a. b. c. d. x2 + 3x + 4
ac ac ac ac ⇒ x2( y − 1) + 3x ( y + 1) + 4( y − 1) = 0
Sol. a. α , β are the roots of equation ax + 2bx + c = 0
2
Since, x is real.
−2b c ∴ D ≥ 0 ⇒ 9 ( y + 1) 2 − 16 ( y − 1) 2 ≥ 0
α +β = and αβ =
a a
⇒ −7y 2 + 50y − 7 ≥ 0 ⇒ 7y 2 − 50y + 7 ≤ 0
α β α +β (α + β) 2 − 2αβ
2 2
∴ + = = ⇒ (7y − 1) ( y − 7) ≤ 0
β α αβ αβ
α β ( 4b / a ) − 2c / a 4b − 2ac
2 2 2 1
⇒ + = = ⇒ ≤ y ≤7
β α c/ a ac 7

Maximum and Minimum Value of INEQUATIONS

ax 2 + b x + c A statement involving one or more variables and sign
of inequality >,<,>, or ≤, is called an inequation.
 b
2
 4ac − b2 
Q ax 2 + bx + c = a  x +  +  Note For any real number a
 2a   4a  |x| ≤ a ⇔ − a ≤ x ≤ a
l

Case I If a > 0 |x| ≥ a ⇔ − x ≤ − a or x ≥ a

l

4ac − b 2
Then, minimum value of ax 2 + bx + c is Solution of Quadratic Inequations
4a
b Let f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0.
and this value occurs when x = − . There is no
2a Then, f ( x) ≥ 0, f ( x) > 0, f ( x) ≤ 0, f ( x) < 0 are called
maximum value when a > 0. quadratic inequations.
Case II If a < 0 The set of real values of x, which satisfy the inequation,
4ac − b 2
Then, maximum value of ax 2 + bx + c is is called the solution set.
4a
b
and this value occurs when x = − . There is no Solution of Linear Inequations
2a
minimum value when a < 0. in Two Variables
In order to represent the solution set of linear
Method to Solve Fractional inequation in two variables, we follow the following
Quadratic Polynomial steps
Consider the fractional quadratic polynomial be Step I Convert the given inequation say ax + by ≤ c
a1 x 2 + b1 x + c1 into the equation ax + by = c and draw the
a 2 x 2 + b2 x + c 2 graph.
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 71

Step II Choose a point not lying on this line ax + by = c 2x + 3y ≤ 6, we first draw the line 2x+3y=6.
substitute its coordinates in the inequation. If Let us take a point (0,0).
Y
the inequation is satisfied, then shade the
B (0, 2)
portion of the plane which contains the chosen
point, otherwise shade the portion which does A(3, 0)
X′ X
not contain the chosen point. O

Step III The shaded region obtained in step II represent

the desired solution set. Y′
Clearly, (0, 0) satisfy the given inequation, so the region
EXAMPLE 8. The number of positive integral containing the origin is represented in the figure.
solutions satisfying the inequation 2x + 3y ≤ 6 is Now, (1, 1), (2,0), (3,0), (0,1), (0,2) are positive integral
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 5 solutions of 2x + 3y ≤ 6.
∴ Number of positive integral solutions = 6
Sol. c. To represent the solution set of the inequation

PRACTICE EXERCISE
(a) acx 2 + (a2 + bc ) x + bc = 0
1. If x 2 − 2x + sin2 θ = 0, then x belongs to
(b) bcx 2 + (b 2 + ac ) x + ab = 0
(a) [−1, 1] (b) [0, 2 ] (c) [−2, 2 ] (d) [1, 2 ]
(c) abx 2 + (c 2 + ab ) x + ca = 0
2. If p and q are non-zero constants, the equation
(d) None of the above
x 2 + px + q = 0 has roots α and β, then the
equation qx 2 + px + 1 = 0 has roots 8. If the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are of
1 1 k+1 k+ 2
(a) α and (b) and β the form and , then ( a + b + c)2 is equal
β α k k+1
1 1 to
(c) and (d) None of these
α β (a) b 2 − 4ac (b) b 2 − 2 ac
3. If one root is n times the other root of quadratic (c) 2 b 2 − ac (d) Σa2
equation ax 2 − bx + c = 0, then
(a) na2 = bc (n + 1)2 (b) nb 2 = ca (n + 1)2 9. If the roots of the equation, x 2 + 2ax + b = 0 are
real and distinct and they differ by at most 2m,
(c) nc 2 = ab (n + 1)2 (d) None of these
then b lies in the interval
4. The value of k for which one of the roots of (a) (a2 − m2 , a2 ) (b) [a2 − m2 , a2 )
x − x + 3k = 0 is double of one of the roots of
2
(c) (a , a + m )
2 2 2
(d) None of these
x 2 − x + k = 0 is
10. If a , b and c ∈ R and a + b + c = 0, then the
(a) 1 (b) −2 (c) 2 (d) None of these
quadratic equation 4ax 2 + 3bx + 2c = 0 has
5. If the roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are in the ratio
2
(a) one positive and one negative root
m : n , then (b) imaginary roots
(a) mna2 = (m + n) c 2 (b) mnb 2 = (m + n) ac (c) real roots
(c) mnb = (m + n) ac
2 2
(d) None of these (d) None of the above
11. If one of the roots of the equation
6. If 22x − 2x − 1 = 14, then x x is equal to a ( b − c) x 2 + b ( c − a ) x + c ( a − b) = 0 is 1, then
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 256 (d) 4 what is the second root?
7. If α and β are the roots of the equation b (c − a) b (c − a)
(a) − (b)
ax + bx + c = 0, then the equation whose roots
2 a( b − c ) a( b − c )
c (a − b) c (a − b)
1 1 1 (c) (d) −
are , + is equal to a( b − c ) a( b − c )
α +β α β
72 NDA/NA Pathfinder

12. The coefficient of x in the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 22. If the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are sin α and cos α
was taken as 17 in place of 13 and its roots were for some α, then which one of the following is
found to be −2 and −15. The roots of the original correct?
equation are (a) a2 + b 2 = 2 ac (b) b 2 − c 2 = 2 ab
(a) −2, 15 (b) −10,−3 (c) 2,15 (d) 10,3 (c) b − a = 2 ac
2 2
(d) b 2 + c 2 = 2 ab
13. Let α , β be the roots of the equation 23. If ( x + a ) is a factor of both the quadratic
x 2 − 3x + p = 0 and let γ , δ be the roots of the polynomials x 2 + px + q and x 2 + lx + m, where
equation x 2 − 12x + q = 0. If the numbers α , β , γ , δ p, q, l and m are constants, then which one of
(in order) form an increasing GP, then the following is correct?
(a) p = 2, q = 16 (b) p = 2, q = 32 (a) a = (m − q ) / (l − p) (l ≠ p)
(c) p = 4, q = 16 (d) p = 4, q = 32 (b) a = (m + q ) / (l + p) (l ≠ − p)
14. If α and β be the roots of the equation (c) l = (m − q ) / (a − p) (a ≠ p)
(d) p = (m − q ) / (a − l ) (a ≠ l )
( x − a ) ( x − b) = c, c ≠ 0. Then, the roots of the
equation ( x − α )( x − β ) + c = 0 are 24. Let α and γ be the roots of Ax 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 and β
(a) a, c (b) b, c (c) a, b (d) a + b, a + c and δ be the roots of Bx 2 − 6x + 1 = 0. If α , β , γ
15. If one root of the equation ax + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
2
and δ are in HP, then what are the values of A
is reciprocal of the other root, then which one of and B respectively?
the following is correct? (a) 3, 8 (b) −3, − 8 (c) 3, − 8 (d) −3, 8
(a) a = c (b) b = c (c) a = − c (d) b = 0 1 1 1
25. If the roots of the equation + = are
16. If p, q, r are rational numbers, then the roots of x+ p x+q r
the equation x 2 − 2 px + p2 − q 2 + 2qr − r 2 = 0 are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then
p + q is equal to
(a) complex (b) pure imaginary 2
(c) irrational (d) rational (a) r (b) 2r (c) r 2 (d)
r
17. If the roots of the equation 26. If a , b ∈ R, then the equation x 2 − abx − a 2 = 0 has
( a 2 + b2 ) x 2 − 2b( a + c) x + ( b2 + c2 ) = 0 are equal,
(a) one positive and one negative root
then which one of the following is correct? (b) both positive roots
(a) 2b = a + c (b) b 2 = ac (c) both negative roots
(c) b + c = 2 a (d) b = ac (d) non-real roots
18. Consider the equation ( x − p) ( x − 6) + 1 = 0 27. The number of real solutions of
having integral coefficients. If the equation has 1 +|ex − 1| = ex ( ex − 2) is
integral roots, then what values can p have? (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(a) 4 or 8 (b) 5 or 10
28. The product of the roots of the equation
(c) 6 or 12 (d) 3 or 6
( x − 2)2 − 3|x − 2| + 2 = 0 is
19. If α and β be the roots of the equation (a) 2 (b) − 4 (c) 0 (d) None of these
x 2 + x + 1 = 0. Then, the equation whose roots are
α19 and β7 is x + 34x − 71
2
29. If x is real, then the values of does
x 2 + 2x − 7
(a) x − x − 1 = 0
2
(b) x 2
− x + 1= 0
not lie in the interval
(c) x 2 + x − 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + x + 1 = 0
(a) [5, 9] (b) (− ∞, 5] (c) [9, ∞) (d) (5, 9)
20. The equation tan4 x − 2 sec2 x + a 2 = 0 will have
30. If the equations x + 2x + 3λ = 0 2
and
atleast one real solution, if
2x 2 + 3x + 5λ = 0 have a non-zero common root,
(a)| a| ≤ 4 (b)|a| ≤ 2
(c)| a| ≤ 3 (d) None of these then λ is equal to
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 3 (d) None of these
21. If α , β are the roots of the quadratic equation
x 2 − x + 1 = 0, then which one of the following is
31. If the equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and x 2 + x + 1 = 0
have common root, then
correct?
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a = b = c
(a) (α − β ) is real
4 4
(b) 2(α + β ) = (αβ )
5 5 5
(c) a = b or b = c or c = a (d) None of these
(c) (α 6 − β 6 ) = 0 (d) (α 8 + β 8 ) = (αβ )8
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 73

32. If the quadratic equations ax 2 + 2cx + b = 0 and 42. If tan A and tan B are the roots of the quadratic
ax + 2bx + c = 0 ( b ≠ c) have a common root, then
2
equation x 2 − px + q = 0, then consider the
a + 4b + 4c is equal to following statements.
(a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 1 I. The value of tan ( A + B) is
p
.
33. The range of values of m for which the equation 1+ q
( m − 5) x 2 + 2( m − 10) x + m + 10 = 0 has real roots II. The value of (cot A + cot B) is .
p
of the same sign is given by q
(a) m > 10 (b) −5 < m < 5 III. Discriminant of the equation is (tan A − tan B)2.
(c) m < − 10, 5 < m ≤ 6 (d) None of these Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
34. The set of real values of x satisfying the (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
inequality|x + x − 6|< 6 is
2
43. If the equation x − px − q = 0 has roots u and v,
2

(a) (– 4, 3) (b) (– 3, 2) where p and q are non-zero constants, then

(c) (– 4, – 3) ∪ (2, 3) (d) (– 4, –1) ∪ (0, 3) consider the following statements
1 1
35. The value of ‘a’ for which the equation I. qx2 + px − 1 = 0 has roots and .
x − 2( a − 1) x + ( 2a + 1) = 0 has both roots
2 u v
positive is II. (x − p)(x + q) = 0 has roots u + v and uv.
(a) a > 0 (b) 0 < a < 4 (c) a ≥ 4 (d) None of these III. x2 + p2x + q2 = 0 has roots u 2 and v2.
36. If the roots of the equation x 2 − 4x − log3 N = 0 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
are real, then what is the minimum value of N ? (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
256 27 64 81 Directions (Q. Nos. 44-45) α and β are the roots of
quadratic equation x 2 + x α + β = 0. Considering
37. If a , b and c are positive and are in AP, the roots of
this statement answer the following questions.
the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are real for
c a 44. The value of α and β is
(a)  − 7 > 4 3 (b)  − 7 < 4 3
a  c  (a) α = 1, β = − 1 (b) α = 1, β = − 2
(c) all a and c (d) no a and c (c) α = 2, β = 1 (d) α = 2, β = − 2

38. If the roots of equation x 2 − px + ( p − 1) = 0 are r1 45. The quadratic equation having roots α + 1 and
and r2, then minimum value of (r12 + r22 ) will be β + 1 is
(a) x 2 − x + 2 = 0 (b) x 2 − x − 2 = 0
for
(a) p = 0 (b) p = − 1 (c) p = 1 (d) p = 2 (c) x 2 + x + 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + x − 2 = 0

39. If α, β are roots of the equation 2x 2 + 6x + b = 0 Directions (Q. Nos. 46-47) Let the quadratic
α β equation ( ab − bc ) x 2 + ( bc − ca) x + (ca − ab) = 0,
( b < 0), then + is greater than
β α a, b, c ∈ R has both the roots equal.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these 46. a, c, b are in
40. Let α, β be the roots of a( p + x )2 + 2bpx + c = 0, (a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
then consider the following statements
c 2 47. The roots of the equation are equal to
I. αβ = p2 + II. |α − β| = p2 − 4ac (a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
1
a |a|
2
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II Directions (Q. Nos. 48-49) Let α, β be the roots of
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 such that α > β.
41. α, β are the roots of the equation x 2 + bx + c = 0 48. If both roots are positive, then
and S n = α n + β n . (a) a > 0 and b > 0 (b) a > 0 and b < 0
Consider the following statements (c) a > 0 and c < 0 (d) a < 0 and c > 0
I. S n + 1 + bS n + cS n − 1 = 0 II. S3 = S13 − 3S1c
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
49. If α is positive and β is negative such that α >|β|,
(a) Only I (b) Only II then consider the following statements
I. c and a have opposite sign.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
II. b and a have same sign.
74 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 59. The value of tan−1 α + tan−1 β is
(a) Only I (b) Only II
 p   p 
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) tan−1   (b) tan−1  
 q − 1  q + 1
Directions (Q. Nos. 50-52) Let a, b and c be real  p 
numbers with a ≠ 0 and let α, β be the roots of the (c) tan−1   (d) 0
1 − q 
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
60. If α = p and β = q and p, q ≠ 0 then the values of
50. The roots of the equation a3 x 2 + abcx + c3 = 0 is p and q are respectively
(a) α 2β, β 2α (b) α, β 2 (a) 2 and − 2 (b) 2 and − 1 (c) 1 and − 2 (d) 1 and 2
(c) α 2β, βα (d) α 3β, β 3α

51. If α = sin θ, β = cos θ, then PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

(a) (a − c )2 = b 2 − c 2 (b) (a − c )2 = b 2 + c 2
61. What is the sum of the squares of the roots of
(c) (a + c )2 = b 2 − c 2 (d) (a + c )2 = b 2 + c 2 the equation x 2 + 2x − 143 = 0? e 2012 I
1 1
52. The equation, whose roots are and is (a) 170 (b) 180 (c) 190 (d) 290
aα + b aβ + b
(a) cax 2 − bx + 1 = 0 (b) cax 2 + bx + 1 = 0
62. If one of the roots of the equation x 2 + ax − b = 0
is 1, then what is the value of ( a − b)? e 2012 I
(c) cax 2 + bx − 1 = 0 (d) None of these (a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2

Directions (Q. Nos. 53-56) Let α and β are the roots 63. If α and β are the roots of the equation
of the equation x + x + 1 = 0.
2
x 2 − q (1 + x ) − r = 0, then what is the value of
53. The roots of the equation x 2 − x + 1 = 0 is (1 + α )(1 + β )? e 2012 I
(a) 1− r (b) q − r (c) 1+ r (d) q + r
(a) α 7 and β13 (b) α13 and β 7
64. If the difference between the roots of
(c) α 20 and β 20 (d) None of these
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is 1, then which one of the
54. If the ratio of the roots of the equation following is correct? e 2012 I
α (a) b 2 = a (a + 4c ) (b) a2 = b (b + 4c )
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to , then a, b, c are in
β (c) a2 = c (a + 4c ) (d) b 2 = a (b + 4c )
(a) AP (b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these Directions (Q. Nos. 65-66) The equation formed by
multiplying each root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by 2 is
55. The quadratic equation whose roots are (α + 1)
x 2 + 36 x + 24 = 0. e 2012 I
and (β + 1) is
(a) x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (b) x 2 − x − 1 = 0 65. What is the value of b : c?
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
(c) x 2 − x + 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + x − 1 = 0
66. Which one of the following is correct?
56. The value of a and b for which the equation (a) bc = a2 (b) bc = 36 a2
( a + b)x 2 − ax + 1 = 0 has roots α 2 and β 2, are (c) bc = 72 a2 (d) bc = 108 a2
1
(a) − 1, 2 (b) − 2, 3 (c) , − 2 (d) None of these 67. If the roots of a quadratic equation are m + n
2
and m − n, then the quadratic equation will be
Directions (Q. Nos. 57-60) Let α, β be the roots of (a) x 2 + 2 mx + m2 − mn + n2 = 0 e 2012 II
the quadratic equation x 2 + px + q = 0. (b) x 2 + 2 mx + (m − n)2 = 0
57. If one root is square of the other root, then (c) x 2 − 2 mx + m2 − n2 = 0 (d) x 2 + 2 mx + m2 − n2 = 0
relation between p and q is 68. If the roots of the quadratic equation
(a) p3 − (3 p − 1)q + q 2 = 0 3x 2 − 5x + p = 0 are real and unequal, then which
(b) p3 − q (3 p + 1) + q 2 = 0 one of the following is correct? e 2012 II
(c) p3 + q (3 p − 1) + q 2 = 0 (a) p = 25 / 12 (b) p < 25 / 12 (c) p > 25 / 12 (d) p ≤ 25 / 12
(d) p3 + q (3 p + 1) + q 2 = 0 69. If α , β are the roots of x 2 + px − q = 0 and γ , δ are
58. If αβ = 3 and 1, p, q are in AP, then α + β is equal to the roots of x 2 − px + r = 0, then what is the
(a) − 4 (b) 1 value of (β + γ ) (β + δ )? e 2012 II

(c) 4 (d) − 2 (a) p + r (b) p + q (c) q + r (d) p − q

MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 75

70. What is the degree of the equation 81. If a and b are rational and b is not perfect
1 1 1 square, then the quadratic equation with
= − ? rational coefficients whose one root is 3a + b is
x−3 x+2 2 e 2013 I
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 e 2013 II
(a) x 2 − 6ax + 9a2 − b = 0 (b) 3ax 2 + x − b=0
71. If 4 − 6 ⋅ 2 + 8 = 0, then the values of x are
x x
(c) x 2 + 3ax + b=0 (d) bx 2 + x − 3a = 0
e 2013 I
(a) 1, 2 (b) 1, 1 (c) 1, 0 (d) 2, 2 82. If α and β are the roots of the equation
72. If the roots of the equation 3ax + 2bx + c = 0 are
2 α10 + β10
x 2 + x + 2 = 0, then what is equal to?
in the ratio 2 : 3, then which one of the following α −10 + β −10
is correct? e 2013 I e 2013 II
(a) 8 ac = 25 b (b) 8ac = 9b 2 (a) 4096 (b) 2048 (c) 1024 (d) 512
(c) 8b 2 = 9ac (d) 8b 2 = 25ac 83. The quadratic equation x 2 + bx + 4 = 0 will have
real roots, if e 2013 II
73. ( x + 1)2 − 1 = 0 has e 2013 I (a) Only b ≤ −4 (b) Only b ≥ 4
(a) one real root (b) two real roots (c) −4 < b < 4 (d) b ≤ −4, b ≥ 4
(c) two imaginary roots (d) four real roots
84. If α and β are the roots of the equation
74. If the roots of a quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, then ( aα + b) ( aβ + b)
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are α and β, then the quadratic
is equal to e 2014 I
equation having roots α 2 and β 2 is e 2013 I (a) ab (b) bc (c) ca (d) abc
(a) x 2 − (b 2 − 2 ac ) x + c = 0
85. The roots of the equation 2a x − 2abx + b2 = 0,
2 2
(b) a2 x 2 − (b 2 − 2 ac ) x + c = 0
when a < 0 and b > 0 are e 2014 I
(c) ax 2 − (b 2 − 2 ac ) x + c 2 = 0 (a) sometimes complex (b) always irrational
(d) a2 x 2 − (b 2 − 2 ac ) x + c 2 = 0 (c) always complex (d) always real

75. If the sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is 86. Every quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where
3 and the product is 2, then the equation is a , b, c ∈ R , a ≠ 0 has e 2014 II
e 2013 I (a) exactly one real root (b) atleast one real root
(a) 2 x2 − x + 3 = 0 (b) x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 (c) atleast two real roots (d) atmost two real roots
(c) x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 (d) x 2 − 3x − 2 = 0 87. If α , β are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and α + h,
76. If α and β are the roots of the equation β + h are the roots of px 2 + qx + r = 0, then what
x 2 + bx + c = 0, then what is the value of α −1 + β −1? is h equal to? e 2014 II
1 b q 1  b q
e 2013 I (a)  −  (b) − + 
b b c c 2  a p 2  a p
(a) − (b) (c) (d) −
1 b q 1  b q
c c b b (c)  +  (d) − + 
2  p a 2  p a
77. The roots of the equation x 2 − 8x + 16 = 0
e 2013 II
88. Consider the following statements in respect of
(a) are imaginary (b) are distinct and real the given equation ( x 2 + 2)2 + 8 x 2 = 6x ( x 2 + 2).
(c) are equal and real (d) Cannot be determined I. All the roots of the equation are complex.
II. The sum of all the roots of the equation is 6.
78. How many real roots does the quadratic equation
f( x ) = x 2 + 3| x| + 2 = 0 have? e 2013 II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2015 I
(a) One (b) Two (c) Four (d) No real root
(a) Only I (b) Only II
79. If α and β are the roots of the equation (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
ax 2 + bx + b = 0, then what is the value of 89. In solving a problem that reduces to a quadratic
α β b equation, one student makes a mistake in the
+ + =? constant term and obtains 8 and 2 for roots.
β α a e 2013 II Another student makes a mistake only in the
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 coefficient of first degree term and finds −9 and
80. What is the difference in the roots of the −1 for roots. The correct equation is e 2015 I
equation x 2 − 10x + 9 = 0? (a) x 2 − 10x + 9 = 0 (b) x 2 + 10x + 9 = 0
e 2013 II
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 8 (c) x − 10x + 16 = 0
2
(d) x 2 − 8x − 9 = 0
76 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Directions (Q. Nos. 95-96) Let α and β (α < β) be the

90. If m and n are roots of the equation
roots of the equation x 2 + bx + c = 0, where b > 0
( x + p)( x + q ) − k = 0, then roots of the equation
( x − m )( x − n ) + k = 0 are e 2015 I and c < 0. e 2016 I
(a) p and q 95. Consider the following
1 1 I. β < − α II. β <|α |
(b) and
p q
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) − p and −q (a) Only I (b) Only II
(d) p + q and p − q (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
91. If 2 p + 3q = 18 and 4 p2 + 4 pq − 3q 2 − 36 = 0, then 96. Consider the following
what is ( 2 p + q ) equal to? e 2015 I I. α + β + αβ > 0 II. α 2 β + β 2 α > 0
(a) 6 (b) 7
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) 10 (d) 20
(a) Only I (b) Only II
92. The number of real roots of the equation (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
x 2 − 3|x| + 2 = 0 is e 2015 II 97. If x 2 − px + 4 > 0 for all real values of x, then
(a) 4 (b) 3 which one of the following is correct? e 2016 I
(c) 2 (d) 1 (a)| p| < 4 (b)| p| ≤ 4
93. If the roots of the equation x 2 − nx + m = 0 differ (c)| p| > 4 (d)| p| ≥ 4
by 1, then e 2015 II 98. If one root of the equation ( l − m ) x 2 + lx + 1 = 0 is
(a) n2 − 4m − 1 = 0 double the other and l is real, then what is the
(b) n2 + 4m − 1 = 0 greatest value of m? e 2016 I
9 9 8 8
(c) m2 + 4n + 1 = 0 (a) − (b) (c) − (d)
8 8 9 9
(d) m2 − 4n − 1 = 0
Directions (Q. Nos. 99-100) Given that tan α and
94. If the sum of the roots of the equation tan β are the roots of the equation x 2+ bx + c = 0 with
ax + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of their
2
b ≠ 0. e 2016 I
squares, then e 2015 II
(a) a2 + b 2 = c 2
99. What is tan (α + β) equal to?
(a) b(c –1) (b) c(b –1) (c) c(b − 1)−1 (d) b(c –1) −1
(b) a2 + b 2 = a + b
(c) ab + b 2 = 2 ac 100. What is sin (α + β ) sec α sec β equal to?
(d) ab − b 2 = 2 ac (a) b (b) −b (c) c (d) −c

ANSWERS
1 b 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 d 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 c
11 c 12 b 13 b 14 c 15 a 16 d 17 b 18 a 19 d 20 c
21 c 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 b 26 a 27 b 28 c 29 d 30 b
31 b 32 c 33 c 34 d 35 c 36 d 37 a 38 c 39 d 40 a
41 c 42 b 43 a 44 b 45 b 46 c 47 b 48 b 49 a 50 a
51 d 52 a 53 d 54 b 55 c 56 a 57 a 58 d 59 a 60 c
61 d 62 a 63 a 64 a 65 a 66 d 67 c 68 b 69 c 70 c
71 a 72 d 73 b 74 d 75 b 76 a 77 c 78 d 79 b 80 d
81 a 82 c 83 d 84 c 85 c 86 d 87 a 88 b 89 a 90 c
91 c 92 a 93 a 94 c 95 c 96 b 97 a 98 b 99 d 100 b
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 77

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (b) Q x 2 − 2x + sin 2 θ = 0 ⇒ ( 2 y + 7)( y − 4) = 0 Given root is 1.
2 ± 4 − 4 sin 2 θ ⇒
7
y = − or y = 4 Let the other root be α.
∴ x = b( c − a )
2 2 Then, α + 1 = −
⇒ x = 1 ± cos θ 7
⇒ 2 = − or 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2
x a ( b − c)
−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 2 ( bc − ab )
Q ⇒ α = − 1−
∴ 0 ≤ 1 ± cos θ ≤ 2 ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ∴ x x = ( 2)2 = 4 ( ab − ac )
⇒ x ∈[ 0, 2] 1 α+β a b − ab + ac − bc + ab
7. (b) S = + =− − =
1 α+β αβ b c a ( b − c)
2. (c) Replacing x by in the first equation,
x ( ac + b 2 ) −c ( −a + b) c( a − b )
=− ⇒ α= ⇒α =
we get the second equation and hence, bc a ( b − c) a ( b − c)
1 1 1 α+β 1 a
its roots are and . P= ⋅ = = 12. (b) Let α , β be the roots of the original
α β α + β αβ αβ c
equation, then
3. (b) Let α ,nα be the roots of equation Put the values of P and S in α + β = −13 and αβ = (−2)(−15) = 30
ax 2 − bx + c = 0. x 2 − Sx + P = 0, we get
b b ∴ Original equation is
∴ α + nα = ⇒ α( 1 + n) = bcx 2 + ( b 2 + ac )x + ab = 0
a a x 2 + 13x + 30 = 0
b k+1 k+2 b
⇒ α= …(i) 8. (a) We have, + =− … (i) ⇒ x + 10x + 3x + 30 = 0
2
a( 1 + n) k k+1 a
c c k+1 k+2 c ⇒ ( x + 10)( x + 3) = 0
and α ⋅ nα = ⇒ α 2 n = and ⋅ =
a a k k+1 a ⇒ x = − 10, − 3
k+2 c 2 c c−a
 b 
2
or = ⇒ = − 1=
⇒ n=
c
[from Eq. (i)] k a k a a 13. (b) Here, β = αr , γ = αr 2 , δ = αr 3 , r > 1
 a( 1 + n)  a
∴ k=
2a α + β = 3, αβ = p , γ + δ = 12, γ δ = q
⇒ b 2 n = ac ( 1 + n)2 c−a α ( 1 + r) = 3 
Putting the value of k in Eq. (i),  ⇒ r2 = 4 ⇒ r = 2
4. (b) Let α be a root of x 2 − x + k = 0. 
we get αr 2 ( 1 + r ) = 12
Then, 2α is a root of c+ a 2c b 
+ =− ∴ α=1
x2 − x + 3 k = 0 2a c+ a a
∴ 4α − 2α + 3k = 0 and α 2 − α + k = 0
2
or ( c + a )2 + 4ac = − 2b ( a + c ) p = αβ = α 2 r = 2, q = γδ = α 2 r 5 = 32
α2 α 1 or ( a + c )2 + 2b ( a + c ) = − 4ac 14. (c) Given, quadratic equation is
⇒ = =
−2 k + 3 k 3 k − 4 k − 4 + 2 Add b 2 on both sides, ( x − a ) ( x − b ) = c, c ≠ 0
k k ⇒ x 2 − ( a + b ) x + ( ab − c ) = 0
⇒ α 2 = − and α = ( a + c + b )2 = b 2 − 4ac
2 2 The roots of this equation is (α , β ).
2 9. (b) | α − β | ≤ 2m.
α 2 = (α )2 ⇒  −  =  
k k Then,
Now, On squaring both sides, we get
 2  2 α + β = − { − ( a + b )} = a + b
⇒ k 2 + 2 k = 0 ⇒ k = 0 or −2 (α − β )2 < 4m 2 ⇒ (α + β )2 − 4αβ < 4m 2
and αβ = ab − c
Since, k ≠ 0, 4( a 2 − b ) ≤ 4m 2 ⇒ a 2 − m 2 ≤ b Now, consider the equation,
∴ k = −2 ∴ b ≥ a2 − m2 ( x − α) ( x − β) + c = 0
Also, ∆ > 0 ⇒ x 2 − (α + β ) x + (αβ + c ) = 0
−b + b 2 − 4ac
m
5. (c) Given, = ∴ a2 − b > 0 ⇒ b < a2
− b − b − 4ac 2
n ⇒ x 2 − ( a + b ) x + ( ab − c + c ) = 0
∴ b ∈[a2 − m2 , a2 ) ∴ x 2 − ( a + b ) x + ab = 0
Applying componendo and dividendo
rule, 10. (c) Let D be the discriminant of the So, the roots of this equation is ( a , b ).
−2 b m+ n given quadratic equation, then
= 15. (a) Roots are reciprocal to each other, if
2 b 2 − 4ac m − n D = 9b 2 − 32ac
product of roots is 1.
b2 (m + n)2 = 9( − a − c )2 − 32ac [Q a + b + c = 0] c
⇒ = ∴ = 1⇒a = c
b − 4ac (m − n)2
2 = 9a 2 + 9c 2 2− 14ac a
 a 
= c 2 9   − 14   + 9
a
⇒ b 2mn = ac (m + n)2   c 2  c 
16. (d) The given equation
 3a 7 32 
6. (d) We have, 2 − 2
2x
= 14 x −1 = c 2  −  +  > 0 x 2 − 2 px + p 2 − q 2 + 2qr − r 2 = 0
Let 2x = y , then  c 3  9
and p , q , r are rational numbers.
y Hence, roots are real. Now, D = B 2 − 4 AC
y 2 − = 14
2 11. (c) Given quadratic equation is D = 4 p 2 − 4 { p 2 − ( q − r )2 }
⇒ 2 y 2 − y − 28 = 0 a ( b − c )x 2 + b ( c − a ) x + c ( a − b ) = 0. D = 4 p 2 − 4 p 2 + 4( q − r )2
78 NDA/NA Pathfinder

D = 4 ( q − r )2 = Rational and positive ⇒ 2(α 5 + β 5 ) ≠ (αβ )5 Also, discriminant = a 2 b 2 + 4a 2 > 0

So, the roots of the equation will (c) α 6 − β 6 = ( − ω)6 − ( −ω2 )6 Thus, α , β ∈ R such that αβ < 0
always rational. = ω6 − ω12 = 0 Therefore, one of α and β is positive
17. (b) Hence, option (c) is correct. and other is negative.
18. (a) The given equation can be rewritten 22. (c) Since, sin α and cos α are roots of 27. (b) We have,
as ax 2 + bx + c = 0 1 + |e x − 1| = e x ( e x − 2)
x 2 − ( p + 6) x + ( 6 p + 1) = 0 −b ⇒ |e x − 1| = e 2 x − 2e x − 1
∴ sin α + cos α =
Now, b 2 − 4ac a = ( e x − 1)2 − 2
= ( p + 6)2 − 4( 6 p + 1) and sinα cos α = c / a ⇒ |e − 1| − |e x − 1| − 2 = 0
x 2

[Q equation has integral roots] For any real α, sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 ⇒ |e x − 1| = 2, − 1

= p 2 − 12 p + 32 ⇒ (sin α + cos α)2 − 2 sin α cos α = 1 ⇒ |e x − 1| = 2 [Q |e x − 1| > 0]
2
= ( p − 4) ( p − 8) ⇒  −b  − 2 × c = 1 ⇒ e x − 1 = ± 2 ⇒ e x = 3, − 1
 
For integral roots, b 2 − 4ac must be a  a  a ⇒ e x = 3 ⇒ x = log e 3
perfect square ⇒ b 2 − 2ac = a 2 ⇒ b 2 − a 2 = 2ac 28. (c) We have,
∴ Possible values of p are 4 or 8. 23. (a) Since, ( x + a ) is a factor of ( x − 2)2 − 3|x − 2| + 2 = 0
19. (d) The given quadratic equation is x 2 + px + q and x 2 + lx + m. ⇒ |x − 2|2 − 3|x − 2| + 2 = 0
x2 + x + 1 = 0 ∴ a 2 − ap + q = 0 ...(i) ⇒ (|x − 2| − 2)(|x − 2| − 1) = 0
−1 ± 1 − 4 −1 ± i 3 and a 2 − la + m = 0 ...(ii) ⇒ |x − 2| = 1, 2 ⇒ x − 2 = ± 1, ± 2
x = =
2 2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ x = 3, 1, 4, 0
−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3 − ap + q + la − m = 0 Hence, product of roots
⇒x= , or x = ω, ω2
2 2 ⇒ ( l − p) a = m − q =3 × 1× 4 × 0 = 0
m−q
i.e. α = ω and β = ω2 ∴ a = [Q l ≠ p ] x 2 + 34x − 71
Now, sum of roots l− p 29. (d) Let y = . Then,
x 2 + 2x − 7
= α19 + β 7 = ω′9 + (ω2 )7 = ω + ω2 = −1 24. (a) Since, α and γ are the roots of
[Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0] x 2 ( y − 1) + 2x ( y − 17) − ( 7 y − 71) = 0
Ax 2 − 4x + 1 = 0
and product of roots 4 1 Since, x is real. Therefore, the above
∴ α+ γ= and αγ = equation has real roots.
α19 ⋅ β 7 = (ω)19 (ω2 )7 = ω ⋅ ω2 = ω3 = 1 A A
[Q ω3 = 1] ∴ Discriminant ≥ 0.
and β and δ be the roots of
So, the required quadratic equation is, ⇒ 4( y − 17)2 + 4( y − 1)( 7 y − 71) ≥ 0
Bx 2 − 6x + 1 = 0
x 2 − ( − 1) x + ( 1) = 0 6 1 ⇒ y 2 − 14 y + 45 ≥ 0
∴ β+δ= and βδ =
⇒ x2 + x + 1 = 0 B B ⇒ ( y − 5)( y − 9) ≥ 0
Also, α , β , γ and δ are in HP. ⇒ y ≤ 5 or y ≥ 9 ⇒ y ∈ R − (5, 9)
20. (c) Given equation, 1 1 1 1
tan 4 x − 2 sec 2 x + a 2 = 0 ∴ , , and are in AP. Hence, y does not lie in (5,9).
α β γ δ
⇒ tan x − 2 − 2 tan 2 x + a 2 = 0
4 30. (b) Let α be the common root of the
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ − = − ⇒ − = − given equation, then
⇒ tan 4 x − 2 tan 2 x + a 2 = 0 β α δ γ β δ α γ
α 2 + 2α + 3λ = 0
2 ± 4 − 4( a 2 − 2) δ −β γ −α
⇒ tan 2 x = ⇒ = 2α 2 + 3α + 5λ = 0
2 βδ αγ
Now, by cross-multiplication method
2 ± 2 1 − a2 + 2 (δ + β )2 − 4βδ ( γ + α )2 − 4αγ
⇒ tan x =
2
⇒ = α2 α 1
2 = =
βδ αγ 10λ − 9λ 6λ − 5λ 3 − 4
= 1 ± 3 − a2 ⇒ 36 − 4B = 16 − 4 A α2 α
⇒ = =−1
For real values of tan 2 x, ⇒ 36 − 4B = 16 − 4 A λ λ
3 − a2 ≥ 0 ⇒ a2 − 3 ≤ 0 ⇒ 4B − 4 A = 20 ⇒ B − A = 5 ⇒ α 2 = − λ and α = − λ
⇒ | a |≤ 3 which is possible only, if A = 3, B = 8. ⇒ ( − λ )2 = − λ ⇒ λ2 + λ = 0
21. (c) Since, α and β are the roots of the 1 1 1
25. (b) Given, + = ⇒ λ( λ + 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = − 1 [Q λ ≠ 0]
equation x 2 − x + 1 = 0. x+ p x+q r
31. (b) Let x be the common root of the
∴ α + β = 1 and αβ = 1 ⇒ r[ 2x + p + q ] = x 2 + ( p + q )x + pq given equations, then
α = − ω and β = − ω2 ⇒ x 2 + ( p + q − 2r )x + pq − r( p + q ) = 0 aα 2 + bα + c = 0 , α 2 + α + 1 = 0
Now, (a) α 4 − β 4 = ( − ω)4 − ( − ω2 )4 As, if roots are equal in magnitude but α2 α 1
opposite in sign, then coefficient of x ∴ = =
= ω4 − ω8 = ω − ω2 = 3i b−c c−a a−b
will be zero. b−c c−a
⇒ α − β 4 is not real.
4
⇒ α2 = and α =
∴ p + q − 2r = 0 ⇒ p + q = 2r a−b a−b
(b) 2(α 5 + β 5 ) = 2[( − ω)5 + ( − ω2 )5 ]
26. (a) Let α , β be the roots of the given c−a
2
b−c
= 2[ − ω2 − ω] = 2 ⇒   =
equation.  a − b
and (αβ ) = [( − ω)( − ω2 )]5 = 1
5 a−b
Then, α + β = ab and αβ = − a 2
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 79

⇒ ( c − a )2 = ( a − b ) ( b − c ) 37. (a) 2b = a + c , b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 Thus, Statement I is correct.

2
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca = 0
⇒  a + c  − 4ac ≥ 0 Now, Sn = α n + β n
⇒
1
[( a − b )2 + ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 ] = 0  2  ∴ S =α + β = − b …(i)
1
2 ⇒ a 2 − 14ac + c 2 ≥ 0 S = α3 + β3
Since, each is zero. c 3
⇒ t − 14t + 1 ≥ 0, where t =
2
= (α + β )3 − 3αβ(α + β )
∴ a=b=c a
= ( S )3 − 3S c
⇒ ( t − 7)2 ≥ 48 ⇒ | t − 7 | ≥ 4 3 1 1
32. (c) Since, the coefficient of x 2 in both the Hence, Statement II is also correct.
equations are equal, therefore common ⇒  c − 7 ≥ 4 3
root is obtained by subtracting them a  42. (b) We have, tan A + tan B = p

∴ 2x ( c − b ) + ( b − c ) = 0 ⇒ x = −
1 38. (c) Since, the roots of equation and tan A ⋅ tan B = q
2 x 2 − px + ( p − 1) = 0 are r and r . tan A + tan B p
1 2 ∴ tan ( A + B ) = =
On putting for x in any equation, we ∴ r + r = p and r r = p − 1 1 − tan A ⋅ tan B 1 − q
1 2 1 2
get ∴ Statement I is not correct.
a + 4b + 4c = 0 ∴ r 2 + r 2 = ( r + r )2 − 2r r 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
Now, cot A + cot B = +
33. (c) ∆ > 0 ⇒ −25m + 150 ≥ 0 = p2 − 2 p + 2 = p2 − 2 p + 1 + 1 tan A tan B
∴ m≤ 6 = ( p − 1)2 + 1 tan B + tan A p
m + 10 = =
Product of roots = = positive as So, value of r 2 + r 2 will be minimum, if tan A ⋅ tan B q
1 2
m −5 p − 1 = 0, i.e. p = 1
roots are of same sign. ∴ Statement II is correct.
b Now, discriminant = p 2 − 4q
Numerator and denominator both 39. (d) We have, α + β = − 3and αβ =
2 = (tan A + tan B )2 − 4 tan A ⋅ tan B
positive m > 5 [Q m ≠ 5]
Since, b < 0, therefore discriminant,
or both negative m ≤ − 10 D = 36 − 8b > 0 = (tan A − tan B )2
∴ m < − 10 and 5 < m ≤ 6 So, α , β are real. Thus, Statement III is also correct.
34. (d) |x 2 + x − 6|< 6 Now, 43. (a) Given, x 2 − px − q = 0,
⇒ −6 < x 2 + x − 6 < 6 α β α 2 + β 2 (α + β ) 2 1
+ = = −2 On replacing x by , we get
⇒ − 6 < x 2 + x − 6 and x 2 + x − 6 < 6 β α αβ αβ x
⇒ x 2 + x > 0 and x 2 + x − 12 < 6 =
18
− 2< 0 [Q b < 0] qx 2 + px − 1 = 0
⇒ x ( x + 1) > 0 and ( x + 4)( x − 3) < 0 b Thus, Statement I is correct.
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞ ,−1) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) 40. (a) We have, a( p + x )2 + 2bpx + c = 0 Now, u + v + uv = p − q
and − 4 < x < 3 ⇒ ax 2 + 2( a + b ) px + ap 2 + c = 0 (u + v )uv = − pq
⇒ x ∈ ( − 4, − 1) ∪ ( 0, 3) −2( a + b ) p ∴ The equation whose roots are (u + v)
∴ α+β=
a and (uv ) is x 2 − ( p − q )x − pq = 0
35. (c) The given equation has positive real
ap 2 + c c ⇒ ( x − p )( x + q ) = 0
roots, if (i) Discriminant ≥ 0 and αβ = = p2 +
a a Thus, Statement II is correct.
(ii) Product of roots > 0 Thus, Statement I is correct. Now,
Now, (i) Discriminant ≥ 0 Now, (α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ u 2 + v 2 = (u + v )2 − 2uv = p 2 + 2q
⇒ 4( a − 1)2 − 4( 2a + 1) ≥ 0 4( a + b )2 p 2  ap 2 + c 
= − 4 and u 2 v 2 = (uv )2 = q 2
⇒ a 2 − 4a ≥ 0 ⇒ a < 0 or a ≥ 4 
a 2
 a  ∴ The equation whose roots are u 2 and
(ii) Product of roots > 0 4
= 2 [( a + b )2 p 2 − a 2 p 2 − ac ] v 2 is x 2 − ( p 2 + 2q )x + q 2 = 0.
⇒ ( 2a + 1) > 0 a Thus, Statement III is not correct.
⇒ a > −1 / 2 4
= 2 [( 2ab + b 2 ) p 2 − ac ] 44. (b) Since, α , β are the roots of
∴ a≥ 4 a
2 x 2 + x α + β = 0, then α + β = − α
36. (d) Given equation is, ⇒ |α − β| = ( 2ab + b 2 ) p 2 − ac
|a| and αβ = β ⇒ α = 1, β = − 2
x 2 − 4x − log N = 0
3
∴ Statement II is not correct. 45. (b) Now, α + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2,
Then, ∆≥0
β + 1= −2 + 1= −1
⇒ B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0 41. (c) Since, α, β are roots of equation
Their sum = 2 + ( −1) = 1
⇒ ( − 4)2 − 4 ( 1) ( − log N ) ≥ 0 x 2 + bx + c = 0
3 Their product = 2( −1) = − 2
⇒ 16 + 4 log N ≥ 0 ∴α 2 + bα + c = 0 and β 2 + bβ + c = 0
3 ∴ Required equation
⇒ log (3)16 + log ( N )4 ≥ 0 Also, α + β = − b, αβ = c
3 3 x 2 − ( 1) x + ( −2) = 0
⇒ log {(3)16 ⋅ ( N )4 } ≥ 0 Now, S + bSn + cS
3 n+1 n −1 ⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0
⇒ 316 ⋅ N 4 ≥ 30 = 1
= (α n + 1 + β n + 1 ) + b(α n + β n ) 46. (c) The given equation has equal roots
1 1 1
⇒ N 4 ≥ 16 ⇒ N ≥ 4 = + c (α n − 1 + β n − 1 )
3 3 81 n −1
∴ Discriminant = 0
=α [α + bα + c ]
2
1 ⇒ ( bc − ca )2 − 4( ab − bc )( ca − ab ) = 0
So, the minimum value of N is . + β n − 1 [β 2 + bβ + c ]
81 n −1
⇒ b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 − 2c 2 ab − 4 [ a 2 bc − a 2 b 2
=α ⋅ 0 + βn − 1 ⋅ 0
− c 2 ab + b 2 ac ] = 0
80 NDA/NA Pathfinder

⇒ b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 4a 2 b 2 + 2c 2 ab  1 1  57. (a) Let β = α 2

x2 −  +  x
− 4a 2 bc − 4b 2 ac = 0  aα + b aβ + b ∴ α + α 2 = − p and α 3 = q
⇒ ( bc + ca − 2ab )2 = 0 1 1 ⇒ α(α + 1) = − p
+ ⋅ =0
⇒ bc + ca = 2ab ⇒ c ( a + b ) = 2ab aα + b aβ + b On cubing both sides, we get
⇒ c=
2b ⇒ { a 2αβ + ab(α + β ) + b 2 } x 2 α 3 [α 3 + 1 + 3α(α + 1)] = − p 3
a+ b ⇒ q( q + 1 − 3 p ) = − p 3
− { a(α + β ) + 2b } x + 1 = 0
∴ a, c, b are in HP. ⇒ p − (3 p − 1)q + q 2 = 0
3

−( bc − ca ) ⇒ ( ca − b 2 + b 2 )x 2 − ( 2b − b )x + 1 = 0
47. (b) The root of the equation = ⇒ cax 2 − bx + 1 = 0 58. (d) Here, α + β = − p and αβ = q
2( ab − bc )
But αβ = 3 ⇒ q = 3
−( bc − 2ab + bc ) 2( ab − bc ) Sol. (Q. Nos. 53-56) Since,α and β are the roots
= = =1 1+ q 1+ 3
2( ab − bc ) 2( ab − bc ) of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 Also, p = ⇒ p= =2
2 2
48. (b) α, β are roots of equation ∴α + β = −1 and αβ = 1 ∴ α+β=−2
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 −1 + 3i −1 − 3i
Also, α = and β = 59. (a) Here, α + β = − p and αβ = q
b c
∴ α+β=− and αβ = 2 2  αβ 
a a
⇒ α = ω and β = ω2 ∴ tan −1 α + tan −1 β = tan −1  
Since, both roots are positive, i.e.  1 − αβ 
 
α > 0, β > 0 53. (d) Let a and b are the roots of equation
b  − p   
∴ α + β> 0 ⇒− > 0 x2 − x + 1 = 0 = tan −1   = tan −1  p 
a ∴ a + b = 1 and ab = 1  1 − q  q − 1
   
⇒ a > 0 and b < 0 or a < 0 and b > 0 None of the option (a), (b), (c) are
60. (c) We have, p + q = − p …(i)
49. (a) Given, α > 0 and β < 0 satisfied for the given equation.
c and pq = q …(ii)
⇒ αβ < 0 ⇒ < 0 Hence, option (d) is correct.
a From Eq. (ii), p = 1 [Q q ≠ 0]
54. (b) Let α′, β′ be the roots of From Eq. (i), q = − 2 p = − 2 [Q p = 1]
∴ c and a have opposite sign.
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ∴ p = 1 and q = − 2
Thus, Statement I is correct.
α′ α ω
Also, α > |β| ⇒ − α < β < α ⇒ α + β > 0 ∴ = = ⇒ β ′ = α ′ω 61. (d)
β ′ β ω2
∴ b and a have opposite sign. b
Now, α ′ + β ′ = − and α ′β ′ =
c 62. (a) Since, one root of x 2 + ax − b = 0
Thus, Statement II is not correct. a a is 1.
50. (a) Dividing the equation b
⇒ α ′ + α ′ω = − and (α ′ )2 ω =
c ∴ 12 + a ⋅ 1 − b = 0
a 3 x 2 + abcx + c 3 = 0 by c 2 , we get a a ⇒ 1+ a − b = 0 ⇒a − b = −1
b c
2 ⇒ α ′ω2 = and (α ′ )2 ω = 63. (a) Given that, α and β be the roots of
a   + b   + c = 0
ax ax
a a
 c   c  the equation x 2 − q( 1 + x ) − r = 0
b c
ax ⇒ α ′ = ω and (α ′ )2 ω =
⇒ = α, β a a ⇒ x 2 − qx − ( q + r ) = 0
c 2
α+β=q
⇒  ω ω =
c c b c Then,
⇒ x = α, β ⇒ b 2 = ac
a  a and αβ = − ( q + r )
a a
⇒ x = α 2β , αβ 2 ⇒ a, b, c are in GP. Now, ( 1 + α ) ( 1 + β) = 1 + (α + β ) + αβ
Q c = αβ = product of roots  = 1 + q − ( q + r) = 1 − r
55. (c) Sum of roots = (α + 1) + (β + 1)
 a  64. (a) Let the roots of the equation
= (α + β ) + 2
Hence, α 2β and αβ 2 are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are α and (α − 1) by
= − 1+ 2 = 1
the equation a 3 x 2 + abcx + c 3 = 0. given condition. Then,
Product of roots = (α + 1)(β + 1) b
b ⇒ α + (α − 1) = −
51. (d) sin θ + cos θ = − = αβ + (α + β ) + 1 a
a b a−b
c = 1− 1+ 1= 1 ⇒ 2α = 1 − ⇒ α=
sin θ cos θ = a 2a
a ∴ Required equation is x 2 − x + 1 = 0. c
Now, (sin θ + cos θ)2 = 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ and α (α − 1) =
56. (a) We have, α = ω and β = ω2 a
b2 2c a + 2c ⇒ α 2 = ω2 and β 2 = ω ( a − b)  a − b = c
⇒ = 1+ = ⇒ − 1
a2  
a a ∴ The equation whose roots are α 2 and 2a  2a  a
⇒ b 2 = a 2 + 2ac β 2 is x2 + x + 1 = 0 …(i) ⇒ − ( a 2 − b 2 ) = 4ac
⇒ b 2 + c 2 = a 2 + 2ac + c 2 = ( a + c )2 Given equation is ⇒ b 2 = a( a + 4c )
∴ b 2 + c 2 = ( a + c )2 ( a + b )x 2 − ax + 1 = 0 …(ii)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 65-66) Let α and β be the roots of
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
52. (a) α + β = −
b
, αβ =
c the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
a = − 1 and a + b = 1
a a Then, α + β = − b/a
The required equation is ⇒ b = 1 − a = 1 − ( − 1) = 2
and α ⋅β = c/ a
MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 81

Also given that, the equation −2 b 80. (d) Given equation, x2 − 10x + 9 = 0
Now, sum of the roots = 2α + 3α =
x 2 + 36x + 24 = 0 is formed by 3a Let (α , β ) be the roots of the given
−2 b −2b
multiplying each root of ⇒ 5α= ⇒ α= ...(i) equation.
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by 2. 3a 15a
c Then, α + β = 10
and product of the roots = 2α ⋅ 3α =
∴ 2α + 2β = − 36 ⇒ α + β = −18 3a and α ⋅β = 9
2
−b −2 b 
⇒ 
b c c
⇒ = − 18 ⇒ = 18 …(i) ⇒ 6α 2 =  = Now, we use the identity
a a 3a  15a  18a
(α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ
and ( 2α )( 2β ) = 24 ⇒ αβ = 6 [from Eq. (i)]
= ( 10) − 4 ( 9) = ( 10)2 − 4 ( 9)
2
c 4b 2 c 4b 2 c
⇒ =6 ...(ii) ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ α −β = ± 8
a 225a 2 18a 25a 2 2a
∴ 8 b 2 = 25 ac ∴ |α − β | = 8
65. (a) Now, dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii),
we get 73. (b) 81. (a) If one root of any quadratic equation
b 3
74. (d) α , β are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0
2 is in the form 3a + b , then other root of
= ⇒ b: c = 3 : 1
c 1 −b c this equation should be 3a − b .
∴ α+β = ,αβ =
a a ∴ Required equation is
66. (d) Now, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get We have, α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ x2 − (Sum of roots) ⋅ x
b c
× = 18 × 6
2 + (Product of roots) = 0
=  −  − 2 ⋅
b c
a a  a a ⇒ x2 − {(3a + b ) + (3 a − b }⋅ x
⇒ bc = 108 a 2
b 2 2c b 2 − 2ac + {(3a + b )(3a − b )} = 0
67. (c) = 2 − =
a a a2 ∴ x − 6 ax + 9 a − b = 0
2 2
2
68. (b) Since, the roots of the quadratic 2  c c2
and α ⋅ β = (αβ ) =   = 2
2 2
82. (c) Given that, (α , β ) are the roots of the
equation 3x 2 − 5x + p = 0 are real and  a a
unequal. equation x2 + x + 2 = 0, then
∴ Required quadratic equation whose α + β = − 1 and α ⋅ β = 2
∴ Discriminant > 0 ⇒ b 2 − 4 ac > 0 roots are α 2 and β 2 is Now, we have
⇒ ( −5)2 − 4(3)( p ) > 0 x 2 − ( α 2 + β 2 ) x + α 2β 2 = 0 α10 + β10
⇒ 25 − 12 p > 0 ⇒ 25 > 12 p = (αβ )10 = ( 2)10
( b 2 − 2ac ) c2 α −10 + β −10
25 ⇒ x2 − x+ 2 = 0
⇒ 12 p < 25 ⇒ p < a 2
a
12 = 1024
∴ a 2 x 2 − ( b 2 − 2ac )x + c 2 = 0
69. (c) Since, α and β are the roots of 83. (d) Given that, the equation
75. (b) 76. (a)
x 2 + px − q = 0 x2 + bx + 4 = 0 have real roots, if
∴ α + β = − p, αβ = − q 77. (c) Given equation is discriminate (D) = B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0
Again, since γ,δ are the roots of x2 − 8x + 16 = 0
x 2 − px + r = 0 ⇒ ( x − 4)2 = 0 ⇒ x = 4, 4 + –
∴ γ + δ = p, γδ = r So, the roots of the equation are equal
–∞ –4 +4 +∞
(β + γ )(β + δ) and real.
78. (d) Given quadratic equation, ⇒ b − 4 ( 1) ( 4) ≥ 0
2
= β 2 + β( γ + δ) + γδ
= β 2 + β ( p ) + γδ x 2 + 3 |x | + 2 = 0 ⇒ b 2 − 16 ≥ 0
= β + β ( −α − β ) + r
2 ⇒ |x|2 + 3|x|+2 = 0 ⇒ ( b − 4) ( b + 4) ≥ 0 ∴ b ≤ − 4, b ≥ 4
= β 2 − αβ − β 2 + r = − αβ + r ⇒ (|x|+2)(|x|+1) = 0 84. (c)
= − ( − q) + r = q + r ⇒ |x|= −2,−1
85. (c) Given equation,
Hence, given quadratic equation has no
70. (b)
real roots. 2a 2 x 2 − 2abx + b 2 = 0
71. (a) Given that, When, a < 0 and b > 0
79. (b) Given quadratic equation is
4x − 6 ⋅ 2x + 8 = 0 ⇒ 22 x − 6 ⋅ 2x + 8 = 0 −( −2ab ) ± ( −2ab )2 − 4 ⋅ 2a 2 ⋅ b 2
ax2 + bx + b = 0 ∴ x =
Let 2x = z ⇒ z 2 − 6z + 8 = 0 2 ⋅ 2a 2
Let (α , β ) be the roots of given
⇒ z 2 − 4z − 2z + 8 = 0 equation. 2ab ± 4a b − 8a 2 b 2
2 2
=
⇒ z (z − 4 ) − 2 (z − 4 ) = 0 b b 4a 2
∴ α+β=− and α β =
⇒ (z − 4)(z − 2) = 0 a a 2ab ± −4a 2 b 2 2ab ± i 2ab
= =
∴ z = 2, 4 ⇒ 2x = 21 , 22 Now, we have 4a 2 4a 2
So, the required values of x are 1, 2. α β b α+β b which shows that the roots of the given
+ + = +
72. (d) Given quadratic equation is β α a αβ a equation is always complex.
3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 −b a b b b 86. (d)
= × + =− + =0
Let its root are 2α and 3α. a b a a a
82 NDA/NA Pathfinder

b c 288 ∴ Statement I is not correct.

87. (a) Q α + β = − and αβ = ⇒ 324 − 36 = 4 q( 18) ⇒ = 4q
a a 18 Now, α 2β + β 2α = αβ (α + β )
q
Also, α + h + β + h = − ⇒ q=4 As, α + β < 0 and αβ < 0
p
⇒ α + β + 2h = −
q ∴ 2 p + 3 × 4 = 18 ⇒ αβ (α + β ) > 0
p 18 − 12 ∴ Statement II is correct.
⇒ p= =3
b 
Qα + β = − 
q b 2
⇒ 2h = − + 97. (a) Q x 2 − px + 4 > 0
p a  a  ∴ 2 p + q = 2 × 3 + 4 = 10
Here, a > 0 and f ( x ) > 0
1 b q  92. (a) We have, x 2 − 3| x | + 2 = 0 ∴ D<0
⇒ h=  − 
2 a p ∴ p 2 − 16 < 0 ⇒ p 2 < 16 ⇒ | p | < 4
⇒ | x |2 − 3| x | + 2 = 0
88. (b) We have, ⇒ | x |2 − 2| x | − | x | + 2 = 0 98. (b) Given equation is
( x 2 + 2)2 + 8x 2 = 6x ( x 2 + 2) …(i) ⇒ ( | x | − 2) ( | x | − 1) = 0 ( l − m ) x 2 + lx + 1 = 0
Let x 2 + 2 = y , then Let α and 2α be the roots of given
⇒ | x | = 2 or | x | = 1
y 2 + 8x 2 = 6xy equation. Then, we have
⇒ x = ± 2 or x = ± 1 −l
⇒ y − 6xy + 8x 2 = 0
2
α + 2α = 3α =
∴ There are four real roots of the l −m
⇒ ( y − 4x )( y − 2x ) = 0
equation.
⇒ ( x 2 + 2 − 4x )( x 2 + 2 − 2x ) = 0 and α ⋅ 2α = 2α 2 =
1
⇒ x 2 − 4x + 2 = 0 or x 2 − 2x + 2 = 0 93. (a) We have, x 2 − nx + m = 0 l −m
Since, discriminant of x 2 − 4x + 2 = 0 ∴ α + β = n, αβ = m −l 1
is 16 − 8 > 0 and given that, α–β = 1 ⇒ α= and 2α 2 =
3( l − m ) l −m
∴ It has real solutions. So, Statement I We know that, 2
is not correct. (α + β)2 − (α − β)2 = 4αβ  −l 
⇒ 2⋅   = 1
Now, Eq. (i) can be written as ⇒ n2 − 1 = 4m  3( l − m )  l −m
x 4 − 6x 3 + 12x 2 − 12x + 4 = 0  
⇒ n − 4m − 1 = 0
2
2
( −6 ) 2l 1
∴ Sum of all roots = − =6 94. (c) We have, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ =
1 9 ( l − m )2 l − m
b
∴ Sum of roots, i.e. α + β = −
So, Statement II is correct. a ⇒ 2l 2 = 9 ( l − m ) [Q l ≠ m ]
c
89. (a) Let the correct equation be and product of roots, i.e. αβ = ⇒ 2l 2 − 9l + 9m = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 a
9 ± 81 − 72m
It is given that, α + β = α 2 + β 2 ⇒ l =
First student roots are 8 and 2. Equation 4
is x 2 − 10x + 16 = 0 ⇒ α + β = (α + β)2 − 2αβ
Q l is real.
2
b  b
a = 1, b = − 10 are correct, c = 16 is =  −  − 2  ∴ D≥0
c
⇒ −
wrong. a  a  a ⇒ 81 − 72m ≥ 0
Second student roots are − 9 and −1 b b 2 2c b b 2 − 2ac 81 9
⇒ − = 2 − ⇒− = ⇒ 81 ≥ 72m ⇒ µ ≤ ⇒µ≤
Equation is x 2 + 10x + 9 = 0 a a a a a2 72 8
⇒ − ab = b − 2ac
2 9
a = 1, c = 9 are correct, b = 10 is wrong Hence, greatest value of m is .
⇒ b 2 = 2ac − ab ⇒ b 2 + ab = 2ac 8
∴ a = 1, b = − 10 and c = 9
Sol. (Q. Nos. 95-96) 99. (d) Given, x 2 + bx + c = 0, b ≠ 0
Hence, correct equation is tan α + tan β = − b
Given, α and β are the roots of
x 2 − 10x + 9 = 0 tan α tan β = c
equation x 2 + bx + c = 0. and
90. (c) Since, m and n are roots of the ∴ α + β = − b and αβ = c tan α + tan β
Now, tan (α + β ) =
equation As b > 0 and c < 0 1 − tan α tan β
( x + p )( x + q ) − k = 0 b
So, α + β< 0 =− = b( c − 1)−1
⇒ x 2 + ( p + q )x + pq − k = 0 ⇒ β< −α 1− c
∴ m + n = − ( p + q ) and mn = pq − k and αβ < 0 100. (b) Q tan α + tan β = −b
Now, ( x − m )( x − n) + k = 0 Also, given that α < β ⇒ α < 0 sin α sin β
⇒ + = −b
⇒ x 2 − (m + n)x + mn + k = 0 and β> 0 cos α cos β
⇒ x 2 + ( p + q )x + pq − k + k = 0 95. (c) α + β < 0 ⇒ β < − α sin α cos β + cos α sin β
...(i) ⇒ = −b
⇒ x 2 + ( p + q )x + pq = 0 ∴ Statement I is correct. cos α cos β
Hence, − p and − q are the required roots. sin(α + β )
As, α < 0 and − α > β ⇒ = −b
91. (c) We have, 2 p + 3 q = 18 ⇒ |α |> β cos α cos β
and 4 p 2 + 4 p q − 3q 2 − 36 = 0 ∴ Statement II is correct. ⇒ sin (α + β ) sec α sec β = − b
⇒ ( 2 p + 3 q ) − 8 p q − 12 q = 36
2 2
96. (b) As,α + β < 0 and αβ < 0
⇒ 182 − 4 q ( 2 p + 3 q ) = 36 ⇒ α + β + αβ < 0
07
83

PERMUTATIONS AND
COMBINATIONS
In NDA exam, generally 2-3 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on
fundamental principle of counting, number of permutation/combination under certain
conditions etc.

In our day-to-day life, we are interested to find the number of ways in which a particular work can be
done. For this, we have to find all the possible ways to do that work and it can be done with the help
of permutation and combination.

FACTORIAL NOTATION
The continued product of first n natural numbers is denoted by n! or it is read as ‘n factorial’.
Thus, n ! = n ( n − 1) ( n − 2)K 3 × 2 × 1 , e.g. 5 ! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 and 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24

Properties of Factorial Notation

(i) 0 ! = 1
(ii) Factorials of negative integers and fractions are not defined.
n! n!
(iii) = n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) K(r + 1) (iv) = n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) K ( n − r + 1)
r! ( n − r )!
(v) ( m + n)! ≠ m!+ n ! (vi) (mn)! ≠ m! n!
(vii) n ! = n( n − 1)! = n( n − 1)( n − 2)!

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING

There are following fundamental principles of counting
1. Fundamental principle of multiplication “If there are two jobs such that one of them can be
completed in mdifferent ways following which a second job can be completed in n different ways,
then the two jobs in succession can be completed in m × n ways. This can be extended to any finite
number of operations.
84 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 1. How many 3-digit numbers, each less than

600, can be formed from (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9), if repetition of
digits is allowed?
a. 216 b. 180 c. 144 d. 120
Sol. c. Unit’s and ten’s place each can be filled by any one of
the given numbers, i.e. by 6 × 6 ways.
But hundredth place can be filled by only 4 ways (7 and 9
cannot be put here).
∴Total required number of ways = 4 × 6 × 6 = 144
2. Fundamental principle of addition If there are mways
for doing one work and n ways doing another work,
then ways of doing either of the two works = m + n.
Here, the two works are independent of each other.
EXAMPLE 2. In a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls.
The teacher wants to select either a boy or a girl to
represent the class in a function. In how many ways can
the teacher make this selection?
a. 80 b. 18 c. 81 d. None of these
Sol. b. Here, the teacher has to perform either of the following
two jobs
(i) selecting a boy among 10 boys or
(ii) selecting a girl among 8 girls.
The first job can be performed in 10 ways and the second
in 8 ways. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of
addition either of the two jobs can be performed in
(10 + 8) = 18 ways. Hence, the teacher can make the
selection of either a boy or a girl in 18 ways.
Permutation Under
Certain Condition
1. The number of all permutations of n different
objects taking r at a time
(i) when a particular object is always included
is r ⋅ n − 1 Pr−1 .
(ii) when a particular object is never included is
n−1
Pr .
2. Number of permutations of n different things,
taken r at a time, when s particular things are to
be always included in each arrangement, is
s ![r − ( s − 1)] ⋅ n − s Pr − s .
3. Number of permutations of n different things,
taken all at a time, when mspecified things
always come together, is m! × ( n − m + 1)!.
4. Number of permutations of n different things,
taken all at a time, when mspecified things never
come together, is n ! − m! × ( n − m + 1)!.
5. The number of permutations of n things, of
which p1 are alike of one kind; p 2 are alike of
second kind; p 3 are alike of third kind; ...; p r are
alike of rth kind such that p1 + p 2 + K + p r = n, is
n!
.
p1 ! p 2 ! p 3 ! K p r !

PERMUTATIONS EXAMPLE 3. The number of arrangements that can

Each of the arrangements which can be made by taking be made with the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’
some or all of a number of things is called a permutation. in which all vowels come together, is
Thus, in permutation the order of arrangement is 8! × 4! 8! × 4! 8! 8!
a. b. c. d.
important. When the order is changed, a different 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 4 ! 2! 2!
permutation is obtained, e.g. The permutations of three Sol. b. There are 4 vowels viz. A, E, A, I. Considering
letters A, B and C taking all at a time are ABC, ACB, these four vowels as one letter we have 8 letters
BCA, BAC, CBA and CAB. (M, T, H, M, T, C, S and one letter obtained by
combining all vowels), out of which M occurs twice,
T occurs twice and the rest all different. These 8
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON PERMUTATION 8!
letters can be arranged in ways. But, the four
(i) Let r and n be positive integers such that 0 ≤ r ≤ n . Then, 2! × 2!
the number of all permutations of n distinct things taken r 4!
vowels (A, E, A, I) can be put together in ways.
at time is given by nPr or p (n, r), where 2!
n!
n
Pr = = n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) … ( n − r + 1) Hence, the total number of arrangements in which
( n − r )!
8! 4!
where n ≥ r . vowels are always together = ×
(ii) The number of all permutations of n distinct things, taken 2! × 2! 2!
all at a time is n Pn = h ! .
(iii) The number of permutations of n different things taken r at Circular Permutations
a time, when each thing may be repeated any number of
times is n r . If we arrange the objects along the circumference of a
(iv) P0 = 1, P1 = n and Pn = n ! ,
n n n n
Pn −1 = n ! circle, then permutations are known as circular
permutations.
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON
MATHEMATICS Permutations and Combinations 85

CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
Properties of n Cr
(i) The number of circular permutations of n distinct
n
objects is ( n − 1) ! . Here, anti-clockwise and clockwise (i) C r is a natural number.
order of arrangements are considered as distinct
permutations. (ii) C r = nC n− r , for 0 ≤ r ≤ n
n

(ii) If anti-clockwise and clockwise order of arrangements (iii) n

C 0 = n C n = 1, nC1 = n
are not distinct, e.g. arrangement of beads in a necklace,
arrangement of flowers in a garland etc., then number
(iv) Let n and r be non-negative integers such that r ≤ n.
n+1
of circular permutations of n distinct items is
( n − 1)!
. Then, n
C r + nC r−1 = Cr [Pascal’s law]
2 n n−1
n
Cr = ⋅ C r−1 [ 1≤ r ≤ n ]
EXAMPLE 4. There are 20 persons among whom r
two are brothers. Find the number of ways in which (v) If 1 ≤ r ≤ n, then n ⋅ n−1C r−1 = ( n − r + 1) ⋅ nC r−1
we can arrange them around a circle, so that there is
exactly one person between the two brothers. (vi) nC x = nC y ⇒ x = y or x + y = n
a. 18! b. 2 × 18 ! c. 17! d. 18 × 17 !  n − r + 1
(vii) n
C r / nC r−1 =  
Sol. b. Let B1 and B2 be two brothers among 20 persons  r 
and let M be the person. Clearly, M can be chosen (viii) n
C 0 + n C1 + n C 2 + . . . + n C n = 2n
from 18 persons (excluding B1 and B2) in 18 ways.
Considering the two brothers B1 and B2 and the person M (ix) n
C 0 + n C 2 + n C 4 + . . . = n C1 + n C 3 + n C5 . . . = 2n−1
2 n+1
as one person, we have 18 persons in all.
(x) C 0 + 2n+1 C1 + 2n+1 C 2 + . . . + 2 n+1
C n = 22n
These 18 persons can be arranged around a circle in
(18 − 1) ! = 17 ! ways. But B1 and B2 can be arranged among
them solve in 2! ways. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON COMBINATIONS
Hence, total number of required ways
(i) Number of combinations of n different things taken r at
= 18 × 17 ! × 2! = 2 × 18 ! a time
(a) When p particular things are always included = n − p C r − p .
COMBINATIONS (b) When p particular things are never included = n − p C r .

Each of the different selections made by taking some or (c) When p particular things are not together in any
all of a number of objects, (irrespective of there selection =n C r −n − p C r − p .
arrangements) is called a combinations. e.g. The different (ii) If there are n person in a room and they shake their
combinations formed of two out of three letters A , B, C hand with others only once, then total number of shake
hands = nC 2 .
are AB, AC, BC.
(iii) The total number of combinations of n different things
n taken one or more at a time or the number of ways of n
Meaning of Cr different things selecting atleast one of them is
The number of combinations of n different things taken
n
C 1 + nC 2 + K + nC n = 2n − 1.
 n (iv) The number of combinations of n identical things taking
r at a time is denoted by n C r or C( n, r ) or   .
r  r ( r ≤ n ) at a time is 1.
n (v) The number of ways of selecting r things out of n alike
n! Pr
Then, n
Cr = = [0 ≤ r ≤ n] things is ( n + 1), (where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, K , n ).
r ! (n − r ) ! r! (vi) If out of ( p + q + r ) things, p are alike of one kind, q are
n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) K ( n − r + 1) alike of second kind and rest are alike of third kind,
= , n ∈ N and r ∈ W
r (r − 1) (r − 2) K 2⋅ 1 then the total number of combinations is
[( p + 1) ( q + 1) ( r + 1)] − 1.
If r > n, then n C r = 0
86 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 5. From 12 books, the difference between

number of ways a selection of 5 books, when one
Geometrical Applications
specified book is always excluded and one specified of Combinations
book is always included is Some basic geometrical applications of n C r are as follows
a. 64 b. 118 c. 132 d. 330
1. Out of n non-concurrent and non-parallel straight
Sol. c. If a specified book is always included. It means lines points of intersection are n C 2 .
4 books are selected out of the remaining 11 books
2. Out of ‘n’ points the number of straight lines are
∴Number of ways = 11C 4
(when no three are collinear) n C 2 .
If a specified book is always excluded. It means 5 books
are selected out of the remaining 11 books. 3. If out of n points mare collinear, then number of
∴Number of ways = 11C 5 straight lines = nC 2 − mC 2 + 1, where m≥ 3.
Thus, Required number of ways = 11C 5 − 11C 4 4. In a polygon total number of diagonals out of n
11! 11 n ( n − 3)
= − = 132 points (no three are collinear) = nC 2 − n = .
5 !6 ! 4 !7 ! 2
5. Number of triangles formed from n points is nC 3
EXAMPLE 6. How many 5-letter words with or
without meaning can be formed out of letters of the (when no three points are collinear).
word ‘EQUATIONS’ if repetition of letters is not 6. Number of triangles out of n points in which mare
allowed? collinear are n C 3 − mC 3 , where m≥ 3 .
a. 59 b. 9 C5 7. Number of parallelogram in two system of parallel
c. C5 × 5!
9
d. 95 lines (when 1st set contains mparallel lines and 2nd
set contains n parallel lines) = nC 2 × mC 2 .
Sol. c. There are 9 letters in the word ‘EQUATIONS’. In
order to form 5-letter words, we first select 5 letters out
EXAMPLE 7. The number of parallelograms that can
of these 9 letters.
9
be formed from a set of four parallel lines intersecting
Selection of 5 letters out of 9 letter can be done in C 5 another set of three parallel lines is
ways.
a. 6 b. 18 c. 12 d. 9
Arranging of 5 selected letters to form 5-letter words can
be done in 5! ways. Sol. b. Required number of parallelograms
∴Total number of 5 letter words = 9C 5 × 5! 4! 3! 4×3 3
= 4C 2 × 3C 2 = × = × = 18
2! 2! 2!1! 2 × 1 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The product of r consecutive positive integers, 5. All the letters of the word ‘EAMCET’ are
divided by r ! is arranged in possible ways. The number of such
(a) a proper fraction (b) equal to r arrangements in which no two vowels are
(c) a positive integer (d) None of these adjacent to each other is
2. The number of 5 digit telephone numbers having (a) 360 (b) 144 (c) 72 (d) 54
atleast one of their digits repeated is 6. The number of words that can be formed from
(a) 90000 (b) 10000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760 the letters of the word ‘INDRAPRASTHA’ when
3. Four dice (six faced) are rolled. The number of the vowels are never separated, is
possible outcomes in which atleast one die (a) 727560 (b) 725760
shows 2 is (c) 752760 (d) 757260
(a) 1296 (b) 625
7. There are 10 lamp in a hall. Each one of
(c) 671 (d) None of these them can be switched on independently. The
4. In how many ways 4 boys and 3 girls can be number of ways in which the hall can be
seated in a row, so that they are alternate? illuminated is
(a) 108 (b) 144 (c) 96 (d) 72 (a) 102 (b) 1023 (c) 210 (d) 10!
MATHEMATICS Permutations and Combinations 87

2n + 1 2n − 1
8. 20 persons are invited for a party. The number 19. If Pn − 1: Pn = 3 : 5, then consider the
of ways in which they and the host can be seated following statements
at a circular table, if two particular persons be
seated on either side of the host is equal to I. The value of n is 3
(a) 2 ⋅ (18) ! (b) 18 ! ⋅ 3 ! II. P ( 5, n ) = P ( 6, n − 1)
(c) 19 ! ⋅ 2 ! (d) None of these Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
9. Seven women and seven men are to sit round a (a) Only I (b) Only II
circular table such that there is a man on either (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
side of every women, then the number of seating
20. Four-letter words are to be formed using the
arrangements is
letters of the word ‘FAILURE’.
(a) (17 !) 2
(b) (6!) 2
(c) 6! × 7 ! (d) 7!
n
Consider the following statements
P (n , r )
10. What is the value of ∑ r! ? I. Number of words of F is included in each word
is 6C3 × 4 !.
r =1
(a) 2 n − 1 (b) 2 n (c) 2 n − 1 (d) 2 n + 1 II. Number of words, if it contains two different
vowels and two different consonants is
11. How many times does the digit 3 appear while 3
C 2 × 4C 2 × 4 !.
writing the integers from 1 to 1000?
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 269 (b) 271 (c) 300 (d) None of these
(a) Only I (b) Only II
12. The value of (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(7C0 + 7C1 ) + (7C1 + 7C2 ) + K + (7C6 + 7C7 ) is
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-22) Find the number of
(a) 2 7 − 1 (b) 2 8 − 2 (c) 2 8 − 1 (d) 28 numbers between 400 and 4000 that can be formed
13. The solution set of Cx − 1 > 2 ⋅ Cx is10 10 with the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 0.
(a) {1, 2, 3} (b) {4, 5, 6} (c) {8, 9, 10} (d) {9, 10, 11} 21. When number is of 3 digits
(a) 75 (b) 90
14. Given 5 line segments of lengths 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (c) 60 (d) 80
units. Then the number of triangles that can be
formed by joining these lines are 22. When number is of 4 digits
(a) 5C 3 (b) 5C 3 − 3 (a) 120 (b) 150
(c) 180 (d) 160
(c) C 3 − 2
5
(d) 5
C3 − 1

15. The sides AB, BC , CA of a ∆ABC have 3, 5 and 6 Directions (Q. Nos. 23-24) Find the total numbers
interior points, respectively on them. The of four digits number that are greater than 3000,
number of triangles that can be constructed that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
using these points as vertices is given by and 6.
(a) 364 (b) 333 23. If repetition is not allowed
(c) 240 (d) None of these (a) 240 (b) 24
(c) 360 (d) 480
16. Everybody in a room shakehands with everybody
else. The total number of hand shakes is 66. The 24. If repetition is allowed
total number of persons in the room is (a) 486 (b) 864 (c) 240 (d) 1296
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
Directions (Q. Nos. 25-27) A committee of five
17. In an examination, there are three multiple members is to be made from 4 gentlemen and
choice questions and each question has 4 choices.
6 ladies. Then, find the number of ways in which
Then, the number of ways in which a student
committee can be formed.
can fail to get all answer correct is
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 27 (d) 63 25. Gentlemen are in majority
(a) 60 (b) 66 (c) 120 (d) 126
18. A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines
parallel to its sides. The number of 26. Ladies are in majority
parallelograms thus formed is (a) 60 (b) 66 (c) 120 (d) 186
(a) m
C 2 × mC 2 (b) 2( m + 2 C 2 ) 27. Exactly 3 ladies are chosen
(c) ( m + 2 C 2 )2 (d) None of these (a) 120 (b) 126 (c) 60 (d) 40
88 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Directions (Q. Nos. 28-30) There are ten points in a PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
plane, of these ten points four points are in a straight
line and with the exception of these four points, no 38. What is the number of ways that 4 boys and
three points are in the same straight line. On the basis 3 girls can be seated, so that boys and girls sits
of this information answer the following questions. alternate? e 2012 I
(a) 12 (b) 72 (c) 120 (d) 144
28. The number of triangles formed by joining these
ten points is 39. The number of permutations that can be formed
from all the letters of the word ‘BASEBALL’ is
(a) 116 (b) 80 (c) 96 (d) 56 e 2012 II
29. The number of straight lines formed by joining (a) 540 (b) 1260 (c) 3780 (d) 5040
these ten points is 40. What is the number of diagonals which can be
(a) 15 (b) 40 (c) 24 (d) 39 drawn by joining the angular points of a polygon
30. The number of quadrilaterals formed by joining of 100 sides? e 2012 II
these ten points is (a) 4850 (b) 4950 (c) 5000 (d) 10000
(a) 82 (b) 48 (c) 185 (d) 64 41. If P ( 77, 31) = x and C ( 77, 31) = y, then which one
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-33) We have to choose of the following is correct? e 2013 I
(a) x = y (b) 2x = y (c) 77 x = 31y (d) x > y
Eleven players for cricket team from eight batsmen,
six bowlers, four all rounder and two wicket keepers 42. In how many ways can the letters of the word
in the following conditions. ‘GLOOMY’ be arranged so that the two O’s
should not be together? e 2013 I
31. The number of selections, when atmost one all (a) 240 (b) 480 (c) 600 (d) 720
rounder and one wicket keeper will play
(a) 4 C1 × 14
C10 + 2C1 × C10 + 4C1 × 2C1 ×
14
C9 +
14 14
C11
43. If C ( 28, 2r ) = C ( 28, 2r − 4), then what is r equal
to? e 2013 II
(b) C1 ×
4 15
C11 + 15
C11 (c) C1 ×
4 15
C10 + 15
C11 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
(d) None of the above
44. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, words are to be
32. Number of selections, when two particular formed by involving 3 consonants and 2 vowels.
batsmen do not want to play when a particular The number of such words formed is e 2014 I
bowler will play (a) 25200 (b) 22500 (c) 10080 (d) 5040
(a) 17
C10 + 19
C11 (b) 17
C10 + C11 +
19 17
C11 45. How many different words can be formed by
(c) 17
C10 + 20
C11 (d) 19
C10 + 19
C11 taking four letters out of the letters of the word
‘AGAIN’, if each word has to start with A?
33. Number of selections when a particular batsman e 2012 I
and a particular wicket keeper do not want to (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) None of these
play together
(a) 218 C10 (b) 19
C11 + 18
C10 Directions (Q. Nos. 46-48) Given that, C (n, r): C (n, r + 1)
(c) 19
C10 + 19
C11 (d) None of these = 1: 2 and C (n, r + 1) : C (n, r + 2) = 2 : 3 e 2014 I
46. What is n equal to?
Directions (Q. Nos. 34-37) Different words are being (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
formed by arranging the letters of the word
47. What is r equal to?
‘ARRANGE’
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
34. The number of arrangement in which two R’s are 48. What is P ( n , r ) : C( n , r ) equal to?
never together is
(a) 900 (b) 1080 (c) 1020 (d) 960 (a) 6 (b) 24 (c) 120 (d) 720

35. The number of arrangement in which two A’s are 49. What is the number of ways in which one can
post 5 letters in 7 letter boxes? e 2014 II
together but not the two R’s is
(a) 7 5 (b) 3 5 (c) 57 (d) 2520
(a) 210 (b) 240 (c) 270 (d) 180
36. The number of arrangements in which neither 50. What is the number of ways that a cricket team
the two A’s nor the two R’s are together is of 11 players can be made out of 15 players?
e 2014 II
(a) 840 (b) 540 (c) 720 (d) 660
(a) 364 (b) 1001 (c) 1365 (d) 32760
37. The number of words can be formed without 1
changing the relative order of the vowels and 51. What is ∑ n + r Cn equal to?
r=0 e 2015 I
consonants is n+ 2 n+ 2 n+ 3 n+ 2
(a) 48 (b) 36 (c) 72 (d) 27 (a) C1 (b) Cn (c) Cn (d) Cn + 1
MATHEMATICS Permutations and Combinations 89

52. How many words can be formed using all the 57. The number of ways in which 3 holiday tickets
letters of the word ‘NATION’, so that all the three can be given to 20 employees of an organisation,
vowels should never come together? e 2015 I if each employee is eligible for any one or more
(a) 354 (b) 348 (c) 288 (d) None of these of the tickets, is e 2015 II
(a) 1140 (b) 3420
53. A polygon has 44 diagonals. The number of its (c) 6840 (d) 8000
sides is e 2015 II
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 7 58. What is the number of different messages that
can be represented by three 0’s and two 1’s?
54. The number of 3-digit even numbers that can be e 2016 I
formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, (a) 10 (b) 9
repetition of digits being not allowed, is e 2015 II (c) 8 (d) 7
(a) 60 (b) 56 (c) 52 (d) 48
59. What is the number of four-digit decimal numbers
55. If different words are formed with all the letters of (< 1) in which no digit is repeated? e 2016 I
the word ‘AGAIN’ and are arranged alphabetically (a) 3024 (b) 4536
among themselves as in a dictionary, the word at (c) 5040 (d) None of these
the 50th place will be e 2015 II
(a) NAAGI (b) NAAIG (c) IAAGN (d) IAANG 60. What is the number of ways in which 3 holiday
travel tickets are to be given to 10 employees of
56. The number of ways in which a cricket team of an organisation, if each employee is eligible for
11 players be chosen out of a batch of 15 players,
anyone or more of the tickets? e 2016 I
so that the captain of the team is always
(a) 60 (b) 120
included, is e 2015 II
(c) 500 (d) 1000
(a) 165 (b) 364 (c) 1001 (d) 1365

ANSWERS
1 c 2 d 3 c 4 b 5 c 6 b 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 a
11 b 12 b 13 c 14 b 15 b 16 b 17 d 18 c 19 b 20 c
21 c 22 a 23 a 24 b 25 b 26 d 27 a 28 a 29 b 30 c
31 a 32 b 33 b 34 a 35 b 36 d 37 b 38 d 39 d 40 a
41 d 42 a 43 b 44 a 45 c 46 d 47 c 48 b 49 a 50 c
51 a 52 c 53 a 54 c 55 b 56 c 57 d 58 a 59 b 60 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (c) Consider r consecutive positive
integers n + 1, K , n + r − 1, n + r.
( n + 1)K( n + r )
Then,
r!
n! ( n + 1)K ( n + r ) n + r
= = Cr
n! r !
which is a positive integer.
2. (d) A telephone number can be started
with zero.
Therefore, the number of numbers
with at least one digit repeated
= 105 − 10 P
5
= 105 − ( 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6) = 69760
3. (c) Total number of possible outcomes
= 64
Number of possible outcomes in
which 2 does not appear on any dice
= 54 . Required number =64 − 54 = 671
4. (b) Possible arrangement will be the
form B G B G B G B
Boys occupy 1, 3, 5, 7 places and girls
occupy 2, 4, 6 places.
∴ Four boys can be seated in 4! ways.
Three girls can be seated in 3! ways.
∴ Required number = 4! × 3! = 144
5. (c) Arrangement is × M × C × T × , first
we place 3 consonant in 3! ways and
then 3 vowels.
At four ‘×’ places (2 between them and
2 on sides) in which one vowel E is
repeated can be placed in 4 P / 2! ways.
3
Hence, required number
= 3! ⋅ 4 P / 2! = 72
3 = 2 ⋅ ( 18) !.
6. (b) Required number of ways
9! 4!
= ×
2! 3!
= 725760
7. (b) Each bulb has two choices, either
switched on or off.
∴ Required number = 210 − 1 = 1023
[Since, in one way when all are
switched off, then the hall will
not be illuminated]
8. (a) Host can sit on any seat. Two
particular guests can sit on either
sides of host in 2 ! = 2 ways and
these three persons consider a
single unit and remaining 18 guests
in (18) ! ways. Hence, total ways
90 NDA/NA Pathfinder

9. (c) 7 womens can be seated along a 14. (b) We know that, in a triangle, sum of 20. (c) There are 7 letters in the word
circular table in 6! ways. length of two sides is always greater than ‘FAILURE’.
w the third side. Number of vowels = 4
w w ∴ The triangle will not be formed if Number of consonants = 3
we select segments of lengths. Out of four letters, one letter is F and
( 2, 3, 5), ( 2, 3, 6) and ( 2, 4, 6). Hence, other three letters can be selected from
w
number of triangles formed = 5C − 3 remaining 6 letters in 6 C ways.
3 3
15. (b) Selection of 3 points from given These four letters can be arranged in
w w 14 points can be made in 4! ways.
w 14
C = 364 ...(i) Total number of words = 6C × 4!
3 3
If mens sit at the places marked by ‘×’, So, Statement I is correct.
But selection of 3 points from the
then mens will be on either side of women. Now, 2 vowels and 2 consonants can
points on one line cannot give any
∴ 7 mens can be seated is 7! ways triangle. Such selections are be chosen in 3 C × 4C ways and can
2 2
∴ Required number = 6! × 7! 3
C + 5C + 6C be arranged in 4! ways.
n n 3 3 3
P ( n, r ) 1 n! = 1 + 10 + 20 = 31
10. (a) ∑ =∑ ⋅ ...(ii) Total number of words
r =1 r! r =1 r ! ( n − r )! Hence, total number of triangles that = 3C × 4C × 4 !
2 2
can be formed = 364 − 31 = 333
 n n!  So, Statement II is correct.
Q Pr = ( n − r )!  16. (b) Let there be n persons in a room.
  ∴ Total number of handshakes
21. (c) Since, the number should be greater
n
 n n!  than 400 therefore, hundreds place can
= ∑ Q C r = r !( n − r )! 
1
n
Cr = nC = 66 ⇒ n ( n − 1) = 66 be filled up by any one of the three digits
r =1   2
2 4, 5, 6 in 3 different ways.
⇒ n2 − n − 132 = 0
= ( n C + nC + nC + ... + nC n ) Remaining two places can be filled up
1 2 3 ⇒ ( n + 11)( n − 12) = 0 by remaining five digits in 5 P ways.
= ( 1 + n C + n C + nC + ... + n C n ) − 1 ⇒ n = 12 [Q n ≠ − 11]. ∴ Required number
2
1 2 3
5!
= ( n C + nC + nC + ... + nC n ) − 1 17. (d) Each question can be answered in = 3 × 5 P = 3 × = 60
0 1 2 2
4 ways. 3!
= ( 1 + 1) − 1 = 2 − 1
n n
All questions can be answered in 1 way 22. (a) Thousands place can be filled up by
11. (b) Number of time 3 occurs = (when 3 So, the required number = 43 − 1 = 63 any of two digits 2 and 3 in 2 ways.
occurs exactly at one place) + (when 3 18. (c) The two sets of m parallel lines along Remaining three places can be filled
occurs exactly at two places) + (when 3 with two sets of two parallel lines of the up by remaining five digits in 5 P
3
occurs exactly at three places) given parallelogram will form two sets of ways.
= 3C × 9 × 9 + 3C × 9 + 3C (m + 2) parallel lines. Each parallelogram ∴ Required number
1 2 3 5!
= 243 + 27 + 1 = 271 is formed by choosing two parallel lines = 2 × 5P = 2 × = 120
3
from each of the above. 2!
12. (b) ( 7 C + 7 C ) + ( 7 C + 7 C ) 23. (a) Required number of numbers
0 1 1 2 ∴ Total number of parallelograms
= 4 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 240
+ ...+ ( 7 C + 7 C ) = m + 2C × m + 2 C = ( m + 2 C ) 2
6 7 2 2 2
2n + 1 24. (b) Required number of numbers
= 2[ 7 C + 7 C + ...7 C ] − 7 C P
n −1 3 = 4 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 864
0 1 7 0 19. (b) We have, 2 n −1
=
− C − C
7 7 Pn 5 Sol. (Q. Nos. 25-27) The committee of five
= 2⋅ 27 − 2 = 28 − 2
2 7
( 2n + 1)! ( n − 1)! 3
⇒ × = numbers can be made by choosing
( n + 2)! ( 2n − 1)! 5 gentlemen and ladies in the following
13. (c) For 10
C and 10
C x , 10 ≥ x − 1
x −1 ( 2n + 1)( 2n)( 2n − 1)! ( n − 1)! 3 manner
and 10 ≥ x ⇒ × =
( n + 2)( n + 1)n( n − 1)! ( 2n − 1)! 5 Gentlemen (4) Ladies (6)
∴ x ≤ 10 2( 2n + 1) 3 0 5
⇒ =
Q 10
C > 2 ⋅10 C x ( n + 2)( n + 1) 5 1 4
x −1
2 3
10! 10! ⇒ 10( 2n + 1) = 3( n + 2) ( n + 1)
⇒ > 2⋅ 3 2
( 11 − x )!( x − 1)! ( 10 − x )! x ! ⇒ 3n2 + 9n + 6 = 20n + 10
4 1
1 ⇒ 3n2 − 11n − 4 = 0
⇒ ⇒ ( n − 4) (3n + 1) = 0 ⇒ n = 4 25. (b) Number of ways to make the committee,
( 11 − x ) ⋅ ( 10 − x )!( x − 1)!
10! ∴ Statement I is not correct. when gentlemen are in majority
> 2⋅ = 4C 6C + 4C 6C
( 10 − x )! x ⋅ ( x − 1)! Now, for n = 4, 3 2 4 1
1 2 P(5, n) = 5 P = = 120
5! = 4 × 15 + 1 × 6 = 66
⇒ >
11 − x x 4
1! 26. (d) Number of ways to make a
6!
⇒ x > 22 − 2x [Q x ≥ 0] and P( 6, n − 1) = 6 P = = 120 committee, when ladies are in majority
3
22 1 3! = 4C 6C + 4C 6C + 4C 6C
⇒ x> ⇒x>7 ⇒ P(5, n) = P( 6, n − 1), for n = 4 0 5 1 4 2 3
3 3 = 1 × 6 + 4 × 15 + 6 × 20
∴ x = {8, 9, 10} [Q x ∈ N ] ∴ Statement II is correct. = 6 + 60 + 120 = 186
MATHEMATICS Permutations and Combinations 91

27. (a) Number of ways to make a If the particular bowler does not play, 38. (d ) The required number of ways that
committee, when exactly 3 ladies are then number of selections is 19 C . 4 boys and 3 girls can be seated, so that
11
chosen = 4C 6C = 6 × 20 = 120 If all the three players do not play, boys and girls alternate = 4! × 3!
2 3
= 24 × 6 = 144
28. (a) Total number of selections of then number of selections is 17 C .
11
3 points out of 10 points Total number of selections is 39. (d ) There are 8 letters in word
10 × 9 × 8 ‘BASEBALL’ in which 2B, 2A, 2L, 1S
= 10C = = 120 17
C + 19 C + 17 C
3
3! 10 11 11 and 1E.
When, 3 collinear points are selected 33. (b) If the particular batsman is selected. So, the number of permutations that
no triangle is formed. Then, rest of 10 players can be selected can be formed from all the letters of
in 18 C ways. the word ‘BASEBALL’
Number of selections of 3 points out 10
If particular wicketkeeper is selected. 8!
of 4 collinear points
Then rest of 10 players can be selected = = 5040
= 4C = 4 2! 2! 2!
3 in 18 C ways.
∴ Required number = 120 − 4 = 116 10
40. (a) The number of diagonals which can
If both are not selected, then number
be drawn by joining the angular points
29. (b) Total number of selections of of ways is 18 C .
2 points out of 10 points
11 of a polygon of 100 sides = 100C − 100
Hence, total number of ways is 2
10 × 9 100!
= 10C = = 45 = − 100
2
2 18 C + 18C = 19C + 18C . 2! 98!
2! 10 11 11 10
Sol. (Q. Nos. 34-37) 100 × 99 × 98!
Number of selections of two points, when = − 100
only one straight line is formed = 4C There are 7 letters in the word 2 × 98!
2
[If the 4 collinear points are ‘ARRANGE’ and there are two A’s = 50 × 99 − 100 = 4950 − 100
A , B , C , D, then AB, AC , AD, BC , and two R’s and three different letters. = 4850
BD, CD are the same line] Number of consonants = 4
41. (d) Given that, P ( 77,31) = x
∴ Required number Number of vowels = 3
i.e. 77
P =x ...(i)
Total number of arrangement when 31
= 10C − 4C + 1 = 45 − 6 + 1 = 40
2 2 there is no restriction and C ( 77,31) = y
30. (c) Total number of selections of 4 points 7! 77
C = y
= = 1260 i.e. ...(ii)
out of 10 given points 2! 2!
31
77 !
10! From Eq. (ii), = y
= 10C = 34. (a) Number of arrangement, when two 31 ! ( 77 − 31)!
4
4! 6!
10 × 9 × 8 × 7 R’s are together 77!
= = 210 ⇒ = 31! y ⇒ 77 P = 31! y
6! 2! ( 77 − 31)! 31
24 = = 360
Number of selections of 4 points, 2! 2!
⇒ x = (31! y ) [from Eq. (i)]
when no quadrilateral is formed ∴ Required number = 1260 − 360 = 900
∴ x> y
= 4C ⋅ 6C + 4C ⋅ 6 C 35. (b) Number of arrangement, when two
3 1 4 0 42. (a) First we arrange the four letters G, L,
A’s are together
= 4 × 6 + 1⋅ 1 = 25 M and Y in the alternate position = 4!
6! 2!
Hence, requ ired number = = 360 Now, rest of letters O,O arrange in 5
= 210 − 25 = 185 2! 2!
alternate positions = 5C
2
Number of arrangement, when two A’s
31. (a) When one all rounder and ten ∴ Required number of ways = 4! × 5C
and two R’s are together 2
players from bowlers and batsmen play, 5× 4
=
5! 2! 2!
= 120 = 24 ×
number of ways is 4 C × 14C . 2! 2! 2
1 10
When, one wicketkeeper and ∴ Required number = 360 − 120 = 240 = 24 × 10 = 240
10 players from bowlers and batsmen 43. (b) Given, C ( 28, 2r ) = C ( 28, 2r − 4)
36. (d) Number of arrangement, when two
play, number of ways is 2 C × 14C .
1 10 R’s are not together = 900 ⇒ 28
C = 28C
2r 2r − 4
When one all rounder, one [Q C x = nC y ⇒ x + y = n]
n
Number of arrangements, when two
wicketkeeper and nine players from R’s are not together and two A’s are ⇒ 2r + ( 2r − 4) = 28
batsmen and bowlers play, number of together = 240
ways is 4 C × 2C × 14C . ⇒ 4r = 32
1 1 9 ∴ Required number = 900 − 240 = 660
∴ r =8
When all eleven players play from
37. (b) Relative order of vowels and
bowlers and batsman, then number of 44. (a) In out of 7 consonants, 3 consonants
consonant remains unchanged,
ways is 14 C . can be selected in 7 C ways.
11 therefore, vowels will occupy only 3
Total number of selections is vowel’s place and consonants will In out of 4 vowels, 2 vowels can be
4
C × 14C + 2C × 14C + 4C occupy consonants place. selected in 4 C ways.
1 10 1 10 1 2
4! ∴ Number of such words
×2C × 14
C + 14
C . Now, 4 consonants can be arranged in
1 9 11 2! = 7C × 7C × 5 !
32. (b) If the particular bowler plays, then two 3! 3 2
and 3 vowels can be arranged in . [Since, 5 letters can be selected in 5
batsman will not play. so, rest of 10 players 2!
can be selected from 17 other players. 4! 3! ways]
∴ Required number = × = 36
17 2! 2! = 35 × 6 × 120 = 25200
Number of such selections is C .
10
92 NDA/NA Pathfinder

45. (c) The word ‘AGAIN’ has five letters 49. (a) There are 5 letters and 7 letter boxes. 55. (b) We have, word ‘AGAIN’
2A, 1G, 1I, 1N. Since, A repeat two First letter can be put any 7 letters The letter starts from AAGIN
times and A is fixed at first position boxes = 7 ways
then, we have to arrange remaining 4 = 4! = 24
Similarly, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th letters
letters in three vacant position. The letter starts from GAAIN
be put in 7 ways each, respectively.
∴ Required number of ways =
4!
= 12
= 1 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 ∴ Required number of ways 2!
= 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 75
Sol. (Q. Nos. 46-48) The letters starts from IAAGN
Given that, C ( n, r ):C ( n, r + 1) = 12
: 50. (c) 4!
= = 12
1 1 2!
⇒ n
C r :n C = 1: 2
∑ ∑
n+ r n+ r
r +1 51. (a) C n= C
n+ r −n
n! r =0 r =0 Number of total letters = 48
r !( n − r )! 1 ∴ 49th word is NAAGI and 50th
⇒ = 1
∑
n+ r n+1
n! 2 = C r = nC + C word is NAAIG.
0 1
( r + 1)!( n − r − 1)! r =0
56. (c) Total number of selection of 11 players
( r + 1)! ( n − r − 1)! 1 n + 1!
⇒ = = 1+ = 1+ n + 1= n + 2 out of 15 players in which captain is
r ! ( n − r )! 2 n! 1! included = 14C
( r + 1) ⋅ r ! ( n − r − 1)! 1 n+ 2 10
⇒ = = C
r ! ( n − r )! ( n − r − 1)! 2 1 14! 14 × 13 × 12 × 11
= =
r+ 1 1 52. (c) Required number of words 10! 4! 1× 2× 3× 4
⇒ = 6! 4! × 3!
n− r 2 = − = 1001
⇒ 2r + 2 = n − r 2! 2!
= 360 − 72 = 288 57. (d) Since, each employees is eligible for
⇒ n = 3r + 2 …(i)
and C ( n, r + 1) : C ( n, r + 2) = 2 : 3 one or more ticket(s).
53. (a) Let the number of sides of the
⇒ n
C : nC = 2:3 Hence, total number of ways = 203
r +1 r + 2
polygon be n.
n! = 8000
Then, number of diagonals = nC − n
⇒ ( r + 1)!( n − r − 1)! = 2 2
58. (a) Here, we are given three 0’s and two
n! ⇒ 44 = nC − n 1’s.
3 2
n!
( r + 2)!( n − r − 2)! ⇒ 44 = −n Hence, number of ways of different
( r + 2)!( n − r − 2)! 2 2!( n − 2)! messages
⇒ =
( r + 1)!( n − r − 1)! 3 n ( n − 1)( n − 2)! 5! 5× 4
⇒ 44 = −n = = = 10
( r + 2) ⋅ ( r + 1)!( n − r − 2)! 2 2!( n − 2)! 3!× 2! 2
⇒ =
( r + 1)!( n − r − 1)( n − r − 2)! 3 [ n( n − 1)] 59. (b) Clearly, number of four-digit decimal
⇒ 44 = −n
r+ 2 2 2 numbers that can be formed using the
⇒ =
n− r− 1 3 ⇒ n2 − 3n − 88 = 0 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, when no
⇒ 3 r + 6 = 2n − 2r − 2 digit is repeated, are given by
⇒ ( n − 11)( n + 8) = 0
⇒ 5 r + 8 = 2n …(ii) Number of numbers Number of numbers
⇒ n = 11, − 8 [ n ≠ −8] of the type of the type
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Hence, polygon has 11 sides. – 0
r=4
46. (d) Put the value of r in Eq. (i), we get 54. (c) We have, digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for
10! 9! 9!
n = 3 ( 4) + 2 3-digit even number. 10
P − 9P = − = ( 10 − 1)
4 3
(i) When 0 is at unit place, then 6! 6! 6!
n = 12 + 2 ⇒ n = 14
9 × 8 × 7 × 6! × 9
47. (c) 0 =
6!
48. (b) We have, P ( n, r ) : C ( n, r ) 4 × 5 × 1 = 20 numbers
= 72 × 7 × 9 = 4536
= n Pr : nC r (ii) When 0 is not at unit place, then
n! n! 60. (d) Since, each ticket can be given to
= : 2 or 4
( n − r )! r !( n − r )! any one of the 10 employees of an
organisation.
1
= 1 : = r! : 1 4 × 4 × 2 = 32 numbers
∴ Required number of ways
r! ∴ Total even numbers
= 4! : 1 = 24 : 1 = 24 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103 = 1000
= 20 + 32 = 52
08
BINOMIAL THEOREM
In NDA exam, generally 1-2 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on general
term, term independent of x, number/sum of terms, middle terms and combinational identities.
An algebraic expression consisting of two dissimilar terms with positive or negative sign between
them is called a binomial expression, e.g. ( x + a),
a b 3
x2 + y2 , 2 − 4 and x − etc., are called binomial expressions.
x x y

Binomial Theorem for Any Positive Integer n

The formula by which any power of a binomial expression can be expanded is known as binomial
theorem. Binomial theorem for any positive integer n is
( a + b) n = C ( n, 0 ) a n + C ( n, 1) a n − 1 b + C ( n, 2) a n − 2 b 2 + … + C ( n, n − 1) ab n − 1 + C ( n, n) b n
OR ( a + b) n = nC 0 a n b 0 + nC1 a n − 1 b + nC 2 a n − 2 b 2 + . . . + n C n−1 ab n−1 + n C n a 0 b n
n
n!
i.e. ( a + b) n = ∑ n C r ( a) n− r ( b) r where, C ( n, r ) = , 0 < r < n; n, r ∈ N
r= 0 r ! ( n − r )!
[here, the coefficients n C 0 , nC1 , …, nC n are called the Binomial coefficients.]
Special Cases
n
1. Putting a = 1 and b = x, we get (1 + x) n = nC 0 + nC1 x + nC 2 x 2 + . . . + nC n x n = ∑ n C r ⋅ x r
r= 0
n n
2. Putting a = 1 and b = − x, we get (1 − x) n = nC 0 − nC1 x + nC 2 x 2 + . . . + ( −1) n C n x r = ∑ ( −1) n nC r ⋅ x r
r= 0
General Term
In the expansion of ( a + b) n the general term is Tr + 1 = nC r ⋅ a n − r ⋅ b r .
In the binomial expansion of ( a + b) n , the rth term from the end is {( n + 1) − r + 1} = ( n − r + 2)th term from
the beginning.

Middle Term
In the expansion of ( a + b) n , the middle term is  + 1 th term if n is even. If n is odd, the two middle
n
2 
 n + 1 n + 1 
terms are   th and  + 1 th terms.
 2   2 
94 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Greatest Coefficient (v) If n is odd, then number of terms in ( x + a) n + ( x − a) n

If n is even, the greatest coefficient is n C n/2 and if n is odd,  n + 1
and ( x + a) n − ( x − a) n are equal to  .
 2 
the greatest coefficient is n C n − 1 or n C n + 1 both being equal.
2 2 (vi) If n is even, then number of terms in the expansion of
 n + 2
EXAMPLE 1. The middle term in the expansion of ( x + a) n + ( x − a) n are   and that in the
18  2 
 x − 1  is
expansion ( x + a) n − ( x − a) n are   .
n
 x
 2
a. 18
C9 b. −18 C9
c. 18
C0 d. −18 C10 EXAMPLE 3. If (1 + ax) n = 1 + 8x + 24x 2 +… , then
Sol. b. Here ‘n’ is even. find a and n.
a. 2, 8 b. 8, 24 c. 8, 4 d. 2, 4
∴ Middle term is  + 1 th term.
n
2 
Sol. d. We have,
∴ Middle term is 10th term. (1 + ax) n = nC 0 ( ax) 0 + nC1 ( ax)1 + nC 2 ( ax) 2 + …
1 9 n (n − 1) 2 2
⇒ T10 =18 C 9( x) 9  −  = − 18 C 9 = 1 + n ax + a x +…
 x 2!
Comparing with the given series, we get
EXAMPLE 2. The greatest coefficient in the
n (n − 1) 2 2
1 2n 1 + 8x + 24x2 + … = 1 + n ax + a x +…
expansion of  x +  is 2!
 x
n (n −1) 8 1 2
 8 = 24
1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5K( 2n − 1) ⋅ 2n 2! Hence, na = 8, a2 = 24 ⇒ a = , n (n −1)
a. b. 2! n 2  n
n! (n !)
n! ⇒ 32 (n − 1) = 24n ⇒ 4 (n − 1) = 3n ⇒ n = 4
c. 2
d. None of these 8 8
 n   ∴ a= = =2
 2 ! n 4
 
Sol. a. Since the middle term has greatest coefficient, Method for Finding the Independent
greatest coefficient = coefficient of the middle term Term or Constant Term
( 2n) ! 2n ( 2n − 1)( 2n − 2)( 2n − 3) K 4 ⋅ 3⋅ 2⋅ 1 In the expansion of ( a + b) n , the term which is free form
2n
Cn = =
n !n ! n !n !
x, i.e. which have x 0 is known as independent term. To
{( 2n − 1)( 2n − 3) K 3⋅ 1}{2n( 2n − 2)( 2n − 4) K 4) ⋅ 2} find independent term put the index of x obtained in
=
n !n ! general term equal to zero and find the value of r to
[1⋅ 3⋅ 5K ( 2n − 1)] 2[n (n − 1)(n − 2) K 2⋅ 1] calculate the required term.
=
n !n !
EXAMPLE 4. The coefficient of the term independent
1⋅ 3⋅ 5K( 2n − 1) 2nn ! 1⋅ 3⋅ 5...( 2n − 1) 2n 10
= =  1 
n !n ! n! of x in the expansion of  x +  is
 x
a. 10 b. 252 c. 256 d. 20
Properties of Binomial Theorem
10
Sol. b. In the expansion of  x +
(i) The number of terms in the Binomial expansion is 1
 , the general term is
n + 1 , that is one more than the index n.  x
(ii) In any term, the sum of the indices of a and b is equal  1
r
Tr +1 = 10C r ( x)10− r  
to n.  x
(iii) Tr + 1 in the expansion of (1 + x) n is equal to 5−r 5−r r
−
= 10C r ( x) 2 ( x− r/2 ) = 10C r x 2 2 = 10C r ( x) 5− r
n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) … ( n − r + 1) r
x . For independent term,
r!
r−5=0 ⇒ r = 5
(iv) Sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of
Thus, T5+ 1 =10C 5( x) 5− 5 = 10C 5 = 252
( a + b) n is 2n (Put a = b = 1).
MATHEMATICS Binomial Theorem 95

Method to Find Greatest Term (Numerically) 9. n

C1 + 2 nC 2 + 3 nC 3 + . . . + n nC n = n ⋅ 2n−1
in the Expansion of ( a + x ) n 10. n
C1 − 2 nC 2 + 3 nC 3 − . . . = 0
Method 1. 11. n
C 0 + 2 nC1 + 3 nC 2 + . . . + ( n + 1) nC n = ( n + 2) ⋅ 2n−1
I. Write Tr + 1 and Tr from the given expansion.

II. Find
Tr + 1
. III. Put
Tr + 1
>1
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR
Tr Tr ANY INDEX
IV. Solve the inequality in step III for r to get an n ( n − 1) 2
inequality of the form r < m or r > m. For any rational number n, (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x
1⋅ 2
Then,
(i) if m is an integer, then mth and ( m + 1)th terms are n( n − 1) ( n − 2) 3 n( n − 1) ( n − 2) … ( n − r + 1) xr
+ x + …+ +…
equal in magnitude and these two are the greatest 1⋅ 2⋅ 3 r!
terms. holds, whenever | x | < 1.
(ii) if m is not an integer, then obtain the integral part of
m, say k. In this case, ( k + 1) th term is the greatest Note For the expansion of
term. (i) (1 + x )− n replace n by −n,

Method 2. (ii) (1 − x )− n replace n by −n and x by −x

(iii) (1 + x )n replace x by −x in above expansion.
( n + 1) | x |
I. Find the value of m = .
a +| x|
General Term in the Expansion of (1 + x ) n
II. If mis an integer, then mth and ( m + 1)th terms are
General term in the expansion of (1 + x ) n is as follows
equal and both are greatest term.
[ n( n − 1 )( n − 2)…{ n − (r − 1 )}] r
III. If mis not integer, then obtain the integral part of m, T r+1 = x .
r!
say k. Thus, ( k + 1)th term is the greatest term.
Note • General term in the expansion of (1 − x )n is
EXAMPLE 5. Find the greatest term in the expansion n( n − 1)( n − 2 )… [n − ( r − 1)] r
Tr +1 = ( −1)r x .
of (1 + 2x) 9 , where x = 2/3. r!
• General term in the expansion of (1 + x )− n is
14330 1433614036 n( n + 1)( n + 2 ) + … + [n + ( r − 1)] r
a. b. c. d. None of these Tr +1 = ( −1)r x .
27 27 27 r!
• General term in the expansion of (1 − x )− n is
10 × 2  
2
(n + 1) 2x  3 40 5 n( n + 1)( n + 2 ) + … + [n + ( r − 1)] r
Sol. b. We have, m = = = = 5 ≠ Integer Tr +1 = x .
1+ 2x 1+ 2  
2 7 7 r!
 3 EXAMPLE 6. Find the coefficient of x 4 in the
The greatest term in the expansion is T5+ 1 = T6 expansion of (4 − 3x) −3/2 .
9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6  4 5 14336 76545 76445 76544 76542
∴Greatest term = T6 = 9 C 5( 2x) 5 =   = a. b. c. d.
4 ⋅ 3⋅ 2⋅ 1  3 27 786432 786423 786423 786432
Sol. a. We have,
Combinatorial Identities 3x −3 / 2 1  3x −3 / 2
n+1 n ( 4 − 3x) −3 / 2 = 4−3 / 2 1 −  = 1− 
1. n
C r + nC r − 1 = n+1
Cr 2. n+1
Cr + 1 = ⋅ Cr  4  8  4 
r +1 The general term is given by
3. n
C 0 + nC1 + nC 2 + . . . + nC n = 2n  − 3  − 3 − 1 …  − 3 − r + 1
4. n
C 0 − nC1 + nC 2 − . . . + ( − 1) n nC n = 0 1  2  2   2   3x r
Tr + 1 = ⋅ − 
8 1⋅ 2⋅ 3⋅…⋅ r  4
5. n
C 0 + nC 2 + nC 4 + . . . = 2n − 1
On putting r = 4, we get the coefficient of x as 4

6. n
C1 + nC 3 + nC5 + . . . = 2n − 1
2n !  − 3  − 3 − 1  − 3 − 2  − 3 − 3
7. C 0 2 + C1 2 + C 2 2 + . . . + C n 2 = = 2n
Cn 1  2  2   2   2   3 4
( n !) 2 ⋅ − 
8 1⋅ 2⋅ 3⋅ 4  4
n
Cr n−r +1 81 3 5 7 9 76545 76545
8. n
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = =
C r−1 r 192 × 256 2 2 2 2 3072 × 256 786432
 PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The coefficient of x53 in the following expansion 10. If the rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th coefficients of
100
(1 + x )n are in AP, then x is a root of the equation
∑ 100
Cm ( x − 3) 100 − m
⋅2
m
is
m=0 (a) x2 − x (4 r + 1) + 4 r 2 − 2 = 0
(a) 100
C 47 (b) 100
C 53 (c) − 100
C 53 (d) − 100
C100 (b) x2 + x (4 r + 1) + 4 r 2 − 2 = 0
2. The coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (c) x2 + x (4 r + 1) + 4 r 2 + 2 = 0
(1 + x ) 21
+ (1 + x ) 22
+ … + (1 + x ) 30
is (d) None of the above
51 9
(a) C5 (b) C5 11. The greatest term (numerically) in the expansion
(c) 31
C6 − 21
C6 (d) 30
C5 + 20
C5 1
of ( 3 − 5x )11, when x = is
5
3. The coefficient of x 4 in the expansion of (a) 55 × 39 (b) 46 × 39 (c) 55 × 36 (d) 46 × 36
(1 + x + x 2 + x3 )11 is
(a) 900 (b) 909 (c) 990 (d) 999 12. If in the expansion of (1 + x )m (1 − x )n , the
coefficients of x and x 2 are 3 and −6 respectively,
 1
n
−n
4. The coefficient of x in (1 + x ) 1 + n
 is then m is
 x
(a) 6 (b) 9
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 n (d) 2n (c) 12 (d) 24
5. What is the coefficient of x 4 in the expansion of 13. If the coefficient of the middle term in the
2
1 − x expansion of (1 + x )2n + 2 is p and the coefficients
  ?
1 + x of middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x )2n + 1
(a) − 16 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) − 8 are q and r, then
n ( n + 1) 
2 (a) p + q = r (b) p + r = q
6. The sum of 1 + n 1 −  +
1 1
1 −  + L (c) p = q + r (d) p + q + r = 0
    x 2! x
will be 14. If the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
n (α 2x 2 − 2αx + 1)51 vanishes, then the value of α is
(c) 1 −  (d) None of these
1
(a) xn (b) x−n
 x (a) 2 (b) −1
(c) 1 (d) −2
7. If (1 + x ) = C0 + C1x + C2x + … + Cn x ,
n 2 n
then
C0 +
C1 C2
+ +…+
Cn
is equal to
15. If (1 + x − 2x 2 )6= 1 + a1x + a2x 2 + K + a12x12, then
2 3 n +1 consider the following statements.
2 n+1
−1 2 n+1 I. a 2 + a 4 + a 6 + K + a12 = 31
(a) 2 n + 1 (b) (c) (d) 2 n+ 1 − 1
n+1 n+1 II. a1 + a3 + a5 + K + a11 = − 31

8. The term independent of x in the expansion of Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
  1 
n
(1 + x )n 1 +    is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
  x 
(a) C 02 + 2C13 + 3C 22 + … + (n + 1) C n2
16. If the independent term in the expansion of
10
 k
(b) C1 + C 2 + C 3 + … + C n  x + 2  is 405, then consider the following
(c) C 02 + C12 + C 22 + … + C n2
 x 
statements.
(d) C1 + 2C 2 + 3C 3 + … + nC n
I. The third term is independent of x.
9. What is the term independent of x in the II. The value of k is ± 3.
9
 3x −2 1 III. Total number of terms in the expansion is 10.
expansion of (1 + x + 2x )  −  ? 2
 2 3x Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 1/3 (b) 19/54 (a) I, II (b) II, III
(c) 1/4 (d) No such term exists in the expansion (c) I, III (d) I, II and III
MATHEMATICS Binomial Theorem 97

Directions (Q. Nos. 17-18) The last term in the 28. The value of m is
n log 3 8
 1  1 
binomial expansion of 21/3 −  is  1/3 
. (a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
 2 3 ⋅ (9)  3
29. The coefficient of x is
17. The value of n is (a) 140 (b) − 220 (c) 315 (d) 430
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12 30. The value of independent term is
18. The value of 7th term from the end is (a) − 540 (b) − 624 (c) 350 (d) 495
(a) 420 (b) 240 (c) 210 (d) 120 31. The ratio of 6th term from the beginning and to
the 6th term from the end is
Directions (Q. Nos. 19-21) If x = ( a + 1) and 6
2 5 3 8 4 3
(a) x 6 (b) x (c) − x (d) − x
y = ( a − 1)6 , then 3 7 5

19. The number of terms in x + y is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
20. The number of terms in x − y is 32. The value of the term independent of x in the
3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4  1
expansion of  x 2 −  is
21. Find the value of x − y, if a = 2.  x e 2012 I
(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 48 (d) 84
(a) 198 (b) 140 2
(c) 280 (d) None of these 33. In the expansion of (1 + x )n , what is the sum of
even Binomial coefficients? e 2012 II
Directions (Q. Nos. 22-24) The 2nd, 3rd and 4th (a) 2 n (b) 2 n−1
terms in the expansion of ( x + a) n are 240, 720 and (c) 2 n+ 1 (d) None of these
1080, respectively.
34. What is the sum of the coefficients in the
22. The value of ( x − a )n can be expansion of (1 + x )n ? e 2013 II
(a) 64 (b) − 1 (a) 2 n (b) 2 n − 1 (c) 2 n + 1 (d) n + 1
(c) − 32 (d) None of these 35. How many terms are there in the expansion of
23. The value of least term in the expansion is (1 + 2x + x 2 )10? e 2013 II
(a) 16 (b) 160 (c) 32 (d) 81 (a) 11 (b) 20 (c) 21 (d) 30
n
24. The sum of odd numbered terms is 36. What is ∑ C ( n ,r ) equal to?
(a) 1664 (b) 2376 (c) 1562 (d) 1486 r=0 e 2013 II
(a) 2 n − 1 (b) n (c) n! (d) 2 n
Directions (Q. Nos. 25-27) 37. If n be a positive integer and (1 + x )n = a0 + a1x
4n
Consider (1 + x + x 2) 2n = ∑ ar ⋅ x r , where + a2x 2 + ... + an x n , then what is
r=0 a0 + a1 + a2 + K+ an equal to? e 2013 II
a0, a1, a2, K a4 n are real numbers and n is positive (a) 1 (b) 2 n (c) 2 n − 1 (d) 2 n + 1
integer on the basis of above information, answer
the following questions. Directions (Q. Nos. 38-40) In the expansion of
n
25. The value of a2 is  3 1
 x − 2  , where n is a positive integer, the sum of
(a) 4n + 1
C2 (b) 3n + 1
C2 (c) 2n + 1
C2 (d) n+1
C2  x 
the coefficients of x 5 and x 10 is 0. e 2014 I
26. The value of a4n − 1 is
38. What is n equal to?
(a) 2n (b) 2 n2 + 4 n (c) 2 n + 3 (d) 2 n2 + 3 n
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) None of these
27. The correct statement is 39. What is the value of the independent term?
(a) ar = an − r , 0 ≤ r ≤ n (b) an − r = an + r , 0 ≤ r < n (a) 5005 (b) 7200
(c) ar = a2 n − r , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 n (d) ar = a4 n − r , 0 ≤ r ≤ 4n (c) –5005 (d) –7200

Directions (Q. Nos. 28-31) In the expansion of 40. What is the sum of the coefficients of the two
m middle terms?
 1
 x − 2  , the sum of first three terms is 55, where (a) 0 (b) 1
 x  (c) –1 (d) None of these
m is a natural number.
98 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Directions (Q. Nos. 41-45) Read the following Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
information carefully and answer the questions
(a) Only I (b) Only II
given below.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither 1 nor 2
15
 1 10
46. In the expansion of  x +
Consider the expansion  x 2 +  . 1 
 x  the value of
e 2014 II  3x 2 
41. What is the independent term in the given constant term (independent of x) is e 2015 II
expansion? (a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 45 (d) 90
(a) 2103 (b) 3003 (c) 4503 (d) None of these
Directions (Q. Nos. 47-49) Read the following
42. What is the ratio of coefficient of x15 to the term information carefully and answer the questions
independent of x in the given expansion?
given below.
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 2/3 (d) 3/4
Consider the expansion of (1 + x ) 2n + 1. e 2015 II
43. What is the sum of the coefficients of the middle
terms in the given expansion? 47. The sum of the coefficients of all the terms in the
(a) C(15, 9) (b) C(16, 9) expansion is
(c) C(16, 8) (d) None of these (a) 2 2 n − 1 (b) 4n − 1
(c) 2 ⋅ 4n (d) None of these
44. Consider the following statements
I. There are 15 terms in the given expansion.
48. The average of the coefficients of the two middle
terms in the expansion is
II. The coefficient of x12 is equal to that of x3 . 2n+1 2n+1 2n+1 2n
(a) C n + 2 (b) Cn (c) C n − 1 (d) Cn + 1
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II 49. If the coefficients of x r and x r + 1 are equal in the
(c) Both II and II (d) Neither 1 nor 2 expansion, then r is equal to
2n − 1 2n + 1
45. Consider the following statements (a) n (b) (c) (d) n + 1
2
2 2
I. The term containing x does not exist in the
given expansion. 50. The coefficient of x 99 in the expansion of
II. The sum of the coefficients of all the terms in (x − 1) (x − 2) (x − 3)... (x − 100) is e 2015 II
the given expansion is 215 . (a) 5050 (b) 5000 (c) − 5050 (d) − 5000

ANSWERS
1 c 2 c 3 c 4 b 5 b 6 a 7 b 8 c 9 d 10 a
11 a 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 a 16 a 17 b 18 c 19 c 20 c
21 b 22 b 23 c 24 c 25 c 26 a 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 d
31 a 32 d 33 b 34 a 35 c 36 d 37 b 38 c 39 c 40 a
41 b 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 c 46 a 47 c 48 b 49 a 50 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (c) Given sigma expression can be 1 3. (c) ( 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )11
= [( 1 + x )31 − ( 1 + x )21 ]
rewritten as x = [( 1 + x ) ( 1 + x 2 )]11
( x − 3 + 2)100 = ( x − 1)100 = ( 1 − x )100 ∴ Coefficient of x 5 in the given = ( 1 + x )11 ⋅ ( 1 + x 2 )11
53
So, x will occur in T . expansion = (11 C + 11C x + 11C x 2
54 0 1 2
∴ T = 100
C ( − x )53 = Coefficient of x 5 in + 11
C x3 + 11
C x 4 + …)
54 53 3 4
Hence, coefficient of x 53 is − 100
C .  1 {( 1 + x )31 − ( 1 + x )21 } (11 C + 11C x 2 + 11C x 4 + … )
 x 
53 0 1 2
2. (c) ( 1 + x )21 + ( 1 + x )22 +…+ ( 1 + x ) 30 ∴ Coefficient of x 4 in
 ( 1 + x )10 − 1 = Coefficient of x 6 in ( 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )11
= ( 1 + x )21   [( 1 + x )31 − ( 1 + x )21 ] = C ⋅ C + C ⋅ 11C + 11C ⋅ 11C
11 11 11
 (1 + x ) − 1  = 990
0 2 2 1 4 0
  = 31
C − 21
C
6 6
MATHEMATICS Binomial Theorem 99

p =2n +
n n
4. (b) ( 1 + x )n  1 +  = ( 2 + x ) +
1 1 10. (a) Given, n C , nC r , nC are in AP. ∴ 2
C
r −1 r +1 n+1
 x  x  ∴ 2 ⋅ Cr = n n
C + nC In ( 1 + x ) 2n + 1
, index is 2n + 1, which
r −1 r +1
n 1 1 is odd.
= C (2 + x )
n
+ … + nC n n! n!
0
x xn ⇒2⋅ =
r !( n − r )! ( r − 1)!( n − r + 1)! So, there are two middle terms given by
∴ Coefficient of x − n = nC n = 1 n!
T
n+1
and T .
n+ 2
+ 2n + 1
5. (b) ( 1 − x )2 ( 1 + x )−2 = [ 1 − 2x + x 2 ] ( r + 1)!( n − r − 1)! ∴ q= C n and r = 2 n + 1C
n+1
2 n +1
[ 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + 5 × x 4 + ...] 2 1 1 But C n + 2 n +1 C = 2 n + 2C
⇒ = + n +1 n+1
∴ Coefficient of x 4 r( n − r ) ( n − r + 1)( n − r ) ( r + 1)r ∴q + r = p
= 1 × 5 + ( −2 ) ( −4 ) + 1 × 3 2 2r 2 + n2 − 2nr + n 14. (c) (α 2 x 2 − 2αx + 1)51 = [( 1 − αx )2 ]51
⇒ =
= 5 + 8 + 3 = 16 r( n − r ) r ( r + 1)( n − r + 1)( n − r ) = ( 1 − αx )102
2 ⇒ n − n ( 4r + 1) + 4r − 2 = 0
2 2 = A + A x + A x 2 + … [say]
n ( n + 1) 
6. (a) 1 + n 1 −  +
1 1 0 1 2
 1 −  + ... So, x is a root of the equation Put x = 1, we get
 x  21  x
−n −n x 2 − x ( 4r + 1) + 4r 2 − 2 = 0. ( 1 − α )102 = A + A + A + … = 0
 1 
=  1 −  1 −   = 
1 0 1 2
= ( x )n 11
  x   x  11 
5x  [given]
11. (a) We have,(3 − 5x ) 11
= 3 1 − 
 3  ⇒ 1− α = 0 ⇒α = 1
C C Cn
7. (b) C + 1 + 2 + …+ 11
= 3  1 −  11  Q x = 1 15. (a) Given, ( 1 + x − 2x 2 )6
1
0
2 3 n+ 1 
 3 5  = 1 + a x + a x 2 + K + a x 12
n n( n − 1) 1 |x |( n + 1)
1 2 12
= 1+ + + …+ ∴ m= Q − 1 < 0 Putting x = 1, we get
2 6 n+ 1 ( | x | + 1)  
3 0 = 1+ a + a + a + K+ a …(i)
1 2 3 12
( n + 1) + ( n + 1) n   1 
Putting x = − 1, we get
1  2   −  ( 11 + 1) 64 = 1 − a + a − a + K + a …(ii)
=    3 
n + 1  + ( n + 1) n ( n − 1) +…+ 1 = =3 1 2 3 12
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 1 
 3!   −  + 1 64 = 2( 1 + a + a + K + a )
 3  2 4 12
1 n +1 n +1 n +1
= ( C + C + …+ C ) ∴ a + a + a + K + a = 31
n+ 1 1 2 n +1 The greatest terms in the expansion are 2 4 6 12
T and T . Thus, Statement I is correct.
2n + 1 − 1 3 4
= ∴ Greatest term (when r = 2) Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
n+ 1
= 3 |T 11
| − 64 = 2( a + a + a + K + a )
1 3 5 11
8. (c) ( 1 + x )n[ 1 + x −1 ] n 2+1
2 ∴ a + a + a + K+ a = − 32
C  − 
1 1 3 5 11
= [ n C + n C x + n C x 2 + ... + n C x n ] = 311 11
= 55 × 39 Thus, Statement II is incorrect.
2
0 1
−1
2 n
3
[nC + n C x + n C x −2 + ... + n C x − n ] 16. (a) General term of the expansion
0 1 n
∴ Term independent of x
2
12. (c) ( 1 + x )m ( 1 − x )n 10
 x + k  is
m (m − 1) 2  
=  1 + mx + ⋅ x + …  x 
2
= n C × nC + n C × nC + n C × nC
0 0 0 0 2 2  2  r
= 10C r ( x )10 − r  2 
+ ...n C n × n C n k
 n ( n − 1) 2 T
×  1 − nx + ⋅ x + … r +1 x 
= C 2 + C 2 + C 2 + ... + C n2  2  10 − r
0 1 2
Coefficient of x = 10
C (x ) 2 (k)
r
⋅ ( x )− 2 r
9. (d) Let T be the term independent of r`
r +1
= (m − n) = 3 [given] …(i) 10 − 5 r
 3 x −2 1
9
= 10
Cr ( k )r ( x ) 2 …(i)
x in  −  . Coefficient of x 2
 2 3x  m (m − 1) n ( n − 1) Since, ( r + 1)th term is independent
9−r
= − mn +
of x.
 3 x −2  2 2
r
∴T = 9C r  − 1  10 − 5r
   = −6 [given] ∴ = 0⇒r = 2
r +1
 2   3x  2
9−r ⇒ m 2 − m − 2mn + n2 − n = − 12
Thus, 3rd term is independent of x.
= ( −1) C r  
3 1
r 9
⋅ r x −18 + 2 r − r ⇒ m 2 + n2 − 2mn − (m + n) = − 12
 2 3 So, Statement I is correct.
⇒ (m − n)2 − (m + n) = − 12
For coefficient of x 0 , x −1 and x −2 , Put r = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
we get ⇒ (3)2 − (m + n) = − 12
T = 10
C k 2 ⇒ 405 = 45k 2
− 18 + r = 0, − 18 + r = − 1 ⇒ m + n = 21 …(ii) 3 2

and − 18 + r = − 2 ⇒ r = 18, 17, 16 ⇒ k = 9⇒k = ± 3

2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
which is not possible. Thus, Statement II is correct.
m = 12
and total 10 number of terms in
Thus, no such term exists in the 2n + 2
13. (c) In ( 1 + x ) , index is 2n + 2,  x + k  is 11.
expansion of given expression.  
which is even, therefore there is one  x2 
middle term given by T .
n+ 2 So, Statement III is not correct.
100 NDA/NA Pathfinder

r
17. (b) The last term of 22. (b) ( x − a )n = ( 2 − 3)5 = − 1 29. (b) T = mC r ( x )m − r  − 2 
1
n
3 2 − 1  =  1  3
log 8
23. (c) ( 2 + 3)5 = 25 + 5C 24 × 3 + 5C 23 ×
r +1  x 
   3  1 2
 2 3⋅ 9  3 + C 2 ×3 + C 2×3 + C 3
2 5 2 3 5 4 5 5 = mC r ( − 1)r ( x )m − 3 r
n log 8 3 4 5
= 32 + 240 + 720 + 1080 + 810 + 243 C r ( − 1)r ( x )12 − 3 r
C n ⋅  −
1   1  3 = 12
[Q m = 12]
⇒ n
 = 3 
 2 3⋅ 9  Hence, least value of the term is 32. This general term will contain x 3 , if
n/ 2 log 8
n  1 
=  5 / 3 
1 3
24. (c) Sum of odd numbered terms is 12 − 3r = 3 ⇒ r = 3
⇒ ( − 1) ⋅  
 2 3  32 + 720 + 810 = 1562
5 5 ∴ T = C ( − 1)3 x 12 − 9
12
4 3
=
− ⋅3 log 2
3 3 3 =2 −5
=  
1 25. (c) a = Coefficient of x 2 in 12 × 11 × 10 3
 2
2
=− x = −220x 3
( 1 + x + x 2 )2 n 3×2
⇒ n = 10 = Coefficient of x in 2
∴ Coefficient of x 3 = − 220
18. (c) 7th term from the end [1 + 2n
C (x + x ) 2
= T = T = 5th term 1 30. (d) T will contain independent
r +1
10 − 7 + 2 5 10 + 2n
C ( x + x 2 )2 + K ]
Therefore, 5th term in  3 2 −
1  2 term if 12 − 3r = 0 ⇒ r = 4
 is = 2n
C + 2n
C
 2
4
1 2
∴ T = 12
C ( − 1)4 ( x )0
5 4
10 − 4  1  = 2n + 1
T =T = 10
C ( 2) 3
−  C ∴ Coefficient of independent term
5 4+1 4  2
2
4n
12 × 11 × 10 × 9
26. (a) ( 1 + x + x ) = ∑ ar x
2 2n r
1 = 12C = = 495
= 10
C ⋅ ( 4) ⋅ = 10
C = 10
C = 210 r =0
4
4×3× 2
4 4 6
4
Replace x by 1 / x, we get 31. (a) 6th term from the beginning = T
19. (c) Number of terms in r
( 1 + x + x 2 )2 n 4n 6
= ∑ ar  
1
x + y or ( a + 1)6 + ( a − 1)6 6th term from the end
6
2 2n
(x ) x
is equal to + 1 = 4 r =0 =T =T
4n 12 − 5 + 1 8
2
∑ ar ( x ) × ( x )
−r
⇒ ( 1 + x + x 2 )2 n = 4n
12
C ( − 1)5 ( x )12 − 15
20. (c) Number of terms in x − y T
6
r =0 ∴ 6 = 5
or ( a + 1)6 − ( a − 1) 6 is equal to = 3. 4n T 12
C ( − 1)7 ( x )12 − 21
∑ ar ( x )
4n − r
2 = 8 7

21. (b) x − y = ( a + 1)6 − ( a − 1)6 r =0 − 12

C ( x )− 3
7
4n 4n = = x6
∑ ar x ∑ ar ( x ) C ( x )− 9
= 2 ( 6C a 5 + 6C a 3 + 6C a ) 4n − r
1 3 5
∴ r
= − 12
7
r =0 r =0
= 2 ( 6 a 4 + 6C a 2 + 6C ) a 9
32. (d) Given,  x 2 − 
3 5
On comparing coefficients, we get 1
= 2 ( 6 × 4 + 20 × 2 + 6) 2  x
[putting a = 2] ar = a r
= 9C r ( x 2 )9 − r ⋅  −  ,
4n − r 1
= 2 2 ( 24 + 40 + 6) = 140 2 ∴ a =a T
r +1  x
4n − 1 1

Sol. (Q. Nos. 22-24) = Coefficient of x in ( 1 + x + x 2 )2 n = 9C r x 18 − 2 r ( −1)r x − r

2nd term is nC x n − 1 a = 240 …(i) = 2n
C = 2n
1 = 9C r x (18 − 3 r )( −1)r …(i)
1
3rd term is n C x n − 2 a 2 = 720 …(ii) 27. (d) For 0 ≤ r ≤ 4n, ar = a For independent term,
2 4n − r
4th term is n C x n − 3 a 3 = 1080 …(iii) m Put 18 − 3r = 0 ⇒ 3r = 18 ⇒ r = 6
28. (c)  x − 2 
3 1
(18 − 18 )
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (iii) and  x  ∴ T = 9C x ⋅ ( −1)6
(6 + 1 ) 6
dividing by the square of Eq. (ii), we get −1 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅7
n
C × nC = mC x m + m
C x m − 1  2  T = 9C ⋅ 1 = = 84
3 = 240 × 1080 x  3⋅ 2⋅ 1
0 1 7 6
1
( n C )2 ( 720)2 2 m 33. (b)
−1 −1
+ m C x m − 2  2  + ... + C m  2 
2 m
n × n ( n − 1)( n − 2)( 2!) 2
1 2 x  x  34. (a) For the sum of the coefficients in
⇒ =
n2 ( n − 1)2 × 3! 2 the expansion of ( 1+ x )n .
= mC x m − mC x m − 3 + m
C xm − 6 Put x = 1, ( 1+ x )n = ( 1+ 1)n = 2n
⇒ 4( n − 2) = 3( n − 1) [Q n ≠ 1] 0 1 2
+ K mC m ( x )− 2 m
⇒ n=5 which is the required sum of the
On putting n = 5, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), Sum of coefficient of first three terms coefficients.
we get = 55 35. (c) Given, ( 1 + 2x + x2 )10 = {( 1 + x)2 }10
5x 4 a = 240 and 10x 3 a 2 = 270 ⇒ m
C − C + m m
C = 55 = ( 1 + x)20
0 1 2
(5x 4 a )2 ( 240)2 m(m − 1) ∴ Total terms = 20 + 1 = 21
⇒ = ⇒ x 5 = 32 ⇒ 1−m + = 55
10x 3 a 2 720 2 36. (d) 37. (b)
∴ x =2
⇒ m 2 − 3m − 108 = 0 Sol. (Q. Nos. 38-40)
240 48
∴ a = 4 = 4 =3
⇒ (m − 12) (m + 9) = 0 n
In the expansion of  x 3 − 2 
5x 2 1
Hence, x = 2, a = 3 and n = 5 ⇒ m = 12 [Q m ∈ N ∴m + 9 ≠ 0]  x 
MATHEMATICS Binomial Theorem 101

15
=− 15
C + 15
II. Now,  x 2 + 
General term, C 1
7 8
 x
r
T = nC r ( x 3 )n − r ⋅  2 
1 =− 15
C + 15
C [Q C r = C n − r ]
n n
7 7
r +1 x  =0 C ( x 2 )14  
1
= 15
C ( x 2 )15 + 15

= nC r ⋅ ( − 1)r ⋅ x (3 n − 5 r ) …(i) 15 0 1 x

41. (b) We have,  x 2 + 
1
Let T and T be the term  x  1
15
r +1 r +1 r + K+ 15
C  
1
containing x 5 and x
2
10
respectively. T = 15C r ( x 2 )15 − r  
1 15 x
r +1 x
Put x = 1 on both sides, we get
For coefficient of x , 3n − 5r = 5 = 15C r x 30 − 2 r − r = 15C r x 30 − 3 r
5
1 ( 1 + 1)15 = 15
C + 15
C + K+ 15
C
3n For independent term, 0 1 15
⇒ r = −1 …(ii) ⇒ 2 15
= 15
C + 15
C + K+ 15
C
1
5 30 − 3r = 0 ⇒ r = 10 0 1 15
Hence, Statement II is correct.
For coefficient of x 10 , 3n − 5r = 10 Put r = 10, we get
2 10
46. (a) We have,  x + 2 
3n 15! 1
⇒ r = −2 …(iii) T = 15C = = 3003
2
5 10 + 1 10
10!5!  3x 
10 − r
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we have 42. (a) For coefficient of x 15 , ∴T = 10
C r(x ) 2 (3 ) − r ( x ) − 2 r
r+ 1
r = r −1 …(iv) 30 − 3r = 15 ⇒ r = 5
2 1 10 − 5 r
So, the coefficient of x 15 is C r (3 ) − r x
15
Now, by condition the sum of C = 10
2
5
coefficients of x 5 and x 10 = 0 and coefficient of independent of x is
r r
2 =0
Since, the term independent of x
⇒ n
C r ( −1) 1
+ C r ( −1)
n 30 – 3 r = 0 ⇒ r = 10
10 − 5r
1 2
So, coefficient of independent of x is ∴ = 0⇒r = 2
r r −1 2
⇒ n
C r ( −1) 1
+ nC r ( −1) 1
=0 15
C .
1 2 10
15 Put r = 2, we get
r C
⇒ ( −1) 1 [ n C r − nC r ] = 0 ∴ Required ratio = 15 5 10 × 9 1
T = 10
C (3 ) − 2 = × = 5
1× 2
1 2 3 2
C 9
10
⇒ n C r = nC r ⇒ n = r + r 15
C
1 2 47. (c) To find the sum of coefficient of all
1 2
= 15 5 = 1 [Q nC r = n C n – r ]
[Q C x = C y ⇒ n = x + y ]
n n C terms, put x = 1 in the given expression
( 1 + x )2 n + 1 , we get
5
3n 3n 15
⇒ n= − 1+ − 2 ⇒ n = 15 43. (c) We have,  x 2 + 
1
5 5 22 n + 1 = 2 ⋅ 22 n = 2 ⋅ 4n
 x
38. (c) 48. (b) Since, 2n + 1 is odd.
Since, n is odd.
2n + 1 + 1
39. (c) For the independent term, So, it has two middle terms T and T . Hence,
8 9 2
put 3n − 5r = 0, [from Eq. (i)] Coefficients of (T + T ) =15 C + 15 C 2n + 1 + 3
⇒ 5r = 3n = 3 × 15 [Qn = 15]
8 9 7
n+1
8 and are two middle terms.
= 16
C [Q n C + nC r = Cr ] 2
8 r −1
∴ r = 9
= C ( 16, 8) i.e. ( n + 1) th and ( n + 2) th terms are
Now, put the value of r in Eq. (i), two middle terms.
we get 44. (b)I. We know that, ( a + b ) have total n
2 n +1
number of terms is n + 1. C n + 2 n +1 C
( 3 × 15 − 5 × 9 ) ∴ n +1
T = 15
C ( − 1) ⋅ x 9
15
9+1
So,  x 2 + 
9 1 2
15! have 16 terms. 2 n +1 +1
⇒ T = −15C ⋅ x 0 = − 15
C =−  x C
n +1 = 1 2 n + 2 C
10 9 9
6! 9! =
n+ 1
So, Statement I is false. 2 2
= − 5005 1 2n + 2 2 n + 1 2n + 1
II. For coefficient of x 12 , = ⋅ ⋅ Cn = C
So, the value of independent term is 2 n+ 1 n

− 5005. 30 − 3r = 12 ⇒ r = 6
49. (a) We have, ( 1 + x )2 n + 1
40. (a) Since, n = 15 ∴ Coefficient of x 12 = 15
C
6
General term, T = (2 n + 1 ) C r x r
∴ Total term in the expansion of and for coefficient of x 3 , r +1
15 2n + 1 2n + 1
 x 3 − 1  is 16. 30 − 3r = 3 ⇒ r = 9 We have, Cr = C
  r +1
 x 
2
∴ Coefficient of x 3 = 15
C Q 2n + 1 = r + r + 1
9
So, middle term =   th term ⇒ 2r = 2n ⇒ r = n
16 Q 15
C = 15
C
 2 6 9
50. (c) We have,
Hence, Statement II is correct.
and  + 1 th term
16
45. (c) I. For coefficient of x 2 , ( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 3) ... ( x − 100)
 2 
28
30 − 3r = 2 ⇒ r = , r ∉ N = x 100 − ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100) x 99 + ...
= 8th term and 9th term 3
Now, the sum of the coefficients of the So, x 2 does not exist in the ∴ Coefficient of x 99
two middle terms expansion. 100
=− [ 2 + 99] = − 5050
Hence, Statement I is correct. 2
= 15
C ( −1)7 + 15
C ( −1)8
7 8
09
102 CDS Pathfinder

LOGARITHM
In NDA exam, 1 question can be asked from this chapter which is based on properties of
logarithm.

If a is positive real number other than 1 and x is a rational number such that a x = N, then we say that
logarithm of N to base a is x, written as log a N = x. Thus, a x = N ⇔ log a N = x, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and
N > 0.
e.g. 10 2 = 100 ⇒ log 10 100 = 2
It is also known as fundamental logarithmic identity. When base is ‘e’ then the logarithmic function is
called natural or Napierian logarithmic function and when base is 10, then it is called common
logarithmic function.
Note• e is the base of natural logarithm (Napier logarithm) log x = loge x.
• Log of negative integers are not defined, loge 0 is not defined.
• Logarithmic function is positive as well as negative but exponential function is always positive.
• The base of a logarithm is never taken as 0, negative number and 1.

Properties of Logarithm
Let m and n be positive number such that a, b, c > 0 and a, b, c ≠ 1
(i) log a a = 1 (ii) log a 1 = 0 (iii) log c a = log b a ⋅ log c b
log b a
(iv) log c a = (v) log b a ⋅ log a b = 1 (vi) log a ( m ⋅ n) = log a m + log a n
log b c
 m p
(vii) log a   = log a m − log a n (viii) log a mn = n log a m (ix) log q ( m p ) = log n m
 n n q
(x) a loga n = n (xi) a loge x = x loge a , x > 0, e > 0
(xii) log a b = − log 1/a b

EXAMPLE 1. What is the value of (log13 625)/(log169 25) ?

1
a. b. 1 c. 2 d. 4
4
log13 625 log 625 log 25 4 log 5 2 log 5 4 log 5 2 log 13
Sol. d. We have, = ÷ = ÷ = × =4
log169 25 log 13 log 169 log 13 2 log 13 log 13 2 log 5
MATHEMATICS Logarithm 103

EXAMPLE 2. If (log 3 x) 2 + log 3 x < 2, then which one Logarithmic Inequalities

of the following is correct? 1. If a > 1, p > 1 ⇒ log a p > 0
1 1 1
a. 0 < x < b. < x < 3 c. 3 < x < ∞ d. ≤ x ≤ 3 2. If 0 < a < 1, p > 1 ⇒ log a p < 0
9 9 9
3. If a > 1, 0 < p < 1 ⇒ log a p < 0
Sol. b. Q (log 3 x) 2 + log 3 x < 2 ⇒ (log 3 x ) 2 + (log 3 x ) − 2 < 0
4. If p > a > 1 ⇒ log a p > 1
⇒ (log 3 x + 2) (log 3 x − 1) < 0 ⇒ −2 < log 3 x < 1
1 5. If a > p > 1 ⇒ 0 < log a p < 1
⇒ 3−2 < x < 31 ⇒ <x<3
9 6. If 0 < a < p < 1 ⇒ 0 < log a p < 1
7. If 0 < p < a < 1 ⇒ log a p > 1
Characteristic and Mantissa
 a > mb , if m > 1
In log 10 N the integral part of N is called the 8. If log m a > b ⇒ 
 a < m , if 0 < m < 1
b
characteristic and decimal part of N is called the
mantissa.  a < mb , if m > 1
9. If log m a < b ⇒ 
(i) (a) If N > 1, then the characteristic of log 10 N is one  a > m , if 0 < m < 1
b

less than the number of digits in integral part of N.

10. log p a > log p b ⇒ a ≥ b if base ‘ p’ is positive and > 1
(b) If 0 < N < 1 , then the characteristic of log 10 N is
or a ≤ b if base p is positive and < 1, i.e. 0 < p < 1.
one greater than the number of zeros
In other words, if base is greater than 1 then
immediately after the decimal point and the first
inequality remains same and if base is positive but
significant digit and is a negative integer.
less than 1, then the sign of inequality is reversed.
(ii) Insert decimal point in antilog of a number
11. For φ( x) > 1, log φ (x) f ( x) ≥ log φ (x) g( x)
(a) When characteristic is n, then insert the decimal ⇔ f ( x) ≥ g( x) > 0
point after ( n + 1)th digit.
12. For 0 < φ( x) < 1, log φ (x) f ( x) ≥ log φ (x) g( x)
−
(b) When characteristic is n, then insert the decimal ⇔ 0 < f ( x) ≤ g( x)
point such that the first significant digit is at nth
13. For φ( x) > 1, log φ (x) f ( x) ≥ a ⇔ f ( x) ≥ a φ (x)
place.
14. For 0 < φ( x) < 1, log φ (x) f ( x) ≥ a ⇔ 0 < f ( x) ≤ a φ (x)
EXAMPLE 3. If 2log 8 N = p, log 2 2N = q and q − p = 4,
then find the value of N? EXAMPLE 5. If log 0. 04 ( x − 1) ≥ log 0. 2 (x + 1), then x
a. 512 b. 536 c. 548 d. 560 belongs to the interval
a. (1, 2] b. ( −∞ , 2] c. [ 2, ∞) d. None of these
Sol. a. We are given that, 2log 8 N = p …(i)
log 2 2N = q …(ii) Sol. c. log 0. 04 ( x − 1) ≥ log 0. 2 ( x − 1) …(i)
and q− p=4 …(iii) For log to be defined x − 1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
From Eq. (i), 8p = N 2 ⇒ 23p = N 2 …(iv) From Eq. (i), log ( 0. 2) 2 ( x − 1) ≥ log 0. 2 ( x − 1)
2 q 1
From Eq. (ii), 2N = 2q ⇒ N = = 2q − 1 …(v) ⇒ log 0. 2 ( x − 1) ≥ log 0. 2 ( x − 1) ⇒ x − 1 ≤ ( x − 1)
2 2
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), 23p = ( 2q − 1) 2 ⇒ x − 1 (1 − x − 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ 1− x − 1 ≤ 0
⇒ 23p = 22q − 2 ⇒ 3p = 2q − 2 ⇒ 2q − 3p = 2 …(vi) ⇒ x − 1 ≥ 1 ⇒ x ≥ 2 ∴ x ∈[ 2, ∞)
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (vi), we get p = 6 and q = 10
EXAMPLE 6. If log e (x 2 − 16) ≤ log e (4x − 11), then
∴ N = 210 − 1 = 29 = 512
a. 4 < x ≤ 5 b. x < − 4 or x > 4
EXAMPLE 4. If log10 2 = 0. 3010, then what is the c. −1 ≤ x ≤ 5 d. x < − 1or x > 5
number of digits in 20 64 ?
Sol. a. x − 16 ≤ 4x − 11
2
[base = e > 1]
a. 81 b. 82 c. 83 d. 84
⇒ x − 4x − 5 ≤ 0 ⇒ ( x − 5) ( x + 1) < 0 ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 5 …(i)
2
Sol. d. Let x = 2064, Taking log on both sides, we get
Also, x 2 − 16 > 0 ⇒ x < − 4 or x > 4 …(ii)
log10 x = 64 log10 20 = 64 × 1.3010 = 83. 264 11
And 4x − 11 > 0 ⇒ x > …(iii)
∴ Number of digits in 2064 = 83 + 1 = 84 4
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 4 < x ≤ 5
104 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If log10 2 = 0.30103, then log10 50 is equal to 12. If log13/ [log4 ( x 2 − 12)] > 0, then x lies in the
interval
(a) 2.30103 (b) 2.69897 (c) 1.69897 (d) 0.69897
(a) (−∞, − 4) ∪ (4, ∞ ) (b) (− ∞, ∞ )
log8 17 log2 2 17 (c) (− ∞, − 2 ) ∪ (2, ∞ ) (d) None of these
2. − is equal to
log9 23 log3 23 13. If loga ( n − k) < loga 2 ( n − k) and a > 1, then n lies
17 23
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) in the interval
8 17
(a) [k, k + 1] (b) (k, k − 1)
3. The value of ( yz )log y − log z × ( zx )log z − log x (c) (k, k + 1) (d) None of these

× ( xy )log x − log y is equal to 14. If x ∈ [− 2π , 2π ] and log0.5 sin x = 1 − log0.5 cos x, then
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3 consider the following statements
I. Number of solutions in the interval [− 2π , 2π ] is 1.
4. The value of 811/ log5 3 + 27log 9 36 + 34/ log7 9 is equal
II. One solution of the equation is π /4.
to
(a) 49 (b) 625 (c) 216 (d) 890 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
5. If a = log24 12, b = log36 24, c = log48 36. Then (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
1 + abc is equal to
(a) 2 ac (b) 2 bc Directions (Q. Nos. 15-16) Let a, b, c ∈ R; a ≠ b ≠ c
log x log y log z
(c) 2 ab (d) None of these and = =
b −c c − a a− b
6. log10 tan 1°+ log10 tan 2° + … + log10 tan 89° is
equal to
15. The value of x a ⋅ y b ⋅ z c is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 27 (d) 81 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
1 1 1
7. If log12 27 = a , then log6 16 is equal to 16. The value of + +
logxy 2 log yz 2 logzx 2
3−a 3−a
(a) 2 ⋅ (b) 3 ⋅
3+ a 3+ a (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
3−a
(c) 4 ⋅ (d) None of these Directions (Q. Nos. 17-19) Consider the equation
3+ a
log 5 x 2 + (log 5 x )2 − 12 1
1 1 2 x =
8. If + = , then a , b and c are in x4
loga x logc x logb x
17. The number of solutions of the equation is
(a) AP (b) GP
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) HP (d) None of these
2 (c) 3 (d) 4
log x + log x 4 + log x 9 + … + log x n
9. is equal to 18. The set of all x satisfying the equation is
log x + log x 2 + log x 3 + … + log x n
(a) 1, 25,
1 
(b) 1, 25,
1 1 
2n + 1 2n − 1
,  
(a) (b)  125 625   625 
3 3 (c) {1, 25} (d) {1}
3 (n + 2 ) 3 (n − 1)
(c) (d)
2 2 19. The product of all values of x is
(a) 1 (b) 25
10. If x = y = z , then 3, 3 log y , 3 logz y, 7 logx z
18 21 28 x
1 1
(c) (d)
are in 25 3125
(a) AP (b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
11. If x = log3 5, y = log17 25, then which one of the 1
following is correct? 20. What is the value of 2 log8 2 − log3 9?
3 e 2012 I
(a) x < y (b) x = y
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1/3
(c) x > y (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Logarithm 105

21. If (log3 x) ( logx 2x ) ( log2x y ) = logx x 2 , then what is 24. If log8 m + log8
1 2
= , then m is equal to
the value of y? e 2012 II 6 3 e 2015 II
(a) 4.5 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 27 (a) 24 (b) 18 (c) 12 (d) 4
22. What is the value of log y x 5 logx y 2 logz z3 ? 25. If loga ( ab) = x, then what is logb( ab) equal to?
e 2013 I e 2016 I
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 60 1 x
(a) (b)
23. What is log81 243 equal to? x x+1
e 2013 II x x
(a) 0.75 (b) 1.25 (c) 1.5 (d) 3 (c) (d)
1− x x −1

ANSWERS
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 b 6 a 7 c 8 b 9 a 10 a
11 c 12 a 13 c 14 b 15 b 16 a 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 a
21 b 22 c 23 b 24 a 25 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

100 6. (a) log tan 89° = log cot 1° = − log tan 1° 9. (a) Given expression
1. (c) log 50 = log
10 10
2 ∴ Given expression becomes ( 1 + 4 + 9 + … + n2 ) log x
=
= log 100 − log 2 log tan 1°+ log tan 2°+ … + log tan 44° ( 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n) log x
10 10
= 169897
. + log tan 45°− log tan 44° n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
1 2 − … − log tan 2° − log tan 1° Σn2 6
log 17 log 17 = =
3 2
3 2 = log tan 45° = log 1 = 0 Σn n ( n + 1)
2. (a) − =0
1 log 23 4 2
log 23 7. (c) log 16 = log 24 = 4 log 2 =
2 3
3
2n + 1
6 6 6
log 6 =
2 2 2
3
log 17 log 17 4 4
⇒ 3 2
− 3 2
=0 = = …(i) 10. (a) Let x 18 = y 21 = z 28 = k, then
log 23 log 23 log 2 + log 3 1 + log 3
3 3
2 2 2
18 log x = 21log y = 28 log z = log k
and a = log 27 = log 33 = 3 log 3 ⇒ log x =
log x
, log y =
log k
3. (b) 12 12 12
3 3 18 21
4. (d) Let T = 34 log 3 5 = 3log 3 (5 ) =54 = 625
4
= = log k
1 log 12 log 3 + log 4 and log z =
2 3 3 3 28
log 6 3
T = (3 3 ) 2 = 3log 3 6 = 216 3
3
= 3 log x 3 × 21 7
2
1 + 2 log 2 ∴ 3 log y x = = =
1 log y 18 2
4⋅ ⋅ log 7 3
T = 34 log 9 7 = 3 2 3
3 ⇒ a + 2a log 2 = 3 3 log y 3 × 28
3 3 log z y = = =4
3−a
2
= 3log 3 7 = 49 ⇒ log 2 = log z 21
3
∴T +T +T 2a 7 log z 7 × 18 9
1 2 3 2a 7 log x z = = =
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890 ∴ log 3 = log x 28 2
2
3− a
log 12 log 24 log 36 log 12 7 9
5. (b) abc = ⋅ ⋅ = From Eq. (i), So, 3, , 4, are in AP.
log 24 log 36 log 48 log 48 2 2
4
log 48 + log 12 log 16 =
∴ 1 + abc = 6 2a 11. (c) Given, y = 2 log 5 and x = log 5
log 48 1+ 17 3
3−a 1 1
log ( 48 ⋅ 12) log 24 2
4(3 − a ) ∴ = log 17
= = = y 2 5
log 48 log 48 3+ a 1 1
and = log 3 = log 9
= 2⋅
log 24 log 24 log 36
= × 8. (b) log x a + log x c = 2 log x b x 5 2 5
log 48 log 36 log 48 ⇒ ac = b 2 1 1
Clearly, > ∴ x> y
= 2 log 24 × log 36 = 2bc i.e. a , b and c are in GP. y x
36 48
106 NDA/NA Pathfinder

12. (a) Given expression is Sol. (Q. Nos. 17-19) log y 2 log x
⇒ = [Q log a b = b log a ]
1
log x 2 + (log x ) 2 −12 log 3 log x
log [log ( x − 12)] > 0
2
We have, x 5 5 = 4
1/3 4 x ⇒ log y = 2 log 3
Q x − 12 > 4
2
Taking log to the base 5 of both the
⇒ x 2 − 16 > 0 ⇒ log y = log 32
sides, we get
⇒ | x |> 4 [Q log m = log n ⇒ m = n]
[log x 2 + (log x )2 − 12]log x
⇒ x < − 4 or x > 4 5 5 5 ⇒ log y = log 9
So, x lies in ( − ∞ , − 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ). = − 4 log x ∴ y=9
5

13. (c) log a ( n − k ) < log ( n − k ) ⇒ [log x 2 + (log x )2 − 8] log x 22. (c) log y x 5 ⋅ log x y 2 ⋅ log z z 3
5 5 5
a2
⇒ ( n − k )2 < n − k [Q a > 1] =0 = 5 log y x ⋅ 2 log x y ⋅ 3 log z z
⇒ n2 − 2kn + k 2 < n − k ⇒ log x = 0 [Q log a b n = n log a b ]
5
⇒ n2 − kn − ( k + 1) n + k ( k + 1) < 0 or (log x )2 + 2 log x − 8 = 0 = 5 log y x ⋅ 2 log x y ⋅ 3 × 1 [Q log a a = 1]
5 5
⇒ ( n − k ) ( n − k − 1) < 0 ⇒ x =5 0 log x log y  log b 
=5 ⋅ × 2⋅ × 3 Q log a b =
⇒ k < n< k + 1 log y log x  log a 
or (log x − 2)(log x + 4) = 0
So, n lies in ( k , k + 1). 5 5
= 5 × 2 × 3 =30
⇒ x = 1 or log x = 2, − 4
5 5
14. (b) Clearly, log sin x and log cos x 23. (b) log 243 = log (3 ) 5 = log 3
81 (3 ) 4 3
0. 5 0. 5 1 4
are defined, if x ∈ (0, π / 2) ⇒ x = 1, 25,
5 5
625 = × 1 = = 1.25
Now, log sin x = 1 − log cos x 4 4
0. 5 0. 5
⇒ log sin x + log cos x = 1 17. (c) Number of solutions are 3.
0. 5 0. 5
Q log a m = m 
18. (b) Solution set is 1, 25,
1   an n
⇒ log(sin x × cos x) = 1 .
⇒
0. 5
sin x cos x = (0.5)1  625  1 2
24. (a) We have, log m + log =
8 8
⇒ sin2x = 1 19. (c) Product of all values of x 6 3
π 3π m 2
⇒ x = , 1 1 ⇒ log =
= 1 × 25 × = 8
6 3
4 4 625 25
[Q log a m + log a n = log a (m × n)]
Hence, only Statement II is correct. 1
20. (a) 2 log 2 − log 9 m
log x log y log z 8
3 3 ⇒ = (8 ) 2 / 3 = ( 2 3 ) 2 / 3 = 2 2 = 4
15. (b) Let = = =k 6
b−c c−a a−b 1
= 2 log 2 − log (3)2 ⇒ m = 6 × 4 = 24
3
⇒ log x = k( b − c ) ⇒ x = 10k (b − c ) (2 3 ) 3
log y = k( c − a ) ⇒ y = 10k (c − a )
2 1 25. (d) Given, log a ( ab ) = x
= log 2 − ⋅ 2 log 3
log z = k( a − b ) ⇒ z = 10k (a − b ) 3 2
3 3
⇒ log a a + log a b = x
Q log b m = m log b  ⇒ 1 + log a b = x
Now, x a . y b .z c  an a

n
= 10k (b − c )a + k (c − a )b + k (a − b )c 2 2 ⇒ log a b = x − 1
= ( 1) − ( 1) Now, log ab = log a + log b
= 10k [a (b − c ) + b (c − a ) + c (a − b )] 3 3 b b b
= 100 = 1 2 2 1
= − =0 = + 1
1 1 1 3 3 log a b
16. (a) + +
log xy 2 log yz 2 log zx 2 21. (b) (log x ) (log x 2x )(log y ) = log x x 2 1
3 2x = + 1
= log xy + log yz + log zx log x log 2x log y log x 2 x −1
2 2 2
⇒ × × =
= log ( xy × yz × zx )
log 3 log x log 2x log x 1+ x− 1
=
2
 log a  x− 1
= log ( xyz ) = 2 log ( xyz )
2
Q log a =  x
2 2
=
= 2 log 1 = 0 [Q xyz = 1]  b log b 
 x− 1
2
10
107

MATRICES
In NDA exam, generally 1-2 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on equality of
matrices, product of matrices, transpose of a matrix etc.

A rectangular array of mn numbers (real or complex) in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows)
and n vertical lines (called columns), is called an m × n matrix (to be read as m by n matrix) or matrix of
order m × n.
 a11 a12 … a1n 
a a 22 … a 2n 
A m × n matrix is usually written as, A =  21 
 M M M M 
a m1 a m2 … a mn 
m× n
A matrix may be represented by the symbols [ a ij ], ( a ij ) or by a capital letter A, i.e.
A = [ a ij ] m × n or ( a ij ) m × n
The numbers a11 , a12 , . . . etc. are known as elements of the matrix A , a ij belongs to the ith row and jth
column and is called the ( i, j ) th element of matrix A = [ a ij ]
Note A matrix is not a number and it has no numerical value.

EXAMPLE 1. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix A = (a ij ), whose general element is given by a ij = (i + 2 j) 2/2.

9 25 9/2 25/2 9 5 9/2 25
a.  b.  c.  d. 
4 9  8 18  4 18  8 9 

Sol. b. a11 = (1 + 2) 2/ 2 = 9/ 2, a12 = (1 + 4) 2 / 2 = 25 / 2, a21 = ( 2 + 2) 2 / 2 = 8, a22 = ( 2 + 4) 2 / 2 = 18

 a11 a12  9/ 2 25 / 2
∴ A= =
a21 a22   8 18 

Types of Matrices
1. Row matrix A matrix having one row and n columns is called as row matrix. It is of the form
A = [ a11 a12 … a1n ]1 × n or A = [ a1 a 2 … a n ]1 × n
2. Column matrix A matrix having mrows and one column is called column matrix. It is of the form
 a11   a1 
a  a 
A =  21  or A =  2 
 M  M 
a m1  a m
m× 1 m× 1
108 NDA/NA Pathfinder

3. Zero matrix A matrix in which all the elements are y = x − y ⇒ 2y = x = 2 ⇒ y = 1

equal to zero is called zero matrix. It is also called a 2z = z + w ⇒ z = w
null matrix and is denoted by O. 3w = z − w + 3x ⇒ z = 4w − 6
On substituting w in terms of z, we get
4. Singleton matrix A matrix in which there is only
z = 4z − 6 ⇒ 3z = 6 ⇒ z = 2
one element is called singleton matrix.
Hence, we obtain x = 2, y = 1, z = 2 and w = 2
Thus, A = [ a ij ] m × n is singleton matrix, if m = n = 1 .
5. Square matrix A matrix in which the number of rows Algebra of Matrices
is equal to the number of columns, say n, is called a
2 3 Addition of Matrices
square matrix of order n, i.e. m = n. e.g. is a
9 7 If A and B be any two matrices of the same order
( m × n), then their sum A + B = [ a ij + bij ] (m × n)
square matrix of order 2.
6. Diagonal matrix A square matrix in which all its where, A = [ a ij ] (m × n) and B = [ bij ] (m × n)
elements are zero except those in the leading diagonal
Properties of Addition
is called a diagonal matrix, i.e. a ij = 0 for i ≠ j.
(i) Matrix addition is commutative, i.e. A + B = B + A .
d 0
e.g. The matrix, C = 1 is diagonal matrix of
0 d  (ii) Matrix addition is associative.
 2
order 2 and it can be rewritten as C = diag (d 1 , d 2 ) i.e. ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )
7. Identity or unit matrix A diagonal matrix in which (iii) A + O = A = O + A
all the diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called an Here, the null matrix O is called additive identity.
identity matrix. It is also called a unit matrix. An (iv) A + ( − A ) = O = ( − A ) + A
identity matrix of order n is denoted by I or I n .
Here, (−A) is called the additive inverse of A.
8. Scalar matrix A diagonal matrix in which all the
(v) Matrix addition follows cancellation law,
diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
i.e. A + B = A +C ⇒B =C [left cancellation law]
9. Submatrix Any matrix obtained by omitting some
rows or columns or both from a given m × n matrix and B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C [right cancellation law]
A is called a submatrix of A. As a convention, the
Subtraction of Matrices
given matrix A is also taken as a submatrix of A.
If A and B are any two matrices of same order ( m × n),
10. Upper triangular matrix A square matrix A = [ a ij ]
then their difference A − B = [ a ij − bij ] m × n
is called upper triangular matrix, if a ij = 0 for all i > j. where, A = [ a ij ] m × n and B = [ bij ] m × n
11. Lower triangular matrix A square matrix A = [ a ij ] is
called a lower triangular matrix, if a ij = 0 for all i < j. 2 −1 4
EXAMPLE 3. If 2 A + 3B =  and
3 2 5
Equal Matrices  5 0 3 
Two matrices A = ( a ij ) m × n and B = ( bij ) p × q are said to A + 2B =  , then matrix B is
 1 6 2 
be equal, if
8 −1 2 8 1 2
(i) m = p and n = q (ii) a ij = bij , ∀ i and j a.  b. 
−1 10 −1 −1 10 −1
Thus, two matrices are said to be equal, if they are of −2
8 1 8 1 2
the same order and the corresponding elements are same. c.  d. 
−1 10 −1  1 10 1
EXAMPLE 2. Find x, y , z and w, if  2 −1 4
Sol. b. Given, 2A + 3B =  ...(i)
5
3x y   x + 4 x− y  3 2
= .
2z 3w z + w z − w + 3x 5 0 3 10 0 6
and A + 2B =  ⇒ 2A + 4B =  ...(ii)
a. 2, 1, 2, 2 b. 2, 2, 2, 2 c. 2, 1, 1, 2 d. 1, 2, 1, 2 1 6 2  2 12 4

Sol. a. The matrix on each side is of order 2 × 2. On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
Equating the corresponding elements, we get 8 1 2
B=
3x = x + 4 ⇒ 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 −1 10 −1
MATHEMATICS Matrices 109

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
If a matrix is multiplied by the scalar k, then each
element is multiplied by k. Thus, if A = [ a ij ] m × n then
kA = [ ka ij ] m × n .
Properties of Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
Let the matrices A and B be of the same order and λ , µ
be scalars. Then,
(i) λ ( A + B) = λA + λB (ii) ( λ + µ ) A = λA + µA
(iii) λ (µA ) = µ ( λA ) = ( λ ) µA (iv) ( − λ ) A =− ( λA )= λ ( − A )
(iii) Multiplication is associative, i.e. if A , B and C are the
matrices of order m × n , n × p and p × r respectively,
then ( AB) C = A ( BC ).
(iv) If A is a m × n matrix and I n , I m are the identity
matrices of order m × m and n × n, then
I mA = A = AI n
Here, I is the multiplicative identity.
(v) If AB = O, then it is not necessary that either A or B
is O or both are O.

EXAMPLE 4. Find the value or values of x such that 1 0  1 x 

EXAMPLE 5. Let A =   and B =  .
2  −3  −1 0 −1 0 1
x 2   + x   =  .
1  1  2 If AB = BA, then what is the value of x?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 1/2 d. Both (b) and (c) a. −1 b. 0
c. 1 d. Any real number
Sol. b. From the left hand side, we have
−3 2x  −3x 2x − 3x  1 0  1 x  1 x
2 2
2 AB =  =
x 2   + x   =  2 +  = Sol. b.
1  1  x   x  x + x
 2  0 −1 0 1 0 −1
2x 2 − 3x −1  1 x  1 0  1 − x
∴  x 2 + x  =  2 ⇒ 2x − 3x = − 1
2
…(i) and BA =  =
    0 1 0 −1 0 −1
and x2 + x = 2 …(ii) Q AB = BA
On solving the first equation 2x − 3x + 1 = 0, we get x = 1, 1/ 2
2
1 x  1 − x
The second equation x 2 + x = 2 is satisfied only when x = 1. ∴ 0 −1 = 0 −1
Hence, the solution is x = 1.
⇒ x= −x
Multiplication of Matrices
⇒ 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
If A and B are two matrices such that the number of
columns of A is equal to the number of rows in B, i.e. if Transpose of a Matrix
A = [ a ik ] is a m × n matrix and B = [ bkj ] be a n × p matrix, Let A be a m × n matrix. Then, the n × m matrix
then the product AB of these matrices is m × p matrix
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A
and is defined as
n is called the transpose of A and is denoted by A ′
( AB) ij = ∑ a ik bkj = a i1 b1 j + a i 2 b2 j + … + a in bnj or A T .
k=1
 b1 j  2 −3 −1  2 4
b2 j  e.g. If A = , then A ′ = −3 2
4 2 3 
= [ a i1 a i 2 . . . a in ]   2× 3 −1 3
3× 2
M 
bnj 
Properties of the Transpose Matrix
= Sum of the product of elements of ith row (i) ( A ′ )′ = A (ii) ( A ± B)′ = A ′ ± B′
of A with the corresponding elements of jth column of B.
(iii) ( kA )′ = kA ′ (iv) ( AB)′ = B′ A ′
Note In the matrix product AB, the matrix A is called pre multiplier
or pre factor and B is called post multiplier or post factor. Symmetric and Skew-symmetric
Properties of Multiplication of Matrices Matrices
(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general A real square matrix A = ( a ij ) is said to be symmetric, if
i.e. AB ≠ BA a ij = a ji , ∀ i and j or A = A T .
(ii) Multiplication is distributive, i.e. if A , B and C are
the matrices of order m × n , n × p and n × p A real square matrix A = ( a ij ) is said to be skew-symmetric
respectively, then A ( B + C ) = AB + AC (anti-symmetric), if a ij = − a ji , ∀ i and j or A = − A T .
110 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Properties of Symmetric and Special Type of Matrix

Skew-symmetric Matrices 1. Orthogonal matrix A square matrix A is called an
(i) In a skew-symmetric matrix A, all its diagonal elements orthogonal matrix if the product of matrix A and its
are zero, i.e. a ii = 0, ∀ i. transpose A ′ (or A T ) is an identity matrix, i.e. AA ′ = I
(ii) The matrix which is both symmetric and
Note If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.
skew-symmetric is a null matrix.
2. Conjugate of a matrix The matrix obtained from
(iii) For any real square matrix A ; A + A T and AA T or any given matrix A containing complex numbers as
A T A is a symmetric matrix and A − A T is a its elements, on replacing its elements by the
skew-symmetric matrix.
corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called
(iv) A real square matrix A can be expressed as the sum conjugate of A and is denoted by A.
of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 + 2 i 2 − 3 i
1 1
i.e. A = ( A + A T ) + ( A − A T ) e.g. If A= ,
4 − 5 i 5 + 6 i
2 2
1 − 2 i 2 + 3 i
cos α − sin α  then A=
4 + 5 i 5 − 6 i
EXAMPLE 6. If A =  , then find the
 sin α cos α 
3. Hermitian matrix A square matrix such that
value of AT A. ( A ′ ) = A, then A is known as hermitian matrix.
a. O b. I c. A d. AT
4. Skew-hermitian matrix A square matrix such that
 cos α sin α 
( A ′ ) = − A, then A is known as skew-hermitian
Sol. b. We have, AT = 
− sin α cos α  matrix.
 cos α sin α  cos α − sin α  5. Elementary matrix A square matrix is called an
Therefore, AT A = 
− sin α cos α   sin α cos α  elementary matrix if it can be obtained from identity
cos2 α + sin2 α 0  1 0 matrix I by performing single elementary row or
= 2  = 0 1 = I column operation.
 0 sin α + cos α  
2


PRACTICE EXERCISE
1 2 2 3 4. If α, β are the two roots of 1 + x + x 2 = 0, then
1. If A =   , B = 4 5 and 4 A − 3B + C = O , then
3 4   1 β  α β
matrix product    is equal to
C is equal to α α 1 β
2 −1 2 1 1 1  −1 −1
(a)   (b)   (a)  (b) 
 0 1  0 −1  2 
1 2   −1
 −2 1
 1 −1  −1 −1
(c)   (d) None of these (c)  (d) 
 0 −1 
 −1 2   −1 −2 
 1 0 1 0 1 2 a 0
2. If A =   and I = 0 1, then the value of k, 5. If A = 
−1 7    and B =  0 b, where a, b are natural
 3 4  
so that A2 = 8 A + kI is numbers, then which one of the following is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) −7 correct?
3. The value of x for which (a) There exist more than one but finite number of B’s
such that AB = BA
1 0 2 1 (b) There exist exactly one B such that AB = BA
[1 1 x ] 0 2 1 1 = 0 is (c) There exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
  
2 1 0 1 (d) There cannot exist any B such that AB = BA

(a) 2 (b) −2 (c) 3 (d) −3

MATHEMATICS Matrices 111

Directions (Q. Nos. 6-8) If A and B are two matrices

of same order, then 15. A square matrix [aij ] such that aij = 0 for i ≠ j
and aij = k, where k is a constant for i = j is
6. ( AB)n = An Bn is called e 2012 II
(a) always true (b) never true (a) diagonal matrix but not scalar matrix
(c) true only when AB = BA (d) None of these (b) scalar matrix
(c) unit matrix
7. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ( ABA)T (d) None of the above
is
 x  y z
16. If the sum of the matrices  x ,  y and 0 is the
   
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) diagonal matrix (d) None of these
 y  z  0
8. If AB = BA, then ( A + B)2 is equal to 10
(a) A 2 + 2 AB + B2 (b) A 2 + B2 matrix  5 , then what is the value of y?
 
(c) A 2 + 2 BA − B2 (d) None of these  5  e 2012 II
(a) – 5 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) 10
Directions (Q. Nos. 9-11) Matrix A has x rows and
x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11− y 17. If the matrix AB is a zero matrix, then which
columns. Both AB and BA exist. one of the following is correct? e 2012 II
(a) A must be equal to zero matrix or B must be equal
9. Find the value of x. to zero matrix
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7 (b) A must be equal to zero matrix and B must be equal
to zero matrix
10. Find the value of y. (c) It is not necessary that either A is zero matrix or B is
zero matrix
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
(d) None of the above
11. The order of AB is 18. Consider the following statements
(a) 3 × 3 (b) 8 × 8 (c) 3 × 8 (d) 8 × 3 I. Every zero matrix is a square matrix.
II. A matrix has a numerical value.
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS III. A unit matrix is a diagonal matrix.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
12. What is the order of the product e 2012 II
a h g  x (a) Only II (b) Only III
[x y z ] h b f   y? (c) Both II and III (d) Both I and III
   
 g f c  z  i 0 0 −1 0 i
e 2012 I 19. If A =   , B = 1  and C =  , where
(a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 1 0 − i  0  i 0
(c) 1 × 3 (d) 3 × 3 i = −1, then which one of the following is
13. The sum and product of matrices A and B exist. correct? e 2013 II
Which of the following implications are (a) AB = − C (b) AB = C
necessarily true? (c) A 2 = B2 = C 2 = I, where I is the identity matrix
I. A and B are square matrices of same order. (d) BA ≠ − C
II. A and B are non-singular matrices. 2 3  5 −2  1 −1
20. If  × =
1 17 λ 
, then what is λ
Select the correct answer using the code given 4 1 −3
below. e 2012 I equal to e 2013 II
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 7 (b) – 7 (c) 9 (d) – 9
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
21. Consider the following statements e 2013 II
34 I. The product of two non-zero matrices can never
3 5 7
14. If A = 56 and B = 
  , then
be identity matrix.
4 6 8
8
7 II. The product of two non-zero matrices can never
be zero matrix.
Which one of the following is correct? e 2012 II Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) B is the inverse of A (b) B is the adjoint of A (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) B is the transpose of A (d) None of these (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
112 NDA/NA Pathfinder

22. If A is any matrix, then the product AA is defined x + y

y   2 3
only when A is a matrix of order m × n, where 28. Let A =   , B =   and C =  . If
 2x x − y −1 2
e 2014 I
(a) m > n (b) m < n AB = C, then what is A2 equal to? e 2015 I
(c) m = n (d) m ≤ n  6 −10  −10 5 
(a)   (b)  
 4 x + 2  4 26   4 24
23. If A =   is symmetric, then what is x
2x − 3 x + 1  −5 −6   −5 −7 
(c)   (d)  
equal to? e 2014 II  −4 −20  −5 20 
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) −1  cos θ sin θ
(d) 5 29. If E(θ) =  , then E(α )E(β ) is equal to
− sin θ cos θ e 2015 I
24. If A and B be two matrices such that AB = A and
(a) E (αβ ) (b) E (α − β )
BA = B. Then, (c) E (α + β ) (d) − E (α + β )
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
0 − 2
1
I. A 2 = A II. B2 = B 30. If A =  , then the matrix X for which
2 − 3 4 
III. ( AB)2 = AB
Select the correct answer using the code given 2X + 3 A = 0 holds true is e 2015 II

below. e 2014 II − 3 0 − 3 3 0 − 3
 2  2 
(a) I and II (b) II and III (a)   (b)  
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III − 3 − 9 − 6  3 − 9 − 6 
 2   2 
25. Which one of the following matrices is an
elementary matrix? e 2015 I  3 0 3  – 3 0 3
   
1 0 0 1 5 0 (c)  2  (d)  2 
3 9 9
(a)  0 0 0 (b)  0 1 0 6  –3 – 6
     2   2 
 0 0 1  0 0 1
1 1 − 1 − 1 − 2 − 1
0 2 0 1 0 0
(c)  1 0 0 (d)  0 1 0
31. If A = 2 − 3 4  and B =  6 12 6  , then
 
   
 0 0 1  0 5 2  3 − 2 3   5 10 5 
Which of the following is/are correct?
 0 −4 + i
26. The matrix   is I. A and B commute. II. AB is a null matrix.
4 + i 0  e 2015 I Select the correct answer using the code given
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric below. e 2015 II
(c) hermitian (d) skew-hermitian (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

3 −4  p q
5 2 32. Consider the following in respect of the matrix
27. If X =  , B = −2 1 and A =  r satisfy
1 −1    s −1 1
A=  
the equation AX = B, then the matrix A is equal  1 −1
to e 2015 I I. A 2 = − A II. A3 = 4 A
 −7 26  7 26 
(a)  (b) 
−5  Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
1  4 17  e 2016 I
 −7 −4  − 7 26  (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c)  (d) 
 26 13   −6 23

(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 b 2 d 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 c 7 a 8 a 9 b 10 a
11 a 12 b 13 a 14 c 15 b 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 a 20 b
21 d 22 c 23 d 24 d 25 b 26 d 27 a 28 a 29 c 30 d
31 b 32 b
MATHEMATICS Matrices

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

a b  1 2  2 3 a b  9. (b) On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
1. (b) Let C =  , then 4  −3  +  =0
c d 3 4 4 5 c d 10. (a) On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 2 y = 16 ⇒ y = 8
       
 4− 6+ a 8− 9 + b   0 0 11. (a) Order of AB = (Number of rows in A)
⇒ =
12 − 12 + c 16 − 15 + d   0 0 × (Number of columns in B)
   
= x × ( 11 − y )
⇒ a = 2, b = 1, c = 0 and d = − 1 =3×3
2 1  a h g x 
∴ C =
0 −1    
  12. (b) Here, [ x y z ]
1 ×3 h b f y
g f c z 
 1 0  1 0  3 ×3   3 ×1
2. (d) Q A =   ,I =
−1 7 0 1
    Order of matrix = 1 × 3 : 3 × 3 : 3 × 1 = 1 × 3 : 3 × 1 = 1 × 1
 1 0  1 0  1 0 13. (a)
Now, A 2 =  =
−1 7  −1 7  −8 49 14. (c)
    
a = 0, for i ≠ j
 8 0  k 0 8 + k 0 15. (b) Given, [ a ] =  ij where k is a constant.
and 8 A + kI =  + = a = k , for i = j
−8 56  0 k   −8 56 + k  ij
ij

     
 k 0 0
Q A2 = 8A + k I  
∴ [ a ] of order 3 × 3 =  0 k 0 = Scalar matrix
 1 0 8 + k 0 ij
0 0 k 
∴  = ⇒ 8 + k = 1 ⇒ k = −7
−8 49  −8 56 + k   3 ×3
   
3. (b) 16. (b)
4. (b) α , β are the roots of 1 + x + x = 0
2
17. (c) For the matrix AB is a zero matrix. It is not necessary that
α + β = − 1 and αβ = 1 either A is zero matrix or B is zero matrix.
Also, 1 + α + α 2 = 0 ⇒ α + α 2 = − 1and 1 + β + β 2 = 0  1 0  0 0
e.g. Let A =  and B = 
⇒ β + β2 = − 1 0 0 0 −1
   
 1 β  α β   α + β β + β 2   −1 −1
∴ AB = 0, where A , B ≠ 0
∴    = 2 =
α α 1 β −1 2 
    α + α αβ + αβ    18. (b) I. Every zero matrix is not necessarily a square matrix.
1 2  a 0 II. A matrix does not have a numerical value while every
5. (c) Q A =  and B = 
3 4 0 b determinant have a numerical value.
    III. Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix and scalar matrix also.
1 2  a 0  a 2b 
∴ AB = 
3
=
4  0 b  3a 4b   i 0  0 −1 0 i 
19. (a) Given that, A =  , B= and C = 
     0 −i  1 0 i 0
     
a 0  1 2  a 2a 
and BA =  =  0 −i  0 i 
0 b  3 4 3b 4b  Now, AB =  =− = −C
     −i 0 i 0
   
 a 2 b   a 2a 
If AB = BA, then  = ⇒ a=b
3a 4b  3b 4b  20. (b)
   
From the above it is clear that there exist infinitely many B ’ s such 21. (d) We know that, the product of two identity matrix are always an
that AB = BA. identity matrix, which is non-zero matrices.
6. (c) We know that, ( AB )n = A n B n is true only, when AB = BA  1 0  1 0  1 + 0 0 + 0  1 0
 0 1 ×  0 1 =  0 + 0 1 + 0  =  0 1 = I = Identity matrix
7. (a) 8. (a)        
Sol. (Q. Nos. 9-11) Since, BA is defined. The product of two non-zero matrices can sometimes be zero
∴ Number of columns in B = Number of rows in A matrix.
⇒ 11 − y = x ⇒ x + y = 11 …(i)  0 c −b  a 2 ab ac 
   
Also, AB is defined. −c 0 a  ×  ab b2 bc 
∴ Number of columns in A = Number of rows in B  b −a 0  ac bc c 2
   
∴ x + 5 = y ⇒ x − y = −5 …(ii)
114 NDA/NA Pathfinder

 0 + abc − bac 0 + b2c − b2c 0 + bc 2 − bc 2   2x + 2 y − y  3   2x + y  3 

 2  ⇒  4x =  ⇒  = 
=  − a c + 0 + a 2 c − abc + 0 + abc − ac 2 + 0 + ac 2  − x + y   2 3x + y   2
       
 a 2 b − a 2 b + 0 ab 2 − ab 2 + 0 abc − abc + 0 
  ⇒ 2x + y = 3 and 3x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 2−3= −1
 0 0 0 ∴ y =5
 
=  0 0 0 = 0 = Zero matrix x + y y 2  4 54 5
∴ A2 =  =
 0 0 0 2x x − y −2 −6   −2 −6 
      
So, both the Statements are incorrect.  16 − 10 20 − 30   6 − 10 
= =
22. (c) Given that, A is any matrix. −8 + 12 −10 + 36  4 26 
   
Then, the product AA is defined only when number of columns in
 cos θ sin θ 
A is equal to number of rows in A, i.e. A must be a square matrix. 29. (c) Given, E (θ) = 
− sin θ cos θ
Thus, m = n  
 4 x + 2  4 2x − 3  cos α sin α   cos β sin β 
A = A′ ⇒  = ∴ E (α ) E ( β ) = 
2x − 3 x + 1  x + 2 x + 1 
23. (d) Q
− sin α cos α   − sin β cos β 
      
⇒ 2x − 3 = x + 2 ⇒ x = 5
 cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β cos α ⋅ sin β + sin α ⋅ cos β 
=
24. (d) We have, AB = A − sin α ⋅ cos β − sin β ⋅ cos α − sin α ⋅ sin β + cos α ⋅ cos β 
 
∴ A 2 = ( AB ) ⋅ ( AB ) = A ⋅ ( BA ) B
= ABB [QBA = B ]  cos(α + β ) sin(α + β ) 
= = E ( α + β)
= AB = A [Q AB = A ] − sin(α + β ) cos(α + β )
 
Also, B 2 = ( BA ) ⋅ ( BA ) = B ⋅ ( AB ) ⋅ A
= B⋅ A⋅ A [Q AB = A ] 30. (d )
= B⋅ A = B [QBA = B ] 1 1 − 1  − 1 − 2 − 1
   
Again, ( AB )2 = ( AB ) ⋅ ( AB ) = A ⋅ ( BA ) B 31. (b) We have, A =  2 − 3 4  and B =  6 12 6 
= A⋅B⋅B [QBA = B ] 3 − 2 3  5 10 5 
   
= AB
 − 1+ 6 −5 − 2 + 12 − 10 − 1+ 6 −5 
Hence, all statements are correct.  
∴ AB =  − 2 − 18 + 20 − 4 − 36 + 40 − 2 − 18 + 20
 1 5 0
   − 3 − 12 + 15 − 6 − 24 + 30 − 3 − 12 + 15 
25. (b)  0 1 0 is an elementary matrix. Since, it is obtained by  
 0 0 1
   0 0 0
 
performing operation C → C + 5C on identity matrix I . =  0 0 0
2 2 1 3
26. (d) A square matrix A is said to be skew-Hermitian, if A * = − A or  0 0 0
 
a = − a ij , ∀ i and j.
ij
Hence, AB is a null matrix.
Here, a = − 4 + i and a =4+i
12 21 Since, A ≠ 0, B ≠ 0 and AB = 0, therefore BA ≠ 0.
Now, a 12 = ( − 4 + i ) = −4 − i = −( 4 + i ) = − a
21 Thus, A and B do not commute.
Hence, the given matrix is skew-Hermitian matrix.
 −1 1
27. (a) ∴ AX = B 32. (b) Given, A = 
1 −1
 p q  3 −4  5 2 3 p + q −4 p − q   5 2  
∴ r s   = ⇒ =
1 −1  −2 1 3r + s −4r − s   −2 1  −1 1  −1 1  1 + 1 −1 − 1
         A2 = A × A =  =
1 −1  1 −1  −1 − 1 1 + 1
I. Now,
⇒ 3 p + q = 5 and −4 p − q = 2 ⇒ − p = 7 ⇒ p = − 7     
∴ q = 5 + 21 = 26  2 −2   1 −1
A2 =  =2
Also, 3r + 5 = −2 and −4r − s = 1 −2 2 −1 1
⇒ −r = − 1 ⇒ r = 1    
and s = − 2 − 3 = − 5  2 −2  −1 1  −2 − 2 2 + 2
II. A 3 = A 2 ⋅ A =  =
 −7 26  −2 2  1 −1  2 + 2 −2 − 2
∴ A=     
1 −5 
   −4 4  −1 1
= =4
28. (a) We have, AB = C 4 −4  1 −1
   
x + y y   2  3 
⇒ A3 = 4A
∴ =
 2x x − y   −1  2
      Hence, only II is correct.
11
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 115

DETERMINANTS
In NDA exam, generally 4-7 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on
expansion/value of determinant, adjoint/inverse of a matrix, properties of determinant and
solution of system of linear equations.

Every square matrix is associated with a particular expression which is called the determinant. The
determinant of a square matrix A is denoted by det A or | A | . In determinant, horizontal lines and
vertical lines are called rows and columns respectively, as in matrix.
 a11 a12 a13 K a1n 
a a 22 a 23 K a 2n 
A determinant of order n × n is represented as follows, A = 21 


M M M M M 

 a n1 a n2 a n3 K a nn 

Note A matrix is an arrangement of numbers and it has no fixed value but a determinant is a number and it has a fixed value.

Determinant of Square Matrix Order 1

If A = [ a11 ] is a square matrix of order 1, then | A | = a11

Determinant of Square Matrix of Order 2

a a12 
If A =  11 is a square matrix of order 2, then determinant of A is defined as
a 21 a 22 
a a12
| A | = 11 = a11 a 22 − a12 a 21
a 21 a 22

Determinant of Square Matrix of Order 3

 a11 a12 a13 
If A = a 21 a 22 a 23  is a square matrix of order 3, then determinant of A is defined as
 
a 31 a 32 a 33 
a11 a12 a13
| A | = a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
∴ | A | = a11 − a12 + a13
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
= a11 ( a 22 a 33 − a 23 a 32 ) − a12 ( a 21 a 33 − a 23 a 31 ) + a13 ( a 21 a 32 − a 22 a 31 )
116 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Properties of Determinants  log x log y log z 

 log x log x log x 
(i) If each entry in any row or column of a determinant  1 log x y log x z   
log x log y log z 
is 0, then the value of the determinant is zero. Sol. c.  log y x 1 log y z  = 
   log y log y log y 
(ii) If rows be changed into columns and columns into log z y 1  
 log z x log x log y log z 
rows, then the value of the determinant remains  
unchanged.  log z log z log z 
(iii) If any two adjacent rows (columns) of a
 log x log y log z 
determinant are interchanged, then the determinant 1  log x
= log y log z 
remains its absolute value but changed in sign. log x log y log z  
(iv) If a determinant have any two rows or columns  log x log y log z 
identical, then its value is zero. =0 [since, all rows are identical]
(v) If all the constituents (elements) of one row or of
one column, multiplied by the same quantity, then EXAMPLE 2. If ω is the cube root of unity, then
the value of new determinant is k times the value of what is one root of the equation
original determinant.  x 2 −2x −2ω 2 
ka11 ka12 ka13 a11 a12 a13 2 ω −ω  = 0?
 
i.e. a 21 a 22 a 23 = k a 21 a 22 a 23 ω
0 1 
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33 a. 1 b. −2 c. 2 d. ω
(vi) If each constituent of any row or of any column be x 2
−2ω 
−2x 2

the sum of the two quantities, then the determinant Sol. c.  2 − ω = 0

ω
can be expressed as the sum of the two determinants  
0 ω 1 
of the same order.
ω −ω 2 −ω 2 ω
a11 + a a12 + b a13 + c a11 a12 a13 ⇒ x2 + 2x − 2ω 2 =0
ω 1 0 1 0 ω
i.e. a 21 a 22 a 23 = a 21 a 22 a 23 ⇒ x2 (ω + ω 2) + 2x ( 2) − 2ω 2 ( 2ω) = 0 [Q 1+ ω + ω 2 = 0]
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33 ⇒ − x2 + 4x − 4ω 3 = 0
a b c ⇒ x2 − 4 x + 4 = 0
⇒ ( x − 2) 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
+ a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33 MINORS AND COFACTORS
(vii) If each element of a row or column of a determinant Minor of an Element of a Determinant
is multiplied by a constant k and then added to the
corresponding elements of some other row or If we delete the row and column passing through the
column, then value of determinant remains same. element a ij , the determinant, thus obtained is called the
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 minor of a ij and is usually denoted by M ij .
a 21 a 22 a 23 = a 21 a 22 a 23 a11 a12 a13
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 + ka 21 a 32 + ka 22 a 33 + ka 23 e.g. For the 3 × 3 determinant a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
(viii) Number of elements in nth order determinant = n 2
(ix) If A and B are two determinants of order n, then a 22 a 23
The minor of a11 is M 11 = .
| AB | = | A | | B | a 32 a 33
(x) det ( kA ) = k n det ( A ), if A is of order n × n.
Cofactor of an Element of a Determinant
(xi) If AB = AC, then B = C is true only, when | A | ≠ 0.
The cofactor of an element a ij is ( −1) i + j M ij and it is
EXAMPLE 1. If x, y and z are all positive, then what is  M ij , when i+ j is even
 1 denoted by C ij . Thus, C ij = 
log x y log x z   − M ij , when i+ j is odd
 
the value of log y x 1 log y z ?  a11 a12 a13 

 

 log x log y 1  Let ∆ = a 21 a 22 a 23 
z z
 
a. 1 b. 3 c. 0 d. −2  a 31 a 32 a 33 
MATHEMATICS Determinants 117

a 22 a 23 a a 23 a a 22 Properties of Adjoint Matrix

= a11 − a12 21 + a13 21
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
If A , B are square matrices of order n and I n is
∴ ∆ = a11 M 11 − a12 M 12 + a13 M 13 corresponding unit matrix, then
= a11C11 + a12C12 + a13 C13 (i) A (adjA ) = | A | I n = (adj A )A (ii) | adjA | = | A | n − 1
(i) If ∆ ≠ 0 and ∆c denoted the determinant of cofactors, (iii) adj (adjA ) = | A | n − 2 A ; | A | ≠ 0
then ∆c = ∆n − 1 , where n (> 0 ) is the order of ∆. 2
(iv) | adj (adjA )| = | A | (n − 1) (v) adj ( A T ) = (adj A ) T
(ii) If ∆ = 0, then ∆c = 0.
(vi) adj( AB) = (adj B)(adj A )
(iii) The sum of the product of constituents of any row
(column) of a determinant with the cofactors of the (vii) adj ( A m ) = (adj A ) m, m ∈ N
corresponding elements of any other row (column) (viii) adj( kA ) = k n − 1 (adj A ) , k ∈ R
is zero. (ix) adj( I n ) = I n (x) adj(O) = O
i.e. a11C 31 + a12C 32 + a13C 33 = 0 (xi) A is symmetric matrix ⇒adj( A ) is also symmetric
matrix.
EXAMPLE 3. If ∆ is the determinant of the matrix
(xii) A is diagonal matrix ⇒ adj (A) is also diagonal matrix.
a b
 −b −a  and ∆ the determinant of the cofactors of
c
(xiii) A is triangular matrix ⇒ adj (A) is also triangular
  matrix.
the elements of the matrix. Then, which one of the 1 −1 1 
following is correct?  
EXAMPLE 4. If A = 0 2 −3 and B = (adj A) and
1
a. ∆c = ∆ b. ∆c = ∆2 c. ∆c = ∆3 d. ∆c = 2 1 0 
∆
|adj B|
a b  a b C = 5 A, then is equal to
Sol. a. Let A =   , ∆ =  = − a2 + b2 |C|
−b − a  −b −a 
a. 5 b. 25 c. −1 d. 1
 − a b 1 −1
and matrix of cofactors of A =  
1
−b a  Sol. d. | A| = 0 2 −3 = 1( 3) + 1(6) + 1( −4) = 5
 −a b 
∆c =   = − a2 + b 2 ⇒ ∆ = ∆c 2 1 0
 −b a   3 1 1  5 −5 5 
B = adj A = −6 −2 3 , adj B =  0 10 −15 = 5A
 
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX    
−4 −3 2 10 5 0 
Let A = [ a ij ] be a square matrix of order n and C = [ c ij ]
and C = 5A
be its cofactor matrix. Then, matrix C T = [C ji ] , is | adj B| |5A|
called the adjoint of matrix A and is written as ∴ = =1
| C| |5A|
adj ( A ) = C T = [C ij ], 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n.
 1 2 3 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
e.g. If A = −1 0 1 , then C11 = − 3, C12 = 6, C13 = − 3, A non-singular square matrix A = [ a ij ] of order n is said
  to be invertible or has an inverse, if there exists another
 4 3 2 non-singular square matrix B of order n, such that
C 21 = 5, C 22 = − 10, C 23 = 5 AB = BA = I n
C 31 = 2, C 32 = − 4 and C 33 = 2 where, I is an identity matrix of order n. Then, we write
−3 6 −3 B = A −1 or A = B −1

∴ C = 5 −10 5 Hence, we say that A −1 is the inverse of A, if
 
 2 4 2 AA −1 = A −1 A = I
1
−3 5 2 The inverse of a matrix A is given by A −1 = adj ( A ).
|A|
Thus, adj ( A ) = C = 6 −10 −4
T 
  Note Non-singular and singular matrices A matrix A is said to be
−3 5 2 non-singular, if its determinant is non-zero, i.e. | A| ≠ 0. The
matrix whose determinant is zero, i.e. | A| = 0, is called a
singular matrix.
118 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Properties of Inverse Matrices Then , X = A −1 B

If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then This method is also known as the matrix method to
−1 −1
(i) ( A ) = A (ii) ( AB) −1
=B A−1 −1 solve a system of equations.
(iii) ( A k ) −1 = ( A −1 ) k , k ∈ N Criterion of Consistency
1 Let A x = B be a system of n linear equation with n variables
(iv) adj ( A −1 ) = (adj A ) −1 (v) | A −1 | = = | A | −1
| A| (i) If | A | ≠ 0 (i.e. A is non-singular), then the system of
equations is consistent and has a unique solution
Note If A is an invertible matrix, then given by X = A −1 B.
• If A is symmetric matrix, then A −1 is also symmetric matrix.
• If A is skew-symmetric matrix, then A −1 is also skew (ii) If | A | = 0 (i.e. A is singular) and [adj ( A )] B = 0, i.e.
symmetric matrix. null matrix, then the system of equations is
consistent and infinitely many solutions.
1 p q 
  (iii) If | A | = 0 and [adj ( A )] B ≠ 0, then the system of
EXAMPLE 5. If the inverse of 0 x 0  is equations is inconsistent and has no solution.
0 0 1 
Homogeneous Equations
 1 − p −q  The system of equations A X = B is said to
 
0 1 0  , then what is the value of x? homogeneous, if B = 0
0 0 1 (i) If | A | ≠ 0, then its only solution X = 0, is called
trivial solution.
1 1
a. 1 b. 0 c. −1 d. + (ii) If | A | = 0, then A X = 0 has a non-trivial solution. It
p q
will have infinitely many solutions.
 1 p q  1 − p − q
Sol. a. Let A = 0 x 0 and B = 0
  1 0 EXAMPLE 6. The equations
    x + 2y + 3z = 1, x − y + 4 z = 0 and 2x + y + 7 z = 1 have
0 0 1 0 0 1
a. only two solutions b. only one solution
 1 p q c. no solution d. infinitely many solutions
Thus, B −1
= 0 1 0  1 2 3
 
0 0 1 Sol. d. We have, | A | = 1 −1 4 = 1( − 11) − 2 ( − 1) + 3 ( 3) = 0
But B is inverse of A, therefore A = B −1 2 1 7
T
 1 p q  1 p q −11 1 3  −11 −11 11
⇒ 0 x 0  = 0 1 0  ⇒ x = 1 adj ( A) = −11 1 3  =  1 1 −1
       
0 0 1 0 0 1  11 −1 −3  3 3 −3
−11 −11 11 1 0
SOLUTION OF SYSTEM ∴ (adj A) B =  1 1 −1 0 = 0 = 0
    
OF LINEAR EQUATIONS  3 3 −3 1 0
So, the given system of equations is consistent and has
(i) Using Matrices infinitely many solutions.
Consider, the system of linear equations
(ii) Cramer’s Rule
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x 3 = b1
Case I Let us consider a system of equations in two
a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3 = b2 variables
a 31 x1 + a 32 x 2 + a 33 x 3 = b3 a1 x + b1 y = c1 , a 2 x + b2 y = c 2
We can write these equations in matrix form as a b c b a c
then, ∆ = 1 1 , ∆ 1 = 1 1 and ∆ 2 = 1 1
AX = B …(i) a 2 b2 c 2 b2 a2 c 2
 a11 a12 a13   b1   x1  By Cramer’s rule the solution of system of equation is
∆ ∆
where, A = a 21 a 22   
a 23 , B = b2 and X = x 2  x = 1 , y = 2 , provided ∆ ≠ 0.
      ∆ ∆
a 31 a 32 a 33  b3  x 3 
MATHEMATICS Determinants 119

(i) If ∆ ≠ 0, then the system is consistent and has a

unique solution.
DIFFERENTIATION OF
(ii) If ∆ = 0 and atleast one of the determinants ∆ 1 and DETERMINANTS
∆ 2 is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent. f1 ( x) g1 ( x)
Let ∆( x) = ,
Case II Let us consider a system of equations in three f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x)
variables where f1 ( x), f 2 ( x), g1 ( x) and g 2 ( x) are functions of x.
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d 1 , a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d 2
f1′( x) g1′ ( x) f1 ( x) g1 ( x)
a 3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = d 3 Then, ∆ ′( x) = +
f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x) f 2′( x) g 2′ ( x)
 a1 b1 c1   d 1 b1 c1 
Then, ∆ = a 2 b2 c 2 , ∆ 1 = d 2 b2 c 2 , Also, ∆ ′( x) =
f1′( x) g1 ( x)
+
f1 ( x) g1′ ( x)
   
f 2′( x) g 2 ( x) f 2 ( x) g 2′ ( x)
 a 3 b3 c 3   d 3 b3 c 3 
 a1 d 1 c1   a1 b1 d 1  Thus, to differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one
∆ 2 = a 2 d 2 c 2 , ∆ 3 = a 2 b2 d 2  row (or column) at a time, keeping others unchanged.
   
 a3 d 3 c 3   a 3 b3 d 3 
INTEGRATION OF
By Cramer’s rule, the solution of system of equations is DETERMINANTS
∆ ∆ ∆
x = 1 , y = 2 and z = 3 f ( x) g( x)
∆ ∆ ∆ If ∆( x) = ,
(i) If ∆ ≠ 0, then the system is consistent and unique λ1 λ 2
solution exists. b b

(ii) If ∆ = 0 and atleast one of the determinants ∆ 1 , ∆ 2 then

b
∫a ∆( x) dx = ∫a f ( x) dx ∫a g( x)dx
λ1 λ2
and ∆ 3 is non-zero, then the given system is
inconsistent. Here, f ( x) and g( x) are functions of x and λ 1 , λ 2 are
(iii) If ∆ = 0 and ∆ 1 = ∆ 2 = ∆ 3 = 0, then the system is constants.
consistent and dependent and has infinitely many If the elements of more than one column or row are
solutions. functions of x, then the integration can be done only
after evalution/expansion of the determinant.
EXAMPLE 7. For what value of p, is the system of
equations p 3 x + (p + 1) 3 y = (p + 2) 3 , px + (p + 1) y = p + 2 cos x x 1
and x + y = 1 consistent? EXAMPLE 8. If f (x) = 2 sin x x 2
2 , then the value
a. p = 0 b. p = 1 c. p = − 1 d. for all p > 1 tan x x 1
Sol. c. The given system of equations is of f ′(x) at x = 0 is
p3x + ( p + 1) 3 y = ( p + 2) 3 ...(i) a. − 2 b. 2
px + ( p + 1) y = ( p + 2) ...(ii)
x+ y =1 ...(iii) c. 0 d. 1
 p3 ( p + 1) 3 ( p + 2) 3  − sin x 1 0 cos x x 1
This system is consistent, if  p ( p + 1) ( p + 2)  = 0 Sol. a. f ′ ( x) = 2 sin x x2 2 + 2cos x 2x 0
 
 1 1 1  tan x x 1 tan x x 1
p ( p + 1) − p ( p + 2) − p
3 3 3 3 3
cos x x 1
⇒ p 1 2 =0 + 2 sin x x2 2
1 0 0 sec 2 x 1 0
apply C 2 → C 2 − C1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
 and C → C − C 
 3 3 1
⇒ f ′ (0) = 0 0 2 + 1 0 0 + 0 0 2
⇒ 2( p + 1) 3 − 2p3 − ( p + 2) 3 + p3 = 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
⇒2( p3 + 1+ 3p2 + 3p) − 2p3 − ( p3 + 8 + 12p + 6 p2) + p3 = 0
=0 + 0 + −2= −2
⇒ −6 − 6 p = 0
∴ p = −1
120 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Applications of Determinant EXAMPLE 9. The equation of straight line passing

through the points A(3, 1 ) and B (9, 3 ) is
in Geometry a. x − 2 = 0
1. Area of triangle If ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ) are b. x − 3y = 0
the vertices of a triangle, then
c. y + 2 = 0
x1 y1 1
1 d. y − 2 = 0
Area of triangle = x2 y2 1
2 Sol. b. Let P( x, y) be any point on the line joining A( 3, 1) and
x3 y3 1
B(9, 3).
1
= [ x1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 2 )] Then, the points A, B and P are collinear. Therefore, the
2
area of ∆ABP will be zero.
2. Condition of collinearity of three points Let three 3 1 1
points be A ( x1 , y1 ), B( x 2 , y 2 ) and C( x 3 , y 3 ), then 1
∴ 9 3 1 =0
these points will be collinear, if Area of ∆ABC = 0 2
x y 1
3. Equation of straight line passing through two points 1
Let two points be A ( x1 , y1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) and ⇒ |3( 3 − y) − 1(9 − x) + 1(9y − 3x)| = 0
2
P( x, y) be a point on the line joining points A and B, ⇒ 9 − 3y − 9 + x + 9y − 3x = 0
then the equation of line is given by ⇒ 6y − 2x = 0
x y 1 ⇒ x − 3y = 0
x1 y1 1 =0 Hence, the equation of the line joining the given points is
x − 3y = 0.
x2 y2 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE
 1 sin α 1  5. If p + q + r = a + b + c = 0, then the value of
1. Let ∆ = − sin α 1 sin α , then ∆ lies in  pa qb rc 
 
 qc pb is
 −1 − sin α 1 

ra

the interval  rb pc qa 
(a) [2, 3] (b) [3, 4] (c) [1, 4] (d) [2, 4] (a) 0 (b) ap + bq + cr
2. If f( x ) = x − 4x − 5, then f ( A),
2 (c) 1 (d) None of these

1 2 2  1! 2! 3 !
where A = 2 1 2 , is equal to 6. The value of the determinant ∆ = 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! is
 
2 2 1  3! 4! 5 !
(a) 0 (b) I (c) −I (d) 2I (a) 2! (b) 3! (c) 4! (d) 5!
 x + 2x2
2x + 1 1 7. If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, then
3. If

2x + 1 x+2

1 = ( x − 1)k , then k equals to

 −1 cos C cos B
  the value of ∆ = cos C −1 cos A is
 3 3 1
 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4  cos B cos A −1 

 2  (a) cos A cos B cos C (b) sin A sin B sin C

1 a a
4. If ∆ =  (c) 0 (d) None of these
cos ( n − 1) x cos nx cos ( n + 1) x , then ∆

 
 x α 1
 sin ( n − 1) x sin nx sin ( n + 1) x 
8. The roots of the equation β x 1 = 0 are
is β γ 1
(a) independent of x (b) independent of a independent of
(c) independent of n (d) None of these (a) α (b) β (c) γ (d) α, β and γ
MATHEMATICS Determinants 121

9. If 5 and 7 are the roots of the equation

x 4 5 17. If ( a1 / x ) + ( b1 / y ) = c1 , ( a2 / x ) + ( b2 / y ) = c2
7 7 = 0, then what is the third root? a b1  b c1  c a1 
∆ 1 = 1 , ∆ 2 = 1 , ∆3 = 1 ,
x
 
5 8 x  a2 b2   b2 c2   c2 a2 
(a) −12 (b) 9 (c) 13 (d) 14
then ( x , y ) is equal to which one of the following?
 1− i ω2 −ω 
(a) (∆ 2 / ∆1, ∆ 3 / ∆1 ) (b) (∆ 3 / ∆1, ∆ 2 / ∆1 )
10. What is the value of 

ω2 + i ω

−i ,
 (c) (∆1 / ∆ 2 , ∆1 / ∆ 3 ) (d) (− ∆1 / ∆ 2 , − ∆1 / ∆ 3 )
 
 1 − 2i − ω
2
ω −ω
2 i − ω 2 − x 1 1
where ω is the cube root of unity? 
18. If the matrix A =  1 3 − x 0  is singular,
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0  −1 −3 − x
y y + z
x
then what is the solution set S?
11. If  z x + y  = 0, then which one of the
y (a) S = {0, 2, 3} (b) S = {−1, 2, 3}
 
x z + x
z (c) S = {1, 2, 3} (d) S = {2, 3}
following is correct? −1
1 − tan θ  1 tan θ a − b
19. If  =
1 − tan θ 1 ,
(a) Either x + y = z or x = y (b) Either x + y = − z or x = z
(c) Either x + z = y or z = y (d) Either z + y = x or x = y tan θ   b a
then
k b+ c b2 + c2  (a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = cos 2 θ, b = sin2 θ
 
12. What is the value of k, if k c+a c2 + a 2  (c) a = sin2 θ, b = cos 2 θ (d) None of these
k a+b 
 a 2 + b2  20. If a matrix A is such that 3 A3 + 2 A2 + 5 A + I = O ,
= ( a − b) ( b − c) ( c − a )? then what is A−1 equal to?
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 0 (a) − (3 A 2 + 2 A + 5) (b) 3 A 2 + 2 A + 5I

13. If T p , Tq , Tr are pth, qth and rth terms of an AP, (c) 3 A − 2 A − 5I

2
(d) − (3 A 2 + 2 A + 5I)

 Tp Tq Tr   cos x sin x 0
then p q r  is equal to 21. If A = − sin x cos x 0 = f ( x ), then A−1 equals

 
  0 0 1
 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) p + q + r (a) f(− x ) (b) − f(x )
a1 b1 c1 (c) − f(− x ) (d) f(x )

14. If ∆ = a2 b2 c2 and A1 , B1 , C1 denote the 22. If l + m + n = 0, then the system of equations

a3 b3 c3 −2x + y + z = l, x − 2y + z = m, x + y − 2z = n has
(a) a trivial solution
cofactors of a1 , b1 , c1 respectively, then the value (b) no solution
A1 B1 C1 (c) a unique solution
(d) infinitely many solutions
of the determinant A2 B2 C2 is
A3 B3 C3 23. Consider the system of linear equations
a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0, a2x + b2 y + c2z + d2 = 0
(a) ∆ (b) ∆2 (c) ∆3 (d) 0
and a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0
15. What is the value of Let us denote by ∆ ( a , b, c) the determinant
 cos 15° sin 15°   cos 45° cos 15° 
  × ?  a1 b1 c1 
 45° sin 45°   sin 45° sin 15°  a b2 c2 
cos
1 3 1 3  2 
(a) (b) (c) − (d) −  a3 b3 c3 
4 2 4 4
If ∆ ( a , b, c) ≠ 0, then the value of x has a unique
16. If f ( x ) = ax 4 + bx3 + cx 2 + dx + e solution of the above equation, then
x3 + 3x x−1 x + 3 ∆ (b, c, d ) ∆ (b, c, d )
(a) (b) −
  ∆ (a, b, c ) ∆ (a, b, c )
= x+1 −2x x − 4 , then e equals

 
 ∆ (a, c, d ) ∆ (a, b, d )
(d) −
 x− 3 x+ 4 3x  (c)
∆ (a, b, c ) ∆ (a, b, c )
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 0
122 NDA/NA Pathfinder

1+ a 1 1 d
29. The ∆1 is
24. If ∆ = 1 1+ b 1 , then consider the dx
1 1 1+ c (a) ∆ 2 (b) ∆ 2 /2
(c) 3 ∆ 2 (d) None of these
following statements
I. If
1 1 1
+ + = 0, then ∆ = abc. 30. If ∆1 − x∆ 2 + a 2b = 0, then x equals to
a b c a + 2b 2a + b
(a) (b)
II. If a −1 + b−1 + c−1 = − 1, then ∆ = 0. 2 2
a+ b
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (c) (d) None of these
(a) Only I (b) Only II 2
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-32) Consider the determinant
a b aα + b
x 2 − 5x + 3 2x − 5 3
25. If the determinant b c bα + c is equal
f ( x ) = 3x 2 + x + 4 6x + 1 9
aα + b bα + c 0
7x − 6 x + 9 14x − 6 21
2
to zero, then consider the following statements.
I. a, b, c are in AP. 31. The value of f( 0) is
II. α is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. (a) 93 (b) 120 (c) 141 (d) 0
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
32. The value of f ′ ( 0) is
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 0 (b) 7 (c) 19 (d) − 1
(c) I and II (d) Neither I nor II

26. If A and B are square matrices such that Directions (Q. Nos. 33-34) Let
B = A−1BA, then consider the following statements  sin θ i cos θ
A(θ) =   , where i = − 1
I. AB + BA = 0 II. A − B = ( A + B)( A − B) i cos θ sin θ 
2 2

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

π 
(a) Only I (b) Only II 33. If B (θ) = A − θ , then AB equals
  2
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
0 i  0 − i  1 0
(a)  (b)  (c)   (d) None of these
27. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and 
 i 0 − i 0   0 1
let A2 = I , where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix, then
34. Consider the following statements
consider the following statements
I. A(θ ) is invertible for all θ ∈ R II. A (θ )−1 = A (− θ )
I. Sum of diagonal elements of A is 0.
II. Determinant of matrix A is 1. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II Directions (Q. Nos. 35-37) Consider the determinant
α β γ
28. Which of the following determinants is purely
real? ∆= β γ α
2 1+ i 3 1 i 2 γ α β
I. 1 − i 0 2+ i II. − i 2 i
35. If α , β , γ are the roots of x3 + ax 2 + b = 0, then the
3 2−i 1 0 i −2
determinant ∆ equals
6 3−i 2 2+ i 6 (a) − a3 (b) a3 − 3b
III. 3 + i 2 0 3−i 8 (c) a − 3b
2
(d) a3
2−i 6 3+ i 8 11
36. If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 + bx + c = 0, then the
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III determinant ∆ equals
(a) − b 3 (b) b 3 − 3c
Directions (Q. Nos. 29-30) Given two determinants (c) b − 3c
2
(d) 0
x b b
x b 37. If α, β, γ are negative distinct real numbers, then
∆1 = a x b and ∆ 2 = .
a x (a) ∆ < 0 (b) ∆ ≤ 0
a a x (c) ∆ ≥ 0 (d) ∆ > 0
MATHEMATICS Determinants 123

Directions (Q. Nos. 38-40) Consider the determinant,

p q r
48. If a matrix A has inverse B and C, then which
one of the following is correct? e 2012 I
∆ = x y z ; Mij denotes the minor of an element (a) B may not be equal to C
l m n (b) B should be equal to C
in ith row and jth column; Cij denotes the cofactor (c) B and C should be unit matrices
of an element in ith row and jth column. (d) None of the above

38. The value of p ⋅ C21 + q ⋅ C22 + r ⋅ C23 is 49. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I , where I
is the identity matrix, then what is the value of
(a) 0 (b) − ∆ (c) ∆ (d) ∆2
A−1 ? e 2012 I
39. The value of x ⋅ C21 + y ⋅ C22 + z ⋅ C23 is (a) A + i (b) Null matrix (c) A (d) Transpose of A
(a) 0 (b) − ∆ (c) ∆ (d) ∆2 1 2 0 −1
50. If A =   and B =   , then what is the
1 1 1 2
40. The value of q ⋅ M12 − y M 22 + m ⋅ M32 is value of B−1 A−1 ? e 2012 I
(a) 0 (b) − ∆ (c) ∆ (d) ∆2  1 −3  −1 3  −1 3  −1 −3
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 −1 2   1 −2   −1 −2   1 −2 
Directions (Q. Nos. 41-43) A and B are two
matrices of same order 3 × 3, where 51. If each element in a row of a determinant is
multiplied by the same factor r, then the value of
1 2 3 3 2 5 the determinant e 2012 II
A = 2 3 4 and B = 2 3 8
  (a) is multiplied by r 3 (b) is increased by 3r
5 6 8 7 2 9 (c) remains unchanged (d) is multiplied by r

41. The value of adj ( adj A) equals x2 1 y2 + z 2

(a) − A (b) 4A (c) 8A (d) 16A 52. The value of the determinant y 2
1 z 2 + x 2 is
42. The value of|adj ( B)| equals z2 1 x 2 + y2
(a) 24 (b) 242 (c) 243 (d) 82 e 2012 II
(a) 0 (b) x 2 + y2 + z2
43. The value of|( adj ( adj ( adj ( adj A))))| equals
(c) x 2 + y2 + z2 + 1 (d) None of these
(a) 2 4 (b) 2 9 (c) 1 (d) 219
 α 2 2
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 53. If the matrix −3 0 4 is not invertible, then
 1 −1 1 e 2012 II
44. If two rows of a determinant are identical, then (a) α = − 5 (b) α = 5 (c) α = 0 (d) α = 1
what is the value of the determinant?
(a) 0 (b) 1 e 2012 I 54. The inverse of a diagonal matrix is a e 2012 II
(c) −1 (d) can be any real value (a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
1 2 1 0 (c) diagonal matrix (d) None of these
45. If A = and B = , then what is the
2 3 1 0 55. The determinant of a orthogonal matrix is
value of determinant of AB? e 2012 I e 2013 I
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) ± 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) ± 2
(c) 10 (d) 20
m n p
8 −5 1
56. The value of the determinant p m n
46. If 5 x 1 = 2, then what is the value of x?
n p m
6 3 1
e 2013 I
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) is a perfect cube (b) is a perfect square
(c) 6 (d) 8 e 2012 I (c) has linear factor (d) is zero
−a 2
ab ac 1 t−1 1
47. What is the value of ab −b 2
bc ? 57. The roots of the equation t − 1 1 1 =0
ac bc − c2 1 1 t−1
e 2012 I
(a) 4abc (b) 4a 2 bc are e 2013 I
(c) 4a 2 b 2 c 2 (d) − 4a 2 b 2 c 2
(a) 1, 2 (b) −1 , 2 (c) 1 , − 2 (d) −1 , − 2
124 NDA/NA Pathfinder

58. If D is determinant of order 3 and D′ is the 66. Consider the following statements
determinant obtained by replacing the elements 1 2 1
of D by their cofactors, then which one of the I. The matrix a 2a 1 is singular.
following is correct? e 2013 I  
 b 2b 1
(a) D′ = D2 (b) D′ = D3
 c 2c 1
(c) D′ = 2 D 2
(d) D′ = 3D3
II. The matrix a 2a 1 is non-singular.
 
59. Consider the following statements  b 2b 1
I. A matrix is not a number. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
II. Two determinants of different orders may have e 2013 II
the same value. (a) Only I (b) Only II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (c) Both I and II (d) Either I or II
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2013 I x + a b c 
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 67. One of the roots of a x+b c  = 0 is
 
60. What is the value of the minor of the element 9  a b x + c e 2014 I
10 19 2
(a) abc (b) a + b + c
in the determinant 0 13 1 ?
(c) −(a + b + c ) (d) −abc
9 24 2 e 2013 I 68. The determinant of an odd order skew-symmetric
(a) – 9 (b) – 7 (c) 7 (d) 0
matrix is always e 2014 I
61. If A and B are two non-singular square matrices (a) zero (b) one
such that AB = A, then which one of the (c) negative (d) depends on the matrix
following is correct? e 2013 I 69. If any two adjacent rows or columns of a
(a) B is an identity matrix (b) B = A −1 determinant are interchanged in position, the
(c) B = A 2 (d) Determinant of B is zero value of the determinant e 2014 I
(a) becomes zero (b) remains the same
62. The cofactor of the element 4 in the determinant (c) changes its sign (d) is doubled
1 2 3
70. Consider two matrices
4 5 6 is
1 2
1 2 −4
A = 2 1 and B =
5 8 9 e 2013 II
2 1 −4
(a) 2 (b) 4 1 1  
(c) 6 (d) − 6
Which one of the following is correct? e 2014 I
63. What is the value of the determinant (a) B is the right inverse of A
1 bc a ( b + c) (b) B is the left inverse of A
(c) B is the both sided inverse of A
1 ca b ( c + a ) ?
(d) None of the above
1 ab c ( a + b) e 2013 II
71. Consider the following statements in respect of
(a) 0 (b) abc  0 1 2
(c) ab + bc + ca (d) abc(a + b + c ) the matrix A = −1 0 −3
64. If A is a square matrix of order 3 with | A| ≠ 0, −2 3 0
then which one of the following is correct? I. The matrix A is skew-symmetric.
e 2013 II II. The matrix A is symmetric.
(a)|adj = A| | A| (b)|adj A| = | A|2 III. The matrix A is invertible.
(c)|adj A | = | A |3 (d)|adj A|2 =| A|
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
2 1 −1
e 2014 I
65. If 2 A =  , then what is A equal to? (a) Only I (b) Only III (c) I and II (d) II and III
3 2 e 2013 II
72. If A and B are square matrices of second order
 2 −1 1  2 −1 such that | A| = − 1 and | B| = 3, then what is
(a)   (b)
 −3 2  2  −3 2  | 3AB| equal to? e 2014 II
1  2 −1 (a) 3 (b) −9
(c)  (d) None of these
4  −3 2  (c) −27 (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Determinants 125

1 3 1 1 81. Consider the following in respect of two

73. If the matrix A is such that   A = 0 −1, non-singular matrices A and B of same order
0 1  
then what is A equal to? e 2014 II I. det ( A + B) = det A + det B
 1 4  1 4 II. ( A + B)−1 = A −1 + B−1
(a)   (b)  
 0 −1  0 1 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
 −1 4  1 −4 (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 I
(c)   (d)   (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
 0 −1  0 −1
2 7 −1
74. From the matrix equation AB = AC , where A, B 82. If A =  , then what is A + 3 A equal to?
and C are the square matrices of same order, we 1 5 e 2015 I
(a) 3I (b) 5I (c) 7I (d) None of these
can conclude B = C provided e 2014 II
(a) A is non-singular (b) A is singular Where, I is the identity matrix of order 2.
(c) A is symmetric (d) A is skew-symmetric 83. If A is an invertible matrix of order n and k
75. If A is an invertible matrix, then what is det ( A−1 ) is any positive real number, then the value of
equal to? e 2014 II
[det ( kA)]−1 det (A) is e 2015 II
1 (a) k − n (b) k −1 (c) k n (d) nk
(a) det (A) (b)
det ( A) a 1 1
(c) 1 (d) None of these 84. If the value of the determinant 1 b 1 is
 6i −3i
1 1 1 c
76. If  4 −1 = x + iy , where i = −1, then
3i positive, where a ≠ b ≠ c, then the value of abc
 
e 2015 II
 20 3 i 
(a) cannot be less than 1 (b) is greater than − 8
what is x equal to? e 2014 II
(c) is less than − 8 (d) must be greater than 8
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0 85. If a, b and c are real numbers, then the value of
 a b 0 1− a a− b− c b+ c
77. If  0 a b  = 0, then which one of the following the determinant 1 − b b − c − a c + a is
  1− c c−a−b a+b
 b 0 a e 2015 II
is correct? e 2014 II
(a) 0 (b) (a − b )(b − c )(c − a)
(a) a / b is one of the cube roots of unity (c) (a + b + c )2 (d) (a + b + c )3
(b) a / b is one of the cube roots of −1
(c) a is one of the cube roots of unity
86. Consider the following statements in respect of
α α
(d) b is one of the cube roots of unity cos2 sin2
the determinant 2 2 where α, β are
78. Consider the following statements 2β 2 β
sin cos
I. Determinant is a square matrix. 2 2
II. Determinant is a number associated with a complementary angles.
square matrix. 1  α − β
I. The value of the determinant is cos  .
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 2  2 
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2014 II 1
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II II. The maximum value of the determinant is .
2
79. If a ≠ b ≠ c all are positive, then the value of Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
a b c (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 II
determinantb c a is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
 
c a b 1 3 2 
e 2014 II
(a) non-negative (b) non-positive 87. The matrix A = 1 x − 1 1  will have inverse

(c) negative (d) positive
2 7 x − 3
1 1 1 
for every real number x except for e 2015 II

80. The value of 1 1 + x 1  is 11 ± 5 9± 5
  (a) x = (b) x =
1 1 1+ y e 2015 I
2 2
(a) x + y (b) x − y 11 ± 3 9± 3
(c) x = (d) x =
(c) xy (d) 1 + x + y 2 2
126 NDA/NA Pathfinder

88. If A is an orthogonal matrix of order 3 and 90. What is the value of f ′ ( 0)?
 1 2 3 (a) p3 (b) 3 p3 (c) 6 p3 (d) −6 p3
B = − 3 0 2, then which of the following is/are
 2 5 0 91. What is the value of p for which f ′ ′ ( 0) = 0 ?
1 1
correct?. (a) − or 0 (b) −1 or 0 (c) − or 1 (d) −1 or 1
6 6
I. | AB| = ± 47 II. AB = BA 92. Which of the following determinants have value
Select the correct answer using the code given ‘zero’?
below. e 2015 II
 41 1 5  1 a b + c   0 c b
(a) Only I (b) Only II
I.  79 7 9    
II. 1 b c + a III. − c 0 a
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II      
 29 5 3  1 c a + b   −b −a 0 
89. If A is a square matrix, then what is Select the correct answer using the code given
adj ( A−1 ) − ( adj A)−1 equal to? e 2016 I below. e 2016 I
(a) 2| A | (b) Null matrix (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
(c) Unit matrix (d) None of these
93. The system of linear equations kx + y + z = 1,
Directions (Q. Nos. 90-91) Consider the function x + ky + z = 1 and x + y + kz = 1 has a unique
x solution under which one of the following
3
sin x cos x 
  conditions? e 2016 I
f (x ) = 6 −1 0 , where p is a constant. (a) k ≠ 1 and k ≠ − 2 (b) k ≠ 1 and k ≠ 2

 3 

p2 (c) k ≠ − 1 and k ≠ − 2 (d) k ≠ − 1 and k ≠ 2
p p 
e 2016 I

ANSWERS
1 d 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a 6 c 7 c 8 a 9 a 10 d
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 b 15 c 16 d 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 a
21 a 22 d 23 a 24 c 25 d 26 b 27 a 28 d 29 c 30 b
31 c 32 a 33 a 34 a 35 d 36 d 37 c 38 a 39 c 40 b
41 a 42 b 43 c 44 a 45 a 46 d 47 c 48 b 49 c 50 b
51 d 52 a 53 a 54 c 55 a 56 c 57 b 58 a 59 c 60 b
61 a 62 c 63 a 64 b 65 d 66 a 67 c 68 a 69 c 70 b
71 a 72 c 73 a 74 a 75 b 76 d 77 b 78 b 79 c 80 c
81 d 82 c 83 a 84 b 85 a 86 c 87 a 88 a 89 b 90 d
91 a 92 d 93 a

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (d) By expansion ∆ = 2 + 2 sin 2α 4. (c) We have, = ( 1 − 2a cos x + a 2 )[cos nx ⋅ sin( n + 1)x
∴ ∆ ∈[ 2, 4] as sin α ∈ [ 0, 1]
2 2 − sin nx ⋅ cos ( n + 1)x ]
1 a a
2. (a) Given, f ( x ) = x 2 − 4x − 5 ∆ = cos ( n − 1)x cos nx cos ( n + 1)x = ( 1 − 2a cos x + a 2 ) sin x
∴ f ( A) = A2 − 4 A − 5 sin ( n − 1)x sin nx sin ( n + 1)x ∴ ∆ is independent of n.
Here, | A |= 5 5. (a) Since, a + b + c = 0 = p + q + r
∴ f ( A ) = 25 − 20 − 5 = 0 Since, cos ( n − 1)x + cos ( n + 1)x
= 2 cos nx ⋅ cos x ∴ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
3. (c) Applying R → R − R and
1 1 2 and sin ( n − 1)x + sin ( n + 1)x and p 3 + q 3 + r 3 = 3 pqr
R → R − R and taking ( x − 1)
2 2 3
= 2 sin nx ⋅ cos x Expanding the given determinant along
common from R and R , we get
1 2
Applying C → C − 2 cos x ⋅ C + C , first row, we get
x + 1 1 0 we get
1 1 2 3
∆ = pa [ qra 2 − p 2 bc ] − qb[ q 2 ac − b 2 pr ]
 
∆ = ( x − 1)2  2 1 0  = ( x − 1)3∴ + rc [ c 2 pq − r 2 ab ]
1 − 2a cos x + a 2 a a2
  ∆ = pqr ( Σa ) − abc ( Σp )
3 3
3 3 1 ∴∆ = 0 cos nx cos ( n + 1)x
  = pqr (3abc ) − abc (3 pqr ) = 0
k =3 0 sin x sin ( n + 1)x
MATHEMATICS Determinants 127

1! 2! 3! y x y+z a b c A B C
1 1 1 1 1 1
6. (c) ∆ = 2! 3 ⋅ ( 2!) 4 ⋅ (3!) 11. (b) Let ∆ = z y x + y 14. (b) Q ∆∆′ = a b c A B C
2 2 2 2 2 2
3! 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ( 2!) 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ (3!) x z z+ x a b c A B C
3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 Applying R → R + R + R , and Σa1 A1 0 0

1 1 2 3
= ( 2!)(3!) 2 3 4 taking ( x + y + z ) common from R = 0 Σa A 0
1 2 2
6 12 20 1 1 2 0 0 Σa A
3 3

= ( 2!)(3!)[( 60 − 48) − ( 40 − 24) ∆ = ( x + y + z) z y x + y

∆ 0 0
+ ( 24 − 18)] x z z+ x
= 0 ∆ 0 = ∆3
= ( 2!)(3!)( 2) = 4!
Applying C → C − (C + C ), we get 0 0 ∆
3 3 1 2
7. (c) In a triangle, A + B + C = π 1 1 0 ∴ ∆′ = ∆ 2
∴ cos ( A + B ) = cos ( π − C ) = − cos C ∆ = ( x + y + z) z y x − z ,
⇒ cos A cos B + cos C = sin A sin B cos 15° sin 15°
x z 0 15. (c) ∆ =
and sin ( A + B ) = sin C cos 45° sin 45°
∆ = ( x + y + z )( x − z )2
Expanding the given determinant, cos 45° cos 15°
Thus, ∆=0 ×
∆ = − ( 1 − cos 2 A ) sin 45° sin 15°
+ cos C [cos C + cos A cos B ] ⇒ x + y + z = 0 or ( x − z )2 = 0
+ cos B [cos B + cos A cos C ] ⇒ x + y = − z or x = z cos 15°⋅ cos 45° + sin 15°⋅ sin 45°
= − sin 2 A + cos C (sin A sin B ) =
k b+c b +c 2 2
cos 2 45° + sin 2 45°
+ cos B (sin A sin C )
12. (a) Let ∆ = k c + a c2 + a 2
= − sin 2 A + sin A sin ( B + C ) cos 2 15° + sin 2 15°
k a + b a2 + b2
= − sin 2 A + sin 2 A = 0
cos 45°⋅ cos 15° + sin 45°⋅ sin 15°
x α 1  1 0  0
8. (a) Given, β x 1 = 0 = k b + c a−b a−c  cos ( 45° − 15° ) 1

2 
 =
β γ 1 b + c2 a − b2
2
a + b2
2
1 cos ( 45° − 15° )
 
Applying R → R − R Applying C → C − C and 3
2 2 1 2 2 1 1
and R → R − R , we get C → C − C , we get = 2 =
3
− 1= −
1
3 3 1 3 3 2
3 4 4
x α 1  1 0 0  1
 2
β−x x −α 0 = 0 =k b+c a−b a−c

 2 
 16. (d ) Putting x = 0 in given equation,
β−x γ −α 0 b + c a −b
2 2 2
a 2 − c2
 
0 −1 3
Expanding with respect to C , = k( a − b ) ( b − c ) ( c − a )
3 we get e= 1 0 −4 = 0
(β − x ) ( γ − α) − ( x − α) (β − x ) = 0 But ∆ = ( a − b ) ( b − c ) ( c − a )
⇒ (β − x ) { − α + γ − x + α } = 0 Thus, k = 1 −3 4 0
⇒ (β − x ) ( γ − x ) = 0 13. (c) Let a be the first term and d be [since, skew-symmetric determinant of
∴ x = β, γ the common difference of given AP. odd order is zero]
So, roots of the given equation is Then, 1 1
17. (d ) Let = u , = v,
independent of α. T = a + ( p − 1) d , Tq = a + ( q − 1) d , x y
p
x 4 5 a u + b v = c and a u + b v = c
Tr = a + ( r − 1) d 1 1 1 2 2 2
9. (a) Given determinant is, 7 x 7 = 0
∴T − Tr = ( p − r )d and Tq − Tr = ( q − r )d Using the method of cross-multiplication,
p
5 8 x
Applying C → C − C and u v −1
1 1 3 = =
Expanding with respect to R , C → C − C in given determinant, b c −b c c a −c a a b −a b
1 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
we have
x ( x 2 − 56) − 4( 7x − 35) +5(56 − 5x ) = 0 1 1
⇒ x 3 − 109x + 420 = 0 ( p − r )d ( q − r )d Tr y −1
⇒ = x =
If (5, 7) are the roots of above equation, ∆= p−r q−r r  b1 c   c1 a
1   a1 b 

1
   1
then 0 0 1
b c   c2 a
2 a b

x 2 ( x − 5) + 5x ( x − 5) − 84( x − 5) = 0  2 2
  2 2
d d Tr 1 1
⇒ ( x − 5) ( x 2 + 5x − 84) = 0 −1
= ( p − r )( q − r ) 1 1 r ⇒ x =
y
=
⇒ ( x − 5) ( x − 7) ( x + 12) = 0
0 0 1 ∆ ∆ ∆
⇒ x = 5, 7, − 12 2 3 1

10. (d) =0 [Q C and C are identical]

1 2
128 NDA/NA Pathfinder

1 ∆ 1 ∆  cos x − sin x 0 Applying R → R − (αR + R ), we get

∴ =− 2 and =− 3   3 3 1 2
x ∆ y ∆ =  sin x cos x 0
1 1 a b aα + b
∆ ∆  0
⇒ x =− 1 and y=− 1 0 1 ∆= b c bα + c
∆ ∆  
2 3  cos ( − x ) sin ( − x ) 0 0 0 − ( aα + 2bα + c )
2

18. (a) For the singular matrix,  

=  − sin ( − x ) cos ( − x ) 0 = f ( − x ) = − ( aα + 2bα + c )( ac − b 2 )
2

2−x 1 1  0 0 1 Hence, ∆ is zero, if ac − b 2 = 0

  or aα 2 + 2bα + c = 0
1 3−x 0 =0
 −2 1 1 ⇒ a, b, c are in GP.
−1 −3 −x   or α is a root of ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
22. (d) ∆ =  1 −2 1
⇒ ( 2 − x ) [ x ( x − 3)] − [ − x ] So, both statements are not correct.
 1 1 −2 
+ [ −3 + (3 − x )] = 0   26. (b) B = A −1 BA
⇒ x ( x − 3) ( x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2, 3
= −2( 4 − 1) − 1( −2 − 1) + 1 + 2 = 0 ⇒ AB = AA −1 BA ⇒ AB = I ( BA )
So, the solution set is, S = { 0, 2, 3}.
−1 l 1 1 l +m+ n 0 0 ⇒ AB = ( BA ) ⇒ AB − BA = 0
 1 − tan θ  1 tan θ
19. (b)  ∆ = m −2 1 = −2 1 ∴ Statement I is wrong.
tan θ 1   − tan θ 1  m
Now, ( A + B )( A − B )
    n 1 −2 n 1 −2
 a − b  = A( A − B ) + B( A − B )
= [R → R + R + R ] = A 2 − AB + BA − B 2
b a 1 1 2 3
  =0 [Q l + m + n = 0] = A 2 − AB + AB − B 2 [Q AB = BA]
 1 − tan θ 1 Similarly, ∆ = ∆ = 0 = A2 − B2
⇒ 
1  1 + tan 2 θ
2 3
tan θ Hence, the given system of equations ∴ Statement II is correct.
 
has infinitely many solutions. a b
 1 − tan θ  a − b  27. (a) Let A = 
 tan θ = c d
1  b a   
d b c
1 1 1
    d b c
1 2 2 2 a b  a b 
Then, A 2 = 
⇒ d b c c d c d
1 + tan 2 θ 23. (a) We know that, x =
3 3 3    
a b c  a 2 + bc ab + bd 
 1 − tan θ −2 tan θ   a − b 
2
1 1 1
 = = 2
a
a b c
 2 tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ  b 
2 2 2
 ac + cd bc + d 
  a
3
b
3
c
3
 1 − tan θ2
−2 tan θ  ∆ ( d, b, c ) ∆ ( b, c, d ) Given, A 2 = I
 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ   a − b  = =
∆ ( a, b c ) ∆ ( a, b, c )  a 2 + bc ab + bd   1 0
⇒  = 
 2 tan θ b a ⇒  2 =  
1 − tan 2 θ    1+ a 1 1  ac + cd bc + d   0 1
 
 1 + tan θ 1 + tan θ 
2 2
24. (c) We have, ∆ = 1 1+ b 1
⇒ b( a + d ) = 0 and c ( a + d ) = 0
 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  a − b  1 1 1+ c
⇒  = ⇒ a+ d =0 [Q b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0]
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ  b a
    Expanding with respect to R1 , So, sum of diagonal elements of A is 0.
⇒ a = cos 2 θ, b = sin 2 θ ∆ = ( 1 + a )[( 1 + b )( 1 + c ) − 1] So, Statement I is correct.
− 1( 1 + c − 1) + ( 1 − 1 − b )
20. (a) Q 3 A + 2 A + 5 A + I = O
3 2
= ( 1 + a )( b + c + bc ) − c − b Now, | A| = ad − bc = − a 2 − bc
⇒ 3 A 3 A −1 + 2 A 2 A −1 = bc + ab + ac + abc = − ( a 2 + bc ) = − 1 [Q a 2 + bc = 1]
+ 5 AA −1 + IA −1 = O = abc  + +  + abc
1 1 1 So, Statement II is incorrect.
⇒ 3 A 2 + 2 A + 5 + A −1 = O  a b c 2 1+ i 3
⇒ A −1 = − ( 3 A 2 + 2 A + 5 ) 1 1 1
If + + = 0, 28. (d) I. Let z = 1 − i 0 2+i
cos x sin x 0 a b c 3 2−i 1
then ∆ = abc ( 0) + abc = abc
21. (a) | A | = − sin x cos x 0 ∴ Statement I is correct. 2 1−i 3
0 0 1 1 1 1
Now, + + =−1 Then, z = 1 + i 0 2−i
a b c
= cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ ∆ = abc( − 1) + abc = 0 3 2+i 1
Now, c = cos x , c = sin x , c =0 ∴ Statement II is correct.
11 12 13 2 1+ i 3
c = − sin x , c = cos x , c =0 25. (d) We have,
21 22 23 = 1− i 0 2+ i
c = 0, c = 0, c =1
31 32 33 a b aα + b 3 2− i 1
1
∴ A −1 = adj ( A ) = adj ( A ) ∆= b c bα + c
|A| [interchanging rows and columns]
aα + b bα + c 0
⇒ z = z ⇒ z is purely real.
MATHEMATICS Determinants 129

1 i 2 2x − 5 2x − 5 3 35. (d ) We have, α + β + γ = −a and

βγ + γα + αβ = 0
II. Let ∆ = − i 2 i 32. (a) f ′( x ) = 6x + 1 6x + 1 9
0 i −2 14x − 6 14x − 6 21 1 β γ
∴ ∆ = −a 1 γ α
= 1( − 4 − i 2 ) − i ( 2i − 0) +2( − i 2 − 0) x 2 − 5x + 3 2 3 1 α β
= −3+ 2+ 2= 1 + 3x 2 + x + 4 6 9
So, ∆ is purely real. 1 β γ
7x − 6x + 9 14 21
2

III. Let = −a 0 γ − β α − γ
= 0+ 0 = 0
6 3−i 2 2+i 6 π 0 α −β β − γ
33. (a) We have, B(θ) = A  − θ
z = 3+i 2 0 3 −i 8 2 
[C → C − C and C → C − C ]
 sin  π − θ i cos  π − θ 
2 2 1 3 3 1
2 −i 6 3 − i 8 11
     = − a[ − ( γ − β )2 − (α − γ )(α − β )]
2  2 
=  = a [α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − (βγ + αγ + αβ )]
Then,  π   π 
3+i 2 2−i 6 i cos  − θ sin  − θ 
6  2 2  = a[(α + β + γ )2 − 3(βγ + αγ + αβ )]
z= 3−i 2 0 3+i 8  cos θ i sin θ = a [( − a )2 − 3( 0)] = a 3
=
2+i 6 3−i 8 i sin θ cos θ  36. (d) We have, α + β + γ = 0
11  
Now, 1 β γ
6 3−i 2 2+i 6
 sin θ i cos θ  cos θ i sin θ ∴ ∆ = (α + β + γ ) 1 γ α = 0
AB = 
= 3+i 2 0 3−i 8 i sin θ sin θ  i sin θ cos θ  1 α β
   
2−i 6 3+ i 8 11  sin θ cos θ + i 2 sin θ cos θ
[interchanging rows and columns] = 37. (c) On expanding, we get
 i cos 2 θ + i sin 2 θ 1
=z ∆ = − (α + β + γ )[(α − β )2 + (β − γ )2
2

i sin 2 θ + i cos 2 θ + ( γ − α )2 ]
So, z is purely real.
 Since, α, β, γ are distinct negative real
i cos θ sin θ + sin θ cos θ
2
 numbers.
1 0 0 x b b 0 i  Hence, ∆≥0
=
d i 0
29. (c) ∆ = a x b + 0 1 0   38. (a) p, q, r are the entries of first row and
dx 1 C , C ,C are cofactors of second row.
a a x a a x 34. (a) | A(θ)| = sin θ − i cos θ
2 2 2 21 22 23
∴ p ⋅C + q ⋅C + r ⋅C =0
x b b = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 21 22 23

+ a x b ∴ A(θ) is invertible for all θ ∈ R 39. (c) x, y, z are the entries of second row
So, Statement I is correct. and C ,C ,C are cofactors of second
0 0 1 21 22 23
 sin θ − i cos θ row.
x b x b x b Now, A(θ)−1 = 
sin θ 
, ∴ x ⋅C + y ⋅C + z ⋅C =∆
= + + = 3∆ − i cos θ
a x a x a x 2   21 22 23

 − sin θ i cos θ  40. (b) q ⋅ M − y ⋅ M + m⋅M

A( − θ) =  12 22 32
x b b i cos θ − sin θ = −q ⋅ C − y ⋅C − m ⋅C
  12 22 32
30. (b) ∆ = a x b = −( q ⋅ C + y ⋅C + m ⋅ C ) = −∆
1
a a x ∴ A(θ)−1 ≠ A( − θ) 12 22 32
[Q q , y , m are entries of second
So, Statement II is not correct. column and C , C ,C are cofactor
= x ( x 2 − ab ) + b( ab − ax ) + b( a 2 − ax ) 12 22 32
= x ( x 2 − ab ) + ab( a + b ) −2abx α β γ of second column]
x b Sol. (Q. Nos. 35-37) ∆ = β γ α 41. (a) adj (adj A)
and ∆ = = x 2 − ab = | A |n − 2 A = | A | A = − A
2 a x γ α β
42. (b) |adj B | = |B |n − 1 = |B |2 = 242
Given, ∆ − x∆ + a 2 b = 0 Applying C → C + C + C , we get
1 2
1 1 2 3 43. (c) |(adj (adj (adj (adjA))))|
⇒ ab( a + b ) − 2abx + a 2 b = 0 2
2a + b α+β+ γ β γ = |adj (adj( − A ))| = |− A |(n −1 ) = |− A |4
⇒ ab[ a + b − 2x + a ] = 0 ⇒ x =
2 ∆= α+β+ γ γ α
= (| A |)4 = ( −1)4 = 1
3 −5 3 α+β+ γ α β
44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (d )
31. (c) We have, f ( 0) = 4 1 9
1 β γ − a2 ab ac
9 −6 21
= (α + β + γ ) 1 γ α 47. (c) Let ∆ = ab −b 2 bc
= 3( 21 + 54) + 5(84 − 81) + 3( − 24 − 9)
1 α β ac bc −c2
= 225 + 15 − 99 = 141
130 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Taking common a , b and c from rows 53. (a) If the matrix is not invertible, then Applying R → R − R and
2 2 1
R , R and R respectively, determinant of this matrix must be zero. R → R − R , we get
1 2 3
α 2 2 3 3 1
−a b c
i.e −3 0 4 = 0 1 t−1 1
∆ = abc a −b c
1 −1 1 ( t + 1) 0 2 − t 0 =0
a b −c
0 2−t t−2
⇒ α ( 0 + 4) − 2( −3 − 4) + 2(3 − 0) = 0
Again, taking common a , b and c from ⇒ ( t + 1)( 2 − t )( t − 2) = 0
columns C , C and C respectively, ⇒ 4α + 14 + 6 = 0
1 2 3 ⇒ ( t + 1)( t − 2)2 = 0
⇒ 4α = − 20 ⇒α = − 5
−1 1 1 ∴ t = − 1, 2
54. (c)
∆ = a 2 b 2 c2 1 −1 1 58. (a) Given that, D is determinant of order
55. (a) We know that, a square matrix ‘A’ is 3 and D′ is the determinant obtained by
1 1 −1 an orthogonal matrix, if AAT = I . replacing the elements of D by their
= a 2 b 2 c 2 ( 0 + 2 + 2) ⇒ | AAT |= |I | ⇒ | A || AT |= 1 cofactors.
⇒ | A || A |= 1 [Q | A | = | AT | ] ∴ D′ = Cofactor of D
= 4a 2 b 2 c 2 ⇒ |D ′|= |Cofactor of D |
⇒ |A| = 1 2
⇒ |D ′|= |adj (D )|
48. (b) We know that, every matrix possesses ∴ | A |= ± 1
a unique inverse. [Q|Cofactor of D |= |adj (D )|]
m n p
Hence, B and C should be equal. ⇒ |D ′|= |D |(3 −1 ) [Q|adj( A )|= | A | n −1
]
56. (c) Let ∆ = p m n ⇒ |D ′|= |D |2
49. (c) Given condition is A 2 = I n p m ∴ D ′ =D 2
−1 −1
⇒ A ⋅A = A 2
⋅I Applying C → C + C + C , we get 59. (c) I. A matrix is only an arrangement of
1 1 2 3
⇒ A −1 ( A ⋅ A ) = A −1 [Q A ⋅ I = a ] numbers, it has no definite value.
(m + n + p ) n p
⇒ ( A −1 A ) ⋅ A = A −1 Since, determinant is a value of the
−1 −1
∆ = (m + n + p ) m n matrix. Hence, two determinants of
⇒ I⋅A= A [Q A A = I]
(m + n + p ) p m different orders may have the same value.
−1
⇒ A = A
60. (b) Minor of element 9
1 2  0 −1 1 n p 19 2
50. (b) Given A =  and B =  = = 19 − 26 = − 7
1 1 1 2 = (m + n + p ) 1 m n 13 1
   
1 p m
 1 2  0 −1  2 3 61. (a) Given that, A and B are two
AB =  = Applying R → R − R
1 1  1 2   1 1 and non-singular square matrices.
      2 2 1
So, A −1 and B −1 must be exist.
R → R − R , we get
3 3 1
∴| AB|= 2 − 3 = −1 We have, AB = A
1 n p
Thus, B −1 A −1 = ( AB )−1 =
adj ( AB ) ( A −1 ) operating in left side on both
| AB| ∆ = (m + n + p ) 0 m − n n− p sides, we get A −1 ( AB ) = ( A −1 ) ( A )
0 p−n m− p ⇒ ( A −1 A ) B = ( A −1 A )
 1 −3   −1 3 
= ( −1) = [Q AA −1 = I and IB = B ]
−1 2   1 −2  = (m + n + p )
    ⇒ IB = I ⇒ B = I = Identity matrix
[(m − n)(m − p ) − ( n − p )( p − n)]
51. (d) 62. (c) Cofactor of the element 4
= (m + n + p )(m 2 + n2 + p 2
2 3
x 2
1 y +z
2 2
− mn − np − pm) = ( −1)2 + 1 = − ( 18 − 24) = 6
1 8 9
52. (a) Let ∆ = y 2
1 z2 + x 2 = (m + n + p )[(m − n)2 + ( n − p )2
2
z2 1 x2 + y2 + ( p − m )2 ] = A linear factor 1 bc a ( b + c )
1 t−1 1 63. (a) Let ∆ = 1 ca b ( c + a )
Applying C → C + C , we get
3 3 1
57. (b) Given that, t − 1 1 1 =0 1 ab c ( a + b )
x 2
1 x 2 + y 2 + z2 1 1 t−1 Applying R → R − R and
2 2 1
∆ = y2 1 x 2 + y 2 + z2 R →R −R ,
Applying C → C + C + C , we get 3 3 1
z2 1 x 2 + y 2 + z2 1 1 2 3
t+ 1 t−1 1 1 bc ab + ac
x 2
1 1 t+1 1 1 =0 ∆ = 0 c ( a − b) ( b − a) c
∆ = ( x 2 + y 2 + z2 ) y 2 1 1 =0 t+1 1 t−1 0 b ( a − c) b ( c − a )
z2 1 1 1 t−1 1 Expanding along C ,
1
⇒ ( t + 1) 1 1 1 =0 ∆ = bc ( a − b ) ( c − a ) − bc ( a − c ) ( b − a )
[Q C and C are identical]
2 3
1 1 t−1 = bc ( a − b ) ( c − a ) − bc ( a − b ) ( c − a )
=0
MATHEMATICS Determinants 131

64. (b) If A is a square matrix of order n Now, expanding along C , 76. (d) 77. (b) 78. (b)
1
with | A| ≠ 0, then |adj A | = | A |n −1 ( x + a + b + c) ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( x 2 ) = 0 a b c 1 b c
For order 3 matrix, Put n = 3, ⇒ x 2 ⋅ ( x + a + b + c) = 0 79. (c) b c a = ( a + b + c ) 1 c a
|adj A| = | A|3 −1 =| A|2 ⇒ x = 0 or x = − ( a + b + c )
c a b 1 a b
 2 1 68. (a) 69. (c)
65. (d) Given that, 2 A = 
3 2  1 2 [apply C → C + C + C and take
   
1 1 2 3
common ( a + b + c ) ]
70. (b) Given matrices, A =  2 1
1 2 1  1 1 / 2
 1 1
= ( a + b + c)
⇒ A=   = 
2  3 2 3/2 1   [ bc − a 2 − b 2 + ab + ac − c 2 ]
 
 1 2 − 4 = ( a + b + c)
Now | A| = 1 − 3 / 4 = 1 / 4 and B = 
2 1 − 4 [ −( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )]
∴ A −1 =
adj( A )   1
 1 2 = − ( a + b + c)
| A| 2
 1 −1 / 2   4 −2     1 2 − 4
=4 = Now, AB =  2 1  2 1 − 4 [( a − b )2 + ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 ]
−3 / 2 1  −6 4  1 1   2 × 3 = Negative value
   
 3 ×2
 1 2 1 5 4 − 12 1 1 1 1 1 1
    80. (c) 1 1 + x 1 = 0 x 0
66. (a) I. Let A =  a 2a 1 =  4 5 − 12
 b 2b 1 3 3 − 8  1 1 1+ y 0 0 y
   3 ×3
Now, | A| = 1 ( 2a − 2b ) − 2( a − b )  1 2  apply R2 → R2 − R1 
+ 1 ( 2ab − 2ab )  1 2 − 4    
And, BA =   and R3 → R3 − R1 
= 2a − 2b − 2a + 2b + 0 = 0 2 1 − 4  2 1
  2 × 3  1 1
i.e. A is a singular matrix.  3 ×2 = 1 ( xy − 0) = xy
 c 2c 1  1 0 [expanding along first column]
= =I
  0 1
II. Let B =  a 2a 1   2 × 2 81. (d)
 b 2b 1 Now, we observe that B is not the right  2 7
82. (c) We have, A = 
  inverse of A but B is the left inverse of A. 1 5
 
Now, |B | = c ( 2a − 2b ) − 2c ( a − b )
71. (a) The matrix A is skew-symmetric ⇒ | A | = 10 − 7 = 3
+ 1 ( 2 b − 2ab )
matrix of order 3 which is odd. Thus,
= 2ac − 2bc − 2ac + 2bc + 0 = 0 1 1  5 −7 
determinant of A is zero. Now, A −1 = adj (A) =  
which is also represent a singular Hence, matrix A is non-invertible. |A| 3  −1 2 
matrix. So, Statement I is correct and
72. (c) A and B are square matrices of order 2.  2 7 1  5 −7 
Statement II is incorrect. ∴ A + 3 A −1 =  +3× 
We know that, | kA | = k n | A | , where n 1 5 
3  −1 2 
67. (c) Given that,  
is order of matrix A.
x + a  7 0
b c ∴ |3 AB | = 32 | A || B | = = 7I
0 7
a x + b c =0 [Q | AB | = | A || B |]  
a b x + c = 9( −1) (3) = − 27 83. (a) [det ( kA )]− 1 det (A)
[Q | A | = − 1, | B | = 3] 1
Applying C → C + C + C , = × det ( A )
 1 3 det ( kA )
1 1 2 3
73. (a) Let B= , then | B | = 1
we get 0 1
  =
1 1
× det ( A ) = n = k – n
x + a+ b+ c b c k n det ( A )
 1 −3   1  k
⇒ x + a+ b+ c x + b c =0 ∴ B −1 =   Q A −1 = adj( A ) a 1 1
0 1  |A| 
   
x + a+ b+ c b x + c 84. (b) Let ∆ = 1 b 1
Now, 1 1 c
1 b c 1 1  1 1 
BA =  ⇒ B −1 BA = B −1  = a ( bc − 1) − 1 ( c − 1) + 1( 1 − b )
⇒ ( x + a + b + c) 1 x + b c =0 0 −1 0 −1
    = abc − a − b − c + 2
1 b x + c
 1 −3  1 1  1 4 Q∆ > 0
⇒ A= =
Applying R → R − R 0 1  0 −1  0 −1 ∴ abc − a − b − c + 2 > 0
2 2 1
and       ⇒ abc + 2 > a + b + c …(i)
R → R − R , we get 74. (a) Q a≠b≠c
3 3 1
75. (b) Since, A −1 A = I n ⇒ AM of a , b , c > GM of a , b , c
1 b c
∴ det ( A −1 A ) = det ( I n )
⇒ ( x + a + b + c) 0 x 0 = 0 a+ b+ c
⇒ det ( A −1 ) × det ( A ) = 1 ⇒ > ( abc )1 / 3
0 0 x 1 3
⇒ det ( A −1 ) =
det( A ) ⇒ a + b + c > 3( abc )1 / 3 …(ii)
132 NDA/NA Pathfinder

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), α −β  6x − sin x − cos x 

II. The maximum value of cos is 1.
abc + 2 > 3( abc )1 / 3 2 ⇒ f ′ ′( x ) =  6 −1 0 
∴ The maximum value of the 
 

Now, let x = ( abc )1 / 3 , then we have 1 p p2 p3
determinant is .  
x 3 + 2 > 3x 2
⇒ x − 3x + 2 > 0
3 Since, we have f ′ ′( 0) = 0
Hence, both statements are correct.
⇒ ( x − 1)2 ( x + 2) > 0 0 0 1
1 2 
f ′ ′ ( 0 ) =  6 −1 0  = 0
3
⇒ x + 2 > 0 [Q ( x − 1)2 > 0 ]   ⇒
87. (a) We have, A =  1 x − 1 1 , 
 

⇒ x>−2 p p2 p3
2 7 x − 3  
⇒ ( abc )1 / 3 > − 2   1
⇒ abc > − 8 A has inverse, if | A | ≠ 0 ⇒ 6 p + p = 0 ⇒ p = − or 0
2
6
85. (a) We have, ∴| A |= 1{( x − 1) ( x − 3) − 7}
 41 1 5  1 1 5
1− a a − b − c b+ c −3( x – 3 – 2) + 2 { 7 – 2( x – 1)} ≠ 0
⇒ x 2 − 4x − 4 − 3x + 15 92. (d) I. Now, 79 7 9 = 7 7 9 = 0
∆ = 1− b b − c − a c+ a 
 
 
 

+ 14 − 4x + 4 ≠ 0 29 5 3 5 5 3
1− c c−a−b a+ b    
⇒ x 2 − 11x + 29 ≠ 0 [QC and C are identical]
Applying C → C + C , we get 11 ± 121 − 116 11 ± 5 1 2
2 2 3 ⇒x ≠ ⇒x ≠ 1 a b + c  1 a a + b + c 
1− a a b+ c 2 2
   
∆ = 1− b b c+ a II. 1 b c + a = 1 b a + b + c
88. (a)Q A is an orthogonal matrix. 
 
  

1− c a+ b | AB | = ± | B | 1 c a+ b 1 c a+ b+ c
c    
Now, applying C →C + C ,
1 2 3 [apply C → C + C ]
3 2 3
1 1 2
∴ | B | = − 3 0 2 = 47  1 a 1
C → C + C and taking common
3 3 2
2 5 0 = ( a + b + c ) 1 b 1 = 0
a + b + c from C , we get 
 

3
| AB | = ± 47 1 c 1
1 a 1
Now,  
Also, AB ≠ BA [Q C and C are identical]
∆ = ( a + b + c) 1 b 1 1 3
89. (b)  0 c b
1 c 1
 x 3 sin x cos x  
III. − c 0 a
Q C and C are identical.  
1 3 90. (d) Given, f ( x ) =  6 −1 0  
−b −a 0

Hence, the determinant is 0. 
 2

  
p p p3
α α   = 0( 0 + a ) − c ( 0 + ab ) + b( ac − 0)
cos 2 sin 2
2 2  3x 2 cos x − sin x  = 0 − c( ab ) + b( ac )
86. (c) I. We have, ∆ =
β β = − abc + abc = 0
sin 2 cos 2 f ′( x ) =  6 −1 0 
2 2 
 
 Hence, I, II and III determinants have
p p2 p3 value ‘zero’.
α β α β  
= cos 2 cos 2 − sin 2 sin 2
2 2 2 2 0 1 0 93. (a) Given linear equations
 α β
=  cos cos + sin sin 
α β ⇒ f ′ ( 0 ) =  6 −1 0  k x + y + z = 1 ⇒ x + ky + z = 1
 
 
 x + y + kz = 1
2 2 2 2 p p2 p3
and
   k 1 1
 cos α cos β − sin α sin β 

 2 2 2 2
 = ( −1) ( 6 p 3 − 0) = − 6 p 3 For unique solution, 1 k 1  ≠ 0

 

91. (a) From question 90, 1 1 k
= cos  α − β  cos  α + β   
     3x 2 − sin x 
 2   2  cos x
⇒ k( k 2 − 1) − 1( k − 1) + 1( 1 − k ) ≠ 0
= cos 

α − β  cos 45°
 f ′( x ) =  6 −1 0  ⇒ k( k − 1) ( k + 1) − 2( k − 1) ≠ 0
 2  
 

p p2 p3 ⇒ ( k − 1) ( k − 1) ( k + 2) ≠ 0
α −β  
cos 
1
=  [Q α + β = 90°] ⇒ k ≠ 1 and k ≠ − 2
2  2 
12
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 133

MEASUREMENT OF
ANGLES AND
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
In NDA exam, generally 4-7 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on finding the
value of trigonometric ratios by using standard formulae/value, solving trigonometric equations etc.

ANGLE
B
Let a revolving line starting from OA revolves about its end point ‘O’ on a e
plane in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction and occupy the position ‘OB’. l s id
ina
It is said to trace out ∠AOB. r m
Te
Here, OB is called the terminal side and OA is called initial side. The fixed θ
point ‘O’ is called the vertex. O A
Vertex Initial side

Measurement of Angles
The amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side is called the measure of the angle.
Note If the rotation is in anti-clockwise sense, the angle measured is positive and if the rotation is in clockwise sense, the
angle measured is negative.

Systems of Measurement of Angles

There are three major types of systems of measurement of angles which are as follows
1. Sexagesimal system (Degree measure) In this system a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts,
called degrees. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes and each minute is further
divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds.
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees = (90 °), 1° = 60 min = (60 ′ ), 1 ′ = 60 s = (60 ′ ′ )
2. Centesimal system In this system a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts, called grades. Each
grade is subdivided into 100 centesimal minutes and each minute is further divided into 100
centesimal seconds.
134 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades = (100 g ) Let PMR be a right angled triangle at M.
1 grade = 100 min = (100 ′ ) Perpendicular q
sine θ = = and is written as sin θ
1 min = 100 s = (100 ′ ′ ) Hypotenuse r
3. Circular system In this system the unit of Base p
cosine θ = = and is written as cos θ
measurement is radian as defined below Hypotenuse r
(i) One radian, written as 1c , is the measure of an angle Perpendicular q
subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of tangent θ = = and is written as tan θ
Base p
length equal to the radius of the circle.
Hypotenuse r
(ii) The number of radians in an angle subtended by an cosecant θ = = and is written as cosec θ
arc Perpendicular q
arc of a circle at the centre is equal to . Hypotenuse r
radius secant θ = = and is written as sec θ
Base p
Relation between Degrees, Grades Base p
and Radians cotangent θ = = and is written as cot θ
Perpendicular q
The relation between the three systems of measurement
Degree Grade 2 Radian
of an angle is = = Relation between
90 100 π
Trigonometric Ratios
Thus, 1 1
(i) sin θ = or cosec θ =
 180  cosec θ sin θ
(i) To convert radians into degrees multiply by  .
 π  1 1
(ii) cos θ = or sec θ =
 π  sec θ cos θ
(ii) To convert degrees into radians multiply by  .
 180  1 1
(iii) cot θ = or tan θ =
tan θ cot θ
EXAMPLE 1. Find the angle between the minute hand sin θ cos θ
of a clock and the hour hand when the time is (iv) tan θ = (v) cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
7 : 20 am.
a. 90° b. 95° c. 100° d. 105° Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Sol. c. We know that, the hour hand completes one rotation The following are some fundamental identities
in 12 h while the minute hand completes one rotation
in 60 min. (i) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 (ii) 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
∴ Angle traced by the hour hand in 12 h = 360° (iii) 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ
7 h 20 min = 7 +
20 1 22
 h=7 + = h
 60  3 3 EXAMPLE 2. If 1 + sin 2 A = 3 sin A ⋅ cos A, then what is
⇒ Angle traced by the hour hand in 7 h 20 min. the value of tan A?
h = 
22 360 22 1 1 1 1
i.e. ×  = 220° a. ,1 b. ,2 c. ,3 d. ,4
3  12 3 2 4 6 8
Also, the angle traced by the minute hand in 60 min = 360° Sol. a. We have, 1 + sin2 A = 3 sin A cos A
The angle traced by the minute hand in 20 min
On dividing both sides by cos2 A, we get
°
=  × 20 = 120°
360
 60  sec 2 A + tan2 A = 3 tan A
⇒ 1 + tan2 A + tan2 A = 3 tan A
∴ Required angle between two hands = 220°−120° = 100°
[Qsec 2 θ = 1+ tan2 θ]
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS ⇒ 2 tan2 A − 3 tan A + 1 = 0
P ⇒ 2 tan A − 2 tan A − tan A + 1 = 0
2
The ratios between different sides of a
⇒ 2 tan A (tan A − 1) − 1(tan A − 1) = 0
right angled triangle with respect to its ⇒ ( 2 tan A − 1) (tan A − 1) = 0
r q
acute angles are called trigonometric 1
⇒ tan A = , 1
ratios. 2
θ 90º
R p M
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 135

Domain and Range θ sinθ cos θ tanθ cotθ sec θ cosec θ

Trigonometric Ratios Domain Range 180° + θ − sinθ − cosθ tanθ cot θ − sec θ − cosec θ

sinθ R [−1, 1] 270°− θ − cosθ − sinθ cot θ tanθ − cosecθ − sec θ

cosθ R [−1, 1] 270° + θ − cosθ sinθ − cot θ − tanθ cosecθ − sec θ

π 360° − θ − sinθ cosθ − tanθ − cot θ sec θ − cosec θ
tanθ R − (2 n + 1) : n ∈ I  R
 2  360° + θ sinθ cosθ tanθ cot θ sec θ cosec θ
cosec θ R − { nπ : n ∈ I} R − ( −1, 1)
sec θ π R − ( −1, 1) EXAMPLE 3. What is the value of cot (−870 °)?
R − (2 n + 1) : n ∈ I 
 2 
a. 3 b. 1/ 3 c. − 3 d. −1/ 3
cot θ R − { nπ : n ∈ I} R
Sol. a. cot ( −870° ) = − cot ( 2 × 360° + 150° )
Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles = − cot 150° = − cot (90° + 60° ) = tan 60° = 3
π π π π
0 Sum and Difference of Two Angles
6 4 3 2
1 1 3
(i) sin ( A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
sin 0 1
2 2 2 (ii) cos ( A ± B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
3 1 1 tan A ± tan B
cos 1 0 (iii) tan ( A ± B) =
2 2 2 1 m tan A tan B
1
tan 0 1 3 Undefined cot A cot B m 1
3 (iv) cot ( A ± B) =
1 cot B ± cot A
cot Undefined 3 1 0
3 (v) sin ( A + B) sin ( A − B) = sin 2 A − sin 2 B
sec 1
2
2 2 Undefined
= cos 2 B − cos 2 A
3
2 (vi) cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B) = cos 2 A − sin 2 B
cosec Undefined 2 2 1
3 = cos 2 B − sin 2 A

Note |sinθ|≤ 1, |cos θ|≤ 1, |sec θ|≥ 1, |cosec|≥ 1 for all values of θ for Transformation Formulae
which the functions are defined.
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B)
Signs of Trigonometric Ratios in Different Quadrants (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B)
Quadrant sinθ cos θ tanθ cotθ sec θ cosec θ (iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)
I + + + + + + (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B)
− − − −
II + +
 C + D  C − D
III − − + + − − (v) sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
IV − + − − + −
 C − D  C + D
(vi) sin C − sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
 C + D  C − D
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or (vii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
difference is either zero or a multiple of 90°, i.e. the  2   2 
angles −θ, 90 ° ± θ, 180 ° ± θ, 270 ° ± θ and 360 ° ± θ are  C + D  D − C
(viii) cos C − cos D = 2 sin   sin  
called allied angles.  2   2 
θ sinθ cos θ tanθ cotθ sec θ cosec θ
EXAMPLE 4. If sin 2 A = λ sin 2B, then what is the
−θ − sinθ cosθ − tanθ − cot θ sec θ − cosec θ tan( A + B)
value of ?
90° − θ cosθ sinθ cot θ tanθ cosec θ sec θ tan ( A − B)
90° + θ cosθ − sinθ − cot θ − tanθ − cosec θ sec θ
λ −1 λ +1 λ2 − 1 λ −1
a. b. c. d.
180° − θ sinθ − cosθ − tanθ − cot θ − sec θ cosec θ λ +1 λ −1 λ2 + 1 λ +1
136 NDA/NA Pathfinder

sin 2A 3 tan A − tan 3 A

Sol. b. Q sin 2A = λ sin 2B ⇒ =λ (vii) tan 3A =
sin 2B
1 − 3 tan 2 A
On applying componendo and dividendo rule, 3cot A − cot 3 A
sin 2A + sin 2B λ + 1 (viii) cot 3A =
= 1 − 3cot 2 A
sin 2A − sin 2B λ − 1
2 sin ( A + B) cos ( A − B) λ + 1 tan ( A + B) λ + 1 Trigonometric Ratios of
⇒ = ⇒ =
2 cos ( A + B) sin ( A − B) λ − 1 tan ( A − B) λ − 1 Submultiples Angles
1
2 tan A
EXAMPLE 5. Determine the value of 1 1 2
cos 20 ° cos 40 ° cos 60 ° cos 80 °. (i) sin A = 2sin A cos A =
2 2 2 1
a. 1 / 2 b. 1 / 4 c. 1 / 8 d. 1 / 16 1 + tan A
2
Sol. d. cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80° 1 1 1
(ii) cos A = cos 2 A − sin 2 = 2cos 2 A − 1
2 A 2
= cos 60° (cos 20° cos 40° ) cos 80°
2 1
1 1 1 1 − tan A
= × ( 2 cos 20° cos 40° ) cos 80° Q cos 60° =  1 2
2 2  2 = 1 − 2sin 2 A =
2 1
1
= [{cos ( 40° + 20° ) + cos ( 40° − 20° )} cos 80° ]
1 + tan 2 A
4 2
[Q 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)] 1 1
2 tan A cot 2 A − 1
1 2 2
= [(cos 60° + cos 20° ) cos 80° ] (iii) tan A = (iv) cot A =
4 2 1 1
1 − tan A 2cot A
=  + cos 20° cos 80°
1 1
2 2
4  2  
1 EXAMPLE 6. What will be the value of
= (cos 80° + 2 cos 80° cos 20° )
8
1 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 8θ ?
= [cos 80° + {cos (80° + 20° ) + cos (80° − 20° )}]
8 a. 2sinθ b. 2 cos θ c. sin 2θ d. cos 2θ
[Q 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)]
1 2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos 8θ
= [cos 80° + cos 100° + cos 60° ] Sol. b. We have,
8
1
= [cos 80° + cos (180° − 80° ) + cos 60° ] = 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 cos2 4θ − 2
8
1 = 2 + 2 + 4 cos2 2θ − 2
= [cos 80° − cos 80° + cos 60° ]
8 = 2 + 2cos 2θ = 2 + 4 cos2 θ − 2 = 2cos θ
1 1 1 1 1
= cos 80° − cos 80° +  = × = cot 2 15°−1
8 
2 8 2 16 EXAMPLE 7. is equal to
cot 2 15° + 1
Trigonometric Ratios of a.
1
b.
3
c.
3 3
d. 3
Multiple of an Angle 2 2 4
2 tan A cos2 15°
(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = cot 2 15° − 1 sin2 15° − 1 cos2 15° − sin2 15°
1 + tan 2 A Sol. b. = =
cot 2 15° + 1 cos2 15° cos2 15° + sin2 15°
(ii) cos 2A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = 2cos 2 A − 1 + 1
sin 15°
2

1 − tan 2 A = cos ( 2 × 15° ) = cos ( 30° ) = 3 / 2

= 1 − 2 sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
2 tan A Values of Trigonometric Ratios
(iii) tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A of Some Specific Angles
cot 2 A − 1 3 −1 3 +1
(iv) cot 2A = (i) sin 15° = (ii) cos 15° =
2cot A 2 2 2 2
(v) sin 3A = 3 sin A − 4 sin 3 A (iii) tan 15° = cot 75° = 2 − 3
(vi) cos 3A = 4cos 3 A − 3cos A (iv) cot 15° = tan 75° = 2 + 3
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 137

5 −1 Solutions or Roots of a
(v) sin 18° = cos 72° =
4 Trigonometric Equation
5 +1 A value of the unknown angle which satisfies
(vi) cos 36° = sin 54° =
4 the given equation, is called a solution or root of the
10 + 2 5 equation. The trigonometric equation may have infinite
(vii) cos 18° = sin 72° =
4 number of solutions and can be classified as
10 − 2 5 (i) Principal solution The least value of unknown angle
(viii) sin 36° = cos 54° =
4 which satisfies the given equation, is called principal
1 2− 2 solution of trigonometric equation.
(ix) sin 22 ° = (ii) General solution We know that trigonometric
2 2
functions are periodic and solutions of trigonometric
1 2+ 2
(x) cos 22 ° = equations can be generalised with the help of the
2 2
1 periodicity of the trigonometric functions. The
(xi) tan 22 ° = 2 − 1 solution consisting of all possible solutions of a
2
1 trigonometric equation is called its general solution.
(xii) cot 22 ° = 2 + 1
2 Note A function f( x ) is said to be a periodic function, if a least positive
real number T is such that f ( x + T ) = f( x ), then T is known as
EXAMPLE 8. What will be the value of period of function f( x ).
cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156 ° + cos 132°?
−1 3 Trigonometrical Equations with their General Solution
a. 2 ( 5) b. − 2 3 c. d.
2 4 Trigonometrical equation General solution
Sol. c. We have, cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156° + cos 132° sin θ = 0 θ = nπ, n ∈ I
= (cos 12° + cos 132° ) + (cos 84° + cos 156° ) cos θ = 0 θ = (2 n + 1) π / 2 , n ∈ I
12°+132° 132°−12°
= 2 cos   cos   tan θ = 0 θ = nπ, n ∈ I
 2   2 
sin θ = 1 θ = 2 nπ + π / 2 , n ∈ I
 84°+156° 156°−84°
+ 2cos   cos  cos θ = 1 θ = 2 nπ, n ∈ I
 2   2 
sin θ = sin α π π
= 2 cos 72° cos 60° + 2 cos 120° cos 36° θ = nπ + ( − 1)nα, α ∈  − , , n ∈ I
 2 2 
= 2 sin 18° cos 60° + 2 cos 120° cos 36°
cos θ = cos α θ = 2 nπ ± α, α ∈ [0, π ], n ∈ I
 5 − 1  1  − 1  5 + 1 − 1
= 2    + 2    = tan θ = tan α π π
θ = nπ + α, α ∈  − ,  , n ∈ I
 4  2    2  4  2  2 2

Maximum and Minimum Values of sin2 θ = sin2 α θ = nπ ± α, n ∈ I

(a sin θ ± b cos θ) tan2 θ = tan2 α

cos 2 θ = cos 2 α
The maximum and minimum values of a sin θ ± b cos θ
sin θ = sin α and θ = 2 nπ + α, n ∈ I
are respectively, a 2 + b 2 and − a 2 + b 2 . cos θ = cos α

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION EXAMPLE 9. If sin 9 θ = sin θ, then the value of θ will be,
An equation involving one or more trigonometric if θ is even.
2m mπ mπ
ratios of unknown angles is called a trigonometric a. b. c. d. mπ
π 2 4
equation.
1 Sol. c. We have, sin 9θ = sin θ, 9θ = nπ + ( − 1) nθ, n ∈ I
e.g. 2cos θ + 3cos 2θ = 0, cos 2 θ + sin θ = etc. mπ
3 If n is even, then 9θ = 2mπ + θ ⇒ 8θ = 2mπ ⇒ θ =
4
138 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. What is the measure of the angle 114° 35′ 30′ ′ in 10. If an angle α is divided into two parts A and B
radian? such that A − B = x and tan A : tan B = 2 : 1, then
(a) 1 rad (b) 2 rad what is sin x equal to?
(c) 3 rad (d) 4 rad 2 sin α sin α
(a) 3 sin α (b) (c) (d) 2 sin α
3 3
2. The angle between the minute hand and the hour
hand of a clock when the time is 8:25 am is 11. What is the maximum value of 3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5?
(a) 92 ° 45′ (b) 102 ° 30′ (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 12
(c) 105° (d) 107 °15′
12. If tan A − tan B = x and cot B − cot A = y, then
1
3. What is the value of sin 292 ° ? what is cot ( A − B) equal to?
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 (a) − (b) − (c) + (d) − −
(a) 2+ 3 (b) − 2− 3 y x x y x y x y
3 3
1 1
(c) 2+ 2 (d) − 2+ 2 13. If cos A + cos B = m and sin A + sin B = n , where
2 2
m , n ≠ 0, then what is cos ( A + B) equal to?
4. Which one of the following is correct? m2 − n2 2 mn
(a) b)
1 + cos 67 1°  1 + cos 112 1°  is m2 + n2 m2 + n2
 2  2 m2 + n2 m2 + n2
(c) (d)
(a) an irrational number and is greater than 1 2 mn m2 − n2
(b) a rational number but not an integer
(c) an integer 14. If A + B = 90°, then minimum and maximum
(d) an irrational number and is less than 1 values of (cos A cos B) respectively are
5. What is the value of 1 1 1 1
(a) − , (b) − ,
4 4 3 3
π π 5π 7π
cos   + cos   + cos   + cos  ? 1 1
(c) − , (d) None of these
 9  3  9  9 2 2
(a) 1 (b) −1
1 1 15. The smallest positive value of x (in degrees) for
(c) − (d) which tan( x + 100° ) = tan( x + 50° ) tan x
2 2
tan( x − 50° ) is
7π 9π 10π
6. tan , tan , tan are in (a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 45° (d) 30°
6 4 3
3 cos 2β − 1
(a) AP (b) GP 16. If α, β are acute angles and cos 2α = ,
3 − cos 2β
(c) HP (d) None of these
then the value of (tan α ⋅ cot β ) is
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x
7. is equal to (a) 3 (b) 2
cos x + cos 3x + cos 5x + cos 7x
(c) 1 (d) None of these
(a) tan 16x (b) tan 8x
(c) tan 4x (d) tan2x 17. If sin x + sin2 x = 1, then the value of
(cos8 x + 2 cos6 x + cos4 x ) is
8. If tan θ + sin θ = m and tan θ − sin θ = n , then
(a) 0 (b) − 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) m2 − n2 = 4mn (b) m2 + n2 = 4mn
2π 4π
(c) m2 − n2 = m2 + n2 (d) m2 − n2 = 4 mn 18. If x = y cos = z cos , then xy + yz + zx equals
3 3
a cos φ + b θ (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
9. If cos θ = , then tan is equal to
a + b cos φ 2 19. Consider the following statements
I. If θ = 1200°, then (sec θ + tan θ )−1 is positive.
 a − b φ  a + b φ
(a)   tan (b)   cos II. If θ = 1200°, then (cosecθ − cot θ ) is negative.
 a + b 2  a − b 2
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
 a − b φ (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c)   sin (d) None of these
 a + b 2 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 139

20. Consider the following statements 28. The value of cos 2x is

I. sin 66° is greater than cos 66°. 2e 2 2e 2 e2 e2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
II. cos 26° is smaller than sin 26°. 1 + e2 1 − e2 2 − e2 2 + e2
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 29. The value of sec4 x − sec2 x is
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) (e 2 − 2 )(e 2 − 1) (b) (e 2 + 2 )(e 2 − 1)
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) (e − 2 )(e + 1)
2 2
(d) None of these
21. If A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral taken in order, then consider the Directions (Q. Nos. 30-33) ABC is a triangle right
following statements angled at B. The hypotenuse ( AC ) is four times the
I. cos A + cos B = − (cos C + cos D ) perpendicular (BD) drawn to it from the opposite
II. cos (π + A ) + cos (π − B) + cos (π − C ) vertex and AD < DC .
π
− sin  − D = 0 30. Which one of the following is acute angles of the
2 
triangle?
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) None of these
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 31. What is ∠ABD?
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) None of these
22. Which among the following is/are correct
statement(s)? 32. What is AD : DC equal to?
I. The general value of θ satisfying the equations (a) (7 − 2 3 ) : 1 (b) (7 − 4 3 ) : 1
sin 2 θ = sin 2 α , cos 2 θ = cos 2 α and tan 2 θ = tan 2 α is (c) 1 : 2 (d) None of these
given by θ = nπ ± α . 33. What is tan ( A − C ) equal to?
II. The general value of θ satisfying equations (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
sin θ = sin α and cos θ = cos α simultaneously is
given by θ = 2nπ ± α , n ∈ Z . Directions (Q. Nos. 34-37) Given, x = cosec2 θ,
1
Select the correct answer using the code given y = sec2 θ, z =
below 1 − sin θ cos2 θ
2

(a) Only I (b) Only II 1 1

34. 2
+ is equal to
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II x y2
2+ z 2− z z z
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Directions (Q. Nos. 23-24) If x, y and z are the z z 2+ z 2− z
angles of a triangle and z = 135 °.
35. xyz is equal to
23. The value of sin z + cos z is 1 x+ y
(a) (x + y + z) (b) xy + z (c) x + y − z (d)
1 3 2 z
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 2
36. tan2 2θ is equal to
24. The value of (1 + tan x )(1 + tan y ) is 4y 2y 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 x(2 − y)2 x(2 − y)2 y(2 − x )2 y(2 − x )2

Directions (Q. Nos. 25-26) Let cos α and cos β be the 37. Consider the following statements
roots of the equation, 8 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0. I.
1 1
+ =1 II.
1
+
1
+
1
=1
α β
x y xy yz zx
25. The value of sin ⋅ sin is Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
2 2
(a) Only I (b) Only II
1 1 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
2 4 4 2 4 2
α β
26. The value of cos ⋅ cos is
2 2 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
1 3 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4 4 2 38. Which one of the following is positive in the
third quadrant? e 2012 I
Directions (Q. Nos. 27-29) Let tan2 x = 1 − e 2, e is (a) sin θ (b) cos θ (c) tan θ (d) sec θ
any constant.
39. What is the value of sin (1920° )? e 2012 I
27. The value of (sec x + tan3 x cosec x ) is (a)
1
(b)
1
(c)
3
(d)
1
(a) (2 + e 2 )3 / 2 (b) (2 − e 2 )3 / 2 (c) (1 − e 2 )3 / 2 (d) (1 + e 2 )3 / 2 2 2 2 3
140 NDA/NA Pathfinder

sin θ cos θ 54. What is the value of sin2 A − sin2 B?

40. What is the value of + ?
cosec θ sec θ e 2012 I (a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 2
55. The line making an angle ( − 120° ) with X-axis is
41. What is the maximum value of sin2 x ? e 2012 I situated in the e 2012 II
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) Infinity (a) first quadrant (b) second quadrant
1 (c) third quadrant (d) fourth quadrant
42. If cosec θ − cot θ = , where θ ≠ 0, then what is
3 56. What is the value of tan ( − 585° )? e 2012 II
the value of cos θ? e 2012 I
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) – 2 (d) − 3
3 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
13
2 2 2 57. If sec α = , where 270° < α < 360°, then what
5
43. If cot A ⋅ cot B = 2, then what is the value of is the value of sinα? e 2012 II
cos( A + B) ⋅ sec ( A − B)? e 2012 I (a) 5/13 (b) 12/13 (c) –12/13 (d) –13/12
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 1 (d) − 1
58. What is the value of sin 15°? e 2012 II
44. What is the maximum value of 3 −1 3+1 3 −1 3+1
sin 3θ cos 2θ + cos 3θ sin 2θ? e 2012 I (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 3+1 3 −1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 10
59. If 4 sin2 θ = 1, where 0 < θ < 2π, how many values
45. What is the value of sec2  tan−1 
5 
 ?
  11  e 2012 I
does θ take? e 2012 II
(a) 121/96 (b) 217/921 (c) 146/121 (d) 267/121 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these

46. What is the value of 60. What is the value of sin 18° cos 36°? e 2012 II
sin A cos A tan A + cos A sin A cot A? e 2012 I (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/4
(a) sin A (b) cos A (c) tan A (d) 1 2 1
61. If sin A = and cos B = , where A and B
47. If tan θ + sec θ = 4, then what is the value of 5 10
sin θ? e 2012 I are acute angles, then what is the value of A + B ?
(a) 8/17 (b) 8/15 (c) 15/17 (d) 23/32 e 2012 II
(a) 135° (b) 90° (c) 75° (d) 60°
48. What is the value of
sin 420°⋅ cos 390° + cos ( −300° ) ⋅ sin( −330° )? 62. Consider the following statements
e 2012 I
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −1 I. The value of cos 46° − sin 46° is positive.
II. The value of cos 44° − sin 44° is negative.
49. If θ = 18°, then what is the value of
4 sin2 θ + 2 sin θ ? e 2012 I
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2012 II
(a) – 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
(a) Only I (b) Only II
π
50. What is the value of tan  ? (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
 12 e 2012 I
(a) 2 − 3 (b) 2 + 3 (c) 2 − 3 (d) 3 − 2
63. What is the value of tan105°? e 2013 I
3+1 3+1 3 −1 3+2
51. Consider the following statements e 2012 I (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 −1 1− 3 3+1 3 −1
I. 1° in radian measure is less than 0.02 radians.
II. 1 radian in degree measure is greater than 45°. 64. If sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1, then what is 2 sin θ − cos θ
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? equal to? e 2013 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 65. If cosec θ + cot θ = c, then what is cosθ equal to?
e 2013 I
Directions (Q. Nos. 52-54) Let sin ( A + B) = 1 c c
π (a) (b)
and sin ( A − B) = 1/ 2, where A, B ∈ 0, . c2 − 1 c2 + 1
 2  e 2012 I
c2 − 1
52. What is the value of A? (c) (d) None of these
c2 + 1
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 4 8 66. What is tan4 A − sec4 A + tan2 A + sec2 A equal to?
53. What is the value of tan (A + 2B) ⋅ tan (2A + B)? e 2013 I
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 141

67. If A + B = 90° , then what is the value of cot 224° − cot 134°
80. What is the value of ?
cot 226° + cot 316°
sin A sec B − sin A cos B ? e 2013 I
e 2014 I
(a) − cosec 88° (b) − cosec 2 °
(a) sin A (b) cos A (c) tan A (d) 0
(c) − cosec 44° (d) − cosec 46°
68. If tan A = x + 1 and tan B = x − 1, then
1 + sin A 1 − sin A
x 2 tan ( A − B) has the value e 2013 I 81. What is the value of − ?
1 − sin A 1 + sin A e 2014 I
(a) 1 (b) x (c) 0 (d) 2
(a) sec A − tan A (b) 2sec A ⋅ tan A
69. What is the value of (sin θ − cos θ + 1) cosec 2 θ?
4 4
(c) 4sec A ⋅ tan A (d) 4cosec A ⋅ cot A
e 2013 I 82. If A + B + C = π, then what is cos ( A + B) + cos C
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
equal to? e 2014 I
cot x + cosec x − 1 (a) 0 (b) 2cos C
70. The expression is equal to
cot x − cosec x + 1 e 2013 I (c) cos C − sin C (d) 2 sin C
sin x 1 − cos x 1 + cos x sin x
(a)
1 − cos x
(b)
sin x
(c)
sin x
(d)
1 + cos x
83. The complete solution of 3 tan2 x = 1 is given by
e 2014 I
π π
x
1 − tan2 (a) x = nπ ± (b) x = nπ +
2 equal to? 3 3
71. What is π π
2 x (c) x = nπ ± (d) x = nπ +
1 + tan 6 6
2 e 2013 I
where, n ∈ Z
(a) sin x ⋅ cos x (b) tanx (c) sinx (d) cos x
72. What is tan 15° equal to? e 2013 II 84. What is the value of cos 36°? e 2014 I
(a) 2 − 3 (b) 2 + 3 (c) 1 − 3 (d) 1 + 3 5 −1 5+1 10 + 2 5 10 − 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
cot 54° tan 20° 4 4 4 4
73. What is + equal to?
tan 36° cot 70° e 2013 II 85. Consider the following statements
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 I. sin| x | + cos| x | is always positive.
74. If cos x = 1/ 3, then what is II. sin (x 2) + cos (x 2) is always positive. e 2014 I

sin x ⋅ cot x ⋅ cosec x ⋅ tan x equal to? e 2013 II Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
2 3 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 1
3 2 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

75. What is sin2 20° + sin2 70° equal to? e 2013 II 86. Consider the following statements
1 I. Value of sin θ oscillates between –1 and 1.
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d)
2 II. Value of cos θ oscillates between 0 and 1.
76. What is (1 − sin2 θ) (1 + tan2 θ) equal to? e 2013 II Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2014 I
(a) sin2 θ (b) cos 2 θ (c) tan2 θ (d) 1 (a) Only I (b) Only II
77. Consider the following (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
π 3π
I. tan   II. tan   87. Consider the following statements
 6  4 1° 1°
I. n sin 2 67 − sin 2 22  > 1 for all positive
5π 2π  2
III. tan   IV. tan   2
 4  3 integers n ≥ 2.
Which one of the following is the correct order? II. If x is any positive real number, then nx > 1 for
e 2013 II all positive integers n ≥ 2.
(a) I < IV < II < III (b) IV < II < I < III
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) IV < II < III < I (d) I < IV < III < II
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2014 I
78. What is cos 20° + cos 100° + cos 140° equal to? (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
e 2014 I
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) 0
88. Consider the following statements
I. If 3θ is an acute angle such that sin 3θ = cos 2θ,
79. What is sin2( 3π ) + cos2( 4π ) + tan2( 5π ) equal to? then the measurement of θ in radian equals to π / 10.
e 2014 I II. One radian is the angle subtended at the centre
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 of a circle by an arc of the same circle whose
length is equal to the diameter of that circle.
142 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 101. Let θ be a positive angle. If the number of degrees
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2014 I in θ is divided by the number of radians in θ, then
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II an irrational number 180 / π results. If the
89. What is 1 + sin 2θ equal to? number of degrees in θ is multiplied by the
e 2014 II
number of radians in θ, then an irrational number
(a) cos θ − sin θ (b) cos θ + sin θ 125π
(c) 2 cos θ + sin θ (d) cos θ + 2 sin θ
results. The angle θ must be equal to
9 e 2015 I
90. If cot A = 2 and cot B = 3, then what is the value (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 50° (d) 60°
of cot( A + B)? e 2014 II
π π π Directions (Q. Nos. 102-103) Let α be the root of the
(a) (b) π (c) (d) π
6 2 4 equation 25 cos2 θ + 5 cos θ − 12 = 0, where < α < π.
2
1° 1° e 2015 I
91. What is sin2 66 − sin2 23 equal to?
2 2 e 2014 II 102. What is tanα equal to?
(c) 2 sin 47 ° (d) 2 cos 47 ° 3 3 4 4
(a) sin 47° (b) cos 47° (a) − (b) (c) − (d) −
4 4 3 5
cos 7x − cos 3x
92. What is equal to? 103. What is sin 2α equal to?
sin 7x − 2 sin 5x + sin 3x e 2014 II
24 24 5 21
(a) tan x (b) cot x (c) tan 2x (d) cot 2x (a) (b) − (c) − (d) −
25 25 12 25
93. In a ∆ABC, if sin A − cos B = cos C , then what is 104. (1 − sin A + cos A)2 is equal to e 2015 I
B equal to? e 2014 II
(a) 2 (1 − cos A)(1 + sin A) (b) 2 (1 − sin A)(1 + cos A)
π π π
(a) π (b) (c) (d) (c) 2 (1 − cos A)(1 − sin A) (d) None of these
3 2 4
cos θ sin θ
sin ( x + y ) a + b tan x 105. What is + equal to?
94. If = , then what is equal to? 1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ e 2015 I
sin ( x − y ) a − b tan y
e 2014 II (a) sin θ − cos θ (b) sin θ + cos θ
b a (c) 2sin θ (d) 2cos θ
(a) (b) (c) ab (d) 1
a b
106. The value of sin2 5° + sin2 10° + sin2 15°
95. If sin A sin ( 60° − A) sin ( 60° + A) = k sin 3 A, then + sin2 20° + ... + sin2 90° is e 2015 II
what is k equal to? e 2014 II
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 19/2
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 4
107. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b, then
96. Which one of the following is one of the solutions
x + y x − y
of the equation tan 2θ ⋅ tan θ = 1? e 2014 II tan2   + tan2   is equal to
(a)
π
(b)
π
(c)
π
(d)
π  2   2  e 2015 II
12 6 4 3 a4 + b 4 + 4b 2 a4 − b 4 + 4b 2
(a) (b)
a2 b 2 + b 4 a2 b 2 + b 4
Directions (Q. Nos. 97-99) Read the following a4 − b 4 + 4a2
information carefully and answer the questions given (c) (d) None of these
a2 b 2 + a4
below.
11π  21π  283π 
Given, 16 sin5 x = p sin 5 x + q sin 3x + r sin x 108. If p = tan  –  ,q = tan   and r = cot  ,
e 2014 II  6   4   6 
97. What is the value of p? then which of the following is/are correct?
I. The value of p × r is 2.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) −1 (d) −2
II. p, q and r are in GP.
98. What is the value of q? Select the correct answer using the code given
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) –5 below. e 2015 II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
99. What is the value of r?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) −10
sin3 A + sin 3 A cos3 A − cos 3 A
100. The line y = 3 meets the graph y = tan x , where 109. On simplifying + ,
π sin A cos A
x ∈  0,  , in k points. What is k equal to? we get e 2015 II
 2 e 2014 II (a) sin 3A (b) cos 3A (c) sin A + cos A (d) 3
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Infinity
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 143

III. If ABC is any triangle, then

110. If A = (cos 12° − cos 36° ) (sin 96° + sin 24° ) and A + B
B = (sin 60° − sin 12° ) (cos 48° − cos 72° ), then what tan  C C
 sin   < cos   .
 2   2  2
A
is equal to? Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
B e 2016 I
e 2016 I
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) I and II (d) II and III
Directions (Q. Nos. 111-112) Consider the equation
Directions (Q. Nos. 114-115) Consider a ∆ABC in
k sin x + cos 2 x = 2k − 7 e 2016 I
π
111. If the equation possesses solution, then what is which cos A + cos B + cos C = 3 sin
3 e 2016 I
the minimum value of k? A B C
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6 114. What is the value of sin sin sin ?
2 2 2
112. If the equation possesses solution, then what is (a)
1
(b)
1
(c)
1
(d)
1
the maximum value of k? 2 4 8 16
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
115. What is the value of
113. Consider the following statements A + B B + C C + A
cos  cos  cos ?
I. If ABC is an equilateral triangle, then  2   2   2 
3 tan( A + B) tan C = 1. 1 1
II. If ABC is a triangle in which A = 78° , B = 66°, (a) (b)
4 2
then tan  + C < tan A.
A 1
2  (c) (d) None of these
16

ANSWERS
1 b 2 b 3 d 4 d 5 d 6 b 7 c 8 d 9 a 10 c
11 c 12 c 13 a 14 c 15 d 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 d 20 a
21 c 22 a 23 a 24 b 25 c 26 b 27 b 28 c 29 a 30 a
31 a 32 b 33 d 34 b 35 b 36 a 37 c 38 c 39 c 40 a
41 c 42 c 43 a 44 a 45 c 46 d 47 c 48 b 49 b 50 a
51 b 52 b 53 c 54 b 55 c 56 b 57 c 58 a 59 c 60 d
61 a 62 d 63 b 64 c 65 c 66 a 67 b 68 d 69 d 70 c
71 d 72 a 73 c 74 d 75 a 76 d 77 b 78 d 79 b 80 b
81 c 82 a 83 c 84 b 85 d 86 a 87 a 88 a 89 b 90 d
91 b 92 b 93 c 94 b 95 a 96 b 97 a 98 d 99 c 100 a
101 c 102 a 103 b 104 b 105 b 106 d 107 b 108 b 109 d 110 c
111 b 112 d 113 b 114 c 115 d

 
144 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

71 ′ π π 5π
1. (b) 35′ 30′′ =  35 +  ′ =   5. (d) cos   + cos   + cos   A + B =α
1 10. (c) Given,
 2  2  9 3  9  and A−B=x
71 ′ 1  °  71  ° 7π
⇒   =  × + cos 
71 sin A ⋅ cos B 2
 =   Also,
tan A 2
= ⇒ =
 2  2 60   120   9 
tan B 1 sin B ⋅ cos A 1
71  °
∴ 114° 35′ 30′ ′ =  114 +  = cos ( 20° ) + cos ( 60° ) + cos ( 100° ) sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B ) 2
 120  ⇒ =
+ cos ( 140° ) sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B ) 1
13751 °
=  
1
= cos 20° + + 2 cos 120° cos 20° sin α + sin x 2
 120  ⇒ =
2 sin α − sin x 1
We know that, 2 π rad = 360° 1
= cos 20° + − 2 sin 30° cos 20° Using componendo and dividendo
13751 ° 2π 2
⇒ 
13751
 = × 1 1
rule,
 120  360° 120 = cos 20° + − cos 20° = 2 sin α 2 + 1 sin α 3
2 2 = ⇒ =
= 2.0008069 rad 2 sin x 2 − 1 sin x 1
7π π π
= tan  π +  = tan =
1 1
∴ 114° 35′ 30′ ′ = 2 rad (approx) 6. (b) tan ⇒ sin x = (sin α )
6  6 6 3 3
2. (b) Angle traced by hour hand in 1 h = 30° 9π  π π 11. (c) Let f ( x ) = (3 cos x + 4 sin x ) + 5
101 tan = tan  2 π +  = tan = 1
Angle traced by hour hand in h 4  4 4 We know that,
12 10 π  4π
101 ° tan = tan  2 π +  − a 2 + b 2 < a cos x + b sin x < a 2 + b 2
=  30 ×  = 252° 30′ 3  3 
 12  π ⇒ − 32 + 42 < 3 cos x + 4 sin x
= tan 
4  = tan  π + π 

Angle traced by minute hand in 1 min = 6°  3   3 < 32 + 42
Angle traced by minute hand in 25 min = tan π / 3 = 3 ⇒ − 25 < 3 cos x + 4 sin x ≤ 25
Clearly, 1 / 3 , 1, 3 are in GP. ⇒ −5< 3 cos x + 4 sin x ≤ 5
= ( 25 × 6)° = 150°
⇒ − 5 + 5 ≤ (3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5)
∴ Required angle 7. (c) Given expression
sin x + sin 7x + sin 3x + sin 5x < 5 + 5 ⇒ 0 < f ( x ) < 10
= ( 252° 30′ − 150° ) = 102° 30′ =
cos x + cos 7x + cos 3x + cos 5x Hence, the maximum value of f ( x ) is
1 ° 585° 
3. (d) sin  292  = sin   2 sin 4x cos 3x + 2 sin 4x cos x 10.
 2  2  =
2 cos 4x cos 3x + 2 cos 4x cos x 12. (c) Given, cot B − cot A = y …(i)
1 − cos 585°
=− 2 sin 4x [cos 3x + cos x ] and tan A − tan B = x
2 = = tan 4x
2 cos 4x [cos 3x + cos x ] 1 1
1 − cos 225° 1 + cos 45° ⇒ − =x
=− =− cot A cot B
2 2 8. (d) We have, (m 2 − n2 )
= (tan θ + sin θ)2 − (tan θ − sin θ)2 cot B − cot A
1+ 1/ 2 2+1 ⇒ =x
=− =− cot A ⋅ cot B
2 2 2 = 4 tan θ sin θ
y
⇒ cot A ⋅ cot B = [using Eq. (i)]
2+1 2 1 and mn = tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ x
=− × =− 2+2
2 2 2 2 sin 2 θ cot A ⋅ cot B + 1
= − sin 2 θ ∴ cot( A − B ) =
1° 1° cos 2 θ cot B − cot A
4. (d)  1 + cos 67   1 + cos 112  y
 2  2 1 − cos 2 θ +1
= sin θ 1 1
1° = x = +
=  1 + cos 67  cos 2 θ y x y
 2
= sin θ tan θ
  1°   13. (a) m 2 − n2 = (cos A + cos B )2
1 + cos  180° − 67   ∴ (m 2 − n2 ) = 4 mn − (sin A + sin B )2
 2 
 1°   1°  a cos φ + b = cos A + cos B + 2 cos A cos B
2 2
=  1 + cos 67   1 − cos 67  9. (a) cos θ =
 2  2 a + b cos φ − sin 2 A − sin 2 B − 2 sin A sin B
1° 1° Applying componendo and dividendo = (cos A − sin 2 A ) + (cos 2 B − sin 2 B )
2
= 1 − cos 67 = sin 67
2 2
2 2 rule, + 2[cos A cos B − sin A sin B ]
1 − cos 135° 1 − cos θ a( 1 − cos φ) − b( 1 − cos φ)
= = = cos 2 A + cos 2B + 2 cos ( A + B )
2 1 + cos θ a( 1 + cos φ) + b( 1 + cos φ)
2+1 = 2 cos( A + B ) ⋅ cos( A − B )+ 2 cos( A + B )
= θ a−b φ = 2 cos ( A + B )[cos ( A − B ) + 1] …(i)
2 2 ⇒ tan 2 = tan 2
2 a+ b 2
which is an irrational number and is m 2 + n2 = cos 2 A + cos 2 B + sin 2 A
θ a−b φ
less than 1. ∴ tan = tan + sin 2 B + 2 cos A cos B + 2 sin A sin B
2 a+ b 2
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 145

= 1 + 1 + 2 cos ( A − B ) 17. (c) sin x + sin 2 x = 1 So, Statement II is correct.

= 2[ 1 + cos ( A − B )] …(ii) ⇒ sin x = 1 − sin 2 x = cos 2 x Hence, both Statements are correct.
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get ∴ cos 8 x + 2 cos 6 x + cos 4 x 22. (a)
m 2 − n2 = sin x + 2 sin 3 x + sin 2 x
4
3π
cos ( A + B ) = 2 23. (a) We have, z = 135° =
m + n2 = (sin 2 x )2 + (sin x )2 + 2 sin x (sin 2 x ) 4
= (sin 2 x + sin x )2 = 1 3π 3π
1 ∴ sin z + cos z = sin + cos
14. (c) cos A cos B = ( 2 cos A cos B ) 4 4
2 18. (b) We have,  π  π
1 2π 4π = sin  π −  + cos  π − 
= [cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B )] x = y cos = z cos = k [say]  4  4
2 3 3 π π 1 1
1 1 1 1 cos 2 π / 3 1 cos 4 π / 3 = sin − cos = − =0
= [cos 90° + cos ( A − B )] = , = , = 4 4 2 2
2 x k y k z k
=
1
cos ( A − B ) 24. (b) We have, x + y + z = 180°
2π 4π
∴ + + =  1+ cos
1 1 1 1
2 + cos  ⇒ x + y = 180°− z = 180°−135° = 45°
− 1 ≤ cos ( A − B ) ≤ 1 x y z k  3 3 
Q ∴ tan ( x + y ) = tan 45° = 1
1 1 1 xy + yz + zx 1 1 tan x + tan y
⇒ − ≤ cos ( A − B ) ≤ ⇒ = 1− − = 0 ⇒ = 1
2 2 2 xyz 2 2 1 − tan x tan y
15. (d) We have, ⇒ xy + yz + zx = 0 ⇒ tan x + tan y = 1 − tan x tan y
⇒ tan( x + 100° ) = tan( x + 50° )
19. (d) I. (sec θ + tan θ)−1 ⇒ tan x + tan x tan y + tan y = 1…(i)
tan x tan( x − 50° )
tan( x + 100° ) = (sec 1200° + tan 1200° )−1 Now, ( 1 + tan x )( 1 + tan y )
⇒ = tan( x + 50° ) tan x
tan( x − 50° ) = [sec( 6 π + 120° ) + tan( 6 π + 120° )]−1 = 1 + tan x + tan y + tan x ⋅ tan y
sin( x + 100° ) cos( x − 50° ) = (sec 120° + tan 120° )−1
⇒ = 1+ 1= 2 [using Eq. (i)]
cos( x + 100° ) sin( x − 50° ) = ( − cosec 30° − cot 30° )−1
sin( x + 50° ) sin x 1
= = ( − 2 − 3 ) −1 = − (negative) 25. (c) We have,
cos( x + 50° ) cos x 2+ 3 8x 2 − 2x − 1 = 8( x − cos α )( x − cos β )
sin( 2x + 50° ) cos 50° II. cosec θ − cot θ Put x = 1, then
⇒ =
sin 150° − cos( 2x + 50° ) = cosec ( 6 π + 120° ) − cot ( 6 π + 120° ) 5 = 8( 1 − cos α )( 1 − cos β )
= cosec 120° − cot 120° α β
[applying componendo and dividendo]
= sec 30° + tan 30° ⇒ 5 = 8 2 sin 2   2 sin 2 
⇒ sin( 2x + 50° ) cos( 2x + 50° )  2  2
2
= − sin 150° cos 50° = + 3 (positive) α β 5 5
3 ⇒ sin ⋅ sin = =
⇒ 2 sin( 2x + 50° ) cos( 2x + 50° ) 2 2 32 4 2
Hence, both Statements are incorrect.
= − cos50°
20. (a) In first quadrant, sin θ is increasing. 26. (b) 8x 2 − 2x − 1
⇒ sin( 4x + 100° ) = sin( 270°−50° ) = 8( x − cos α )( x − cos β )
⇒ sin( 4x + 100° ) = sin 220° cos 66° = cos ( 90° − 24° ) = sin 24°
sin 24° < sin 66° ⇒ cos 66° < sin 66° Put x = − 1, then
⇒ 4x + 100° = 220°
So, Statement I is correct. 9 = 8( − 1 − cos α )( − 1 − cos β )
⇒ x = 30°
Now, cos 26° = cos( 90°−64° ) = sin 64° ⇒ 9 = 8( 1 + cos α )( 1 + cos β )
16. (b) We have,
3 cos 2β − 1 sin 64° > sin 26° ⇒ cos 26° > sin 26° α β
( 1 − cos 2α ) = 1 − ⇒ 9 = 8  2 cos 2   2 cos 2 
3 − cos 2β So, Statement II is not correct.  2  2
3 − cos 2β − 3 cos 2β + 1
= 21. (c) The opposite angles of a cyclic α β 9 3
(3 − cos 2β ) quadrilateral are supplementary. ∴ cos ⋅ cos = =
2 2 32 4 2
4( 1 − cos 2β ) ∴ A + C = 180° and B + D = 180°
=
(3 − cos 2β ) ⇒ A = 180° − C and B = 180° − D 27. (b) sec x + tan 3 x cosec x
= sec x  1 + tan 3 x
3 cos 2β − 1 cosec x 
and ( 1 + cos 2α ) = 1 + ⇒ cos A = cos ( 180° − C ) = − cos C 
 sec x 
3 − cos 2β cos B = cos ( 180° − D ) = − cos D
3 − cos 2β + 3 cos 2β − 1 ⇒ cos A + cos B = sec x ( 1 + tan x )2
=
3 − cos 2β = − (cos C + cos D ) …(i) = sec x (sec 2 x ) = sec 3 x
2( 1 + cos 2β ) So, Statement I is correct. = (sec 2 x )3 / 2 = ( 1 + tan 2 x )3 / 2
=
(3 − cos 2β ) Now, cos ( π + A ) + cos ( π − B ) = ( 2 − e 2 )3 / 2
1 − cos 2α 2( 1 − cos 2β ) π
∴ = + cos ( π − C ) − sin  − D  28. (c) cos 2x =
1 − tan 2 x
1 + cos 2α ( 1 + cos 2β ) 2 
1 + tan 2 x
2 sin 2 α 4 sin 2 β = − cos A − cos B − cos C − cos D 1− (1− e2 )
⇒ = =
2 cos 2 α 2 cos 2 β = − (cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D )
1+ (1− e2 )
= − ( − cos C − cos D + cos C + cos D )
⇒ tan 2 α cot 2 β = 2 e2
⇒ tan α cot β = 2
[using Eq. (i)] =
=0 2 − e2
146 NDA/NA Pathfinder

29. (a) sec 4 x − sec 2 x = sec 2 x (sec 2 x − 1) 1 1 43. (a) Given that, cot A ⋅ cot B = 2 …(i)
35. (b) z = =
= ( 1 + tan x )(tan x )
2 2 1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ  1 cos A ⋅ cos B 2
1−   ⇒ =
 xy  sin A ⋅ sin B 1
= ( 2 − e 2 )( 1 − e 2 ) = ( e 2 − 2)( e 2 − 1) xy cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B 2 − 1
⇒ z= ⇒ =
Sol. (Q. Nos. 30-33) Let BD = p , DE = x ⇒ xy − 1 cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B 2 + 1
AC = 4 p ⇒ xyz − z = xy [by componendo and dividendo rule]
cos ( A + B ) 1
Let E be the mid-point of AC, then ⇒ xyz = xy + z ⇒ =
AE = EC = BE = 2 p cos ( A − B ) 3
4
36. (a) sin 2 2θ = 4 sin 2 θ ⋅ cos 2 θ = ⇒ cos ( A + B ) ⋅ sec( A − B ) =
1
A xy 3
cos 2 2θ = ( 2 cos 2 θ − 1)2
2 44. (a) Let f (θ) = sin 3θ ⋅ cos 2θ
4p 2  ( 2 − y )2 + cos 3θ ⋅ sin 2θ
2p =  − 1 =
D x y  y2 = sin (3θ + 2θ) = sin 5θ
E [Q sin ( A + B ) = sin A ⋅ cos B
p 4 y2 4y
∴ tan 2 2θ = × = + cos A ⋅ sin B ]
α
2p 2p xy ( 2 − y )2 x ( 2 − y )2
B We know that,
β C
1 1 1 1 −1 ≤ sin 5θ ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ f (θ) ≤ 1
37. (c) I. + = +
Now, in ∆BDE , x y cos ec 2θ sec 2 θ So, the maximum value of f (θ) is 1.
( BE )2 = ( BD )2 + ( ED )2 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
45. (c) Given, sec 2 tan −1   
⇒ ( 2 p )2 = ( p )2 + ( x )2 5
So, Statement I is correct.
  11 
⇒ 4 p2 = p2 + x 2 ⇒ x 2 = 3 p2
1 1 2  −1  5  
⇒ x = 3⋅ p II. We have, + = 1 ⇒ x + y = xy = 1 + tan tan   
x y   11 
∴ AD = 2 p − x = 2 p − 3 p
∴ xyz = xy + z = x + y + z  5 
2
and DC = 2 p + x = 2 p + 3 p
1 1 1 = 1 +  tan tan −1   
30. (a) In ∆BAD, tan A =
p ⇒ 1= + +    11 
2p − 3p xy yz zx 2
= 1 +   = 1 +
5 25 146
1 2+ 3 So, Statement II is also correct. =
= ×  11 121 121
2− 3 2+ 3
2+ 3 38. (c) 46. (d) Let f ( A ) = sin A ⋅ cos A ⋅ tan A
⇒ tan A = = tan 75°
1 39. (c) sin ( 1920° ) = sin(360° × 5° + 120° ) + cos A ⋅ sin A ⋅ cot A
= sin 120° = sin( 90° + 30° ) sin A
⇒ A = 75° = sin A ⋅ cos A ⋅
p 3 cos A
In ∆BDC , tanC = = cos 30° = cos A
2p + 3p 2 + cos A ⋅ sin A ⋅
sin A
2− 3 [Q sin ( 90° + θ) = cos θ]
= =2− 3 = sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1
( 2 + 3 )( 2 − 3 ) sin θ cos θ
40. (a) Given that, + [Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
⇒ tan C = tan 15° ⇒ C = 15° cosec θ sec θ
AD sin θ cos θ 47. (c) sec θ + tan θ = 4 …(i)
31. (a) In ∆ABD, tan B = = +
BD ( 1 / sin θ) ( 1 / cos θ) As we know that, sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1
2p − 3p ⇒ (sec θ + tan θ) (sec θ − tan θ) = 1
= = 2 − 3 = tan 15° = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
p 1
⇒ sec θ − tan θ = …(ii)
∴ ∠ABD = 15° 41. (c) 4
1
AD 2 p − 3 p 2 − 3 2 − 3 42. (c) Given, cosec θ − cot θ = On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
32. (b) = = × 3
DC 2 p + 3 p 2 + 3 2 − 3 1 17
1 cos θ 1 2 sec θ = 4 + =
4+3−4 3 7−4 3 ⇒ − = 4 4
= = sinθ sin θ 3 17 8
4 −3 1 ( 1 − cos θ) 1 ⇒ sec θ = ⇒ cos θ =
⇒ = 8 17
⇒ AD : DC = ( 7 − 4 3 ) : 1 sin θ 3 2
θ
1 −  
33. (d) tan ( A − C ) = tan ( 75° − 15° ) 8 15
2 sin 2 ∴ sin θ = =
= tan 60° = 3 2 = 1  17  17
⇒
θ θ 3
1 1 1 1 2 sin ⋅ cos
34. (b) 2 + 2 = + 2 2 48. (b) We have, sin 420° ⋅ cos 390°
x y cosec 4θ sec 4 θ + cos ( − 300° ) ⋅ sin ( − 330° )
θ θ
= sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ ⇒ tan = tan 30° ⇒ = 30°
2 2 = sin (360° + 60° ) ⋅ cos (360° + 30° )
= (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)2 − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ⇒ θ = 60° + cos 300° ( − sin 330° )
= 1 − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
2 −z ∴ cos θ = cos 60° = = sin 60° ⋅ cos 30° − cos (360° − 60° )
= 1 − 2 1 −  =
1 2
 z  z ⋅ sin (360° − 30° )
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 147

π π π π
= sin 60° ⋅ cos 30° − cos 60° ⋅ ( − sin 30° ) = tan  +  ⋅ tan  +  62. (d)
2 6  2 3
= sin 60° ⋅ cos 30° + cos 60° ⋅ sin 30° 63. (b) tan 105° = tan( 60° + 45° )
π π
=  − cot   − cot  = − ( 3 ) ⋅  −  tan 60°+ tan 45°
1
= sin ( 60° + 30° ) = sin 90° = 1 =
 6  3  3 1 − tan 60°⋅ tan 45°
49. (b) Given, θ = 18° =1 3+1 3+1
Now, we have 4 sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ = =
54. (b) Now, sin 2 A − sin 2 B 1− 3 ⋅ 1 1− 3
= 4 sin 2 ( 18° ) + 2 sin ( 18° )
2 = sin 2 ( π / 3) − sin 2 ( π / 6) 64. (c) Given equation, sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1
 5 − 1  5 − 1
=4  +2   3
2 2
On squaring both sides, we get
=   −   = − = =
1 3 1 2 1
 4   4 
 2   2 4 4 4 2 (sin θ+ 2 cos θ)2 = 1
4(5 + 1 − 2 5 ) ( 5 − 1)
= + ⇒ sin θ + 4 cos θ+ 4 sin θ ⋅ cos θ = 1
2 2
16 2 55. (c)
⇒ ( 1− cos 2 θ) + 4( 1 − sin 2 θ )
3− 5 5−1 56. (b) tan( − 585° ) = − tan(585° )
= + =1 + 4 sin θ ⋅ cos θ = 1
2 2 = − tan( 180° × 3 + 45° )
π 180°  = − tan 45° = − 1 ⇒ 4 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ− 4 sin θ ⋅ cos θ = 4
50. (a) tan   = tan   = tan 15°
 12   12°  57. (c) Q sec α =
13
⇒ cosα =
5 ⇒ ( 2 sin θ − cos θ)2 = 4 = ( 2)2
tan 45°− tan 30° 5 13 ∴ 2 sin θ − cos θ = 2
= tan ( 45°−30° ) =
1 + tan 45°⋅ tan 30° 25
⇒ sin α = 1 − cos 2 α = 1− 65. (c) Given that,
1 169
1− cosec θ + cot θ = c
= 3 = 3−1 × 3−1 144 12 cos θ 1 + cos θ
= =− ⇒
1
+ =c⇒ =c
1+
1 3+1 3−1 169 13 sin θ sin θ sin θ
3
Since, sinα is negative in fourth θ θ
( 3 − 1)2 3 + 1 − 2 3 2 cos 2 cos
= = = 2− 3 quadrant, i.e. 270° < α < 360°. ⇒ 2 =c ⇒ 2 =c
3−1 2 θ θ θ
58. (a) sin 15° = sin( 45° − 30° ) 2 sin ⋅ cos sin
51. (b) 2 2 2
= sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30° θ θ 1
π 3.14 ⇒ cot = c ⇒ tan = ...(i)
I. 1° = radian = = 0.017 1 3 1 1 3−1
180 180 = × − × = 2 2 c
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 0.02 (approx) Now, we have
59. (c) 2
θ
1 − tan 2   1 −  
1
5−1
which is equal to 0.02. 60. (d) Q sin 18° = 2   c
180 4 cosθ = =
II. 1 radian = θ 2
π
degree
and
1
cos 36° = ( 5 + 1) 1 + tan 2   1 +  1
4 2   c
180
= = 57.32 degree  5 − 1 1
∴ sin 18° cos 36° =   ( 5 + 1) c2 − 1
3.14 =
Which is greater than 4⋅5°.  4  4 c2 + 1
(5 − 1) 4 1
Sol. (Q. Nos. 52-54) = = = 66. (a) tan 4 A − sec 4 A + tan 2 A + sec 2 A
16 16 4
Given that, sin ( A + B ) = 1, = (tan 2 A )2 − (sec 2 A )2 + (tan 2 A + sec 2 A )
π 61. (a) Given that, A and B are acute angles.
⇒ sin ( A + B ) = sin = (tan 2 A − sec 2 A )(tan 2 A + sec 2 A )
2 i.e. A < 90° and B < 90° and
π + (tan 2 A + sec 2 A )
⇒ A+B = ...(i) 2 1
sin A = , cos B = , = ( −1)(tan A + sec A )
2 2
2 5 10
and sin ( A − B ) =
1 + (tan 2 A + sec 2 A )
We know that, sin θ + cos
2
θ=1
2
2 = − (tan 2 A + sec 2 A ) + (tan 2 A + sec 2 A )
π 4 1
⇒ sin ( A − B ) = sin ∴ cos A = 1 − sin A =
2
1− = =0
3 5 5
π
⇒ A−B = …(ii) 1 3 67. (b) Given that,
3 sin B = 1 − cos 2 B = 1− = A + B = 90° …(i)
10 10
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2π π π Q sin ( A + B ) Now, sin A ⋅ sec B − sin A ⋅ cos B
2A = ⇒ A = and B =
3 3 6 = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B = sin A ⋅ sec( 90°− A ) − sin A ⋅ cos( 90°− A )
2 1 1 3
52. (b) = ⋅ + ⋅ = sin A ⋅ cosec A − sin A ⋅ sin A
5 10 5 10
53. (c) Now, tan( A + 2B ) ⋅ tan( 2 A + B ) 2+3 5 5 1
= = = = sin A ⋅ − sin 2 A = 1 − sin 2 A
π π 2π π
= tan  +  ⋅ tan  +  5 10 5 10 10 sin A
3 3  3 6 1
= = sin 135° = cos 2 A = cos A
2π 5π
= tan   ⋅ tan   2
 3   6 
∴ A + B = 135°
148 NDA/NA Pathfinder

68. (d) Given that, tan A = x + 1 ...(i) 76. (d) ( 1 − sin 2 θ) ( 1 + tan 2 θ) = − cos C + cos C = 0
and tan B = x − 1 ...(ii) 1 [Q in second quadrant, cos θ < 0]
= cos θ ⋅ sec θ = cos θ ×
2 2 2
=1
Now, x 2 tan( A − B ) cos 2 θ
83. (c) Given that, 3 tan 2 x = 1
tan A − tan B  77. (b)
= x 2   π ⇒ tan 2 x =
1
⇒ tan x = ±
1
I. tan   =
 1 + tan A ⋅ tan B  1
 6 3 3
3
 ( x + 1) − ( x − 1)  ⇒ tan x = tan ( ± π / 6)
= x2  3π

 1 + ( x + 1) ⋅ ( x − 1)  II. tan   = − 1 ∴
π
x = nπ ± , where n ∈ Z
 4 
6
5π π π
III. tan   = tan  π +  = tan = 1
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
84. (b)
 2 =x2 ⋅ 2 = 2  4   4 4 3π
=x  85. (d) In the interval  π ,
2
 , both sinθ
 1 + x − 1
2
x2 2π π π  2 
IV. tan   = tan  π −  = − tan
 3   3 3 and cosθ are negative.
69. (d) (sin 4 θ − cos 4 θ + 1) ⋅ cosec 2 θ
=− 3 As |x | and x 2 are positive and can
= {(sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ)(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ) + 1} So, the correct order is IV < II < I < III. take any value which lies in the
⋅ cosec 2 θ 3π
78. (d) We have, cos 20°+ cos 100°+ cos 140° interval  π , .
= {(sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ) ⋅ 1 + 1}cosec 2 θ = (cos 140° + cos 20° ) + cos 100°  2 
= {sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 1 } cosec 2 θ = 2 cos (80° ) ⋅ cos 60° + cos 100° So, both statements are incorrect.
1
= {sin θ − ( 1− sin θ) + 1} cosec θ
2 2 2 = 2 cos 80°⋅ + cos 100° 86. (a)
1 2
= ( 2 sin 2 θ) ⋅ =2 = cos 80° + cos 100° 87. (a) I. We have,
sin 2 θ
135° 45° 
cos x 1 = 2 cos 90°⋅ cos 10° n  sin 2 − sin 2 
+ −1 = 2 × 0 × cos 10° = 0  2 2 
cot x + cosecx − 1 sin x sin x 135° 45° 
70. (c) = = nsin  +  135 − 45 
cot x − cosecx + 1 cos x − 1 + 1  ⋅ sin  
79. (b) We have,  2 2   2 2
sin x sin x
cos x + 1 − sin x sin 2 (3 π ) + cos 2 ( 4 π ) + tan 2 (5 π ) [Q sin 2 A − sin 2 B = sin( A + B ) ⋅ sin( A − B )]
=
cos x − 1 + sin x = sin 2 ( 2 π + π) + cos 2 ( 2 π + 2 π ) n n 2
= n sin 90°⋅ sin 45° = =
x x
2 cos 2 − 2 sin ⋅ cos
x + tan 2 ( 4 π + π) 2 2
= 2 2 2 = sin π + cos 2 π + tan 2 π
2 2
n 2
x x
− 2 sin 2 + 2 sin ⋅ cos
x ⇒ > 1 for all positive integers
= ( 0)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 0)2 2
2 2 2
= 0 + 1+ 0 = 1
x x x n≥ 2
2 cos  cos − sin  cot 224°− cot 134°
= 2 2 2 80. (b) Hence, Statement I is correct.
x x x cot 226°+ cot 316°
2 sin  cos − sin  cot (360°−136° ) − cot ( 90° + 44° ) II. Given that, x is any positive real number
2 2 2 =
x x cot (360°−134° ) + cot (360° − 44° ) i.e. x ∈ R+ ⇒ x ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
2 cos ⋅ cos If x ← ( 0, 1) i.e. 0 < x < 1
= 2 2 1 + cos x − cot 136°+ tan 44°
x x = sin x =
then 0 < nx < 1, ∀n > 0
2 sin cos − cot 134°− cot 44°
2 2 − cot ( 90° + 46° ) + tan 44° Hence, Statement II is false.
=
71. (d) − cot ( 90° + 44° ) − cot( 90°−46° ) 88. (a) I. Given that, sin 3θ = cos 2θ
π
72. (a) tan 46°+ tan 44° ⇒ sin 3θ = sin  − 2θ
= 2 
cot 54° tan 20° tan 44°− tan 46°
73. (c) + [since, 3θ is an acute angle]
tan 36° cot 70°  sin 46° + sin 44°  π π
  ⇒ 3θ = − 2θ ⇒ 5θ =
cot 54° tan 20°  
= + = cos 46° cos 44° 2 2
tan( 90° − 54° ) cot ( 90° − 20° )  sin 44° − sin 46°  π
  ⇒ θ=
 cos 44° cos 46°  10
cot 54° tan 20°
= + = 1+ 1= 2 sin 46°⋅ cos 44°+ sin 44°⋅ cos 46° Hence, Statement I is correct.
cot 54° tan 20° = II. By definition of radian system, a
1 sin 44°⋅ cos 46°− sin 46°⋅ cos 44°
radian is the angle subtended at the
74. (d) Given that, cos x = sin( 46°+44° )
3 = centre of a circle by an arc, whose
sin( 44°−46° ) length is equal to the radius of the
We have, sin x ⋅ cot x ⋅ cosec x ⋅ tan x
sin 90° 1 circle.
cos x 1 sin x = = = − cosec 2°
= sin x ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =1 sin( −2° ) − sin 2° Hence, Statement II is false.
sin x sin x cos x
89. (b) Consider, 1 + sin 2θ
75. (a) Given, sin 2 20° + sin 2 70° 81. (c)
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
= sin 2 20° + sin 2 ( 90° − 20°) 82. (a) Given that, A + B + C = π … (i)
= (sin θ + cos θ)2
= sin 2 20° + cos 2 20° = 1 Now, we have, cos ( A + B ) + cos C
= cos ( π − C ) + cos C [from Eq. (i)] = sin θ + cos θ
[Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
MATHEMATICS Measurement of Angles and Trigonometric Ratios 149

sin( x + y ) a + b 97. (a) Clearly, p = 1, hence option (a) is

90. (d) We have, cot A = 2 and cot B = 3 94. (b) =
cot A cot B − 1 sin( x − y ) a − b correct.
cot( A + B ) =
cot A + cot B Applying componendo and dividendo, 98. (d) Clearly, q = − 5, hence option (d) is
6−1 5 we get correct.
= = =1
2+3 5 sin( x + y ) + sin( x − y ) 99. (c) Clearly, r = 10, hence option (c) is
π π sin( x + y ) − sin( x − y ) correct.
⇒ cot( A + B ) = cot   ⇒ A + B =
 4 4 ( a + b) + ( a − b) 100. (a) We have, y = 3 ...(i)
=
1° 1° ( a + b) − ( a − b) Also, to meet the graph of y = tan x
91. (b) Consider, sin 66 − sin 23
2 2
2 2 2 sin x ⋅ cos y 2a and y = 3, we should have
2 ⇒ =
  1°   1° 2 cos x ⋅ sin y 2b 3 = tan x ⇒ tan x = tan 60°
= sin  90° − 23  − sin 23 2
  2   2 a
⇒ tan x ⋅ cot y = Q x ∈  0, π  
° 1° ⇒ x = 60°  
2 1
= cos 23 − sin 23 2 b   2  
tan x a
2 2 ∴ =
tan y b Hence, one intersecting point possible in
1°
= cos 2  23  given domain, i.e. k = 1.
 2 95. (a) We have, θ° 180°
[Q cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A ] sin A ⋅ sin( 60°− A ) sin ( 60°+ A ) 101. (c) Given, =
= k ⋅ sin3 A θ° π
 47 ° 
= cos  2 ×    = cos 47° ⇒ sin A [sin 2 60°− sin 2 A ] = k ⋅ sin 3 A
⇒ θ° =
π × θ°
and θ° × θ ° =
125 π
  2 
⇒ sin A  − sin 2 A  = k ⋅ sin 3 A 180°
 3 9
 4  π × θ° 125 π
cos 7x − cos 3x ∴ θ° × = = 125 × 20°
92. (b) 3 sin A − 4 sin 3 A 180° 9
sin 7x − 2 sin 5x + sin 3x ⇒ = k ⋅ sin 2 A = 25 × 100° = (5 × 10° )2
7x + 3x   7x − 3x  4
−2 sin   ⋅ sin   sin 3 A 1 ⇒ θ° = 50°
 2   2  ⇒ = k ⋅ sin 3 A ⇒ k =
=
7x + 3x   7x − 3x  − 2 sin 5x 4 4 102. (a) 25 cos 2 θ + 5 cos θ − 12 = 0
2 sin   ⋅ cos   ⇒ 25 cos 2 θ + 20 cos θ
 2   2  96. (b) We have, tan 2θ ⋅ tan θ = 1
−2 sin 5x ⋅ sin 2x − 15 cosθ − 12 = 0
= 2 tan θ ⇒ 5 cos θ (5 cos θ + 4)
2 sin 5x cos 2x − 2 sin 5x ⇒ ⋅ tan θ = 1
−2 sin 5x ⋅ sin 2x sin 2x 1 − tan 2 θ − 3 (5 cos θ + 4) = 0
= = ⇒ (5 cos θ − 3)(5 cos θ + 4) = 0
−2 sin 5x [ 1 − cos 2x ] 1 − 1 + 2 sin 2 x ⇒ 2 tan 2 θ = 1 − tan 2 θ
3 4
⇒ 3 tan 2 θ = 1 ⇒ cosθ = or cosθ = −
[Q cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin x ]
2
2 5 5
=
2 sin x cos x
= ⇒ tan 2 θ = =
1  1 π
  α ∈  , π 
cot x
2 sin 2 x 3  3 Q
2 
2  π
93. (c) In a ∆ABC, we have, ⇒ tan θ = tan  
2
Since, α is a root of the given equation.
 6
4 3
sin A − cos B = cos C π π ∴ cosα = − ⇒ tanα = −
⇒ θ = nπ ± ⇒ θ= 5 4
⇒ sin A = cos B + cos C 6 6
A A 103. (b) From the above solution, we have
⇒ 2 sin ⋅ cos Sol. (Q. Nos. 97-99) Consider,
2 2 sin 2α = 2 sin α ⋅ cos α
 B+C  B −C  16 sin 5 x = 16(sin 2 x )2 ⋅ sin x
= 2 cos   ⋅ cos  = 2 × × −   = −
 2
3 4 24
 2   2  1 − cos 2x 
= 16   ⋅ sin x 5 5 25
A A  2 
⇒ 2 sin ⋅ cos 104. (b) ( 1 − sin A + cos A )2
2 2 = 4( 1 + cos 2 2x − 2 cos 2x ) ⋅ sin x
B −C  = 1 + sin 2 A + cos 2 A − 2 sin A
= 2 cos  90° −  ⋅ cos 
 1 + cos 4x
= 4  1 + − 2 cos 2x  ⋅ sin x
A
 − 2 sin A cos A + 2 cos A
 2  2   2 
= 2 − 2 sin A − sin 2 A + 2 cos A
[Q A + B + C = 180° ] 4
= (3 + cos 4x − 4 cos 2x ) ⋅ sin x
A A = 2( 1 + cos A ) − 2 sin A( 1 + cos A )
⇒ 2 sin ⋅ cos 2
2 2 = ( 6 + 2 cos 4x − 8 cos 2x ) sin x = 2( 1 − sin A )( 1 + cos A )
B −C 
= 2 sin ⋅ cos 
A = 6 sin x + 2 sin x cos 4x 105. (b)

2  2  −8 cos 2x ⋅ sin x
B −C  106. (d) sin 2 5° + sin 2 10° + sin 2 15°
= cos  = 6 sin x + sin 5x − sin 3x
A
⇒ cos  + ... + sin 2 90°
2  2  − 4(sin 3x − sin x )
A B −C [Q 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) = (sin 5° + sin 85° )
2 2
⇒ = ⇒ A+C = B ...(i)
2 2 + sin ( A − B )] + (sin 2 10° + sin 2 80° ) + ... +
Also, A + C = 180°− B ...(ii) = 6 sin x + sin 5x − sin 3x − 4 sin 3x sin 2 45° + ... + sin 2 90°
So, 180°− B = B ⇒ 2B = 180° + 4 sin x
= sin 2 5° + sin 2 ( 90° − 5° ) + sin 2 10°
∴ B = 90° = sin 5x − 5 sin 3x + 10 sin x
+ sin 2 ( 90° − 10° ) + ... + sin 2 90°
150 NDA/NA Pathfinder

sin 3 A + sin 3 A cos 3 A − cos 3 A 78°

= (sin 2 5°+ cos 2 5° ) 109. (d) + = tan  + 36°  = tan 75°
+ (sin 10°+ cos 10° ) + ... + sin 90°
2 2 2 sin A cos A  2 
2 sin 3 A + (3 sin A − 4 sin 3 A ) [Q ∠C = 180° − ∠A − ∠B
= 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 +1 + 
1  =
 +1 = 180° − 78° − 66° = 36° ]
 2 sin A
cos 3 A − ( 4 cos 3 A − 3 cos A ) As, tan 75° < tan 78°
=9+ =
1 19 +
2 2 cos A [Q value of tan θ increases, as θ varying
= ( − 3 sin 2 A + 3) + ( − 3 cos 2 A + 3)
107. (b) We have, sin x + sin y = a ...(i) from 0° to 90°]
= 6 − 3(sin 2 A + cos 2 A ) = 6 − 3( 1) = 3
and cos x + cos y = b ...(ii)  A 
Hence, tan  + C  < tan A
On squaring Eqs. (i) and (ii) and then 110. (c) We have, 2 
adding, we get A = (cos 12° − cos 36° ) III. In any ∆ABC ,
(sin 96° + sin 24° )
⇒ 2 + 2 cos ( x − y ) = a 2 + b 2 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = π
a2 + b2 − 2 = − 2 sin 24° sin ( −12° )
A + B  π C 
⇒ cos ( x − y ) = ...(iii) ( 2 sin 60° cos 36° ) A + B = π − C   = − 
2  2   2 2
= 4 sin 24° sin 12° sin 60° cos 36°
Now, dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get A + B
sin x + sin y and B = (sin 60°− sin 12° ) Now, tan  C  C 
 sin   < cos  
=
a  2   2  2
cos x + cos y b (cos 48°− cos 72° )
π C
tan  −  sin   < cos  
C C
x+ y a = 2 cos 36° sin 24°
⇒ tan   = ...(iv)
{( −2 sin 60° sin ( −12° )}
 2 2  2  2
 2  b
cot   sin   < cos  
C C C
x+ y 2 x− y = 4 sin 24° sin 12° sin 60° cos 36°
∴ tan 2   + tan    2  2  2
 2   2  Clearly,
A
=1
cos  
B C
a2 1 − cos( x − y )
= +  2
⋅ sin   < cos  
C C
b2 1 + cos( x − y ) Sol. (Q. Nos. 111-112) Given equation is
 C  2  2
k sin x + cos 2x = 2k − 7 sin  
a + b −2 2 2
 2
1− ⇒ k sin x + 1 − 2 sin 2 x = 2k − 7
a2
cos   < cos  
= 2 + 2 C C
b a2 + b2 − 2 ⇒ −2 sin 2 x + k sin x + 8 − 2k = 0  2  2
1+
2 ⇒ 2 sin 2 x − k sin x + 2k − 8 = 0 which is clearly false.
a 2
4 − a2 − b2 k± k 2 − 16k + 64
= 2 + ∴ sin x = 114. (c) Given, in ∆ABC,
b a2 + b2 4 π
cos A + cos B + cos C = 3 sin
a 4 − b 4 + 4b 2 k ± ( k − 8) 3
= ⇒ sin x =
a2b2 + b4 4 ⇒ cos A + cos B + cos C
2k − 8 3 3
11π   11π  ⇒ sin x = = 3× =
108. (b) p = tan  −  = − tan   4 2 2
 6   6 
π and sin x = 2 [not possible] We know that, cos A + cos B + cos C
= − tan  2 π −  A B C
 6 As,−1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
π 2 2 2

= tan   =
1 2k − 8 A B C 3
 6 ⇒ −1 ≤ ≤1 ⇒ 1 + 4 sin sin sin =
3 4 2 2 2 2
 21π  π
q = tan   = tan  5 π +  ⇒ 4 ≤ 2k ≤ 12 ⇒ 2 ≤ k ≤ 6 ⇒ 4 sin
A B C 3
= − 1=
1
 4   4 sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
π 111. (b) The minimum value of k is 2.
= tan   = 1 ⇒ sin
A B
sin sin
C
=
1
 4 112. (d) The maximum value of k is 6. 2 2 2 8
 283 π 
r = cot   A + B  B + C  cos  C + A 
115. (d) cos 
113. (b)
 6   cos    
I. Since, ABC is an equilateral triangle.  2   2   2 
π
= cot  47 π +  ∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60° = cos  90°−  cos  90°− 
C A
 6
Now, 3 tan ( A + B ) tan C  2  2
π
= cot = 3
cos  90°− 
= 3 tan 120° tan 60° B
6
 2
Since, p × r =
1
× 3 = 1 = q2 = 3 tan ( 180° − 60° ) tan 60°
3 = ( −3) tan 60° tan 60° [Q A + B + C = 180° ]
p, q and r is GP. = ( −3 ) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = − 9 C A B A B C
= sin sin sin = sin sin sin
II. Consider, tan  + C 
Hence, only Statement II is correct. A 2 2 2 2 2 2
2  =
1
[from Q. No. 119]
8
13
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

In NDA exam generally, generally 2-3 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on
finding the value of angle/solving the equation by using properties of inverse trigonometric

INVERSE FUNCTION
If f : X → Y is a function which is both one-one and onto, then its inverse function f −1 : Y → X is
defined as y = f ( x) ⇔ f −1 ( y) = x, ∀ x ∈ X , ∀ y ∈Y

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometric functions are not one-one and onto on their natural domains and ranges, so in order to
make them one-one and onto, we restrict their domain and codomain. And thus we obtain inverses of
trigonometric functions. Inverse of f is denoted by f −1 .
Let y = f ( x) = sin x be a function. Then, its inverse is x = sin −1 y.
 → sin −1 x.
sin x Inverse
Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
y Domain x Range y (Principal Value)
−1
(i) sin x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − π /2 ≤ y ≤ π /2
−1
(ii) cosec x x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1 − π / 2 ≤ y ≤ π / 2, y ≠ 0

(iii) cos −1 x −1 ≤ x < 1 0≤ y≤ π

(iv) sec −1 x x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠ π / 2
−1
(v) tan x − ∞< x< ∞ − π /2 < y < π /2
−1
(vi) cot x − ∞< x< ∞ 0< y< π
152 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 1. The domain of sin −1 [x] is given by (e) sec −1 ( − x) = π − sec −1 x

a. [ − 1, 1] b. [ − 1, 2 ) (f) cosec −1 ( − x) = − cosec −1 x
c. { − 1, 0 , 1} d. None of these
(iv) (a) 2sin −1 x = sin −1 2x (1 − x 2 ) = cos −1 (1 − 2x 2 )
Sol. b. Domain of sin−1 x is [− 1, 1]
and domain of sin−1[x ] is {x : − 1 ≤ [x ] ≤ 1} (b) 2cos −1 x = cos −1 ( 2x 2 − 1) = sin −1 ( 2x 1 − x 2 )
= {x : [x ] = − 1, 0, 1} 2x 2x
(c) 2 tan −1 x = tan −1 = sin −1
 − 1, − 1 ≤ x < 0 1− x 2
1 + x2

But [x ] =  0, 0≤ x < 1 1 − x2
+ 1 , 1 ≤ x < 2 = cos −1
 1 + x2
−1 −1
∴ x ∈ [− 1, 2 ) (d) 3sin x = sin ( 3x − 4x ) 3

(e) 3cos −1 x = cos −1 ( 4x 3 − 3x)

Properties of Inverse
3x − x 3
Trigonometric Functions (f) 3 tan −1 x = tan −1
(i) (a) sin −1 (sin θ) = θ and sin (sin −1 x) = x, 1 − 3x 2
π π (v) (a) sin −1 x + cos −1 x = π/ 2, ( −1 ≤ x ≤ 1)
− ≤ θ ≤ , −1≤ x ≤ 1
2 2
−1 −1
(b) tan −1 x + cot −1 x = π/ 2, x ∈ R
(b) cos (cos θ) = θ and cos (cos x) = x,
(c) sec −1 x + cosec −1 x = π/ 2, x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1
0 ≤ θ ≤ π, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
−1 −1
(c) tan (tan θ) = θ and tan (tan x) = x,  1 
π π EXAMPLE 3. If cos −1   = θ, then what is the value
− < θ < , x ∈R  5
2 2 of cosec −1 ( 5)?
−1 −1
(d) cot (cot θ) = θ and cot (cot x) = x, π π π
0 < θ < π, x ∈ R a. +θ b. −θ c. d. − θ
2 2 2
−1 −1
(e) sec (sec θ) = θ and sec (sec x) = x Sol. b. Q cos−1 
1
⇒ sec−1( 5) = θ
 =θ
−1 −1  5
(f) cosec (cosec θ) and cosec (cosec x) = x
π Q sec −1 x + cosec−1 x = π 
⇒ − cosec−1( 5) = θ 
7π 2 2 
EXAMPLE 2. What is the value of cos −1  cos  ? π
 6  ∴ cosec−1( 5) = − θ
2
π 5π π 7π
a. − b. c. d.  x + y
6 6 6 6 (vi) (a) tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1   , if xy < 1
7π  1 − xy 
Sol. b. Since, does not lie between 0 and π.
6  x + y
7π −1  5π   (b) tan −1 x + tan −1 y = π + tan −1   , if xy > 1
∴ cos−1  cos 
 = cos  cos  2 π −   1 − xy 
 6    6 
 x − y
= cos−1  cos
5π  5π
 = (c) tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1   , if x > 0, y > 0
 6  6  1 + xy 

(ii) (a) sin −1 x = cosec −1 (1 /x) or cosec −1 x = sin −1 (1 / x) (vii) (a) sin −1 x ± sin −1 y = sin −1 { x (1 − y 2 ) ± y (1 − x 2 )}
(b) cos −1 x = sec −1 (1 /x) or sec −1 x = cos −1 (1 /x) (b) cos −1 x ± cos −1 y
(c) tan −1 x = cot −1 (1 /x) or cot −1 x = tan −1 (1 / x) , if = cos −1 { xy m (1 − x 2 ) (1 − y 2 )}
x>0
1 1 (viii) (a) sin −1 x = cos −1 ( 1 − x 2 )
(d) tan −1 x = cot −1 − π or cot −1 x = tan −1 − π,
x x  x   1 − x2 
if x < 0 = tan −1  = cot −1  
 1 − x2   x 
(iii) (a) sin −1 ( − x) = − sin −1 ( x)    
(b) cos −1 ( − x) = π − cos −1 ( x)  
1   1
= sec −1  = cosec −1  
(c) tan −1 ( − x) = − tan −1 ( x)  1 − x2   x
 
(d) cot −1 ( − x) = π − cot −1 ( x)
MATHEMATICS Inverse Trigonometric Functions 153

 1 − x2  = sec −1 ( 1 + x 2 )
(b) cos −1 x = sin −1 ( 1 − x 2 ) = tan −1  
 x   1 + x2 
 
= cosec −1  
  
x   1  x 
= cot −1  = sec −1  
 1 − x2   x
 
EXAMPLE 4. The principal value of
 1  1 5
= cosec −1  sin −1 + cos −1 is
 1 − x2  17 34
 
π π  23  −1  23 
 a. b. c. sin−1   d. cos  
x  4 2  17 2   17 2 
(c) tan −1 x = sin −1 
 1 + x2  Sol. a. sin−1
1
+ cos−1
5 1
= tan−1 + tan−1
3
  17 34 4 5
 1   1+ 3 
 1
= cos −1  = cot −1    
= tan−1  4 5  = tan−1(1) =
π
 1 + x2   x
  1 3
1 − ⋅ 
4
 4 5

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. What is the principle value of cosec−1( − 2 )? 7. If 4 sin−1 x + cos−1 x = π , then x is equal to
π π π 1 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) − (d) 0 (a) (b) (c) − (d)
4 2 4 2 2 2 2
π 1 
2. sin  − sin−1  −   is equal to 8. If sin  sin−1
1 
+ cos−1 x = 1, then what is x equal
3  2   5 
1 1 1 to?
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 3 4 (a) 0 (b) 1
4 1
3. cos  tan−1
3 (c) (d)
 is equal to 5 5
 4
1
(a)
4
(b)
3
(c)
4
(d)
5 9. Let −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. If cos (sin−1 x ) =, then how many
5 4 3 4 2
1 values does tan (cos−1 x ) assume?
4. If cos−1 = θ, then tanθ is equal to (a) One (b) Two (c) Four (d) Infinite
x
1
(x2 − 1)  2x  1 − x 2
(a) (b) 10. If 3 sin−1   − 4 cos−1  
2
(x2 − 1) 1 + x 
2
1 + x 
(c) (1 − x2 ) (d) (x2 + 1)  2x  π
+ 2 tan−1   = , then x is equal to
5π 2  1 − x2  3
5. If (tan−1 x )2 + (cot−1 x )2 = , then x is equal to
8 (a) 3 (b) 1 / 3 (c) 1 (d) −1
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2 −1 −1
11. sec (tan 2
2) + cosec (cot2
3) is equal to
6. If sin−1 x + cot−1 (1/ 2) = π / 2, then what is the (a) 5 (b) 13
value of x? (c) 15 (d) 6
1
(a) 0 (b) π
5 12. If tan− 1 2x + tan− 1 3x = , then x is equal to
4
2 3
(c) (d) 1
5 2 (a) − 1 (b) 1/6 (c) − 1, (d) None of these
6
154 NDA/NA Pathfinder

13. Consider the following statements 18. (α + β) is equal to

 1  2
I. The value of tan − 1   + tan − 1   is equal to
(b) sin−1 
3 
(a) tan−1  
17
 4  9 
 6  13 
−1 1 
sin   .
(d) cos −1 
3 
(c) sin−1  
3
 5 
 5  13 
8  3  77
II. sin − 1   + sin − 1   = sin − 1  
19. cos−1 
 17  5  85  44 
 is equal to
 125
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 2 α (b) 3α (c) π − 3α (d) π − 2α
(a) Only I (b) Only II
−1 −1
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 20. sin [cot [tan {cos ( 3 / 13 )}]] is equal to
14. Consider the following statements (a) sin β (b) cos β (c) tan β (d) sec β
I. If 2 tan − 1 (cos x) = tan − 1 (2 cosec x), then the value
π Directions (Q. Nos. 21-23) Consider the equation
of x is .
4 sin− 1( ax ) + cos− 1(y) + cos− 1( bxy) = π / 2.
 1 − x 1
II. The value of x for which tan − 1   = tan − 1 x 21. If a = 1 and b = 0, then ( x , y ) satisfies the equation
 1 + x 2
(a) x 2 + y2 = 1 (b) x 2 + y2 = 2
1
(x > 0) is . (c) x 2 + y2 = 1 / 2 (d) y = x
3
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 22. If a = 1, b = 1, then ( x , y ) is a solution of the
(a) Only I (b) Only II equation
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) (x 2 + 1) ( y2 − 1) = 0 (b) (x 2 − 1) ( y2 + 1) = 0

15. Consider the following statements (c) (x − 1) ( y − 1) = 0

2 2
(d) x 2 + y2 = 2
  23. If a = 2, b = 2, then ( x , y ) satisfies the equation
I. The simplest form of tan − 1   , | x| < a is
x
 a 2 − x2  (a) (x 2 − 1) (4 y2 − 1) = 0 (b) (4x 2 − 1) ( y2 − 1) = 0
 
− 1  x
(c) (4x − 1) ( y − 2 ) = 0
2 2
(d) (x 2 − 2 ) (4 y2 − 1) = 0
sin   .
 a
Directions (Q. Nos. 24-27) Let A = cos− 1 x,
−13 4 
II. The simplest form of cos  cos x + sin x , B = cos− 1 y and C = cos− 1 z
5 5 
 π π  4 24. If A + B + C = π, then x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is equal to
where x ∈ − ,  is tan − 1   .
 2 4   3 (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 − 2 xyz (d) 2 xyz
III. The value of cos(sec x + cosec− 1x), | x| > 1 is 0.
−1
25. If A + B + C = 3π, then x( y + z ) + y( z + x ) + z( x + y )
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? is equal to
(a) I, II (b) II, III (c) I, III (d) I, II and III (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 12
−1 −1
26. If A + B = 2π / 3, then sin x + sin y is equal to
Directions (Q. Nos. 16-17) Let cos− 1 x = α, (0 < x < 1)
(a) 2 π / 3 (b) π / 3 (c) π / 6 (d) π
 1  2π
and sin− 1(2 x 1 − x 2 ) + sec− 1 2  = −1 −1
 2 x − 1 3 27. If A + C = π / 2 and tan x − tan z = 0, then
x 2 + xz + z 2 is equal to
16. tan− 1( 2x ) is equal to 1 3 1
(a) π / 6 (b) π / 4 (c) π / 3 (d) π / 2 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 8
1  1 − y
17. If xy = , then tan− 1   is equal to Directions (Q. Nos. 28-32) Read the following
2  1 + y
information carefully and answer the questions
(a) π / 4 (b) π / 6 (c) π / 3 (d) π / 12 given below.
 1  1
Directions (Q. Nos. 18-20) Read the following infor- If α = tan −1   + tan −1  
mation carefully and answer the questions given below.  2  3
 2  5
 4  2 β = cos −1   + cos −1  
If α = cos −1   and β = tan −1   , where  3
 5  3  3
π   2π  1   2π 
0 < α, β < . Then, γ = sin −1 sin    + cos −1 cos   , then
2   
3  2   3 
MATHEMATICS Inverse Trigonometric Functions 155

3π 
28. cos (α + β + γ ) is equal to 40. What is sin−1  sin  equal to?
5π   7 π  (c) cos  π  (d) cos  11π   5
(a) cos 
e 2014 I
 (b) cos       3π 2π π
 12   12   12   12  (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 5 5
β γ
29. tan α − tan  + 3 tan   is equal to 41. If x and y are positive and xy > 1, then what is
 2  4
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 tan−1 x + tan−1 y equal to? e 2014 I
−1 −1 −1  x + y −1  x + y
30. sin [cot [tan {cos (sin γ )}]] is equal to (a) tan   (b) π + tan  
 1 − x y  1 − x y
γ
(b) sin  
1
(a) sinγ (c) sinγ (d) cos γ  x + y  x− y
2 2 (c) π − tan−1  (d) tan−1 
 
 1 − x y  1 + x y
31. cos α + cos β + cos γ is equal to
42. What is sin−1   + sin−1   equal to?
3 4
2 −1 2 +1 2 + 3 3− 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)  5  5 e 2014 II
2 2 2 2
π π π π
32. If 4 (sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = a , then a is equal to
2 2 2 2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 6
(a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±4 π
43. The equation tan−1(1 + x ) + tan−1(1 − x ) = is
2
satisfied by e 2015 I
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS (a) x = 1 (b) x = − 1 (c) x = 0 (d) x = 1/2
33. If tan−1 2, tan−1 3 are two angles of a triangle,  1
then what is the third angle? e 2012 I Directions (Q. Nos. 44-46) Consider x = 4 tan−1  ,
5
(a) tan−1 2 (b) tan−1 4 (c) π / 4 (d) π / 3
 1  1
34. What is the value of cos cos −1
4 12
+ cos − 1  ? y = tan −1   and z = tan −1   .
 70   99 
 5 13 e 2015 I
e 2012 I 44. What is x equal to?
(a) tan−1 
60 
(b) tan−1 
(a) 63/65 (b) 33/65 (c) 22/65 (d) 11/65 120 
 
4  119   119 
35. If sin−1 1 + sin−1 = sin−1 x, then what is the
(c) tan−1 
90 
(d) tan−1 
5 170 
 
value of x? e 2012 I
 169   169 
(a) 3/5 (b) 4/5 (c) 1 (d) 0 45. What is x − y equal to?
 4 
36. What is the value of sin sin−1   + sin−1   ?
3
(a) tan−1 
828 
(b) tan−1 
8287 
 
  5  5   845   8450 
e 2012 II
(c) tan−1 
8281
(d) tan−1 
8287 
 
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2  8450   8471 
 2a   2b  46. What is x − y + z equal to?
37. If sin−1   + sin −1   = 2 tan−1 x , then x
1 + a  1 + b 
2 2
(a) π / 2 (b) π / 3
is equal to e 2013 I (c) π / 6 (d) π / 4
a−b a−b a+b 1 π
47. The value of tan  2 tan−1
2ab
(a) (b) (c) (d) −  is
1 + ab 1 − ab a+ b 1 − ab  5 4 e 2015 II

38. What is tan−1   + tan−1   equal to?

1 1 7 5
(a) − (b)
 2  3 e 2013 II 17 16
π π π π 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d)
2 3 4 6 4 17

39. Consider the following statements 48. Consider the following statements
−1 −1 4 3 π
I. tan 1 + tan (0. 5) = π / 2 I. sin −1 + sin −1 =
5 5 2
II. sin −1 (1 / 3) + cos − 1 (1 /3) = π / 2
II. tan −1 3 + tan −1 1 = − tan −1 (2 + 3 )
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2013 II Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
156 NDA/NA Pathfinder

49. Consider the following statements 50. Consider the following statements
 π π  1
I. There exists θ ∈  − ,  for which I. tan −1 x + tan −1   = π.
 2 2  x
tan −1 (tan θ ) ≠ θ. II. Their exist, x, y ∈ [−1, 1] , where x ≠ y such that
π
 1  1 −1  2 2 ( 3 − 1 ) sin −1 x + cos −1 y = .
II. sin −1   − sin −1   = sin  .
 3  5  15 
2
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2016 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2016 I
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 c 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 a 8 d 9 b 10 b
11 c 12 b 13 c 14 c 15 c 16 c 17 d 18 a 19 c 20 b
21 a 22 c 23 b 24 c 25 c 26 b 27 c 28 b 29 d 30 a
31 a 32 c 33 c 34 b 35 a 36 c 37 d 38 c 39 b 40 b
41 b 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 c 46 d 47 a 48 a 49 b 50 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

π 3 ⋅ 2 tan −1 x − 4 ⋅ 2 tan −1 x
6. (b ) sin −1 x + cot −1   = ⇒
1. (c) 1
 2 2 π
π + 2 ⋅ 2 tan −1 x =
2. (d ) sin  − sin −1  −  
1
π 3
cot −1   = − sin −1 x
 3  2   1
⇒ π
 2 2 ⇒ ( 6 − 8 + 4) tan −1 x =
π π
= sin  + sin −1    = sin
1 3
=1
cot −1   = cos −1 x
 3 1 π
 2   2 ⇒ ∴ tan −1 x = ⇒ x =
1
 2 6 3
3. (a) cos  tan −1 
3
Q sin −1 x + cos −1 x = π 
 4  2  11. (c) Let tan − 1 2 = α ⇒ tanα = 2
  and cot − 1 3 = β ⇒ cot β = 3
−1 1 −1  1  −1  x 
= cos  cos  4 ⇒ cot   = cot   Now, sec 2 (tan − 1 2) + cosec 2 (cot − 1 3)
 =  2  1− x2 
3 
2
 = sec 2 α + cosec 2β
 1+    5 1 x
  4  ⇒ = ⇒ 1 − x 2 = 2x = 1 + tan 2 α + 1 + cot 2 β = 15
2 1− x2 π
12. (b) tan ( 2x ) + tan − 1 (3x ) =
−1

4. (b) cos −1   = θ
1 On squaring both sides, we get 4
x 1  
1 − x 2 = 4x 2 ⇒ 5x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = −1 2x + 3x  π
 1 − ( 1 / x )2  5 = tan =
⇒ tan −1   =θ  1 − ( 2 x ) (3 x )  4
 
 1/ x  7. (a) 8. (d )
 5x 
1
∴ tanθ = tan[tan −1 x 2 − 1] = x2 − 1 9. (b) cos (sin −1 x ) = ⇒ tan − 1   = tan − 1 ( 1)
2  1 − 6x 2 
5. (a) Let tan −1 x = y 1 1  
Then, cot −1 x = − y
π ⇒ cos(cos −1 1 − x 2 ) = ⇒ 1 − x 2 = 5x
2 2 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ 6x 2 + 5x − 1 = 0
2 1 3 1 − 6x 2
π
2
5 π2 ⇒ 1− x2 = ⇒ x =±
∴ y +  − y  =
2 
4 2 ⇒ x = − 1,
1
2  8 6
Hence, tan (cos −1 x ) have two values.
⇒ 16 y 2 − 8 πy − 3 π 2 = 0 But, − 1 does not hold.
⇒ ( 4 y − 3 π) ( 4 y + π) = 0  2x   2 
10. (b) 3 sin −1   − 4 cos −1  1 − x  13. (c) I. Consider, tan − 1   + tan − 1  
1 2
⇒ y = tan −1 x = − π /4 1+ x 
2
 1 + x2   4  9
 π π    
rejected,since it is greater than 
3
 1+ 2 
 4 2   2x  π    9+8
∴ x = tan ( − π/4) = − 1 + 2 tan −1   = = tan − 1  4 9  = tan − 1  
 1 − x2  3 1 2  36 − 2 
  1− ×   
 4 9
MATHEMATICS Inverse Trigonometric Functions 157

= tan − 1   = tan − 1  
17 1 Sol. (Q. Nos. 16-17) This gives, x = − ( 1− y2 )
 34   2 Given, cos − 1 x = α ⇒ x = cosα
or x2 + y2 = 1
= sin −1
1/ 2
= sin −1 
1 
 ∴ sin − 1 ( 2 cos α 1 − cos 2 α )
2  15  22. (c) When a = 1, b = 1, then equation is

1+  
1    2π sin − 1 x + cos − 1 y + cos − 1 xy = π / 2
 2 −1 1  =
+ sec
 2 cos α − 1
2
3 π / 2 − cos −1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1 xy = π / 2
∴ Statement I is true.   ⇒ cos −1 xy = cos −1 x − cos −1 y
2π
II. LHS = sin − 1   + sin − 1  
8
 17 
3
5
⇒ sin − 1 (sin 2α ) + sec − 1 (sec 2α ) =
2π π
3 [
cos −1 xy = cos −1 xy + 1− x2 1− y2 ]
8 2 2 ⇒ 4α = ⇒α = ⇒ xy = xy + 1− x2 1− y2
1 −   + 1 −   
3 3 8
= sin − 1  3 6
 17 5 5  17   π 3 ⇒ ( x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
 ∴ x = cos =
 32 + 45  6 2 23. (b) When a = 2, b = 2, the equation
77
= sin − 1   = sin
−1
= RHS  3 becomes
85  85 16. (c) tan − 1 ( 2x ) = tan − 1  2 × π
   sin − 1 ( 2x ) + cos − 1 y + cos − 1 ( 2xy ) =
 2  2
Thus, Statement II is also true. π
= tan − 1 ( 3 ) = ⇒ π / 2 − cos −1 ( 2x ) + cos −1 y
14. (c) I. 2 tan − 1 (cos x ) = tan − 1 ( 2 cosec x ) 3
1 + cos −1 ( 2xy ) = π / 2
⇒ tan −1 
2 cos x  −1 17. (d ) Given, xy =
 = tan ( 2 cosec x ) ⇒ cos ( 2xy ) = cos −1 ( 2x ) − cos −1 y
−1
 1 − cos 2 x  2
2 cos x ⇒
3
× y= ⇒y=
1 1 ⇒ cos −1 ( 2xy ) = cos −1
⇒ = 2 cosec x ⇒ 2 cos x = 2 sin x
sin 2 x 2 2 3 [ 2xy + 1 − 4x 2 1 − y 2 ]
π 1− 1 
⇒ cot x = 1 ⇒ x =
4  1− y   3 ⇒ 2xy = 2xy + 1 − 4x 2 ⋅ 1 − y 2
∴ Statement I is true. ∴ tan − 1   = tan 
−1
 1+ y  1  ⇒ ( 4x − 1) ( y − 1) = 0
2 2
1+ 
1− x 1  3
π π π 24. (c) A + B + C = π
II. tan − 1   = tan − 1 x = − =
1+ x 2 ⇒ cos − 1 x + cos − 1 y + cos − 1 z = π
  4 6 12
 1 − tan θ  1 ⇒ cos − 1 ( xy − 1− y2 1− x2 )
Sol (Q. Nos. 18-20)
⇒ tan − 1   = θ 4 3 3 = π − cos − 1 z
 1 + tan θ  2 cos α = ⇒ sin α = , tan α =
  5 5 4
2 2 3 ⇒ xy − 1− y2 1− x2
[putting x = tanθ] tan β = ⇒ sin β = , cosβ =
θ 3 13 13 = cos ( π − cos − 1 z )
⇒ tan − 1 ( 1) − tan − 1 (tan θ) = tan α + tan β
2 18. (a) tan (α + β ) = ⇒ xy − 1− y2 1− x2 = − z
π θ π 1 − tan α tan β
⇒ −θ= ⇒ θ=
4 2 6 3 2 ⇒ xy + z = 1− y2 1− x2
π 1 +
⇒ tan − 1 x = ⇒ x = 17
6 3 = 4 3 = On squaring both sides, we get
3 2 6
∴ Statement II is also true. 1− ⋅ x 2 y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz
4 3 = 1 − x2 − y2 + x2 y2
15. (c) I. Let x = a sinθ, then sin − 1   = θ
x
(α + β ) = tan −1  
17
 a ⇒ ⇒ x + y 2 + z 2 = 1 − 2xyz
2
x  6
tan − 1 25. (c) Given, A + B + C = 3 π
a2 − x 2 19. (c) cos 3α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cos α
64 4 44 ⇒ cos − 1 x + cos − 1 y + cos − 1 z = 3 π
 a sin θ  −1  sin θ 
=4× −3× = −
= tan −1   = tan   125 5 125 Q 0 ≤ cos − 1 x ≤ π, 0 ≤ cos − 1 y ≤ π
 a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ   cos θ  44 and 0 ≤ cos − 1 z ≤ π
and cos ( π − 3α ) = − cos 3α =
= tan − 1 (tan θ) = θ = sin − 1  
x 125 ∴ cos − 1 x = cos − 1 y = cos − 1 z = π
 a ⇒ x = y = z = cos π = − 1
  3   
So, Statement I is correct. 20. (b) sin  cot −1  tan cos −1  
    13    Thus, x ( y + z ) + y (z + x ) + z ( x + y )
II. Let cosα =
3
⇒ sinα = 1 −
9
=
4 = 2( xy + yz + zx ) = 6
= sin [cot −1 [tan {cos −1 (cos β )}]]
5 25 5 2π
4 = sin {cot −1 (tan β)} 26. (b) Given, cos − 1 x + cos − 1 y =
and tanα = 3
π
3 = sin  cot −1 cot  − β   π
⇒ − sin − 1 x +
π
− sin − 1 y =
2π
 2  
Now, cos − 1  cos x + sin x 
3 4  2 2 3
5  π 2π π
= sin  − β  = cos β
5 ⇒ sin − 1 x + sin − 1 y = π − =
= cos − 1 [cos α cos x + sin α sin x ] 2  3 3
= cos − 1 [ cos(α − x )] 27. (c) Given, tan − 1 x − tan − 1 z = 0 ⇒ x = z
4 21. (a) When a = 1 and b = 0, the given
= α − x = tan − 1 − x π
equation reduces to Also, A+C =
3 π
sin − 1 x + cos − 1 y = 0 Q cos ( 0) = 
−1 2
∴ Statement II is not correct.  2  ⇒ cos − 1 x + cos − 1 z = π / 2
π
III. cos(sec − 1 x + cosec − 1 x ) = cos( π / 2) = 0
−1 −1 −1
sin x = − cos y = − sin ( 1 − y ) 2 ⇒ 2 cos − 1 x =
2
∴ Statement III is correct.
158 NDA/NA Pathfinder

π 1
⇒ 4  + 1 +  = a 2
1 3
45. (c) x − y = tan −1 
⇒ cos − 1 x = ⇒x = 120  −1  1 
2  − tan  
4 2 4  119   70 
Hence, x 2 + xz + z 2 4 ( 2 + 4 + 3)  120 − 1 
2 ⇒ = a2  
= 3x 2 = 3
1 
= tan −1  119 70  = tan −1 
3 8281 
 = 4 
 2 2 ⇒ a2 = 9 ⇒ a = ± 3 120 1  8450 
1+ × 
 119 70 
Sol. (Q. Nos. 28-32) 33. (c) Let α be the third angle of the
46. (d ) x − y + z = tan −1 
8281  −1  1 
α = tan   + tan −1  
−1  1 1 triangle, then
 + tan  
 2 3 In ∆ABC , tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 + α = 180°  8450   99 
2+3 
 1+ 1  5 ⇒ tan −1   + α = 180° −1  49 
= tan   + tan   −1  1 
−1  2  −1  6 
 1− 2⋅3  50   99 
= tan  3 = tan  
1 1 5 ⇒ tan −1 ( −1) + α = 180°  49 + 1 
1− ⋅    3π π
 2 3  6 ∴ α = 180°− tan −1 ( −1) = π − =  
π 4 4 = tan −1  50 99 
= tan −1 ( 1) =  1−
49 1
× 
4 34. (b)  50 99 
 5 π
β = cos −1   + cos −1  
2 4
35. (a) Given, sin −1 1 + sin −1 = sin −1 x = tan −1 ( 1) =
3  3  5 4
⇒ sin −1  1⋅ 1 − ( 4 / 5)2 + 1 − ( 1)2 
 5 4
⇒ β = cos −1   + sin −1  1 − 
2 47. (a)
3  5 
 9
48. (a) I. LHS = sin − 1   + sin − 1  
−1
4 3
−1  2  −1  2  π = sin x 5 5
⇒ β = cos   + sin   =  16 4 
3 3 2 ⇒ sin −1  1 1 − + 1 − 1 = sin −1 x
= sin − 1   + cos − 1  
4 4
2π  25 5 
and γ = sin −1  sin  
5 5
  3   ⇒ sin −1   = sin −1 x ⇒ x =
3 3 π
= = RHS
2π 5 5
+ cos −1  cos 
1 2
  II. LHS = tan − 1 3 + tan − 1 1
2  3   36. (c) 37. (d ) 38. (c)
 3 + 1 1+ 3
π 2π
= sin −1  sin  + cos −1  cos = π + tan − 1  
1
39. (b) I. tan − 1 1 + tan −1 ( 0.5) ×
 3 2  3   1− 3 1+ 3
⇒ tan − 1 1 + tan − 1  
1  
π 1 2π 2π  2
= + ⋅ = 3 + 1+ 2 3 
3 2 3 3
= tan − 1 1 + cot − 1 
1 
 = π + tan − 1  
28. (b) cos (α + β + γ )  1/ 2  1 − 3 

−1 −1
π π 2π  7π = tan 1 + cot 2 ≠ π / 2
= cos  + +  = cos ∴ Statement I is incorrect.
= π − tan − 1 ( 2 + 3 ) ≠ RHS
4 2 3 12 Hence, only Statement I is correct.
II. sin − 1   + cos − 1   = π / 2 π π
β γ 1 1
29. (d ) tan α − tan + 3 tan 3 3 49. (b) tan −1 (tan θ) = θ, − < θ <
2 4 2 2
π π π [Q sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π / 2, ∀ x ∈ R] ∴ Statement I is incorrect.
= tan − tan + 3 tan ∴ Statement II is correct. Now, sin −1   − sin −1  
1 1
4 4 6
1 3π 3 5
= 3⋅ =1 40. (b) Since, does not lie between − π / 2
3 5 1 2
1 
2
1 −   − 1 −   
1 1
−1 −1 and π / 2. = sin −1 
30. (a) sin [cot {tan (cos (sin γ ))}]  3 5 5 3 
3π 2π 
 
= sin  cot −1 tan  cos −1  sin
2 π    ∴ sin −1  sin  = sin −1 sin  π − 
    5   2 2 ( 3 − 1) 
    3    5 
= sin −1  
2π 2π
   3   = sin −1 sin =


15 

= sin  cot −1 tan  cos −1    5  5
   2   ∴ Statement II is correct.
π 41. (b) 42. (a)
= sin  cot −1 tan  = sin  cot −1
1 50. (d ) We know that,
π π
  6   3  43. (c) tan −1 ( 1 + x ) + tan −1 ( 1 − x ) = tan −1 x + cot −1 x =
π 2π 2 2
= sin = sin  π − 
 −1  1+ x + 1− x  π π
tan −1 x + tan −1   =
⇒ tan  1
3  3   = ∴
2π  1 − ( 1 + x )( 1 − x )  2 x 2
= sin = sin γ 2 π 2 1
3 ⇒ = tan ⇒ 2 = ∴ Statement I is incorrect.
31. (a) cos α + cos β + cos γ x2 2 x 0
Let x = y
π π 2π ⇒ x2 = 0 ⇒ x =0 π
= cos + cos + cos Given that, sin −1 x + cos −1 y =
4 2 3
44. (b) Given, x = 4 tan   = 2 ⋅ 2 tan −1  
−1  1 1 2
1 1 2−1 5 5 π
= + 0− = ⇒ sin −1 ( x ) + cos −1 ( x ) =
2 2 2
= 2 ⋅ tan −1 
2/5  −1 2
 = 2 tan (5 / 12)
32. (c) 4 (sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ ) = a 2  24 / 25  This is true for x ∈ [ −1, 1].
 π π 2π
= tan −1 
⇒ 4  sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2  =a
2 10 / 12  −1  120 
 3   = tan   ∴ Statement II is not correct.
4 2  1 − 25 / 144   119 
14
MATHEMATICS Decimal Fractions 159

HEIGHT AND DISTANCE

In NDA exam, generally 1-2 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on finding
required term length/height/distance etc., by using angle of elevation/depression in triangle.

Height and distance is one of the most important application of trigonometry which helps us to
find the height of any object and distance of objects between points which are not directly measurable.

Line of Sight
When the eye of a person at a point O looks at an object P, then the line OP is called the line of sight.

Angle of Elevation
Let P be an object and OX be a horizontal line, an observer at O to perceive the object P has to
elevate his eye from direction OX to the direction OP. As such, we define ∠XOP as the angle at
elevation of P at O.
P (Object)

ht
sig
of
ne
Li

Angle of
elevation Q
(Eye of observer) O X
Horizontal line

EXAMPLE 1. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 60° and the foot of the
ladder is 4.6 m away from the wall. The length of the ladder is
a. 2.3 m b. 9.2 m c. 4.6 m d. None of these
Sol. b. Let AB be the wall and BC be the ladder. Then,
B
∠ACB = 60° and AC = 4.6 m
AC 1 4.6
In ∆ACB, cos 60° = ⇒ =
BC 2 BC
⇒ BC = ( 4.6 × 2) m = 9.2 m
60º
C 4.6 m A
160 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 2. What should be the height of a flag, Sol. d. Let AD be the F (Tower)
where a 20 ft long ladder reaches 20 ft below the flag. building and BF be
the tower.
The angle of elevation of the top of the flag at the h
Draw DC ⊥ BF. Then, (Building)
foot of the ladder is 60°? 60º
a. 20 ft b. 30 ft c. 40 ft d. 20 2 ft ∠FDC = 60° D C

and ∠DBA = 30°

Sol. b. Let BD be a flag
AD = BC = 20 m 20 m 20 m
and BD = (h + 20) ft
AD
BD In ∆ABD, tan 30° =
In ∆ABD, tan 60° = AB
30º
AB A B
h + 20 ⇒ AB = 20 3 m
⇒ 3=
AB h
In ∆DCF, tan 60° =
(h + 20) DC
⇒ AB = …(i)
3 ⇒ h = 3 × 20 × 3 [Q AB = DC = 20 3]
Now, in ∆ABC, ⇒ h = 60 m
(h + 20) 2 ∴ Height of tower, BF = 60 + 20 = 80 m
AC = AB + BC ⇒ 20 =
2 2 2 2
+ h2
3
(h + 20) 2 + 3h2 m-n Theorem C
⇒ 400 =
3
If D divides AB in the ratio m : n, α β
⇒ 1200 = h2 + 40h + 400 + 3h2
(i) ( m + n)cot θ = n cot A − mcot B
⇒ 4h2 + 40h − 800 = 0 ⇒ h2 + 10h − 200 = 0 A θ B
⇒ (h + 20) (h − 10) = 0 (ii) ( m + n)cot θ = mcot α − n cot β A m D n B
⇒ h = 10 [Qh ≠ − 20] EXAMPLE 4. A man observes that when he moves
∴ Height of flag = BD = BC + CD = 10 + 20 = 30 ft up a distance C metres on a slope, the angle of
depression of a point on the horizontal plane from the
Angle of Depression base of the slope is 30°, and when he moves up
Let P be an object and OX be a horizontal line, an further a distance C metres the angle of depression of
that point is 45°. The angle of inclination of the slope
observer at O to perceive the object P has to depress his
with the horizontal is
eye from the direction OX to direction OP. As such,
we define ∠XOP as the angle of depression of P at O. a. 60° b. 45° c. 75° d. 30°
Horizontal line Sol. c. Applying m-n theorem, we get
(Eye of observer) O X
Angle of depression
C
Lin
e
of

c
sig
ht

B
P (Object)
º 0º
3 c
15
Note θ− θ
• Any perpendicular line to a plane is perpendicular to all 30º
lines lying in the plane. P A
• Angle of elevation and depression are always acute
( c + c) cot (θ − 30° ) = c cot 15° − c cot 30°
angles.
1 sin ( 30° − 15° )
⇒ cot (θ − 30° ) =  
EXAMPLE 3. Looking from the top of a 20 m high  2 sin 15° sin 30°
building, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower 1
is 60° and the angle of depression of its bottom is 30°. ⇒ cot (θ − 30° ) = = 1 = cot 45°
2sin 30°
What is the height of the tower?
⇒ θ − 3θ = 45° ⇒ θ = 45° + 30° = 75°
a. 50 m b. 60 m c. 70 m d. 80 m
MATHEMATICS Height and Distance 161

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. A 30 m long ladder is placed against a wall 15 m 9. A man standing on the bank of a river observes
high such that it just reaches the top of the wall. that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree
The angle made by the ladder with the just on the opposite bank is 60°. The angle
horizontal is of elevation is 30° from a point at a distance
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90° y m from the bank. What is the height of the
tree?
2. What is the angle subtended by 1 m pole at a
distance 1 km on the ground in sexagesimal 3y y
(a) y m (b) 2y m (c) m (d) m
measure? 2 2
9 9 10. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite
(a) degree (b) degree
50π 5π to each other on either side of a road, which is
(c) 3.4 min (d) 3.5 min 30 m wide. From a point between them on the
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a flag post road, the angles of elevation of the tops are 30°
from a point 5 m away from its base is 75°. What and 60°. The height of each pole is
is the approximate height of the flag post? 15
(a) 3m (b) 15 3 m
(a) 15 m (b) 17 m (c) 19 m (d) 21 m 2
(c) 10 3 m (d) None of these
4. The angle of elevation of the top of two vertical
towers as seen from the middle point of the 11. A man on the top of a tower, standing on the
line joining the foot of the towers are 60° and sea-shore finds that a boat coming towards
30°, respectively. The ratio of the heights of him takes 10 min for the angle of depression
the tower is to change from 30° to 60°. The time taken by
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 :1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 1 the boat to reach the shore from this position
will be
5. Two verticals poles AL and BM of heights 20 m 1
and 80 m, respectively stand apart on a (a) 5 min (b) 15 min (c) 7 min (d) 245 s
2
horizontal plane. If A and B be the feet of the
poles and AM and BL intersect at P, the height 12. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from
of P is equal to two points at distances a and b metres from the
(a) 50 m (b) 18 m (c) 16 m (d) 15 m base and in the same straight line with it, are
complementary. The height of the tower (in
6. A tower 100 m tall stands on the top of a mount. metres) is
From a point on the ground, the angles of
a
elevation of the top and the bottom of the tower (a) a + b (b) a − b (c) ab (d)
b
are found to be 75° and 45°, respectively. The
height of the mount in metres is 13. The shadow of a pole standing on a horizontal
(a) 100 ( 3 − 1) m (b) 50 ( 3 − 1) m plane is d metre longer when the Sun’s altitude
(c) 50 ( 3 + 1) m (d) None of these is α, then when it is β. What is the height of the
7. A chimney 20 m high standing on the top of a pole?
cos α cos β sin α cos β
building subtends an angle whose tangent is 1/6 (a) d ⋅ (b) d ⋅
at a distance 70 m from the foot of the building. cos (α − β ) sin (α − β )
sin α sin β sin β cos α
The height of the building is (c) d ⋅ (d) d ⋅
(a) 50 m (b) 40 m (c) 60 m (d) 20 m sin (β − α ) cos (α + β )

8. An aeroplane flying at a height of 300 m above 14. The foot of a tower of height h m is in a direct
the ground passes vertically above another plane line between two observers A and B. If the angles
at an instant when the angles of elevation of two of elevation of the top of the tower as seen from
plane from the same point on the ground are 60° A and B are α and β, respectively and if AB = d
and 45°, respectively. What is the height of the m, what is h/d equal to?
lower plane from the ground? tan (α + β ) cot (α + β )
100 (a) (b)
(a) 500 m (b) m cot α cot β − 1 cot α cot β − 1
3 tan (α + β ) cot (α + β )
(c) 100 3 m (d) 150( 3 + 1) m (c) (d)
cot α cot β + 1 cot α cot β + 1
162 NDA/NA Pathfinder

15. AB is a vertical pole. The end A is on the ground, PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
C is the middle point of AB and P is a point on
the level ground. The portion BC subtends an 22. The angle of elevation of a tower at a level
angle α at P. If AP = n. AB, then tanα is ground is 30°. The angle of elevation becomes θ
n n n  n − 1
2 when moved 10 m towards the tower. If the
(a) (b) (c) (d)  2  height of tower is 5 3 m, then what is the value
(n2 − 1) (n2 + 1) (2 n2 + 1)  n + 1
of θ? e 2012 I
16. Let PT be a tower of height 2x m, P being the (a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 75° (d) 90°
foot, T being the top of the tower, A, B are points 23. From the top of a lighthouse 70 m high with its
on the same line with P. If AP = 2x + 1 m, base at sea level, the angle of depression of a
BP = 192 m and the angle of elevation of the boat is 15°. The distance of the boat from the
tower as seen from B is double the angle of the foot of the lighthouse is e 2012 II
elevation of the tower as seen from A, then (a) 70 (2 − 3 ) m (b) 70 (2 + 3) m
I. The value of x is 8. (c) 70 (3 − 3 ) m (d) 70 (3 + 3) m
π
II. The value of θ is . 24. The top of a hill observed from the top and
4
bottom of a building of height h is at angles of
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? elevation α and β, respectively. The height of the
(a) Only I (b) Only II hill is e 2012 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II h cot β h cot α
(a) (b)
17. A round balloon of radius r subtends an angle α cot β − cot α cot α − cot β
at the eye of the observer while the angle of h tan α
(c) (d) None of these
elevation of its centre is β. Then height of the tan α − tan β
centre of the balloon is
25. The shadow of a tower standing on a level plane
I. h = r sin α cosec β II. h = r sin β sin α
is found to be 50 m longer when the Sun’s
α
III. h = r cosec   sin β elevation is 30° than when it is 60°. The height
 2
of the tower is e 2013 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 25 m (b) 25 3 m (c) 50 m (d) 50 3 m
(c) Only III (d) None of these
26. A man walks 10 m towards a lamp post and
Directions (Q. Nos. 18-19) The angle of elevation of a notices that the angle of elevation of the top of
cloud from a point 200 m above a lake is 30° and the the post increases for 30° to 45°. The height of
angle of depression of its reflection in the lake is 60°. the lamp post is e 2013 I
(a) 10 m (b) (5 3 + 5) m
18. The height of the cloud above the lake is (c) (5 3 − 5) m (d) (10 3 + 10) m
(a) 240 m (b) 500 m (c) 300 m (d) 400 m
27. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower of
19. The horizontal distance of the cloud from point of height H from the foot of another tower in the
observation is same plane is 60° and the angle of elevation of
(a) 240 3 m (b) 400 3 m the top of the second tower from the foot of the
(c) 200 3 m (d) None of these first tower is 30°. If h is the height of the other
tower, then which one of the following is correct?
Directions (Q. Nos. 20-21) An aeroplane flying e 2013 I
horizontally 900 m above the ground is observed at (a) H = 2 h (b) H = 3h (c) H = 3 h (d) H = h
an elevation of 60°. After 10 s, the elevation
changes to 30°.
28. A person standing on the bank of a river
observes that the angle subtended by a tree on
20. The uniform speed of the aeroplane (in km/h) is the opposite of bank is 60°. When he retires 40 m
50 from the bank, he finds the angle to be 30°.
(a) (b) 180 3
3 What is the breadth of the river? e 2013 II
(c) 216 3 (d) None of these (a) 60 m (b) 40 m (c) 30 m (d) 20 m
21. The angle of elevation after 40 s is 29. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from
− 1 1  − 1 1  two places situated at distances 21 m and x m
(a) tan   (b) tan  
 5 3  3 3 from the base of the tower are 45° and 60°,
 3  3 respectively. What is the value of x? e 2013 II
(c) tan− 1   (d) tan− 1  
 5   7  (a) 7 3 m (b) (7 − 3) m (c) 7 + 3 m (d) 14 m
MATHEMATICS Height and Distance 163

30. From an aeroplane above a straight road the 33. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower
angles of depression of two positions at a standing on a horizontal plane from two points
distance 20 m apart on the road are observed to on a line passing through the foot of the tower at
be 30° and 45°. The height of the aeroplane distances 49 m and 36 m are 43° and 47° ,
above the ground is e 2014 I respectively. What is the height of the tower?
(a) 10 3 m (b) 10( 3 − 1) m e 2015 I
(c) 10( 3 + 1) m (d) 20 m (a) 40 m (b) 42 m (c) 45 m (d) 47 m
31. A lamp post stands on a horizontal plane. From 34. Two poles are 10 m and 20 m high. The line
a point situated at a distance 150 m from its joining their tops makes an angle of 15° with the
foot, the angle of elevation of the top is 30°. horizontal. The distance between the poles is
What is the height of the lamp post? e 2014 II approximately equal to e 2015 II
(a) 50 m (b) 50 3 m (a) 36.3 m (b) 37.3 m (c) 38.3 m (d) 39.3 m
50
(c) m (d) 100 m 35. A vertical tower standing on a levelled field is
3
mounted with a vertical flag staff of length 3 m.
32. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from From a point on the field, the angles of
a point 20 m away from its base is 45°. What is elevation of the bottom and tip of the flag staff
the height of the tower? e 2015 I are 30° and 45°, respectively. Which one of the
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m following gives the best approximation to the
(c) 30 m (d) 40 m height of the tower? e 2015 II
(a) 3.90 m (b) 4.00 m (c) 4.10 m (d) 4.25 m

ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 b 7 a 8 c 9 c 10 a
11 a 12 c 13 c 14 b 15 c 16 a 17 c 18 d 19 c 20 c
21 b 22 b 23 b 24 b 25 b 26 b 27 c 28 d 29 a 30 c
31 b 32 b 33 b 34 b 35 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS 

1. (a) Let AB be the wall and BC be the BC 1 AB h
tanθ = = rad In ∆ABC , tan 75° = =
ladder and ∠ACB = θ AB 1000 BC 5
Then, AB = 15 m B ⇒ tan θ = 0.001 rad tan 45° + tan 30° h
⇒ =
BC = 30 m ⇒ θ = tan −1 ( 0.001) rad 1 − tan 45° tan 30° 5
m

15 m

AB
Then, sinθ =
30

= 9.999 × 10−4 rad 1+ 3 h

BC ⇒ =
15 1 = 9.999 × 10−4 ×
180
degree 3− 1 5
= = θ
π
30 2 C A ( 3 + 1)2
9 ⇒ h= ×5
⇒ θ = sin − 1 ( 1/ 2) = 30° = degree ( 3 )2 − ( 1)2
50 π
2. (a) Let BC be the pole and A be the 3. (c) Let h be the height of the flag post. 3 + 1 + 2 3 
point of elevation. ⇒ h =5 
A  3− 1 
Let ∠CAB = θ  
C
= 5 ( 2 + 3 ) = 5 × 3.732
= 18.660 m = 19 m (approx)
1 m (Pole) h
4. (d) Let h and h be the heights of two
1 2
towers.
θ 75º h
A 1 km B C tan 60° = 1 ⇒ h = a tan 60°
5m B a 1
164 NDA/NA Pathfinder

h h + 100 300 300 3 300 3

tan 30° = 2 ⇒ =2+ 3 ⇒ y= ⇒x = × =
a h 3 3 3 3
P tan A + tan B ∴ x = 100 3 m
Q tan ( A + B ) = [from Eq. (i)]
1 − tan A tan B
9. (c) Let the height of tree = h
Q ⇒ h (2 + 3 − 1) = 100
h1
100 100 3−1 Given, AC = y
h2 ⇒ h= = ×
30º 60º 3+ 1 3+ 1 3−1 P
B a C a A
100( 3 − 1)
= = 50 ( 3 − 1) m
⇒ h = a tan 30° 3−1 h
2
h a tan 60° 3
∴ 1 = = 7. (a) Let AB = H m be the building and 60º 30º
h a tan 30° 1 CB be the chimney. y A
2 B C
1 H + 20
5. (c) Let h be the height of point P from tan θ = , tan α = , h
In ∆PBC , tan 60° = = 3
horizontal plane. 6 70 BC
H
In ∆ABM and ∆AQP tanβ =
70 ⇒ BC = h/ 3 …(i)
80 h
tanθ = = C Now, in ∆PBA,
AB QA
20 m h h 1
AB tan30° = = =
⇒ AQ = h ⋅ BA BC + AC 3
80 B
M ⇒ 3 h = { h/ 3 + y }
L H
θ α [from Eq. (i)]
P β
80 m A ⇒ 3h = h + y 3
P 70 m
20 m
1 1 3
h Now, tanθ = ⇒ tan (α − β ) = ⇒ 2h = y 3 ⇒ h= ym
φ θ 6 6 2
B Q A (tan α − tan β ) 1
⇒ = 10. (a) Let AB and CD be the poles and let
Now, in ∆BAL and ∆BQP 1 + tan α tan β 6 O be the point of observation.
20 h
tan φ = = H + 20 H 
AB BQ ⇒ 6  − 
Let AB = CD = h m
 70 70  ∠AOB = 30°, ∠COD = 60°.
H + 20 H 
= 1 + 
AB
∴ BQ = h ⋅ ⋅  Let OA = x .
20  70 70 
Then, OC = (30 − x ) m
Now, AB = AQ + BQ 20 4900 + 20H + H 2
⇒ 6× = B D
= h ⋅ AB  +
1 1 70 70 × 70

 80 20 
⇒ H 2 + 20H + 4900 − 8400 = 0
1+ 4
⇒ 1 = h   ⇒ h = 16 m ∴ H 2 + 20H − 3500 = 0 h
 80 
⇒ ( H − 50)( H + 70) = 0
6. (b) Let QR = h m be the height of the ∴ H = 50 m 30º 60º
mount. O
8. (c) Let the height of the lower plane A x (30– x) C
Then, PR = ( 100 + h ) m from the ground = x and PA = y x
P In ∆BAO, = cot 30° = 3
h
100 m
C ⇒ x =h 3 …(i)
30 − x 1
B In ∆DCO, = cot 60° =
Q h 3
300 m
h
x ⇒ 30 − x =
º 3
75 h
60°  h 
45° ⇒ x =  30 −
45º P A 
y  3
O x R
Now, in ∆BAP, h
In ∆ORQ, ∴ h 3 = 30 − [from Eq. (i)]
AB x 3
h h tan 45° = = = 1 ⇒ x = y …(i)
Then, = tan 45° ⇒ =1  h 3 + h  = 30
x x
PA y ⇒  
 3
⇒ h=x …(i) Again, in ∆CAP,
15
100 + h tan 60° =
AC 300
= = 3 ⇒ 4h = 30 3 ⇒ h = 3m
In ∆ORP , = tan 75° AP y 2
x
MATHEMATICS Height and Distance 165

11. (a) Let AB be the tower and C and D be ⇒ h (cot α − cot β ) = d In ∆PTA, tanθ =
PT
the two positions of the boat. d sin α sin β AP
∴ h= T
Let AB = h, CD = x and AD = y . cos α sin β − cos β sin α
X B
d sin α sin β 2x m
30° =
sin (β − α )
60°
θ 2θ
h 14. (b) Let AD = x A B P
2x+1
∴ DB = d − x
2x 1
30º 60º C ⇒ tanθ = x +1
=
2 2
C x D y A PT 2x
y 1 h Now, in ∆PTB, tan 2θ = =
In ∆BAD, = cot 60° = ⇒y= h PB 192
h 3 3 1
x+ y 2×
In ∆BAC , = cot 30° = 3 a b 2 tan θ 2 x
2 = 2
x

h A x D d–x
B ⇒ = ⇒
d 1 − tan θ 192
2
1−
1 192
⇒ x + y = 3h h 4
h 2h In ∆ADC , tanα = ⇒ x = h cot α …(i) 4
∴ x = (x + y) − y = 3 h − = x ⇒ × 192 = 2x ⇒ 2x = 256
3 3 3
h
2h
is covered in 10 min. In ∆CDB, tanβ = ⇒ 2x = 28 ⇒ x = 8
3 d −x
TP 28 1
h  3 h  ⇒ d − x = h cot β …(ii) tanθ = = =
will be covered in  10 × ×  AP 29 2
3  2h 3 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get π
θ = tan −1   ≠
1
= 5 min d = h (cot α + cot β )  2 4
We know that, 17. (c) Let C be the centre of the balloon
12. (c) Let AB be the tower and C and D be
cot α cot β − 1
the points of observation. cot (α + β ) = and AC and BC be radii, where OA and
cot β + cot α OB are tangents from O.
Then, AC = a, AD = b,
cot α cot β − 1 Draw CD ⊥ OD.
∠ACB = θ, ∠ADB = 90° − θ ⇒ cot β + cot α =
AB cot (α + β )
= tanθ A r C
AC   r
cot α cot β − 1
B ⇒ d =h 
 cot (α + β )  B
 
h cot(α + β ) α
∴ =
h d cot α cot β − 1 β
O D
α
∠AOB = α, ∠BOC =
θ 90º−θ 15. (c) Let ∠APC = θ. Then, 2
AB 1 OC α
C D b A tan(θ + α ) = = and ∠COD = β, = cosec
a AP n AC 2
⇒ h = a tanθ α CD
tanθ =
AC
= ⋅
1 AB
=
1 ⇒ OC = r cosec , = sinβ
AB
and = tan( 90° − θ) = cot θ AP 2 AP 2n 2 OC
AD tan θ + tan α ⇒ CD = OC sinβ
⇒ h = b cot θ , h 2 = ab tan(θ + α ) = = r sin β cosec (α /2)
Hence, h = ab 1 − tan θ tan α
Sol. (Q. Nos. 18-19) Let AB be the upper layer
13. (c) Let CD be the pole, whose length is h.  1 + tan α  of the lake, C be the cloud, C ′ its
 
CD h 1   reflection and O be the point of
In ∆BCD, tanβ = ⇒ tanβ = ⇒ = 2n
BC x n  1 − 1 tan α  observation. Draw OD ⊥ CC ′. Then,
⇒ x = h cot β   CB = C ′ B = x , ∠COD = 30°,
…(i)  2n 
B ∠C ′OD = 60°, AO = BD = 200 m
D CD
tan30° =
Sun OD
1 CB − BD x − 200
h ⇒ = =
C 3 AB AB
C
α B β α
A θ
d x C
P A O 30º x
CD D
and in ∆ACD, tan α = n 60º
AC ⇒ tan α = 200 m
h ( 1 + 2 n2 ) B
⇒ tan α = ⇒ x + d = h cot α A
x+ d 16. (a) Q PT = 2x m , AP = 2x + 1 m x
⇒ h cot β + d = h cot α [from Eq. (i)] and BP = 192 m C′
166 NDA/NA Pathfinder

AB 22. (b) Given, height of tower From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
⇒ x − 200 = …(i)
3 x cot α = ( x + h ) cot β
= CD = 5 3 m
C ′D
tan 60° = CD 5 3 ⇒ x (cot α − cot β ) = h cot β
OD In ∆BCD, tan θ = = ...(i)
C ′ B + BP x + 200
BC x h cot β
⇒ 3= = D ⇒ x = …(iii)
AB AB cot α − cot β
⇒ x + 200 = AB 3 …(ii) ∴ Required height
18. (d) On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get 5√3 m CE = CD + DE = x + h
x − 200 1 h cot β
= = + h
x + 200 3 30º θ cot α − cot β
⇒ 3x − 600 = x + 200 A 10 m B xm C h cot α
=
⇒ x = 400 m Again, in ∆ACD, cot α − cot β
Height of the cloud above the lake CD 5 3 1
tan 30° = = = 25. (b) Let shadow of a tower made by a Sun
= x = 400 m AC 10 + x 3 at an angle 60° is x m. Then, by given
19. (c) We have, AB = ( x − 200) 3 ⇒ 10 + x = 15, x = 5 m condition, the shadow of a tower made
= ( 400 − 200) 3 = 200 3 From Eq. (i), by a Sun at angle 30° is 50 m longer than
Horizontal distance = AB = 200 3 m 5 3 at angle 60°, i.e. (50 + x ) m.
tan θ = = 3 = tan 60° ⇒ θ = 60°
Sol. (Q. Nos. 20-21) Let A and B be the two 5
A
positions of the aeroplane and O be the AB Sun
23. (b) In ∆ABC , tan 15° =
point of observation. BC
OD
= cot 30° = 3 ⇒ OD = 900 3 m A (Lighthouse) h
BD 15º
OC 1 900 60° 30° D
= cot 60° = ⇒ OC = m B x C 50 m
70 m

AC 3 3
B Now, in ∆ABC ,
h h
A 15º (Boat) tan 60° = = 3 ⇒ x = m
B x C x 3
h 1
70 and in ∆ABD, tan30° = =
900 m ⇒ tan( 45° − 30° ) = x + 50 3
x h
Q tan( A − B ) = tan A − tan B  ⇒ 3 h = x + 50 ⇒ 3 h = + 50
30º  3
60º 1 + tan A tan B 
⇒  3 −
1
O C D 1  h = 50
1−  3
∴ AB = CD = OD − OC 3 = 70 ⇒ 3 − 1 70
⇒ = (3 − 1)
=  900 3 −
900  1800 ⇒ h = 50 ⇒ 2h = 50 3
 = m 1+
1 x 1 + 3 x
 3 3 3 3
Distance  1800      ∴ h = 25 3 m
20. (c) Speed = = 3 + 1  3 + 1 
 m/s
 3 × 10  ⇒ x = 70  × 26. (b) Let BL = x m and PL = h m
Time  3 − 1  3 + 1
   
= 
180 18  P
×  = 216 3 km/h
 3 5 70(3 + 1 + 2 3 )
= = 70( 2 + 3 )
21. (b) Let E be the position of the 3−1
Hence, the required distance is h
aeroplane after 40 s and θ be its elevation.
A B E 70 (2 + 3) m.
30° 45°
24. (b) Let AD = BE = y and AB = DE = h A 10 m B x L
(Hill) h
C In ∆PLB, tan 45° = = 1, x = h ...(i)
x
θ (Building) x h 1
O C D F A α Now, in ∆PLA , tan30° = =
D 10 + x 3
∴ AE = Speed × Time y
⇒ 3h = 10 + x
=  × 40 m =
1800 7200 h h
m
 3 × 10  3 β ⇒ 3h = 10 + h [from Eq. (i)]
B E
OF = OC + CF = OC + AE y ⇒ ( 3 − 1) h = 10
x
900 7200 8100 Now, in ∆ACD, tanα = 10 3+1
= + = m y ∴ h= ×
3 3 3 3− 1 3+ 1
⇒ y = x cot α …(i)
EF 900 × 3 1 10( 3 + 1) 10( 3 + 1)
tanθ = = = x+h = =
Now, in ∆BCE, tanβ =
OF 8100 3 3
y 3− 1 2
∴ θ = tan − 1 
1  = 5( 3 + 1) = (5 3 + 5) m
 ⇒ y = ( x + h ) cot β …(ii)
3 3 
MATHEMATICS Height and Distance 167

27. (c) Let AB and CD are two towers. 30. (c) Let the height of the aeroplane above and in ∆ABD, tan 43° = h / 49 …(ii)
ln ∆DCB , tan 60° =
H the ground is h and QB = x m. 1 h
⇒ =
BC A cot 43° 49
H H 49
⇒ 3= ⇒ BC = ...(i) ⇒ =h
BC 3 30° cot 43°
D 45°
49
⇒ h=
h cot ( 90°− 47° )
A 49
H ⇒ h=
30° 45° tan 47°
P B 49
h Q ⇒ h= [using Eq. (i)]
20 m x  h
60° 30°  
B C Given that, PQ = 20 m, ∠APB = 30°  36 
In ∆ABC , tan30° =
h
⇒
1
=
h and ∠AQB = 45° ⇒ h 2 = 49 × 36
BC 3 BC Now, in ∆ABQ, ⇒ h = 7 × 6 = 42 m
⇒ BC = h 3 ...(ii) AB h h 34. (b) Here, CB = CN − BN
tan 45° = = ⇒ 1= ⇒ x = h…(i)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get QB x x = 20 − 10 = 10 m
H AB h
=h 3 and in ∆ABP, tan30° = = C
3 PB PQ + QB
∴ H =3 h 1 h

20 m
⇒ = A
28. (d) Let x be the breadth of the river and 3 20 + x 15° B

10 m

10 m
h be the height of the tree. ⇒ 3 h = 20 + x = 20 + h
A [from Eq. (i)]
M N
⇒ ( 3 h − h ) = 20
tan 15° = ( 45°− 30° ) 1
h ⇒ h ( 3 − 1) = 20 1−
3+ 1 tan 45°− tan 30° 3 = 3−1
∴h =
20
⋅ [rationalisation] = =
3− 1 3+ 1 1 − tan 45°⋅ tan 30° 1 − 1 3+1
30° 60° 3
B 40 m C x D 20 ( 3 + 1) 20 ( 3 + 1)
= = Now, in ∆ABC , tan 15° =
BC
h (3 − 1) 2
Now, in ∆ADC , tan 60° = AB
x = 10( 3 + 1) BC 10( 3 + 1)
h ⇒ AB = =
⇒ 3= ⇒ h = 3x ...(i) Hence, the required height is tan 15° ( 3 − 1)
x 10 ( 3 + 1) m. 10( 3 + 1) 3+1
h 1 = ×
Again, in ∆ADB, tan30° = =
x + 40 3 31. (b) Let AB be the lamp post of height h 3−1 3+1
⇒ h 3 = x + 40 and C be a point situated at a distance of = 10( 2 + 3 ) = 37.3 m
150 m from its foot B.
⇒ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ 3 = x + 40 [from Eq. (i)] A 35. (c) Let AB be tower of height h m and
⇒ 3x − x = 40 BC is the flag.
∴ x = 20 m C
So, the breadth of the river is 20 m. h 3m
B
29. (a) Let h be the height of the tower.
A 30º h
B 150 m C 45°
30°
In ∆ABC , we have D x A
h h 1 h
tan 30° = ⇒ = h
150 3 150 In ∆BDA, tan 30° =
x
150 150 × 3
60° 45° ∴ h= m= = 50 3 m ⇒ x = 3h …(i)
B 3 3 h+3
C 21 D
32. (b) Now, in ∆CDA, tan 45° =
x x
h h 33. (b) In ∆ACD, tan 47° = h / 36 …(i) ⇒x=h+3
In ∆ADC , tan 45° = ⇒1=
21 21 A ⇒ h = x − 3 = 3 h − 3 [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ h = 21m ...(i) ⇒ h( 1 − 3 ) = − 3
Again, in ∆ADB, 3 3( 3 + 1)
h h h ∴ h= =
tan 60° = ⇒ 3 = 3–1 2
x x
21 43° 47° = 15
. × 2.732 = 4.098 m
∴ x= =7 3m B
3 D
36 m
C = 4.10 m(approx)
[from Eq. (i)] 49 m
15
168 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PROPERTIES OF
TRIANGLES
In NDA exam, generally 1 question is asked from this chapter which is based on area of
triangle, sine/cosine rule, etc.

A triangle has six components, three sides and three angles. The three angles of a A
∆ABC are denoted by the letters A , B and C and the sides opposite to these angles by A
letters a, b and c respectively, i. e. a = BC, b = CA and c = AB. Semi-perimeter of the c b
a+ b+ c
∆ABC is , which is denoted by s and its area denoted by ∆.
2 B C
B a C
Also, sum of angles of a triangle is 180°, i.e. ∠ A + ∠ B + ∠C = 180 °

Sine Rule
sin A sin B sin C
In any ∆ABC, = = , i. e. the sines of the angles are proportional to the lengths of the
a b c
opposite sides.
a b c
Let = = = K (say)
sin A sin B sin C
1 1 1
Then, a = K sin A, b = K sin B, c = K sin C or sin A = a, sin B = b, sin C = c
K K K
EXAMPLE 1. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 5 : 6. The ratio of its sides is
a. ( 3 − 1) : ( 3 + 1) : 2 2 b. ( 3 − 1) : 2 2 : ( 3 + 1) c. 2 2 : ( 3 − 1) : ( 3 + 1) d. None of these
Sol. a. Let the angles be x°, 5x°, 6x°. Then, x + 5x + 6x = 180 ⇒ x = 15
∴ Angles are 15°, 75°, 90°.
( 3 − 1) ( 3 + 1)
∴ Ratio of sides = sin 15° : sin 75° : sin 90° = : : 1= ( 3 − 1) : ( 3 + 1) : 2 2
2 2 2 2

Cosine Rule
In any ∆ABC,
b2 + c 2 − a 2 a 2 + c 2 − b2
(i) a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 bc cos A or cos A = (ii) b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ac cos B or cos B =
2bc 2ac
a 2 + b2 − c 2
(iii) c = a + b − 2ab cos C or cos C =
2 2 2
2ab
MATHEMATICS > Properties of Triangles 169

EXAMPLE 2. The sides of triangle are 3x + y, 4x + 3y, Some Other Formulae

and 5x + 5y units, where x, y > 0. The triangle is
In any ∆ABC, by sin 2 θ = 2sin θ ⋅ cos θ
a right angled b. equilateral
2 2∆
c. obtuse angled d. None of these (i) sin A = s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c ) =
bc bc
Sol. c. Let a = 3x + 4y, b = 4x + 3y, and c = 5x + 5y. 2 2∆
(ii) sin B = s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c ) =
Clearly, c is the largest side and thus the largest angle C is ac ac
given by
2 2∆
a2 + b2 − c2 (iii) sin C = s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c ) =
cos C = ab ab
2ab
( 3x + 4y) 2 + ( 4x + 3y) 2 − ( 5x + 5y) 2 where, ∆ = area of scalene triangle, when a ≠ b ≠ c.
=
2 ( 3x + 4y) ( 4x + 3y)
Area of Triangle
−2xy
= <0 [since, x, y > 0] In a ∆ABC, if the sides of the triangle are a , b, c and
2 (12x2 + 25xy + 12y 2) corresponding angles are A , B and C respectively, then
⇒ C is an obtuse angle. area of triangle
1 1 1
Projection Formulae (i) ∆ = ab sin C, ∆ = bc sin A, ∆ = ca sin B
2 2 2
In any ∆ABC,
c 2 sin A sin B a 2 sin B sin C b 2 sin C sin A
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B (ii) b = c cos A + a cos C (ii) ∆ = ,∆= ,∆=
2 sin C 2 sin A 2sin B
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(iii) ∆ = s ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c )
Note Any side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the projections
of other two sides on it. EXAMPLE 4. The area of the ∆ABC, in which a = 1,
b = 2, ∠C = 60 °, is
Trigonometrical Ratios of 1 3
a. 4 sq units b. sq unit c. sq unit d. 3 sq units
Half Angles of a Triangle 2 2
Sol. c. Given, a = 1, b = 2, ∠C = 60°
In any ∆ABC, let s = ( a + b + c ) / 2, then
1 1
A ( s − b)( s − c ) B ( s − a)( s − c ) ∴ Area of triangle = ab sin C = × 1 × 2 × sin 60°
(i) sin = (ii) sin = 2 2
2 bc 2 ac 3
= sin 60° = sq unit
C ( s − a)( s − b) A s ( s − a) 2
(iii) sin = (iv) cos =
2 ab 2 bc Tangent Formulae or Napier’s
B s ( s − b) C s (s − c )
(v) cos = (vi) cos = Analogy or Law of Tangents
2 ac 2 ab
In any ∆ABC,
A ( s − b)( s − c ) B ( s − a)( s − c )
(vii) tan = (viii) tan =
2 s ( s − a) 2 s ( s − b)  B − C  b − c A
(i) tan   =  cot
 2   b + c 2
C ( s − a)( s − b)
(ix) tan =
2 s (s − c )  C − A   c − a B
(ii) tan   =  cot
 2   c + a 2
A C B
EXAMPLE 3. If in ∆ABC, sin sin = sin and 2s is  A − B  a − b C
2 2 2 (iii) tan   =  cot
 2   a + b 2
the perimeter of the triangle, then s is
a. 2b b. b c. 3b d. 4b
EXAMPLE 5. If in ∆ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and
A C B 4
Sol. a. Given, sin sin = sin cos ( A − B) = , then its area will be
2 2 2 5
( s − b)( s − c) ( s − a)( s − b) ( s − a)( s − c) s−b
∴ = ⇒ =1 a 7 sq units b. 8 sq units
bc ab ac b c. 9 sq units d. None of these
⇒ s = 2b
170 NDA/NA Pathfinder

4 The centres of the escribed circles are called excentres.

Sol. c. We have, a = 6, b = 3, cos ( A − B) =
5
 A − B

le
Let t = tan   , then

rc
 2 

ci
Ex
Excircle
1− t2 4 1− t
2
1 l3
A
r2
cos ( A − B) = 2 ⇒ = ⇒ t= r3
1+ t 5 1+ t2 3 l2
 A − B 1 C
So, tan   =
 2  3 B r1

 A − B a − b C l1
Then, tan   = cot
 2  a+ b 2
Excircle
1 6−3 C
⇒ = cot ⇒ C = 90° In any ∆ABC,
3 6 +3 2
∆ A A B C
Hence, ∆ =
1
(6) ( 3) sin 90° = 9 sq units
(i) r1 = = s tan = 4Rsin cos cos
2 s−a 2 2 2 2
∆ B B C A
Circumcircle of a Triangle (ii) r 2 = = s tan = 4Rsin cos cos
A s−b 2 2 2 2
A circle passing through the vertices
of a ∆ABC is called circumcircle and ∆ C C A B
(iii) r 3 = = s tan = 4Rsin cos cos
its radius is called circumradius (R) c b s−c 2 2 2 2
and its centre is known as O (iv) r1 + r 2 + r 3 = 4R + r
circumcentre. r1r 2r 3
Circumradius of triangle is given by B a C (v) r1r 2 + r 2r 3 + r 3r1 = s 2 =
r
a b c abc
R= = = = a cos B/ 2 cos C/ 2
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C 4∆ (vi) r1 =
cos A/ 2
Incircle of a Triangle b cos C / 2cos A / 2
(vii) r 2 =
The circle which can be inscribed within the triangle so cos B / 2
as to touch each of its sides is called its inscribed circle c cos A / 2cos B / 2
(viii) r 3 =
or incircle and its centre is called incentre and its radius cos C / 2
is called inradius (r).
1 1 1 s 1
In any ∆ABC, (ix) + + = =
r1 r 2 r 3 ∆ r
∆
(i) r = 2
s  A B C
and r1r 2r 3 = r 2 cot cot cot 
(ii) r = ( s − a) tan
A
= ( s − b) tan
B
= ( s − c ) tan
C  2 2 2
2 2 2
A B C EXAMPLE 6. If r1 = r2 + r3 + r , then triangle is
(iii) r = 4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2 a. right angled b. obtuse angled
a sin B/ 2 sin C/ 2 A c. equilateral d. None of these
(iv) r =
cos A/ 2 Sol. a. Q r1 − r = r2 + r3
b sin A/ 2 sin C/ 2 c b
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ s−s+ a s−c+ s−b
= O r ⇒ − = + ⇒ =
cos B/ 2 s−a s s−b s−c s( s − a) ( s − b)( s − c)
r
c sin B/ 2 sin A/ 2 a a
= B a C ⇒ = ⇒ s2 − ( b + c) s + bc = s2 − as
cos C/ 2 s( s − a) ( s − b)( s − c)
( b + c + a)( b + c − a)
Escribed Circles of a Triangle ⇒ s( − a + b + c) = bc ⇒ = bc
2
The circle which touches the sides BC and two sides ⇒ ( b + c) 2 − a2 = 2bc ⇒ b2 + c2 + 2bc − a2 = 2bc
AB and AC produced of a ∆ABC, is called the escribed ⇒ b2 + c2 = a2
circle opposite to the ∠A. Its radius is denoted by r1 . ∴ ∠A = 90°
Similarly, r 2 and r 3 denote the radii of the escribed
Thus, the triangle is right angled triangle.
circles opposite to the angles B and C, respectively.
MATHEMATICS > Properties of Triangles 171

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1 + cos( A − B) cos C 11. If A, B, C are in AP and b : c = 3 : 2, then what
1. is equal to
1 + cos( A − C ) cos B is the value of sinC?
a2 + b 2 b2 + c 2 (a) 1 (b) 1/ 3 (c) 3 (d) 1/ 2
(a) (b)
a +c
2 2
b −c
2 2
12. In a ∆ABC, if 2R + r = r1, then
c 2 − a2
(c) (d) None of these (a) ∠A = π / 2 (b) ∠B = π / 2
a2 + b 2 (c) ∠C = π / 2 (d) None of these
c − a cos B sin A sin( A − B)
2. In any ∆ABC, is equal to 13. If = , then the sides of ∆ABC are in
a − c cos B sin C sin( B − C )
cos A cos C sin A sin C (a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
(a) (b) (c) (d)
cos C cos A sin C sin A
14. If a cos A = b cos B, then ∆ABC is
A b+ c
3. If cos = , then (a) isosceles (b) right angled
2 2c (c) equilateral (d) Either (a) or (b)
(a) a2 + b 2 = c 2 (b) b 2 + c 2 = a2 cos A cos B cos C
(c) c 2 + a2 = b 2 (d) None of these 15. If = = and the side a = 2, then
a b c
4. If a = 16, b = 24, c = 20, then cos   is equal to area of triangle is
B
 2 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 3
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3 2
16. If in a ∆ABC, a + c = 2b, then the value of
5. The area of the ∆ABC, in which a = 1, b = 2, A C
∠C = 60°, is cot ⋅ cot is equal to
1
2 2
(a) 4 sq units (b) sq unit (a) 4.5 (b) 3 (c) 1.5 (d) 1
2
(c)
3
sq unit (d) 3 sq units
17. If a = 4, b = 3 and ∠A = 60°, then c is the root of
2 the equation
6. If c2 = a 2 + b2, then 4s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) is equal (a) c 2 − 3c − 7 = 0 (b) c 2 + 3c + 7 = 0
to (c) c − 3c + 7 = 0
2
(d) c 2 + 3c − 7 = 0
(a) s 4 (b) b 2c 2 (c) c 2 a2 (d) a2 b 2 18. The straight roads intersect at an angle of 60°. A
b +c −a
2 2 2 bus on one road is 2 km away from the
7. In any ∆ABC, equals intersection and a car on the other road is 3 km
4 cot A
away from the intersection. Then, the direct
(a) ∆ (b) 1/ ∆ (c) 2 ∆ (d) None of these distance between the two vehicles is
8. In a ∆ABC , a + b = 3 (1 + 3 ) cm and (a) 1 km (b) 2 km (c) 4 km (d) 7 km
a − b = 3 (1 − 3 ) cm. If ∠A is 30°, then what is 19. In a ∆ABC , a + b + c = 2( a + c )b , then the ∠B is
4 4 4 2 2 2

the measure of ∠B? (a) 45° , 135° (b) 45° , 45°

(a) 120° (b) 90° (c) 75° (d) 60° (c) 45° , 90° (d) None of these
9. ABC is a triangle in which BC = 10 cm, 20. ABC is a triangle in which AB = 6cm , BC = 8 cm
CA = 6 cm and AB = 8 cm. Which one of the and CA = 10 cm. What is the value of cot ( A/ 4)?
following is correct? (a) 5 −2 (b) 5+2 (c) 3 −1 (d) 3+1
(a) ABC is an acute angled triangle
a−b
(b) ABC is an obtuse angled triangle 21. In a ∆ABC, is equal to
a+b
(c) ABC is a right angled triangle
sin( A − B) cos( A − B)
(d) None of the above (a) (b)
sin( A + B) cos( A + B)
10. In a ∆ABC , if cos B = (sin A)/( 2 sin C ), then the A − B
tan  
triangle is  2 
(c) (d) None of these
A + B
tan 
(a) isosceles triangle (b) equilateral triangle

(c) right angled triangle (d) scalene triangle  2 
172 NDA/NA Pathfinder

22. In a ∆ABC, if cot A, cot B, cotC are in AP, then Directions (Q. Nos. 32-33) In a ∆ ABC,
2 2 2 b +c c + a a+ b
a , b , c are in = =
11 12 13
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
32. The ratio sin A : sin B : sin C is
23. In a ∆ABC, ( a + b + c)  tan + tan  is equal to
A B
 2 2 (a) 9 : 10 : 11 (b) 7 : 19 : 25
A B C (c) 7 : 6 : 5 (d) 13 : 12 : 11
(a) 2 acot (b) 2 b cot (c) 2c cot (d) None of these
2 2 2 33. The value of cos A is
24. In ∆ABC, if a = 7, b = 8 and c = 9, then the length (a) 1/5 (b) 19/35 (c) 5/7 (d) None of these
of line segment joining B to the mid-point of AC is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
Directions (Q. Nos. 34-35) In a ∆ABC, a = 5, b = 4
31
A B C and cos ( A − B) = . Then,
25. In ∆ABC, if cot : cot : cot = 3 : 5 : 7, then 32
2 2 2
a : b : c is equal to 34. Find the value of cos C.
(a) 4 : 5 : 6 (b) 5 : 6 : 4 (c) 6 : 5 : 4 (d) 6 : 4 : 5 1 4 6 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 7 8
26. In any ∆ABC, a cos A + b cos B + c cos C is equal to
(a) 4 R (b) sin A sin B sin C
35. Find the value of side c.
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 12
(c) R sin A sin B sin C (d) 4 R sin A sin B sin C
27. In a ∆ABC, consider the following statements. Directions (Q.Nos. 36-38) In any ∆ABC, tan
A 5
=
I. rr1r2r3 = ∆2 2 6
II. r1r2 + r2r3 + r3 r1 = s2 B 20
and tan =
Which of the above statement(s) is/are is correct? 2 37
(a) Only I (b) Only II C
36. What is the value of tan ?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 2
4 3 2
28. Consider the following statements (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 5 5
2C
B
I. In ∆ABC, b cos + c cos =s 2
2 2 37. The sides of the triangle a , b, c are in
A b+ c (a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
II. In ∆ABC, cot = ⇒ B = 90°
2 2
38. Consider the following statements
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? I. sin A , sin B, sin C are in HP.
(a) Only I (b) Only II II. Altitudes are in HP.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
29. In a triangle, the greatest angle is 120°, when (a) Only I (b) Only II
sides of triangle are (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
I. x, y and x2 + xy + y2, (x, y > 0)
II. a − b, a + b and 3a 2 + b2, (a , b > 0)
Directions (Q. Nos. 39-42) Given that
∆ = 6, r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6.
III. 2, 6 and 3 −1
39. Circumradius R is equal to
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 2.5 (b) 3.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 4.2
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) All of these
40. Inradius is equal to
Directions (Q. Nos. 30-31) In a ∆ABC , (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1.5 (d) 2.5
2 cos A cos B 2 cos C a b 41. Difference between the greatest and the least
+ + = + . Then,
a b c bc ac angle is
(a) cos −1   (b) tan−1  
4 3
30. b + c is equal to
2 2  5  4

(c) cos −1  
3
(a) a2 (b) ac (c) bc (d) ab (d) None of these
 5
31. ∆ABC is
(a) an equilateral triangle (b) a right angled triangle 42. The value of sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C is
(c) an isosceles triangle (d) Cannot be determined (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 2
MATHEMATICS > Properties of Triangles 173

Directions (Q. Nos. 43-46) If p1, p 2, p3 are altitudes

50. Consider the following statements e 2014 I
of a ∆ABC from the vertices A,B,C respectively and
∆ is the area of the triangle and s is semi-perimeter I. There exists no ∆ABC for which
of the triangle. sin A + sin B = sin C.
II. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3,
43. The value of p1−2 + p2−2 + p3−2 is then its sides will be in the ratio 1 : 3 : 2.
(Σa)2 (Πa)3 Σ a2 Πa2 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4∆ 2
8∆ 3
4∆2
8∆2 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
44. In the ∆ABC, the altitudes are in AP, then
(a) a, b, c are in AP (b) a, b, c are in HP 51. In a ∆ABC, c = 2, A = 45° and a = 2 2, then what
(c) a, b, c are in GP (d) angles A, B, C are in AP is C equal to? e 2014 II
sin A sin B sin C (a) 30° (b) 15°
45. The value of + + is
p1 p2 p3 (c) 45° (d) None of these
1 a2 + b 2 + c 2 1 1 52. In a ∆ABC, if a = (1 + 3 ) cm, b = 2 cm and
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R 4∆R ∆ r
∠ C = 60°, then the other two angles are e 2015 I
1 1 1 1
46. If + + = , then the least value of p1 p2 p3 is (a) 45° and 75° (b) 30° and 90°
p1 p2 p3 2 (c) 105° and 15° (d) 100° and 20°
(a) 8 (b) 27 (c) 125 (d) 216
Directions (Q. Nos. 53-54) Consider a ∆ABC
satisfying 2 a sin2   + 2c sin2   = 2 a + 2c − 3b
C A
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 2 2 e 2015 II
47. In a ∆ABC, if the angles A, B, C are in AP, then 53. The sides of the triangle are in
which one of the following is correct? e 2012 I (a) GP (b) AP (c) HP
(a) c = a + b (b) c 2 = a2 + b 2 − ab (d) Neither in GP nor AP nor in HP
(c) a2 = b 2 + c 2 − bc (d) b 2 = a2 + c 2 − ac
54. sin A, sin B, sin C are in
48. In any ∆ABC, a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30, then (a) GP (b) AP (c) HP
what is sin C equal to? e 2013 I (d) Neither in GP nor in AP nor in HP
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
55. If a, b and c are the sides of a ∆ABC, then
49. If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45° and 1 1 1
the included side is ( 3 + 1) cm, then what is the a + b − c , where p > 1, is
p p p

area of the triangle? e 2013 II (a) always negative

3 +1
(a) cm2 (b) 2 ( 3 + 1) cm2 (b) always positive
2 (c) always zero
3 +1 3 −1
(c) cm2 (d) cm2 (d) positive, if 1 < p < 2 and negative, if p > 2
3 2

ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 d 7 a 8 d 9 c 10 a
11 d 12 a 13 a 14 d 15 d 16 b 17 a 18 d 19 a 20 b
21 c 22 a 23 c 24 c 25 c 26 d 27 c 28 a 29 d 30 a
31 b 32 c 33 a 34 d 35 b 36 c 37 a 38 b 39 a 40 b
41 c 42 d 43 c 44 b 45 b 46 d 47 d 48 d 49 a 50 c
51 a 52 a 53 b 54 b 55 b
174 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 + cos( A − B ) cos C 9. (c) 14. (d) k sin A cos A = k sin B cos B
1. (a)
1 + cos( A − C ) cos B sin A [by sine rule]
10. (a) Given, cos B =
⇒ sin 2 A = sin 2B
= 1 − cos( A − B ) cos( A + B ) 2 sin C
1 − cos( A − C ) cos( A + C ) a 2 + c2 − b 2 a ⇒ 2 A = 2B or ( π − 2B )
⇒ = [by sine rule]
[in a triangle,cos C = − cos( A + B ) 2ac 2c So, A = B , i.e. ∆ABC is isosceles.
and cos B = − cos ( A + C )] π π
⇒ a 2 + c2 − b 2 = a 2 or A + B = , so that C =
2 2
= 1 − (cos 2 − sin 2 B )
2 A 2
⇒ b 2 = c2 ⇒ b = c
1 − (cos A − sin C ) i.e. ∆ABC is right angled.
Since, two sides of angle are equal, so
sin 2 A + sin 2 B a 2 + b 2 triangle is isosceles. 15. (d) By sine rule,
= = 2 cos A cos B cos C
sin 2 A + sin 2 C a + c2 11. (d) Given, A , B and C are in AP. = =
K sin A K sin B K sin C
⇒ 2B = A + C ...(i)
2. (a) Using c = a cos B + b cos A and
a = b cos C + c cos B from the projection and in ∆ABC , A + B + C = π ...(ii) ⇒ tan A = tan B = tan C
π
formula, we get the given expression, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), B = = 60° ⇒ Triangle is equilateral.
a cos B + b cos A − a cos B cos A 3 1
= By sine formula, ∴ ∆ = a ⋅ a sin 60° = 3 as a = 2
b cos C + c cos B − c cos B cos C 2
sin B sin C c
A b+c = ⇒ sinC = ⋅ sin B 16. (b)
3. (a) Given, cos = b c b
2 2c 2  b 3 17. (a) By cosine rule,
b+c = ⋅ sin 60°  given, =
⇒ cos 2 A
= 3  c 2  cos A =
b 2 + c2 − a 2
2 2c 2bc
2 3 1
s( s − a ) b + c = × =
⇒ = 3 2 2 (3 ) 2 + c 2 − ( 4 ) 2
bc 2c ∴ cos 60° =
12. (a) Given, 2R + r = r 2 ×3 × c
⇒ 2s ( s − a ) = b( b + c ) 1
1 9 + c 2 − 16
⇒ ( a + b + c )( b + c − a ) = 2b( b + c ) ⇒ 2R = r − r ⇒ =
1
A B C 2 2 ×3 × c
⇒ ( b + c )2 − a 2 = 2b 2 + 2bc ⇒ 2R = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2 ⇒ 3c = c 2 − 7
⇒ c2 = a 2 + b 2 A
−4R sin sin sin
B C ⇒ c − 3c − 7 = 0
2

4. (a) 5. (c) 2 2 2 18. (d) a = 2, b = 3, ∠C = 60°

6. (d) Q c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ⇒ ∠C = 90° A
⇒ 2R = 4R sin Bus
2
∴ 4s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) = 4∆2
2  cos B cos C − sin B sin C 
= 4  ab  = a 2 b 2
1  2 2 2 2  2 km
2 
B+C
⇒ 2R = 4R sin cos 
A

b 2 + c2 − a 2 b 2 + c2 − a 2 2  2 
7. (a) = sin A 60°
B+C π A
1 = 2 sin 2 Q = − 
4 cot A 4 cos A A
⇒ Car 3 km
b 2 + c2 − a 2 2  2 2 2 
= × 2bc × sin A
4 ( b 2 + c2 − a 2 ) A 1 π
⇒ sin = ⇒ ∠A = ∴ c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos 60°
2 2 2
1 1
= × bc × sin A = ∆ 13. (a) We know that, = 13 − 12 ⋅ = 7 ⇒ c = 7 km
2 2
sin C = sin{ π − ( A + B )} = sin( A + B )
c + a −b 
2 2 2
8. (d) a + b = 3 ( 1 + 3 ) ...(i) and sin A = sin( B + C ) 19. (a) cos B =  
a − b = 3(1− 3) ...(ii) sin A sin( A − B )  2ca 
∴ =
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get sin C sin( B − C )  a 4 + b 4 + c 4 − 2b 2 c 2 
a = 3 and b = 3 3 sin( B + C ) sin( A − B )  
⇒ =  − 2a 2 b 2 + 2a 2 c 2 
By sine rule,
sin A
=
sin B sin( A + B ) sin( B − C ) ⇒ cos B =
2  
a b ⇒ sin 2 B − sin 2 C = sin 2 A − sin 2 B 4a 2 c 2
sin 30° sin B 1 sin B 1
⇒ = ⇒ = [Q sin ( A + B ) ⋅ sin ( A − B ) ⇒ cos 2 B =
3 3 3 2 3 2
3 = sin 2 A − sin 2 B] ⇒ cos B = ±
1
⇒ sin B = ⇒ sin B = sin 60° ⇒ b − c = a2 − b2
2 2 2
2
∴ B = 60° ⇒ 2b 2 = a 2 + c 2 ∴ B = 45° or 135°
So, a, b and c are in AP. 20. (b) Here, a = 8, b = 10 and c = 6 cm
MATHEMATICS Properties of Triangles 175

8 + 10 + 6 ( s − c) [ 2s − ( a + b )] 27. (c) We have,

s = = 12 = ( 2s ) ⋅
2 s ( s − a ) ( s − b) ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
r rr r = × × ×
A ( 12 − 10)( 12 − 6) 1 2 3
s −a s −b s −c
∴ tan = 1 s( s − c) C
s
2 12( 12 − 8) = 2( s )c ⋅ ⋅ = 2c cot ∆4
s ( s − a) ( s − b) 2 = = ∆2
=
1
=
1
⇒ cot
A
=2 ∆2
4 2 2 24. (c) Let D be the mid-point of AC . Then, So, Statement I is true.
AD = DC = 4 Now, r r + r r + r r
Now, cot   = cot  + 
A A A 1 2 2 3 31
 2 4 4 Let BD = K ∆2 ∆2
= +
2 A A From ∆ABC , we have ( s − a )( s − b ) ( s − b )( s − c )
cot − 1 cot 2 − 1
= 4 = 4 b 2 + c 2 − a 2 ( 64 + 81 − 49) 2 ∆2
A A cos A = = = +
2 cot 2 cot 2bc ( 2 × 8 × 9) 3 ( s − c )( s − a )
4 4
A = s( s − c) + s( s − a ) + s( s − b )
 A
Let cot   = x
 4 4 = s( s − a + s − b + s − c) = s 2
x2 − 1 9 D So, Statement II is also true.
∴ 2= ⇒ x 2 − 4x − 1 = 0
2x 4 C B
28. (a) We have, b cos 2 + c cos 2
4 ± 16 + 4 2 2
⇒ x = = 2± 5 B 7 C
2 From ∆ABD, we have s( s − c) s( s − b )
=b + c
Since, A is an acute angle. 92 + 42 − K 2 ab ac
cos A = s
= ( 2s − b − c ) = s
∴ cot   = 2 + 5
A
2×9×4 a
 4
2 97 − K 2
a − b K sin A − K sin B ⇒ = ⇒ K 2 = 49, So, Statement I is true.
21. (c) = 3 72
a + b K sin A + K sin B A b+c
i.e. K =7 Now, let cot =
(sin A − sin B ) 2 a
= Hence, BD = 7
(sin A + sin B ) cos
A
A + B A − B A B C
25. (c) cot : cot : cot = 3 : 5 : 7 ⇒ 2 = sin B + sin C
2 cos   sin   2 2 2 A
 2   2  sin sin A
= s( s − a ) s( s − b ) s( s − c) 2
A + B A − B ⇒ = 3:5: 7
2 sin   cos   : :
 2   2  ∆ ∆ ∆ A 2 sin  B + C  cos  B − C 
cos
⇒ ( s − a ):( s − b ):( s − c ) = 3 : 5 : 7 2 =  2   2 
A − B ⇒
tan   ( b + c − a ) ( c + a − b ) ( a + b − c) A A A
 2  ⇒ : : sin 2 sin cos
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
A + B
tan   = 3:5: 7 B −C 
 2  A
⇒ cos = cos   
⇒ ( b + c − a ): ( c + a − b ) : ( a + b − c ) 2  2 
22. (a) Since, cot A, cot B, cot C are in AP.
= 3:5: 7 A B −C
⇒ cot B − cot A = cot C − cot B ⇒ =
cos B cos A cos C cos B Let b + c − a = 3 K , c + a − b = 5K 2 2
⇒ − = −
sin B sin A sin C sin B and a + b − c = 7K ⇒A+C =B
sin( A − B ) sin( B − C ) Adding, ( a + b + c ) = 15K ⇒ 2B = 180°
⇒ =
sin A sin C ∴ 2a = 12K , 2b = 10K , 2c = 8K ⇒ B = 90°
sin( A − B ) sin( B − C ) ⇒ a : b : c = 6:5: 4 A b+c
⇒ = But, Statement II is cot =
sin[ π − ( B + C )] sin[ π − ( A + B )] 26. (d) a cos A + b cos B + c cos C 2 2
⇒ sin( A − B ) sin( A + B ) = 2R sin A cos A + 2R sin B cos B So, Statement II is not true.
= sin( B − C ) sin( B + C ) + 2R sin C cos C 29. (d) I. Clearly, x 2 + xy + y 2
⇒ sin 2 A − sin 2 B = sin 2 B − sin 2 C [Q a = 2 R sin A , b = 2 R sin B
⇒ a 2 − b 2 = b 2 − c2 is the greatest side.
and c = 2 R sin C ]
⇒ a , b , c 2 are in AP.
2 2 x 2 + y 2 − ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
= R (sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C ) ∴ cos θ =
2xy
23. (c) Given expression
= R [ 2 sin ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )
 ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − c )  −1
= ( 2s )  + + 2 sin C cos C ] =
 s( s − a ) s ( s − b )  = 2 R [sin ( π − C ) cos ( A − B ) 2
−1
( s − c)  ( s − b ) ( s − a)  + sin C cos { π − ( A + B )}] ⇒ θ = cos −1   = 120°
= ( 2s )  2
 ( s − a) + ( s − b ) 
= 2 R [sin C {cos ( A − B )
s 
− cos ( A + B )}] So, Statement I is true.
= 4 R sin A sin B sin C
176 NDA/NA Pathfinder

II. 3a 2 + b 2 is the greatest side. a−b C 1 ∆ 6 6

⇒ ⋅ cot = 40. (b) r = = = =1
a+ b 2 63 s 3+ 4+5 6
( a − b )2 + ( a + b )2 
   A − B a−b C 2
 − (3 a 2 + b 2 )  Q tan   = cot 
  a+ b 41. (c) Since, the triangle is right angled,
∴ cos θ =    2 2
 greatest angle is 90°.
2( a − b )( a + b ) 1 C 1 C 7
2a 2 + 2b 2 − 3a 2 − b 2 ⇒ cot = ⇒ tan = Also, the least angle is opposite to side a,
= 9 2 63 2 3
2( a 2 − b 2 ) C 7 which is sin −1  .
3
1 − tan 2 1− 5
−( a 2 − b 2 ) −1 Now, cos C = 2 = 9 = 1
= =
∴ Difference = 90° – sin −1  
2C 7 8 3
2( a 2 − b 2 ) 2 1 + tan 1+
2 9 5
− 1  − 1
∴ θ = cos   = 120° = cos −1  
3
 2 35. (b) Q c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
1 5
So, Statement II is also true. ∴ c 2 = 25 + 16 − 40 × = 36 ⇒ c = 6
8 42. (d) Since, side c of ∆ABC is greatest.
III. We have, ∴ ∠C = 90° and ∠B = 90° – A
A 5 B 20
( 2)2 + ( 3 − 1)2 − ( 6 )2 36. (c) We have, tan = and tan =
cos θ = 2 6 2 37 ∴ sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C
2( 2)( 3 − 1) 5 20
+ = sin 2 A + sin 2 ( 90°− A ) + sin 2 90°
4 + 4 − 2 3 − 6 −1 A + B
⇒ tan 
= = 305
 = 6 37 = = sin 2 A + cos 2 A + 1 = 2
4( 3 − 1) 2  2  5 20 122
1− × Sol. (Q. Nos. 43-46) AD = p ,
− 1  − 1 6 37 1
⇒ θ = cos   = 120°
 2  π C  305 C 305 BE = p and CF = p
⇒ tan  −  = ⇒ cot = 2 3
So, Statement III is also true. 2 2  122 2 122 A
C 122 2
30. (a) We have, ⇒ tan = = E
2 cos A cos B 2 cosC a b 2 305 5 F
+ + = +
A C 5 2 1 b
a b c bc ac 37. (a) tan ⋅ tan = × = c
Multiplying both sides by abc, 2 2 6 5 3
2bc cos A + ac cos B +2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 ∆ ∆ 1
⇒ × =
( c2 + a 2 − b 2 ) s( s − a ) s( s − c) 3 B D a C
⇒ ( b 2 + c2 − a 2 ) +
2 s −b 1 1 1 1
⇒ = Q ∆ = ⋅ a⋅ p = ⋅ b⋅ p = c⋅ p
1 2 3
+ ( a 2 + b 2 − c2 ) = a 2 + b 2 s 3 2 2 2
⇒ c 2 + a 2 − b 2 = 2a 2 − 2b 2 ⇒ 2s = 3b ⇒ a + c = 2b 2∆ 2∆ 2∆
∴ p = ,p = ,p =
⇒ b 2 + c2 = a 2 ∴ a , b , c are in AP. 1
a 2 b 3
c
−2 −2 −2
31. (b) Since, b 2 + c 2 = a 2 38. (b) Since, a , b , c are in AP. 43. (c) p + p + p
1 2 3

Hence, ∆ABC is a right angled triangle. ⇒ sin A , sin B , sin C are in AP. −2 −2 −2
2∆  2∆  2∆ 
So, Statement I is not correct. =   +   +  
 a   b   c 
Sol. (Q. Nos 32-33) Let P , P , P be the altitudes of ∆ABC .
b+ c c+ a
= =
a+ b
= k. Then,
1 2 3
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 Σa 2
Let Q a , b , c are in AP. = =
11 12 13 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 4∆2 4∆2
b + c = 11k, c + a = 12k, a + b = 13k ⇒ , , are in AP.
P P P 44. (b) Q p , p , p are in AP.
On adding, we get 2( a + b + c ) = 36k 1 2 3 1 2 3

⇒ a + b + c = 18k ⇒ P , P , P are in HP. 2∆ 2∆ 2∆

1 2 3 ⇒ , , are in AP.
∴ a = 7k, b = 6k and c = 5k So, Statement II is correct. a b c
sin A sin B sin C Sol. (Q. Nos. 39-42) We have, ∴ a , b , c are in HP.
32. (c) Since, = =
a b c ∆ ∆ sin A sin B sin C
r = = 2, r = = 3, 45. (b) + +
⇒ sin A : sin B : sin C = a : b : c = 7 : 6 : 5 1
s −a 2
s −b p p p
1 2 3
b 2 + c2 − a 2 ∆
33. (a) cos A = r = =6 2∆ 2∆ 2∆
2bc
3
s −c
Given, ∆ = 6 = bc + ca + ab
36k 2 + 25k 2 − 49k 2 12k 2 1 p p p
= = = 1 2 3
2 ⋅ ( 6 k ) (5 k ) 60k 2 5 ∴ s − a =3 ⇒ b+ c−a = 6 …(i)
 1 1 1 
s − b = 2 ⇒ a+ c−b = 4 …(ii) = 2∆  + +
A − B  p bc p ca p ab 
34. (d) We know that, tan   s − c = 1 ⇒ a + b − c = 2 …(iii)  1 
 2 
2 3
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
= 2∆ 
31 a b c 
1− + + 
1 − cos( A − B ) 32 = 1 a = 3, b = 4, c = 5.  2∆bc 2∆ca 2∆ab 
= =
1 + cos ( A − B ) 31 abc 60
1+ 63 39. (a) R = = = 2.5 abc  a 2 + b 2 + c 2  a 2 + b 2 + c 2
32 4∆ 24 =   =
2R  2∆abc  4∆R
MATHEMATICS Properties of Triangles 177

1
+
1
+
1
=
1 ( 3 + 1) 2 2 4 + 6 − ( 1 + 3 )2
46. (d) Given, ⇒ AC = × = 2 =
p
1
p p
2
2
3 2 ( 3 + 1) 2×2× 6
AM > GM ∴ Area of ∆ ABC 3− 3 3 3 −1
Q
1 = =
1
+
1
+
1 = × BC × AC × sin 105° 2 6 2 6
1/3 2
p p p  1 1 1 3−1
1 2 3 ≥  . .  1 ( 3 + 1) 3+1 =
= ×2× 2 × = cm 2
3  p1 p2 p3  2 2 2 2 2 2
3 = cos 75°
 1 50. (c) I. Given that, sin A + sin B = sin C
 2 1
or   ≥ ( aK ) + ( bK ) = ( cK ) ∴ A = 75°,
3 p p p
1 2 3 ⇒ a+ b=c B = 45°
 
∴ p p p ≥ 216 It is not possible, because the sum of and C = 60°
1 2 3
the length of two sides of a triangle
47. (d) Given angles A , B and C are in AP. is always greater than the length of 53. (b) We have,
Thus, 2B = A + C the third side. C A
2a sin 2 + 2 c sin 2
In ∆ABC , ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° Hence, there exists no ∆ABC for 2 2
2B + B = 180° ⇒ B = 60° which sin A + sin B = sin C . = 2a + 2c − 3b
According to cosine rule, II. Given that, the ratio of the angles of ⇒ a ( 1 − cos C ) + c ( 1 − cos A )
a 2 + c2 − b 2 a triangle are A : B : C = 1 : 2 : 3. = 2a + 2c − 3b
cos B = = cos 60°
2ac Let A = α, B = 2α and C = 3α
⇒ ( a + c ) – ( a cos C + c cos A )
1 a 2 + c2 − b 2 We know that, A + B + C = 180°
⇒ = = 2a + 2c – 3b
2 2ac ⇒ α + 2α + 3α = 180°
⇒ a + c − b = 2a + 2c − 3b
⇒ ac = a 2 + c 2 − b 2 ⇒ 6α = 180° ⇒ α = 30°
[Q b = a cos C + c cos A]
⇒ b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − ac ∴ A = 30°, B = 60° and C = 90°
⇒ − a − c = − 2b
48. (d) Given that, a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30 ∴ a : b : c = sin A : sin B : sin C
[by sine rule] ⇒ a + c = 2b
Now, by cosine law,
= sin 30° : sin 60° : sin 90° Hence, a, b, c are in AP.
 −c + a + b 
2 2 2
cos C =   1 3 54. (b) Since, a, b, c are in AP.
 2ab  = : : 1 = 1: 3 : 2
2 2 So, K sin A, K sin B, K sin C also in
(18) + (24) − (30)
2 2 2
= Hence, Statement II is correct. AP, where K is an any non-zero
2 × 18 × 24 constant.
324 + 576 − 900 900 − 900 51. (a) By sine rule,
= = = 0 a b c ∴ sin A, sin B, sin C are in AP.
864 864 = =
⇒ cos C = cos 90° ⇒ ∠ C = 90° sin A sin B sin C 55. (b) Since, a, b and c are sides of a triangle
∴ sin C = sin 90° = 1 c ⋅ sin A 2 ⋅ sin 45°
⇒ sin C = = ∴ a, b and c are positive numbers
49. (a) Let ∠A = 30° , ∠B = 45° and a 2 2
1 1 1 and a + b>c
AB = 3 + 1 = ⋅ = = sin 30°
2 2 2 Therefore, for p> 0
Then, ∠C = 180° − ( ∠A + ∠B )
∴ C = 30° ( a + b )1 / p > c1 / p ...(i)
⇒ ∠C = 180° − (30° + 45° ) = 105°
sin 30° sin 105° 52. (a) Here, a = 1 + 3, b = 2, ∠C = 60° Now, for any two positive numbers
By sine rule, = and p > 1
BC 3+1 a + b −c
2 2 2
∴ cosC = ( a )1 / p + ( b )1 / p > ( a + b )1 / p
 2 2  1 ...(ii)
⇒ BC = ( 3 + 1) ×  × = 2 2ab
 3 + 1 2 ( 1 + 3 )2 + ( 2)2 − c 2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
B ⇒ cos 60° =
2( 1 + 3 ) ⋅ 2 ( a )1 / p + ( b )1 / p > ( c )1 / p
45° (√3 + 1) ⇒ ( a )1 / p + ( b )1 / p − ( c )1 / p > 0
⇒ 2 + 2 3 = 4 + 2 3 + 4 − c2
⇒ c2 = 8 − 2 = 6 ⇒ c = 6 ⇒ a1 / p + b1 / p > c1 / p
105°
30° b 2 + c2 − a 2
A ∴ cos A =
C 2bc
sin 45° sin 105°
Again, by sine rule, =
AC 3+1
16
178 CDS Pathfinder

COORDINATE SYSTEM AND

STRAIGHT LINES
In NDA exam, generally 5-7 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on section
formula, area of triangle, equation of straight line in different conditions, angle between two
lines, distance of a point from a line, etc.

COORDINATE SYSTEM
A system in which points are defined as the ordered pair ( x, y) is called the coordinate system. Here, x
and y are called abscissa and ordinate, respectively.

Cartesian Coordinates
In coordinate system, there are two mutually perpendicular straight lines
XOX ′ and YOY ′, called X and Y-axes, respectively.
These axes divide the coordinate plane into four parts called quadrants. OX
and OX ′ are called positive and negative directions, respectively of X-axis
and similarly OY and OY ′ are called positive and negative directions,
respectively of Y-axis.

Distance Formula
The distance between any two points in the plane is the length of the line segment joining them.

Let P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) be any two points in the XY-plane, then

| PQ | = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2

or | PQ | = (Difference of abscissas) 2 + (Difference of ordinates) 2

Note Distance between the origin O(0, 0) and the point P ( x , y) is OP = x 2 + y2 .

MATHEMATICS > Coordinate System and Straight Lines 179

EXAMPLE 1. Find a point P, which is equidistant from Sol. Let A = (1, − 2), B = ( 3, 6), C = ( 5, 10) and D = ( 3, 2)
the three points A (0, 1), B (1, 0) and C (4, 3). Now, using distance formula
a. (1, 2) b. ( 2, 2)
AB = (1 − 3) 2 + ( − 2 − 6) 2 = 2 17
c. ( 2, 3) d. ( 3, 3)
BC = ( 3 − 5) 2 + (6 − 10) 2 = 2 5
Sol. . Let P ( a, b) be the required point.
CD = ( 5 − 3) 2 + (10 − 2) 2 = 2 17
Then, PA = PB = PC or PA2 = PB 2 = PC 2.
Now, PA2 = PB 2 ⇒ a2 + ( b − 1) 2 = ( a − 1) 2 + b2 AD = (1 − 3) 2 + ( − 2 − 2) 2 = 2 5
⇒ a2 + b2 − 2b + 1 = a2 − 2a + 1+ b2 ⇒ b = a
AC = (1 − 5) 2 + ( − 2 − 10) 2 = 4 10
and PA2 = PC 2
⇒ a + ( b − 1) 2 = ( a − 4) 2 + ( b − 3) 2
2 and BD = ( 3 − 3) 2 + (6 − 2) 2 = 4
⇒ a + b2 − 2b + 1 = a2 − 8a + 16 + b2 − 6b + 9
2
Clearly, we have
⇒ 8a + 4b − 24 = 0 AB = CD, BC = AD and AC ≠ BD
On substituting b = a, we get 12a − 24 = 0 Thus, ABCD is a parallelogram.
⇒ a=2
Hence, the required point is P ( 2, 2). Section Formulae
Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) be the two given points
Applications of Distance Formula
and the point P ( x, y) divide the line joining the points
1. Collinear Points A and B in the ratio m : n, then
Three points in α − y plane will be collinear, if sum of
distances between two pairs of points is equal to
third pair of points.
2. Three Points In A Plane
Any three non-collinear points always form a
(i) Point of internal division
triangle. Given three points would form a
 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 
(i) Isosceles triangle If lengths of any two sides ( x, y) =  , 
 m+ n m+ n 
are equal.
(ii) Equilateral triangle If lengths of all three (ii) Point of external division
sides are equal.  mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1 
( x, y) =  , 
(iii) Right angled triangle If sum of squares of  m− n m− n 
lengths of two sides is equal to length of third
side.
3. Four points in a plane
Any four non-collinear points form a quadrilateral.
Given four points would form
x + x 2 y1 + y2 
(i) Square If all four sides are equal and diagonals Note If P is the mid-point of AB, then P( x , y) =  1 , .
 2 2 
are also equal.
(ii) Rhombus If all four sides are equal. EXAMPLE 3. The coordinates of the point dividing
(iii) Rectangle If opposite sides are equal and internally the lines joining the points (4, − 2) and (8, 6)
diagonals are equal. in the ratio 7 : 5 will be
c.  ,  d.  , 
19 8 8 19
(iv) Parallelogram If opposite sides are equal. a. (16, 18) b. (18, 16)
 3 3 3 3 
Note In a parallelogram, diagonals cut each other at mid-point.
l
Sol. c. Let the coordinates of the required point be ( x, y).
l In a rhombus, diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
4 × 5+ 8 ×7 19 − 2× 5+ 6 ×7 8
Then, x = = and y = =
EXAMPLE 2. Figure formed from the four 7+ 5 3 7+ 5 3
coordinates (1, − 2), (3, 6), (5, 10) and (3, 2) is  19 8
∴ Required coordinates =  , 
a. Square b. Rectangle  3 3
c. Rhombus d. Parallelogram
180 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Area of a Triangle Incentre of a Triangle

Let A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x 3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of If (x, y) is the incentre of the ∆ABC, where A ( x1 , y1 ),
a ∆ ABC, then
B ( x 2 , y 2 ), C ( x 3 , y 3 ) are coordinates and a, b, c are the sides
x1 y1 1
1  ax + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
Area of ∆ ABC = x 2 y 2 1 of the triangle, then  1 , 
2  a+ b+ c a+ b+ c 
x3 y3 1
1 will be incentre of a triangle.
∆ = | x1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 2 ) |
2 Circumcentre of a Triangle
Note The three points A ( x 1, y1 ), B ( x 2, y2 ) and C ( x 3, y3 ) are collinear,
If P ( x, y) is the circumcentre of ∆ABC, then
if the area of ∆ABC is zero. PA = PB = PC …(i)
We can determine the coordinates of P by simplifying
EXAMPLE 4. For what value of k are the points Eq. (i) for x and y.
(k , 2 − 2k ), (− k + 1, 2k ) and (− 4 − k , 6 − 2k ) are collinear?
1 1 Note The circumcentre of a right angled triangle is the mid-point of
a. b. 1 c. or − 1 d. − 1 its hypotenuse.
2 2
Sol. c. Let three given points be A = ( x1, y1) = ( k , 2 − 2k) Orthocentre of a Triangle
B = ( x 2 , y 2) = ( − k + 1, 2k) The coordinates of the orthocentre of a triangle,
and C = ( x 3 , y 3) = ( −4 − k , 6 − 2k). whose vertices are A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x 3 , y 3 )
If the given points are collinear, then ∆ = 0. is given by
⇒ x1( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1) + x 3 ( y1− y 2 ) = 0  x1 tan A + x 2 tan B + x 3 tan C
 ,
⇒ k(2k − 6 + 2k) + ( − k + 1)(6 − 2k − 2 + 2k)  tan A + tan B + tan C
+ ( − 4 − k)(2 − 2k − 2k) = 0 y1 tan A + y 2 tan B + y 3 tan C 
⇒ k(4 k − 6) − 4( k − 1) + (4 + k)(4 k − 2) = 0 
tan A + tan B + tan C 
⇒ 4 k 2 − 6 k − 4 k + 4 + 4 k 2 + 14 k − 8 = 0
⇒ 8k 2 + 4 k − 4 = 0 ⇒ 2k 2 + k − 1 = 0
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
⇒ (2k − 1)( k + 1) = 0
1 (i) Orthocentre of the right angled ∆ABC , right angled at A,
⇒ k = or − 1 is A.
2
1 (ii) Orthocentre of a triangle will lie inside, if triangle is
Hence, the given points are collinear for k = or k = − 1. acute and in case of obtuse triangle, orthocentre will lie
2
outside.
Area of Quadrilateral (iii) In a ∆ABC , the circumcentre S, centroid G and
orthocentre O are collinear and SG : GO = 1 : 2
Area of quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A ( x1 , y1 ),
(iv) In equilateral triangle, orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre
B( x 2 , y 2 ), C( x 3 , y 3 ) and D( x 4 , y 4 ) taken in order is and incentre coincide.
1 x1 − x 3 y1 − y 3
Area =
2 x2 − x4 y2 − y4 Excentre of Triangle
There are three excentres in a triangle. Coordinate of
DIFFERENT POINTS RELATED each can be obtained by changing the sign of a, b, c
respectively in the formula of incentre as given by I1 , I 2
TO TRIANGLE and I 3 . The coordinates of I1 are given by
Centroid of a Triangle  − ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 − ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
The coordinates of the centroid G of a triangle, whose  , 
 − a+ b+ c − a+ b+ c 
vertices are A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ( x 3 , y 3 ) is given
 x + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3  EXAMPLE 5. The vertices of a triangle are
by  1 , . A (5, − 1), B (−1, 5) and C (6, 6). Find the coordinates of
 3 3 
the circumcentre.
 10 10   23 23  28 28 
Note If D, E and F are the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB of a a.  ,  b.  ,  c.  ,  d. None of these
∆ABC, then centroid of ∆ABC = centroid of ∆DEF.  3 3  8 8  3 3
MATHEMATICS > Coordinate System and Straight Lines 181

Sol. . Let P ( x, y ) be the circumcentre of the ∆ABC. Slopes in Different Conditions

Then, PA = PB = PC or PA = PB = PC
2 2 2
(i) Slope of X-axis or a line parallel to X-axis is
Now, PA2 = PB 2 , m = tan 0 ° = 0
we get ( x − 5) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 5) 2
(ii) Slope of Y-axis or a line parallel to Y-axis is
⇒ x + y 2 − 10x + 2y + 26 = x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 10y + 26
2
π
⇒ x − y =0 …(i) m = tan = ∞
Now, PB 2 = PC 2, we get 2
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = ( x − 6) 2 + ( y − 6) 2 (iii) The slope of the line joining the points ( x1 , y1 ) and
⇒ x + y 2 + 2x − 10y + 26 = x 2 + y 2 − 12x − 12y + 72
2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) is obtained as
y − y1 Difference of ordinates
⇒ 7x + y − 23 = 0 …(ii) m= 2 =
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x = 23 / 8 and y = 23 / 8 x 2 − x1 Difference of abscissas
Hence, the coordinates of the circumcentre are (23/8, 23/8).
Angle between Two Lines
LOCUS OF A POINT Let θ be the angle between two lines of slopes m1 and
m − m1
The curve described by a point which moves under m2 , then tan θ = ± 2
1 + m1 m2
given condition or conditions is called its locus. The
equation of the locus of a point is the relation which is Above lines are parallel, if m1 = m2
satisfied by the coordinates of every point on the locus and lines are perpendicular, if m1 m2 = −1
of the point.
Some Facts about General
EXAMPLE 6. The sum of the squares of the distances Equation of Line ax + by + c = 0
of a moving point from two fixed points (p, 0) and
(i) The slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is
(−p, 0) is equal to a constant quantity 2λ 2 , find the
a Coefficient of x
equation of the locus. m= − = −
b Coefficient of y
a. x2 + y2 = λ2 − p2 b. x2 + y2 = λ2 + p2
c. x2 − y2 = λ2 − p2 d. x2 − y2 = λ2 + p2 (ii) Let two straight lines be given by
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0
Sol. . Let P (h, k) be any position of the moving point and
Then, the lines are
A ( p, 0), B ( − p, 0) be the given points.
a1 b1 c1
Then, PA2 + PB 2 = 2λ2 (a) coincident or identical, if = =
⇒ (h − p) + ( k − 0) + (h + p) + ( k − 0) 2 = 2λ2
2 2 2 a 2 b2 c 2
⇒ h − 2ph + p2 + k 2 + h2 + 2ph + p2 + k 2 = 2λ2
2
(b) parallel, if their slopes are equal, i.e.
⇒ 2h2 + 2 k 2 + 2p2 = 2λ2 a a a1 a 2
m1 = m2 or − 1 = − 2 or =
⇒ h2 + k 2 = λ2 − p2 b1 b2 b1 b2
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is x + y = λ2 − p2.
2 2
(c) perpendicular, if the product of their slopes is
−1, i.e. m1 m2 = − 1
STRAIGHT LINES  a  a 
A straight line is the locus of all those points which are or  − 1   − 2  = − 1 or a1 a 2 + b1 b2 = 0
collinear with two given points.  b1   b2 
The equation of a straight line l is a linear relationship a1 b1
(d) intersecting, if ≠
in x and y, i.e. it is a first degree polynomial equation in a 2 b2
x and y. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where (iii) The equation of a line which is
a, b and c are constants, represents a straight line in (a) parallel to ax + by + c = 0 can be written as
general form.
ax + by + k = 0 [Q m1 = m2 ]
Slope or Gradient of a Line (b) perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 can be written
The trigonometrical tangent of the angle α (α ≠ π / 2) as bx − ay + k = 0 [Q m1 m2 = − 1]
which a given line makes with the positive direction of where, k is an arbitrary constant to be
X-axis, is called the slope or gradient of the line. It is determined using given condition.
generally denoted by m, i.e. m = tan α.
182 NDA/NA Pathfinder

x y
Equations of Line in Different Forms Sol. Let the equation of the line be
a b
+ =1 …(i)
1. Slope-intercept form y = mx + c, is called the slope 3 2
This passes through (3, 2), therefore + = 1 …(ii)
form or slope intercept form or the tangent form a b
of the equation of the line, the constant c is called It is given that a + b = 12 or b = 12 − a
the intercept made by the line on the Y-axis. To find Putting b = 12 − a in Eq. (ii), we get
the slope and the intercept on theY-axis of a line given 3 2
+ = 1 ⇒ a2 − 13a + 36 = 0 ⇒ a = 9, 4
in the form ax + by + c = 0, we write it in the form a 12 − a
a c For a = 9, b = 12 − 9 = 3 For a = 4, b = 12 − 4 = 8
y=− x− Putting the values of a and b in Eq. (ii), we get the
b b x y x y
equations of the lines + = 1 and + = 1
Therefore, the slope of the line is m = − a / b and the 9 3 4 8
intercept of the line on the Y-axis is − c / b. i.e. x + 3y = 9 and 2x + y = 8
2. Slope-point form The equation of a line passing 5. Normal or perpendicular form If p is the normal
through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and having the slope ‘m’ is from the origin to the line AB and if the normal
makes an angle α with Y
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
X-axis, then the equation of A
the line in the form,
EXAMPLE 7. What will be the equation of a line that p
has y-intercept 4 and is perpendicular to the line x cos α + y sin α = p is called a
X′ B X
joining (2, − 3) and (4, 2)? the normal form of the line. O
Y′
a. 2x + 5y − 20 = 0 b. 5x + 2y − 20 = 0
Note In the normal form of a straight line the sum of the squares
c. 5x − 2y + 20 = 0 d. 2x − 5y + 20 = 0 of the coefficient of x and y is equal to one.

Sol. . Let m be the slope of the required line.

Since, the required line is perpendicular to the line
FAMILY OF LINES
joining A( 2, − 3) and B( 4, 2). Let L1 = a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and L2 = a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 be
2+ 3 two given lines. Then, the equation, L1 + λL2 = 0
Therefore, m × slope of AB = − 1⇒ m × = −1
4−2
i.e. a1 x + b1 y + c1 + λ ( a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 ) = 0 …(i)
−2
⇒ m= represents the equation of a line, passing through the
5
The required line cuts-off an intercept 4 on Y-axis. So, c = 4. point of intersection of the given lines, where λ ∈ R.
Hence, the equation of the required line is EXAMPLE 9. Find the equation of the line joining
2
y = − x + 4 ⇒ 2x + 5y − 20 = 0 the points (3, − 1) and (2, 3). Also, find the equation of
5 another line perpendicular to this line and passing
3. Two points form The equation of a line passing through the point (5, 2).
through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) is a. 4 x + y − 11 = 0 , x − 4 y + 3 = 0
y − y1 b. 4 x + y + 11 = 0 , x − 4 y + 3 = 0
( y − y1 ) = 2 ( x − x1 )
x 2 − x1 c. x + 4 y − 11 = 0 , 4 x − y + 3 = 0
4. Intercept form If a line cuts
Y d. x − 4 y + 11 = 0 , 4 x − y + 3 = 0
x
the intercepts a and b on the a+ y
b= Sol. Equation of line passing through ( 3, − 1) and ( 2, 3).
b 1
axes, then the equation of 3+ 1
line is y + 1= ( x − 3)
X′
O a X 2− 3
x y
+ =1 Y′ ⇒ y + 1 = − 4 ( x − 3)
a b
⇒ 4x + y − 11 = 0
EXAMPLE 8. What will be the equation of the line which is the required equation.
passes through the point (3, 2) and the sum of its Equation of line perpendicular to it x − 4y + k = 0
intercepts on the axes is 12? But it passes through the point ( 5, 2). So, it will satisfy this
I. 2x + y = 8 II. x + 3y = 9 equation.
a. Only I b. Only II ∴ 5 − 4 ( 2) + k = 0 ⇒ k = 3
c. Both I and II d. None of these Hence, the another required equation is x − 4y + 3 = 0.
MATHEMATICS > Coordinate System and Straight Lines 183

EXAMPLE 10. Find the equation of the line which Perpendicular Distance of
passes through the point of intersection of the lines a Point from a Line
x − 2y + 3 = 0 and 2x + y − 4 = 0 and
The perpendicular distance d from P ( x1 , y1 ) to the line
(i) has slope 2.
a. x + y + 2 = 0 b. 2 x − y = 0 ax1 + by1 + c
ax + by + c = 0 is given by d =
c. 2 x + y = 0 d. x + 2 y + 2 = 0 a 2 + b2
(i) is parallel to the line 3x + 5y − 1 = 0. The perpendicular distance from the origin to the line
a. 3x + 5 y + 1 = 0 b. 3x + y + 13 = 0 c
c. 3x + 5 y + 13 = 0 d. None of these ax + by + c = 0 is d =
a + b2
2
Sol. (i) → b (ii) → d
The equation of the line which passes through the point EXAMPLE 11. The intercepts of a straight line upon
of intersection of the lines the coordinate axes are a and b. If the length of the
x − 2y + 3 = 0 and 2x + y − 4 = 0 perpendicular on this line from the origin be 1, then
can be written as ( x − 2y + 3) + λ ( 2x + y − 4) = 0 which one of the following relations is correct?
⇒ (1 + 2λ ) x + ( −2 + λ ) y + 3 − 4λ = 0 …(A) a.
1
+
1
=2 b.
1
+
1
=
1
where λ is an arbitrary constant to be determined. a2 b2 a2 b2 2
− (1+ 2λ ) 1 1 1 1 1
c. + = d. + =1
(i) Slope of the line (A) is m = =2 a2 b2 2 a2 b2
−2 + λ
⇒ −1 − 2λ = − 4 + 2λ ⇒ 4λ = 3 ⇒ λ = 3/ 4 Sol. The equation of line passing through A and B is
x y x y Y
The equation of the required line becomes + = 1 ⇒ + − 1 = 0 ...(i)
 3  3 a b a b B (0, b)
 1 +  x +  −2 +  y + 3 − 3 = 0
 2  4 Length of perpendicular from
5 5 (0, 0) to the Eq. (i) b
⇒ x − y = 0 ⇒ 2x − y = 0 1 A (a, 0)
2 4 0 0 X′ X
+ −1 O a
(ii) The line (A) is parallel to the line 3x + 5y − 1 = 0 a b
= Y′
Therefore, their slopes are equal. 1 1
2 + 2
− (1 + 2λ ) 3 a b
Hence, = − ⇒ 5 + 10λ = − 6 + 3λ 1 1 1
−2 + λ 5 Given that, 1 = ⇒ 2 + 2 =1
1 1 a b
⇒ 7λ = − 11 ⇒
λ = − 11/ 7 +
a2 b2
The equation of the
line becomes
 22
1 −  x +
 11
 −2 −  y + 3 +
44
=0 Distance between Two Parallel Lines
 7  7 7 The distance between the parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0
15 25 65 c1 − c 2
⇒ − x− y+ = 0 ⇒ 3x + 5y − 13 = 0
7 7 7 and ax + by + c 2 = 0 is given by d =
a 2 + b2
Concurrency of Three Lines
To find, whether three lines are concurrent or not, we Image of a Point about a
find the point of intersection of any two lines. If this Straight Line or Mirror
point lies on the third line, i.e. the coordinates of this
Let AB be a given line and P be any point in the plane.
point of intersection satisfy the equation of the third
line, then the given straight lines are concurrent. Draw PM perpendicular to AB. Extend PM to Q such
that PM = MQ. P(x1, y1)
The condition that the three lines B
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 …(i) Then, the point Q is called the image
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 …(ii) of the point P about the straight line M
and a 3 x + b3 y + c 3 = 0 …(iii) AB, where M is the mid-point of PQ.
A
a1 b1 c1 The image (or reflection) of the point Q
are concurrent, is a 2 b2 c 2 = 0 P( x1 , y1 ) in the given line AB,
a3 b3 c3 ax + by + c = 0, is ( h, k), where
h − x1 k − y1 −2( ax1 + by1 + c )
Note Three or more straight lines are said to be concurrent lines, if = =
they meet at a point.
a b a 2 + b2
184 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Note The foot of the perpendicular ( h, k ) from ( x1, y1 ) to the line a1 x + b1 y + c1 a 2 x + b2 y + c 2

ax + by + c = 0 is given by =±
h − x1 k − y1 −( ax1 + by1 + c ) a12 + b12 a 22 + b22
= =
a b a2 + b 2
Conditions Acute angle bisector Obtuse angle bisector
a1a2 + b1b 2 > 0 − +
EXAMPLE 12. Find the image of the point P (2, 1)
about the straight line x − y + 5 = 0. a1a2 + b1b 2 < 0 + −

a. ( − 4, 7 ) b. (4, 7 ) c. (4, − 7 ) d. (− 4, − 7 )
Sol. The slope of the given line is 1. Therefore, slope of
the perpendicular line from P to the line is −1. Hence,
the equation of the line PM, passing through P ( 2, 1) and
having slope −1, is
y − 1 = − 1( x − 2) or x + y − 3 = 0
On solving the equations, x − y + 5 = 0 and x + y − 3 = 0,
we obtain the coordinates of the point M as ( −1, 4).
Let the coordinates of the point Q be (h, k). Since, Q is
the image of P, M is the mid-point of PQ.
We have, (h + 2) / 2 = −1and ( k + 1) / 2 = 4,
⇒ h = − 4 and k = 7
Therefore, ( −4, 7) is the image point of ( 2, 1) about the line
x − y + 5 = 0.
Equations of the Bisectors of
Angles between Two Lines
Let AB and CD be two given lines represented by
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0
Then, equation of the bisector of the angle between them
are
Note A line which is equally inclined to given two lines is parallel
to the angle bisectors of the given lines.
EXAMPLE 13. Find the equations of the bisector of
the angles between the straight lines 3x + 4y + 7 = 0
and 12x + 5y − 8 = 0.
a. 7 x + 9 y + 17 = 0, 99x + 77 y + 51 = 0
b. 7 x − 9 y − 17 = 0, 99x + 77 y − 51 = 0
c. 7 x − 9 y + 17 = 0, 99x + 77 y + 51 = 0
d. None of the above
Sol. Equations of the bisectors of the angles between the
given straight lines are given by
3x + 4y + 7 12x + 5y − 8
=±
9 + 16 144 + 25
⇒ 13 ( 3x + 4y + 7) = ± 5 (12x + 5y − 8)
⇒ 39x + 52y + 91 = ± (60x + 25y − 40)
Taking positive signs, 39x + 52y + 91 = 60x + 25y − 40
⇒ − 21x + 27y + 131 = 0
⇒ 21x − 27y − 131 = 0
Taking negative signs, ( 39x + 52y + 91) = − (60x + 25y − 40)
⇒ 99x + 77y + 51 = 0

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The coordinates of the middle points of the sides 4. If t1 ≠ t2 and the points A( a , 0), B( at12 , 2at1 ) and
of a triangle are (4, 2), (3, 3) and (2, 2), then find C( at22 , 2at2 ) are collinear, then t1t2 is equal to
the coordinates of its centroid are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) − 1 (d) − 2
(a)  3, 
7
(b) ( 3, 3) 5. The area of quadrilateral ABCD whose vertices in
 3
(c) (4, 3) (d) None of these order are A(1, 1), B( 7, − 3), C(12, 2) and D( 7, 21) is
(a) 66 sq units (b) 132 sq units
2. The co-ordinates of incentre of ∆ABC with (c) 124 sq units (d) 86.5 sq units
vertices A( 0, 6), B( 8, 12) and C( 8, 0) is
6. The distance between the lines 4x + 3 y = 11 and
(a)  , 0
16
(b) (8, 11) (c) (− 4, 3) (d) (5, 6) 8x + 6 y = 15 is
 3 
(a) 7/2 (b) 7/3 (c) 7/5 (d) 7/10
3. The middle point of the segment of the straight
line joining the points ( p, q ) and ( q , − p) is 7. The equation of line parallel to the line
(r/ 2, s / 2). What is the length of the segment? 2x + 3 y + 5 = 0 and sum of whose intercepts on
the axes is 15 is
(a) [(s 2 + r 2 )1 / 2 ]/ 2 (b) [(s 2 + r 2 )1 / 2 ]/ 4
(a) 2 x + 3 y = 15 (b) 3x − 2 y + 2 = 0
(c) (s 2 + r 2 )1 / 2 (d) s + r (c) 3x − 2 y + 8 = 0 (d) 2 x + 3 y − 18 = 0
MATHEMATICS > Coordinate System and Straight Lines 185

8. The line x + y = 4 divides the line joining the 19. If ( a cos θ1 , a sin θ1), ( a cos θ2 , a sin θ2 ) and
points ( −1, 1) and ( 5, 7) in the ratio ( a cos θ3 , a sin θ3 ) represents the vertices of an
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 4 : 3 equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle, then
consider the following statements.
9. Foot of perpendicular drawn from (0, 5) to the
line 3x − 4 y − 5 = 0 is I. cos θ1 + cos θ 2 + cos θ3 = 0
(a) (1, 3) (b) (2, 3) (c) (3, 2) (d) (3, 1) II. sin θ1 + sin θ 2 + sin θ3 = 0
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
10. A point P ( h , k) lies on the straight line (a) Only I (b) Only I
x + y + 1 = 0 and is at a distance 5 units from the (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
origin. If k is negative, then h is equal to 20. Consider the following statements
(a) −3 (b) 3 (c) −4 (d) 4
I. The area of equilateral triangle is a rational
11. The area of a triangle is 5 and two of its vertices number.
are A ( 2, 1), B ( 3, − 2). Then, the third vertex, in II. In a triangle, the centroid divides the joint of
Ist quadrant which lies on the line y = x + 3 is circumcentre and orthocentre in the ratio 1 : 2.
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  , 
7 13 5 5 3 3 III. Circumcentre is the only point which is
(d) (0, 0)
2 2  2 2 2 2 equidistant from all the three vertex of a
12. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD are along triangle.
the lines x + 3 y = 4 and 6x − 2 y = 7. Then, ABCD Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
must be a (a) I and III are correct (b) I, II and III are correct
(a) rectangle (b) parallelogram (c) II and III are correct (d) I and II are correct
(c) cyclic quadrilateral (d) rhombus
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-22) The sides of a rectangle
13. The equation of straight line passing through the are represented by lines x = a, x = a ′, y = b and y = b ′.
point of intersection of the straight line
3x − y + 2 = 0 and 5x − 2 y + 7 = 0 and having
21. The point of intersection of the diagonals of the
rectangle is
infinite slope is
a + a′ b + b ′  a + b a′ + b ′ 
(a) x = 2 (b) x + y = 3 (c) x = 3 (d) x = 4 (a)  ,  (b)  , 
 2 2   2 2 
14. If ( −5, 4) divides the line segment between the (c) 
a + a′ a′ + b 
,  (d) None of these
coordinate axes in the ratio 1 : 2, then what is its  2 2 
equation? 22. Area of the rectangle is
(a) 8x + 5 y + 20 = 0 (b) 5x + 8 y − 7 = 0 (a) a − b a′ − b ′ (b) b ′ − b a′ − a
(c) 8x − 5 y + 60 = 0 (d) 5x − 8 y + 57 = 0 (c) a − b ′ a′ − b (d) None of these
15. What is the locus of a point which is equidistant
from the point ( m + n , n − m ) and the point Directions (Q. Nos. 23-24) Let ABCD be a
( m − n , n + m )? parallelogram whose equations for the consecutive
(a) mx = ny (b) nx = − my (c) nx = my (d) mx = − ny sides AB and AD are 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0. The
equation of one of the diagonal is 11x + 7y = 9.
16. If x cos θ + y sin θ = 2 is perpendicular to the line
x − y = 3, then what is one of the value of θ? 23. The equation of the other diagonal is
(a) π/6 (b) π/4 (c) π/2 (d) π/3 (a) x + y = 0 (b) x − y = 0
(c) 2 x + y = 0 (d) x − 3 y = 0
17. The two points ( 2, 1) and ( 3, − 1) with respect to 24. Area of parallelogram ABCD is
the line 3x − 5 y + 7 = 0 7
(a) 8 sq units (b) sq units (c) 3 sq units (d) 6 sq units
(a) on the line (b) on same side of the line 2
(c) on opposite side of the line (d) None of these
18. ABC is a triangle formed by the lines xy = 0 and Directions (Q. Nos. 25-26) Consider the line segment
x + y = 1. Consider the following statements L : x sec θ + y tan θ = p.
I. Orthocentre of ∆ABC is at the origin. 25. The locus of mid-point of the portion of the line L
II. Circumcentre of ∆ABC is at the point intercepted between the axes is
(1 / 2, 1 / 2). p2 p2 p2 p2
(a) 2
− 2
=1 (b) 2
+ =1
4x 4y 4x 4 y2
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
p2 p2
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) − =1 (d) None of these
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these 2 x2 2 y2
186 NDA/NA Pathfinder

26. The equation of line perpendicular to line L and 36. Area of ∆PQR : Area of ∆OAB is
passing through ( p cot θ, 2 p cos3 θ) is (a) 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 9 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 3
(a) x tan θ − y sec θ + p cos 2θ = 0
(b) x tan θ − y sec θ − p cos 2 θ = 0
37. If S is the mid-point of PR, then QS is equal to
1 2 3
(c) x tan θ + y sec θ + p sin2 θ = 0 (a) OQ (b) AB (c) OQ (d) AB
2 3 2
(d) None of the above
38. Consider the following statements
Directions (Q. Nos. 27-28) The equation of an  5 13
altitude of an equilateral triangle is 3x + y = 2 3 I. Centriod of ∆PQR is  ,  .
 18 9 
and one of the vertices is (3, 3). II. ∆OAP is right angled triangle.
27. The possible number of triangles is Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
28. The area of equilateral triangle is (in sq units)
(a) 3 3 (b) 3
(c) 6 3 (d) 2 3
Directions (Q. Nos. 39-43) Let L be the line
belonging to the family of the straight lines
( a + 2 b) x + ( a − 3b)y + a − 8 b = 0, a, b ∈ R which is
Directions (Q. Nos. 29-31) The lines
farthest from the point (2, 2).
L1 : 4x − 3y + 7 = 0 and L2 : 3x − 4y + 14 = 0, intersect
the line L3 : x + y = 0 at P and Q, respectively. The 39. The equation of line L is
bisectors of the acute angle between L1 and L2 (a) x + 4 y + 7 = 0 (b) 2 x + 3 y + 4 = 0
intersect L3 at R. (c) 4x − y − 6 = 0 (d) 3x − 2 y + 7 = 0
29. The equation of the bisector of acute angle is 40. Area formed by the line L with coordinate axes
(a) x + y + 3 = 0 (b) x − y − 3 = 0 is
(c) x − y + 3 = 0 (d) 3x − y − 7 = 3 (a)
4
sq units (b)
9
sq units
3 2
30. The ratio PR : RQ equals to 49 5
(c) sq units (d) sq units
(a) 2 2 : 5 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 5 : 2 8 6
31. Area of triangle formed by lines L1 , L2 and L3 is 41. If L is concurrent with the lines x − 2 y + 1 = 0
(a)
13 7 9
sq units (b) sq units (c) sq units (d) 8 sq units and 3x − 4 y + λ = 0, then the value of λ is
2 2 2 (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) − 4 (d) 5

Directions (Q. Nos. 32-34) Given two points 42. The image of the point (2, 2) in the line L is
A ( −2, 0) and B (0, 4), M is a point with coordinates (a) (1, − 2 ) (b) (0, − 6) (c) (2, − 4) (d) (4, − 7 )
( x, x), x ≥ 0. P divides the joining of A and B in the 43. The distance of point ( 2, 2) from the line L is
ratio 2 : 1. C and D are the mid-points of BM and (a) 5 units (b) 17 units
AM, respectively. (c) 19 units (d) None of these
32. Area of the ∆AMB is minimum, if the coordinates
of M are
(a) (1, 1) (b) (0, 0) (c) (2, 2) (d) (3, 3)
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
33. Ratio of the areas of the ∆’s APM and BPM is 44. What is the distance between the lines
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 3 3x + 4 y = 9 and 6x + 8 y = 18 ? e 2012 I
(a) 0 (b) 3 units (c) 9 units (d) 18 units
34. Perimeter of the quadrilateral ABCD is
(a) 2 5 (b) 3 + 3 5 (c) 2 + 5 (d) None of these 45. What is the equation of line passing through
( 0, 1) and making an angle with the Y -axis equal
Directions (Q. Nos. 35-38) O(0, 0), A (1, 1,) B(0, 3) are to the inclination of the line x − y = 4 with
the vertices of a ∆OAB. P divides OB in the ratio X-axis? e 2012 I
1: 2, θ is the mid-point of AP, R divides AB in the (a) y = x + 1 (b) x = y + 1
ratio 2 : 1. (c) 2 x = y + 2 (d) None of these

35. If α(QR )2 = β( PR )2, then 46. What is the perpendicular distance of the point
( x , y ) from X-axis? e 2012 I
α 68 α 17
(a) = (b) = (c) α = β (d) α = 3β (a) x (b) y (c) |x| (d) | y|
β 65 β 19
MATHEMATICS > Coordinate System and Straight Lines 187

47. The equation of a straight line which makes 58. A straight line passes through the points ( 5, 0)
an angle 45° with the X-axis with y-intercept and ( 0, 3). The length of the perpendicular from
101 units is e 2012 II the point ( 4, 4) on the line is e 2013 I
(a) 10x + 101y = 1 (b) 101x + y = 1 17 17 15 17
(c) x + y − 101 = 0 (d) x − y + 101 = 0 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 34 2
48. The line y = 0 divides the line joining the points 59. What is the equation of a straight line which
( 3, − 5) and ( −4, 7) in the ratio e 2012 II passes through ( 3, 4) and the sum of whose x and
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 5 (c) 5 : 7 (d) 7 : 9 y-intercepts is 14? e 2013 I
49. What is the value of λ , if the straight line (a) 4x + 3 y = 24 (b) x + y = 14
( 2x + 3 y + 4) + λ ( 6x − y + 12) = 0 is parallel to (c) 4x − 3 y = 0 (d) 3x + 4 y = 25
Y-axis? e 2012 II
(a) 3 (b) −6 (c) 4 (d) −3
60. What is the angle between the line x + y = 1 and
x − y = 1? e 2013 II
50. From the point ( 4, 3) a perpendicular is dropped π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
on the X-axis as well as on the Y -axis. If the 6 4 3 2
lengths of perpendiculars are p and q 61. What is the equation of the straight line passing
respectively, then which one of the following is through ( 5, − 2) and ( −4, 7)? e 2013 II
correct? e 2012 II (a) 5x − 2 y = 4 (b) − 4x + 7 y = 9
(a) p = q (b) 3 p = 4q (c) 4 p = 3q (d) p + q = 5
(c) x + y = 3 (d) x − y = − 1
51. If p, q , r and s be the distances from origin of the 62. The equation of the line, the reciprocals of whose
points ( 2, 6), ( 3, 4), ( 4, 5) and ( −2, 5), respectively. intercepts on the axes are m and n, is given by
Which one of the following is a whole number? e 2013 II
(a) nx + my = mn (b) mx + ny = 1
e 2012 II
(c) mx + ny = mn (d) mx − ny = 1
(a) p (b) q (c) r (d) s
52. What is the perpendicular distance between the 63. The equation of the locus of a point which is
parallel lines 3x + 4 y = 9 and 9x + 12 y + 28 = 0? equidistant from the axes is e 2013 II
(a) y = 2x (b) x = 2 y (c) y = ± x (d) 2 y + x = 0
. e 2012 II
(a) 7/3 units (b) 8/3 units (c) 10/3 units (d) 11/3 units 64. A points P moves such that its distances from
53. The points ( 5, 1), (1, − 1) and (11, 4) are (1, 2) and ( − 2, 3) are equal. Then, the locus of P is
e 2012 II
(a) collinear e 2013 II
(a) straight line (b) parabola (c) ellipse (d) hyperbola
(b) vertices of right angled triangle
(c) vertices of equilateral triangle 65. What angle does the line segment joining ( 5, 2)
(d) vertices of an isosceles triangle and ( 6, − 15) subtend at ( 0, 0)? e 2013 II
π π π 3π
54. The equation to the locus of a point which is (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 2 4
always equidistant from the points (1, 0) and
( 0, − 2) is e 2012 II 66. The value of k for which the lines 2x + 3 y + a = 0
(a) 2 x + 4 y + 3 = 0 (b) 4x + 2 y + 3 = 0 and 5x + ky + a = 0 represent family of parallel
(c) 2 x + 4 y − 3 = 0 (d) 4x + 2 y − 3 = 0 lines is e 2013 II
55. The locus of a point equidistant from three (a) 3 (b) 4.5 (c) 7.5 (d) 15
collinear points is e 2012 II 67. What is the equation of the line which passes
(a) a straight line (b) a pair of points through ( 4, − 5) and is perpendicular to
(c) a point (d) the null set 3x + 4 y + 5 = 0? e 2013 II
(a) 4x − 3 y − 31 = 0 (b) 3x − 4 y − 41 = 0
56. Two straight line paths are represented by the
equations 2x − y = 2 and − 4x + 2 y = 6. Then, the (c) 4x + 3 y − 1 = 0 (d) 3x + 4 y + 8 = 0
paths will e 2013 I 68. For what value of k are the two straight lines
(a) cross each other at one point 3x + 4 y = 1 and 4x + 3 y + 2k = 0, equidistant from
(b) not cross each other the point (1, 1)? e 2013 II
(c) cross each other at two points (a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) −1 / 2
(d) cross each other at infinitely many points
69. If the three vertices of the parallelogram ABCD
57. What is the inclination of the line 3x − y − 1 = 0? are A (1, a ), B ( 3, a ), C ( 2, b), then D is equal to?
e 2013 I e 2013 II
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 135° (d) 150° (a) (3, b ) (b) (0, b ) (c) (4, b ) (d) (5, b )
188 NDA/NA Pathfinder

70. What is the equation of the line through (1, 2), 81. A line passes through ( 2, 2) and is perpendicular
so that the segment of the line intercepted between to the line 3x + y = 3, its y-intercept is e 2015 I
the axes is bisected at this point? e 2014 I 3 4 1
(a) 2 x − y = 4 (b) 2 x − y + 4 = 0 (a) (b) (c) (d) 3
4 3 3
(c) 2 x + y = 4 (d) 2 x + y + 4 = 0
82. The area of a triangle, whose vertices are ( 3, 4),
71. What is the equation of straight line passing ( 5, 2) and the point of intersection of the lines
through the point (4, 3) and making equal
x = a and y = 5, is 3 square units. What is the
intercepts on the coordinate axes? e 2014 I
value of a? e 2015 I
(a) x + y =7 (b) 3x + 4 y =7 (c) x − y =1 (d) None of these
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
72. What is the equation of the line midway between 83. The length of perpendicular from the origin to a
the lines 3x − 4 y + 12 = 0 and 3x − 4 y = 6? e 2014 I
line is 5 units and the line makes an angle 120°
(a) 3x − 4 y − 9 = 0 (b) 3x − 4 y + 9 = 0
with the positive direction of X-axis. The
(c) 3x − 4 y − 3 = 0 (d) 3x − 4 y + 3 = 0
equation of the line is e 2015 I
73. Consider the following points (a) x+ 3 y = 5 (b) 3x+ y =10
I. (0, 5) II. (2, –1) III. (3, –4) (c) 3x− y =10 (d) None of these

Which of the above lie on the line 3x + y = 5 and 84. The equation of the line joining the origin to the
x y
at a distance 10 from (1, 2)? e 2014 I point of intersection of the lines + = 1 and
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) I and II (d) I, II and III a b
x y
+ = 1 is
74. Which one of the following is correct in respect of b a e 2015 I
x−1 y− 2 (a) x − y = 0 (b) x + y = 0 (c) x = 0 (d) y = 0
the equations = and 2x + 3 y = 5?
2 3 e 2014 II
(a) They represent two lines which are parallel 85. If a line is perpendicular to the line 5x − y = 0
(b) They represent two lines which are perpendicular and forms a triangle of area 5 sq units with
(c) They represent two lines which are neither parallel coordinate axes, then its equation is e 2015 II
nor perpendicular (a) x + 5 y m 5 2 = 0 (b) x − 5 y ± 5 2 = 0
(d) The first equation does not represent a line (c) 5x + y ± 5 2 = 0 (d) 5x − y ± 5 2 = 0
75. A( 3, 4) and B ( 5, − 2) are two points and P is a 86. The area of the figure formed by the lines
point such that PA = PB. If the area of ∆PAB is ax + by + c = 0, ax − by + c = 0, ax + by − c = 0 and
10 sq units, then what are the coordinates of P? ax − by − c = 0 is e 2015 II
e 2014 II c2 2c 2 c2 c2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) Only (1, 0) (b) Only (7, 2) ab ab 2 ab 4ab
(c) Either (1, 0) or (7, 2) (d) Neither (1, 0) nor (7, 2)
87. The three lines 4x + 4 y = 1, 8x − 3 y = 2, y = 0 are
76. What is the product of the perpendiculars drawn (a) the sides of an isosceles triangle e 2015 II
from the points ( ± a 2 − b2 , 0) upon the line (b) concurrent
bx cos α + ay sin α = ab? e 2014 II (c) mutually perpendicular
(a) a2 (b) b 2 (c) a2 + b 2 (d) a + b (d) the sides of an equilateral triangle
88. The line 3x + 4 y − 24 = 0 intersects the X-axis at
Directions (Q. Nos. 77-79) Consider the ∆ABC with A and Y-axis at B. Then, the circumcentre of the
vertices A ( −2, 3), B (2, 1) and C (1, 2). e 2015 I ∆OAB, where O is the origin, is e 2015 II
77. What is the circumcentre of the ∠ABC ? (a) (2, 3) (b) (3, 3)
(a) (−2, − 2 ) (b) (2, 2 ) (c) (−2, 2 ) (d) (2, − 2 ) (c) (4, 3) (d) None of these

78. What is the centroid of the ∆ABC ? 89. The product of the perpendiculars from the two
points ( ± 4, 0) to the line 3x cos φ + 5 y sin φ = 15 is
(a)  , 1 (b)  , 2  (c)  1,  (d)  , 3
1 1 2 1
3  3   3 2  e 2015 II
(a) 25 (b) 16 (c) 9 (d) 8
79. What is the foot of the altitude from the vertex A
of ∆ABC? 90. Two straight lines passing through the point
(a) (1, 4) (b) (−1, 3) (c) (−2, 4) (d) (−1, 4) A(3, 2) cut the line 2 y = x + 3 and X-axis
perpendicularly at P and Q, respectively. The
80. The perpendicular distance between the straight equation of the line PQ is e 2015 II
lines 6x + 8 y +15= 0 and 3x + 4 y + 9= 0 is e 2015 I (a) 7 x + y − 21 = 0 (b) x + 7 y + 21 = 0
(a) 3/2 units (b) 3/10 unit (c) 3/ 4 unit (d) 2 /7 unit (c) 2 x + y − 8 = 0 (d) x + 2 y + 8 = 0
MATHEMATICS > Coordinate System and Straight Lines 189

Directions (Q. Nos. 91-92) Consider the lines y = 3x,

96. A straight line intersects X and Y-axes at P and
y = 6 x and y = 9. e 2016 I
Q, respectively. If (3, 5) is the middle point of
91. What is the area of the triangle formed by these PQ, then what is the area of the ∆OPQ?
lines? (a) 12 sq units (b) 15 sq units e 2016 I
27 27 (c) 20 sq units (d) 30 sq units
(a) sq units (b) sq units
4 2
19 19
(c) sq units (d) sq units Directions (Q. Nos. 97-98) Consider the two lines
4 2 x + y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 1 = 0. e 2016 I
92. The centroid of the triangle is at which one of 97. What is the equation of the line passing through
the following points? the point of intersection of the given lines and
(b)  , 6 (d)  , 9
3 3 parallel to X-axis?
(a) (3, 6) (c) (3, 3)
2  2  (a) y + 1 = 0 (b) y − 1 = 0
(c) y − 2 = 0 (d) y + 2 = 0
Directions (Q. Nos. 93-95) Consider a parallelogram,
whose vertices are A(1, 2), B( 4, y), C( x, 6) and D(3, 5)
98. What is the equation of the line passing through
the point of intersection of the given lines and
taken in order. e 2016 I
parallel to Y-axis?
93. What is the value of AC 2 − BD 2? (a) x + 1 = 0 (b) x − 1 = 0 (c) x − 2 = 0 (d) x + 2 = 0
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 36 (d) 40
99. ( a , 2b) is the mid-point of the line segment
94. What is the point of intersection of the diagonals? joining the points (10, − 6) and ( k, 4). If a − 2b = 7,
(a)  , 4 (c)  , 5
7 7 then what is the value of k? e 2016 I
(b) (3, 4) (d) (3, 5)
2  2  (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

95. What is the area of the parallelogram? 100. What is the acute angle between the lines
7
(a) sq units (b) 4 sq units represented by the equations y − 3x − 5 = 0 and
2 3 y − x + 6 = 0? e 2016 I
11 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 75°
(c) sq units (d) 7 sq units
2

ANSWERS
1 a 2 d 3 c 4 c 5 b 6 d 7 d 8 b 9 d 10 b
11 a 12 d 13 c 14 c 15 c 16 b 17 b 18 c 19 c 20 c
21 a 22 b 23 b 24 c 25 a 26 a 27 b 28 a 29 c 30 c
31 b 32 b 33 a 34 b 35 a 36 b 37 c 38 c 39 a 40 c
41 d 42 b 43 b 44 a 45 a 46 d 47 d 48 c 49 a 50 c
51 b 52 d 53 a 54 a 55 d 56 b 57 b 58 b 59 a 60 d
61 c 62 b 63 c 64 a 65 c 66 c 67 a 68 d 69 b 70 c
71 a 72 d 73 c 74 b 75 c 76 b 77 a 78 b 79 d 80 b
81 b 82 d 83 b 84 a 85 a 86 b 87 b 88 c 89 c 90 a
91 a 92 b 93 c 94 a 95 d 96 d 97 d 98 b 99 a 100 a

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Centroid of ∆ABC coincide with the Incentre is 3. (c) Mid-point of ( p , q ) and ( q , − p ) is
centroid of triangle formed by
 ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3   p + q , q − p  , which is given  r , s .
mid-points of AB, BC and CA.  ,   2 2   2 2
 a+ b+ c a+ b+ c 
∴ Required coordinates p+ q r
∴ =
12 × 0 + 10 × 8 + 10 × 8
≡ 
4 + 3 + 2 2 + 3 + 2
,  ≡ (3,7 / 3) i.e.  , 2
q− p s
2
 3 3   12 + 10 + 10 and =
12 × 6 + 10 × 12 + 10 × 0  2 2
2. (d) a = BC = 02 + ( 12 − 0)2 = 12 
12 + 10 + 10  Now, length of segment
b = AC = ( 0 − 8)2 + ( 6 − 0)2 = 10  160 192  = ( p − q )2 + ( q + p )2 = s 2 + r2
= ,  = (5 , 6 )
 32 32 
c = AB = 8 + 6 = 10
2 2
190 NDA/NA Pathfinder

a 0 1 10. (b) Since, the point ( h , k ) lies on ⇒ h 2 + (m + n)2 − 2h(m + n) + k 2

1 x + y + 1 = 0. ⇒ h + k + 1 = 0 + ( n − m )2 − 2k( n − m ) = h 2 + (m − n)2
4. (c) ∆ = at 2 2at 1
2 1 1 −2h(m − n) + k 2 + ( n + m )2 − 2k(m + n)
at 2 2at 1 and h 2 + k 2 = 25
2 2
( −1 − k )2 + k 2 = 25 ⇒ −2[ h(m + n) + k( n − m )]
1 0 1 = −2[ h(m − n) + k(m + n)]
⇒ 2k 2 + 2k − 24 = 0
1
= × ( 2a ) × a × t 2 ⇒ mh + nh + nk − mk
t 1 ⇒ k 2 + k − 12 = 0
2 1 1 = mh − nh + mk + nk
t2 t 1 ⇒ k = −4 or k = 3 [rejected as k < 0]
2 2 ⇒ 2nh = 2mk ⇒ nh = mk
∴ h = −1 − ( −4 ) = 3 ∴ Required locus is nx = my
∴∆ = 0 ⇒ (t − t ) + (t 2t − t 2t ) = 0
1 2 1 2 2 1 11. (a) Let the third vertex be ( p , q ), then 16. (b) Since, slope of line
⇒ (t − t ) + t t (t − t ) = 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 q = p+3 …(i) x cos θ + y sin θ = 2 is − cot θ
⇒ (t − t ) (1 + t t ) = 0 Also, ∆ = |5 | = ± 5 and slope of line x − y = 3 is 1.
1 2 1 2
⇒ t t =−1 ∴ q + 3 p − 7 = ± 10 Also, these lines are perpendicular to
1 2
∴ 3 p + q = 17 …(ii) each other.
5. (b) Area of quadrilateral ABCD
3 p + q = −3 ∴ ( − cot θ) ( 1) = − 1
1 x1 − x 3 y1 − y 3
and …(iii)
= π π
⇒ cot θ = 1 = cot ⇒ θ =
2 x 2 − x 4 y2 − y4
On solving Eq. (i) with Eq. (ii) and Eq.
4 4
(iii), we get  ,  and  − , 
7 13 3 3
1 ( 1 − 12) ( 1 − 2) 2 2   2 2 17. (b)
=
2 ( 7 − 7) ( − 3 − 21) 18. (c) The equations of the sides of ∆ABC
∴ Required vertex =  , 
7 13
are x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1. Clearly,
2 2 
1 − 11 − 1 1 ∆ABC is right angled triangle with right
= = ( 264 − 0) 12. (d) Slope of line x + 3 y = 4 is m = −1 / 3 angle at the origin and coordinates the
2 0 − 24 2 1
−6 end-points of hypotenuse as ( 1, 0) and
= 132 sq units Slope of line 6x − 2 y = 7 is m = =3 ( 0, 1). So, orthocentre of the triangle
2
−2
is at the origin and circumcentre at
6. (d) Given lines are 4x + 3 y = 11 Q m m = −1
1 2 the mid-point of its hypotenuse, i.e. at
and 4x + 3 y = 15 / 2. ∴The given diagonals are perpendicular (1/2, 1/2).
Distance between them to each other.
15 So, both statements are correct.
11 − Thus, ABCD is a rhombus.
2 = 7 7
= = 19. (c) Vertices
16 + 9 2×5 10 13. (c) Required line should be ( a cos θ , a sin θ ), ( a cos θ2 , a sin θ2 )
1 1
(3x − y + 2) + λ(5x − 2 y + 7) = 0 …(i) and ( a cos θ3 , a sin θ3 ) are equidistant
7. (d) Equation of line parallel to
⇒ (3 + 5λ )x − ( 2λ + 1) y + ( 2 + 7λ ) = 0 from origin (0, 0). Hence, the origin is
2x + 3 y + 5 = 0 is 2x + 3 y = λ
⇒
x
+
y
=1 3 + 5λ 2 + 7λ circumcentre (centroid) of circumcircle.
⇒ y= x + …(ii)
( λ / 2) ( λ / 3) 2λ + 1 2λ + 1 Therefore, the coordinates of centroid
λ λ are
Given, + = 15 ⇒ λ = 18 As, the Eq. (ii) has infinite slope,
2 3  a(cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 )
2 λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ λ = −1 / 2  ,
∴ Required line is 2x + 3 y = 18 On putting the value of λ in Eq. (i), 
 3
8. (b) Let required ratio be λ : 1. Then, the we get a(sin θ + sin θ + sin θ ) 
x =3
1 2 3

coordinates of point which divides the 
line joining ( −1, 1) and (5, 7) in the ratio
3 
14. (c) Let A ( a , 0) and B ( 0, b ) be two
5 λ − 1 7 λ + 1 But as the centroid is the origin ( 0, 0),
λ : 1, is  , . points on respective coordinate axes and
therefore cos θ + cos θ + cos θ = 0
 λ+ 1 λ+ 1 ( −5, 4) divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2. 1 2 3
1× 0 + 2 × a −15 and sin θ + sin θ + sin θ = 0.
But it lies on x + y = 4 ∴ −5= ⇒a = 1 2 3
3 2 Hence, both statements are correct.
5λ − 1 7λ + 1
∴ + =4 1× b + 2 × 0 20. (c) Area of equilateral triangle is
λ+ 1 λ+ 1 and 4 = ⇒ b = 12
3 3
⇒ 12λ = 4λ + 4 ⇒ λ = 1/ 2 (side)2 which is an irrational
Hence, equation of line joining 4
∴ Required ratio = 1 : 2
 − 15 , 0 and ( 0, 12) is number. So, Statement I is false.
9. (d) Equation of perpendicular line from  2  In a triangle, the circumcentre(S),
3x − 4 y − 5 = 0 …(i) 12 − 0  15  centroid (G), and orthocentre (O) are
( y − 0) = ⋅ x + 
15  2 collinear and
is 4x + 3 y + c = 0 0+
2 SG : GO = 1 : 2 or OG : GS = 2 : 1
Since it passes through (0, 5).
⇒ 8x − 5 y + 60 = 0 So, Statement II is true.
∴ c = −15 In a triangle, circumcentre is the only
15. (c) Let the coordinate of the moving
⇒ 4x + 3 y − 15 = 0 …(ii) point P be ( h , k ).
point which is equidistant from all the
three vertex of the triangle.
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (3, 1) Then, [ h − (m + n)]2 + [ k − ( n − m )]2
So, Statement III is true.
= [ h − (m − n)]2 + [ k − ( n + m )]2
MATHEMATICS Coordinate System and Straight Lines 191

21. (a) Let ABCD be the rectangle the 1  35 8  3 30. (c) Let O be the points of intersection of
= − = sq units
equation of whose sides AB, BC ,CD and 2  9 9  2 lines L and L .
1 2
DA, respectively are x = a, y = b, x = a ′ Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ Area of ||gm ABCD = 2 × ar( ∆ABD )
and y = b ′ O ≡ ( 2, 5)
3
y = b′ = 2 × = 3 sq units Equation of L is x + y = 0 ...(iii)
A D 2 3
Solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get P ≡( −1, 1)
25. (a) The equation of the given line is
x=a x = a′ x y Solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
+ =1 …(i) Q ≡ ( − 2, 2)
p cos θ p cot θ
∴ OP = ( 2 + 1)2 + (5 − 1)2 = 5
B y=b C Let the line (i) cuts X-axis and Y-axis at
Then, its vertices are the points A and B respectively, then and OQ = ( 2 + 2)2 + (5 − 2)2 = 5
A( a , b ′), B( a , b ),C ( a ′ , b ) and D( a ′ , b/ ′). A ≡ ( p cos θ, 0) and B ≡ ( 0, p cot θ)
∴ In any triangle, bisector of an angle
Since, diagonals of rectangle bisect each If P( x , y ) is the mid-point of AB, then divides the triangle into two similar
other. Therefore, coordinates of point of 2x = p cos θ and 2 y = p cot θ triangles.
a + a′ b + b′ ∴ sec θ =
p
and tan θ=
p
∴
PR OP 5 1
= = = = 1: 1
intersection are x = and y =
2 2 2x 2y RQ OQ 5 1
22. (b) AB = ( a − a )2 + ( b ′− b )2 = |b ′ − b | Since sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1 2 5 1
p2 p2 31. (b) Area of ∆OPQ =
1
−1 1 1
and BC = ( a − a ′ ) + ( b − b ) =|a ′− a |
2 2 ⇒ 2
− =1
4x 4y2 2
−2 2 1
∴ Area of rectangle ABCD = AB × BC 26. (a) Equation of line perpendicular to 1 7
= |b ′ − b ||a ′ − a | line L is x tan θ − y sec θ + k = 0 = |[ − 2 − 5 + 0]| = sq units
2 2
23. (b) Equations for sides AB and AD are Since, this line passes through
x x 1
4x + 5 y = 0 ...(i) ( p cot θ, 2 p cos 3 θ) 1
32. (b) Area of the ∆AMB = −2 0 1
and 7x + 2 y = 0 ...(ii) ∴ p cot θ ⋅ tan θ − 2 p cos 3 θ ⋅ sec θ + k = 0 2
0 4 1
The point of intersection of AB and AD ⇒ p − 2 p cos 2 θ + k = 0
is A( 0, 0), clearly A( 0, 0) does not lie on 1
⇒ k = p( 2 cos 2 θ − 1) = p cos 2θ = ( −4 x + 2 x − 8 ) = | − ( x + 4 ) |
diagonal 2
11x + 7 y = 9 ...(iii) ∴ Required equation is
which is minimum for x = 0 and thus
On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get x tan θ − y sec θ + p cos 2θ = 0 the coordinates of M are (0, 0).
5 −4
B ≡  , 
27. (b) 33. (a) As P divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1.
3 3  A The base of the ∆’s APM and BPM are
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get C(3,√3) in the ratio 2 : 1 and the length of the
perpendicular from the vertex M on the
D ≡  − , 
2 7
 3 3 √3
base is same. So, the ratio of the areas of
C x+ the ∆ APM and ∆BPM is also 2 : 1.
D y=
D 2√ Y
3 B (0, 4)
H P
B C
A′
11x + 7y=9 Two equilateral triangles ABC and X′ X
B
A D M (0, 0)
A (0,0) A ′ BC are possible with one vertices (–2, 0)
(3, 3 ) and AD as an altitude.
Since, H is the middle point of BD. Y′
28. (a)
5 − 2 − 4 + 7 34. (b) ABCD is a quadrilateral with
  29. (c) The equations of lines L and L by
∴ H =  3 3 , 3 3  ≡  , 
1 1 1 2
 making constant term positive, are AD = 1, BC = 2
 2 2  2 2
  4x − 3 y + 7 = 0 ...(i) 1 1 2
DC = AB = 2 + 42 = 5
and 3x − 4 y + 14 = 0 ...(ii) 2 2
Equation of diagonal AC is
So, the required perimeter is
1 Q 4 × 3 + ( − 3) ( − 4) = 24 > 0
0− 1+ 2 + 5 + 2 5 =3+ 3 5
y −0= 2 ( x − 0) ⇒ x − y = 0 i.e. aa + bb >0
1 2 1 2
1 Sol. (Q. Nos. 35-38)
0− So, the bisector of the acute angle is
2 given by We have, O( 0, 0), A( 1, 1) and B( 0, 3)
0 0 1 4x − 3 y + 7 3x − 4 y + 14
Coordinates of P =  ,  = ( 0, 1)
0 3
=−
4 + ( −3 )
2 2
3 2 + ( −4 ) 2  3 3
1 5 4
24. (c) Area of ∆ABD = − 1 Coordinates of Q
2 3 3 ⇒ 4x − 3 y + 7 = − 3x + 4 y − 14
1 + 0 1 + 1  1 
−
2 7
1 ⇒ x − y +3=0 =  ,  =  , 1
3 3  2 2  2 
192 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Coordinates of R 39. (a) ( a + 2b )x × ( a − 3b ) y + a − 8b = 0 Q θ = 45° and c = 101 unit

0+ 1 6+ ⇒ a( x + y + 1) + b( 2x − 3 y − 8) = 0 ∴ y = tan 45° x + 101
= 
1  1 7
,  = , 
 3 3  3 3 These lines are concurrent at point of ⇒ y = 1 ⋅ x + 101 ⇒ x − y + 101 = 0
2 2 intersection of the lines x + y + 1 = 0
35. (a) ( PR)2 =  0 −  +  1 − 
1 7 and 2x − 3 y − 8 = 0, which is ( 1, − 2). 48. (c) Let the line y = 0 divides the line
 3  3 joining the points (3, − 5) and ( −4, 7) in
Now, line through A( 1, − 2) which is
1 16 17 farthest from the point B( 2, 2) is the ratio n : m, then
= + = perpendicular to AB.
9 9 9 By internal section formula,
2+ 2
2 2
Slope of AB = =4 −5m + 7n
(QR) =  −  +  1 − 

2 1 1 7 = 0 ⇒ 5 m = 7n
 2 3  2−1
3 ∴ Required equation of line is
m+ n
1 16 65 −1 n 5
= + = y + 2 = ( x − 1) ⇒ x + 4 y + 7 = 0 ⇒ = or n : m = 5 : 7
36 9 36 4 m 7
Now, α(QR)2 = β( PR)2 40. (c) Also this line x + 4 y + 7 = 0 meet 49. (a) Given,
α 68 X-axis at C ( − 7, 0) and Y-axis at ( 2x + 3 y + 4) + λ( 6x − y + 12) = 0
α   = β   ⇒
65 17
⇒ = 2x + 6λx + 3 y − λy + 4 + 12λ = 0
 36   9 D  0, −  .
β 65 7
 4 2x (3λ + 1) + y(3 − λ ) + 4 + 12λ = 0
36. (b) Area of ∆OAB ...(i)
∴ Area of ∆OCD
1 3 Since, line (i) is parallel to Y -axis.
= × 1 × 3 = sq units
2 2 So, the coefficient of y must be zero.
0 0 1
1 1 49 49 ∴ 3− λ = 0⇒ λ =3
0 1 1 = −7 0 1 = × =
2 2 4 8 50. (c) 51. (b)
1 1 7
Area of ∆PQR = 1 1 0 − 1
2 2 52. (d) Given lines are,
4
1 7
1 3x + 4 y − 9 = 0 …(i)
3 3 41. (d) The point of intersection of lines and 9x + 12 y + 28 = 0
x + 4 y + 7 = 0 and x − 2 y + 1 = 0 is 28
1  −  + 1  −  
1 1 1 7 1 ⇒ 3x + 4 y + =0 …(ii)
= − ( − 3, − 1) which must satisfy the line
2   2 3  6 3   3
1 3x − 4 + λ = 0. 28
+ 9
= sq units
3 ∴ − 9+ 4+ λ = 0 ⇒λ =5 ∴ Distance between them = 3
1 9 + 16
42. (b) Let P( x , y ) be the image of ( 2, 2)
ar( ∆PQR) 3 2 with respect to the line x + 4 y + 7 = 0
∴ = = 55 1 11
ar( ∆OAB ) 3 9 = × = units
∴ Point ( 1, − 2) is the mid-point of 3 5 3
2
37. (c) Coordinates of S ( 2, 2) and ( x , y ) 53. (a) Let the points be A(5, 1), B( 1, −1)
0 + 1 1+ 7 x+2 y+2 and C ( 11, 4).
 ∴ = 1 and =−2
= 3, 3  =  1 , 10  2 2 AB = (5 − 1)2 + ( 1 + 1)2 = 2 5
 
 2 2  6 6
  ⇒ x = 0 and y = − 6 BC = ( 11 − 1)2 + ( 4 + 1)2 = 5 5
2 2 Hence, P( 0, − 6) and CA = ( 11 − 5)2 + ( 4 − 1)2 = 3 5
∴ QS =  1 − 1  +  1 − 10 
 2 6  6 43. (b) Length of perpendicular Clearly, AB + CA = BC
5 2 × 1+ 4 × 2 + 7
= = = 17 units Hence, they are collinear.
3 12 + 42 54. (a) Let A ( 1, 0) and B ( 0, − 2) are two
2
given points and P ( h , k ) be any variable
OQ =  0 −  + ( 0 − 1)2
1 44. (a) Since, both lines are coincident to
 2 each other. Hence, the distance between point.
two coincident line is zero. According to the question,
5
= PA = PB ⇒ PA 2 = PB 2
2 45. (a) Since, the line passes through the
2 point (0, 1) and making an angle with ⇒ ( h − 1)2 + ( k − 0)2 = ( h − 0)2 + ( k + 2)2
Clearly, QS = OQ
3 Y -axis which is equivalent to the slope of ⇒ 2h + 4k + 3 = 0
the line y = x − 4. Hence, locus of point P ( h , k ) is
38. (c) Centroid of ∆PQR
i.e. θ = 45° ⇒ tan θ = 1 = m 2x + 4 y + 3 = 0.
0 + 1 + 1 1+ 1+ 7
 2 3, 3  =  5 , 13  ∴ Equation of line is 55. (d) 56. (b)
=  
 3 3  18 9  ( y − 1) = m ( x − 0) = 1 ( x ) ⇒ y = x + 1 57. (b) Given equation of line,
 
46. (d) 3x − y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 3x − 1
So, Statement I is true.
47. (d) We know that, if the line making an On compairing with y = mx + c, we get
Q OP = 1, AP = 1 and OA = 2
angle θ with the positive direction of m= 3 [Q m = tanθ]
∴OP 2 + AP 2 = OA 2
∴OAP is right angled triangle.
X -axis with y intercept. ⇒ tan θ = 3 = tan 60° ⇒ θ = 60°
Then, equation of the line is So,the inclination of the given line is 60°.
So, Statement II is also true.
y = mx + c = tanθ ⋅ x + c
MATHEMATICS Coordinate System and Straight Lines 193

58. (b) A line which passes through the 66. (c) If the lines 2x + 3 y + a = 0 73. (c) Let S ≡ 3x + y − 5 = 0
points (5, 0) and ( 0,3) is and 5x + ky + a = 0 are parallel lines, Also, let A ≡ ( 0, 5), B ≡ ( 2, − 1)
x y
+ = 1 ⇒ 3x + 5 y − 15 = 0 ...(i) 2 3 a 15 C ≡ (3,−4)
5 3 then = ≠ ⇒ k = = 75. and
5 k a 2 S = 0 + 5 −5 = 0
Now, length of the perpendicular from A
the point ( 4,4) on the line (i) is 67. (a) Since, the required line is S = 6 − 1− 5 = 0
perpendicular to the line B
|3( 4) + 5( 4) − 15| 17 17 and S = 9 − 4 −5 = 0
= = = 3x + 4 y + 5 = 0. C
(3 ) 2 + (5 ) 2 34 2 So, the slope of required line is Thus, all three points lie on line
 −1  = 4 3x + y − 5 = 0
59. (a) The equation of line in intercept
form is x y  ( −3 / 4)  3 Now, let D ≡ ( 1,2)
+ =1 ...(i) AD = ( 1 − 0)2 + ( 2 − 5)2 = 10
a b Also, required line passing through the
Given, a + b = 14 ...(ii) point ( 4, − 5) . Then, its equation BD = ( 2 − 1) + ( −1 − 2) =
2 2
10
Since, the line (i) passes through the 4
3 4 ( y + 5) = ( x − 4) ⇒ 4x − 3 y = 31 and CD = ( 1 − 3) + ( 2 + 4) =
2 2 2
10
point (3, 4), then + = 1 3
a b Thus, only points A and B at a distance
3 4 68. (d) Perpendicular distance of the line
⇒ + = 1 [from Eq. (ii)] 3x + 4 y − 1 = 0 from the point ( 1, 1) 10 from (1, 2). Hence, correct option is
a ( 14 − a ) = Perpendicular distance of the line (c).
⇒ ( a − 6)( a − 7) = 0 ⇒ a = 6, 7 4x + 3 y + 2k = 0 from the point (1, 1) 74. (b) Given, equations of lines are
⇒ b = 8, 7 |3 × 1 + 4 × 1 − 1| |4 × 1 + 3 × 1 + 2k | x −1 y−2
⇒ = =
Hence, equations of straight lines are 9 + 16 16 + 9 2 3
1 ⇒ 3x − 2 y + 1 = 0 …(i)
4x + 3 y − 24 = 0 and x + y = 7 ⇒ 6 = 7 + 2k ⇒ 2k = − 1 ⇒ k = −
2 and 2x + 3 y = 5 .…(ii)
60. (d) 3
69. (b) ∴ Slope of line (i), m =
1
61. (c) Equation of straight line which 2
passes through the points (5, − 2) and 70. (c) Let the required equation be, 2
x y
+ =1 …(i) and slope of line (ii), m = −
7+ 2 2
3
( − 4, 7) is ( y + 2) = ( x − 5) a b
−4 − 5 ∴ mm = −1
whose intercept on X and Y-axes are a 1 2
∴ x+ y = 3 and b, respectively. Hence, two lines are perpendicular to
62. (b) We know that, the equation of Y′ each other.
straight line in intercept form is 75. (c) We have, A(3, 4) and B(5, − 2)
x y
+ =1 ...(i) (0, b)
Let P( x , y )
a b Given that, PA = PB
1 1
By given condition, a = and b =
m n (1, 2) ⇒ PA 2 = PB 2
∴ Required equation of line is (a, 0) ∴( x − 3)2 + ( y − 4)2
x y X′ X′
+ = 1 ⇒ mx + ny = 1 O Y′ = ( x − 5)2 + ( y + 2)2
( 1 / m ) ( 1 / n)
⇒ x − 3y = 1 ...(i)
63. (c) By the given condition, Area of ∆PAB = 10
a + 0 0 + b a
64. (a) Let the coordinates of point P is ( 1, 2) =  ,  ⇒ = 1⇒ a = 2 x y 1
( h, k ).  2 2  2 1
Now, by given condition, ∴ 3 4 1 = ± 10
and
b
= 2⇒b = 4 2 5 −2 1  
( h − 1)2 + ( k − 2)2 2  
= ( h + 2)2 + ( k − 3)2
Put the value of a and b in Eq. (i), we get ⇒ x ( 4 + 2) − y(3 − 5) + 1 ( −6 − 20)
x y
+ =1 = ± 20
⇒ 3h − k + 4 = 0 2 4 ⇒ 6x + 2 y − 26 = ± 20
So, the locus of P is 3x − y + 4 = 0, ⇒ 2x + y = 4 ⇒ 6x + 2 y = 46 ...(ii)
which represent a straight line. 71. (a) or 6x + 2 y = 6 ...(iii)
65. (c) Let A ≡ (5,2) and B ≡ ( −2,3) On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2−0 2 72. (d) The given equation of lines are x = 7, y = 2
Slope of OA (m ) = =
1
5−0 5 3x − 4 y + 12 = 0 …(i) Similarly, solving Eqs. (i) and (iii),
−15 − 0 −5 and 3x − 4 y − 6 = 0 …(ii) we get x = 1, y = 0
and slope of OB (m ) = =
2
6−0 2 So, the equation of line mid way Hence, coordinates of P are (7, 2) and
between the given lines is (1, 0).
2 −5
Q m ⋅m = × =−1 12 + ( −6)
1 2
5 2 3x − 4 y + =0 76 (b) We have, equation of line is
2
i.e. angle between OA and OB is π/ 2. ⇒ 3x − 4 y + 3 = 0 bx cos α + ay sin α − ab = 0
194 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Perpendicular distance from point 2−1 Equation of line passing through point
y−2= ( x − 1) ⇒ x + y − 3 = 0
( a − b , 0) is d
2 2 1− 2 of intersection of these two lines is
1
∴ Coordinates of point is given by ( bx + ay − ab ) + λ( ax + by − ab ) = 0
 b cos α a 2 − b 2 + 0 − ab  x + 2 y − 3 −( −2 + 3 − 3) Since, it passes through origin (0, 0).
=  = =
1 1 12 + 12 ∴ − ab + λ( − ab ) = 0 ⇒ λ = −1
 b cos α + a sin α 
2 2 2 2
⇒ x + 2 = 1 and y − 3 = 1 Hence, required equation of line is
Similarly, perpendicular distance from
⇒ x = −1 and y = 4 ( bx + ay − ab ) − ( ax + by − ab ) = 0
point ( − a 2 − b 2 ,0) is Hence, the required foot of altitude is ⇒ ( b − a )x − ( b − a ) y = 0
 − b cos α a 2 − b 2 + 0 − ab  ( −1, 4).
d =  ∴ x−y=0
2
b 2 cos 2 α + a 2 sin 2 α  80. (b) We have, 6x + 8 y + 15 = 0
 85. (a) Equation of the line perpendicular to
Now, d × d and 6x + 8 y + 18 = 0 5x − y = 0 is x + 5 y = λ.
1 2
∴ Perpendicular distance between Y
λ
( b cos α a 2 − b 2 − ab )  18 − 15 3 B 0,
  them is = unit 5
36 + 64 10
( b cos α a 2 − b 2 + ab ) 
A (λ, 0)
=   81. (b) Equation of line perpendicular to the X′
O X
( b 2 cos 2 α + a 2 sin 2 α ) line 3x + y − 3 = 0 is x − 3 y + k = 0 Y′
  Since, it passes through point (2, 2). Now, area of ∆AOB = 5 sq units
( b 2 cos 2 α + a 2 sin 2 α ) 1 λ
  ∴2 − 6 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 4 ⇒ λ × =5 ⇒ λ = ± 5 2
2 5
b 2 cos 2 α( a 2 − b 2 ) − a 2 b 2 ∴ Required equation of the line is
= x y ∴Equation of the lines are
b 2 cos 2 α + a 2 sin 2 α ⇒ x − 3y + 4 = 0 ⇒ + =1 x + 5y = ± 5 2
−4 4 / 3 i.e. x + 5 y m 5 2 = 0
a 2 b 2 (cos 2 α − 1) − b 4 cos 2 α 4
= So, y-intercept is . 86. (b) The figure formed by the lines
b 2 cos 2 α + a 2 sin 2 α 3 ax + by + c = 0, ax − by + c = 0,
− b 2 [ a 2 sin 2 α + b 2 cos 2 α ] 82. (d) We have, ∆ = 3 sq units ax + by − c = 0 and ax − by − c = 0 is
= shown below
b 2 cos 2 α + a 2 sin 2 α 5 2 1
1 B 0, c
= −b 2 = b 2 ∴ 3 4 1 =3 b
2
77. (a) Let P( x , y ) is the circumcentre of a 5 1 c
– ,0 c, 0
the ∆ ABC . 1
[5( 4 − 5) − 2(3 − a ) + 1 ( 15 − 4 a )] = 3 a C A a
∴ AP 2 = PB 2 ⇒ ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2 2
= ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 ⇒ 2 − a = ± 3 ⇒ a = 5 or −1 0, –
c
∴ a =5 b
⇒ 2x − y + 2 = 0 …(i) D
Also, AP 2 = PC 2 ⇒( x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2 83. (b) Clearly, ABCD is a rhombus and its area
Y
= ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 1
= × Product of diagonals
2
⇒ 3x − y + 4 = 0 …(ii)
5 1 2c 2c 2c 2
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = × × = sq units
60° 120° X 2 b a ab
x = − 2 and y = − 2 X′
(a, 0) 87. (b) Since, the point of intersection of
y = 0 and 4x + 4 y = 1 is  , 0 and
Hence, the required circumcentre is 1
Y′
( −2, − 2). 4 
Let the required line intercept X-axis at a.
78. (b) Given, vertices of a triangle are  1 , 0 lies on the line 8x − 3 y = 2.
Slope of the line is 4 
A( −2, 3), B( 2, 1) and C ( 1, 2).
Centroid of the ∆ABC m = tan 120° = − 3 Hence, the given lines are concurrent.
−2 + 2 + 1 3 + 1 + 2   1  5 10
=  ,  =  , 2 Also, sin 60° = ⇒ a= 88. (c) Given, 3x + 4 y − 24 = 0
 3 3  3  a 3
Y
∴ Equation of line passing through B (0, 6)
79. (d) Let D be the foot of altitude from A
 10 ,0 and having slope − 3 is
in ∆ABC and D ≡ ( x , y )  
 3  A(8, 0)
(1, 2) C X′ X
O
y − 0 = − 3  x −
10 

D  3
Y′
⇒ 3x + y = 10 Its x-intercept A = (8, 0)
A B 84. (a) We have,
x y
+ =1 …(i) and y-intercept B = ( 0, 6)
.
(–2, 3) (2, 1) a b Since, AOB is a right angled triangle.
x y
Equation of line BC is and + =1 …(ii) So, the mid-point of hypotenuse is the
b a circumcentre.
⇒ bx + ay = ab and ax + by = ab Hence, circumcentre
MATHEMATICS Coordinate System and Straight Lines 195

8+ 0 0+ 6
= , = ( 4, 3) 0 0 1 Y
2 2 1 (0, y)
Area of ∆OAB = 3 9 1 Q
89. (c) Given, 3x cos φ + 5 y sin φ = 15 2
3/ 2 9 1 (3, 5)
Lengths of perpendicular from the point
( ± 4, 0), 1 27 27
= 27 −  = sq units X′
5
X
2  2  4 O 3 P
12 cos φ − 15
p = …(i) (x,0)
1
9 cos 2 φ + 25 sin 2 φ 92. (b) Let C ( x , y ) be the centroid of the
triangle. Y′
−12 cos φ − 15 3
and p = …(ii) 0+3+ 0+ y
2
9 cos 2 φ + 25 sin 2 φ Then, x = 2 =3 and = 5 ⇒ y = 10
3 2 2
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0+ 9+ 9 1
and y = =6 ∴ Area of ∆POQ = × OP × OQ
− ( 12 cos φ − 15)( 12 cos φ + 15) 3 2
p p =
Coordinates of the centroid is  , 6 .
3 1
1 2
9 cos 2 φ + 25 sin 2 φ 2  = × 6 × 10 = 30 sq units
2
144 cos 2 φ − 225 Sol. (Q. Nos. 93-95) Since, in a parallelogram Sol. (Q. Nos. 97-98) Consider the two lines
= =9 diagonals bisect each other. x + y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2 y + 1 = 0
9 + 16 sin 2 φ A(1, 2) B(4, y)
97. (d) Given lines are
90. (a) Equation of line passing through
x + y + 1= 0 ...(i)
(3,2) and perpendicular to line
2 y = x + 3 is and 3x + 2 y + 1 = 0 ...(ii)
O
y − 2 = − 2 ( x − 3) Point of intersection of these two lines is
⇒ 2x + y − 8 = 0 …(ii) ( 1, − 2).
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Y

P ≡  , 
13 14 D(3, 5) C(x, 6)
X′ X
 5 5 O
∴ Mid-point of AC = Mid-point of DB
x + 1 6 + 2  4 + 3 y + 5 y = –2
Equation of line passing through (3,2) ⇒  ,  ≡ ,  –1 (1, –2)
and perpendicular to X - axis is x = 3  2 2   2 2 
Y′
Coordinate at point Q = (3, 0) x+1 7
⇒ = ⇒ x =6
Now, equation of line PQ is 2 2 ∴ Required equation of line,
0−
14 and y + 5 = 6 + 2 ⇒ y = 3 y = − 2 or y + 2 = 0
y−
14
= 5  x − 13  ∴ Coordinates of O are  , 
7 8
98. (b) Equation of line parallel to Y-axis is
5 13  5  2 2
3− x = c, since this line passes through
i.e.  , 4 .
5 7 ( 1,−2).
⇒ 7x + y − 21 = 0 2 
∴ Required equation is x − 1 = 0
91. (a) Given, lines are y = 3x ...(i) 93. (c) Now, AC 2 = ( 6 − 1)2 + ( 6 − 2)2 = 41 Y
y = 6x ...(ii) and y = 9 ...(iii) and BD = ( 4 − 3) + (3 − 5) = 5
2 2 2

Y y=6x ∴ AC 2 − BD 2 = 41 − 5 = 36
y=3x
3 ,9 94. (a) X′ X
2 O
B A y=9
(3, 9) 95. (d) Vertices of parallelogram ABCD in (1, –2)
(0, 0) order are (1,2), (4,3), (6,6), and (3,5)
X′ X x =1
O M
1 ( 1 − 6) ( 2 − 6) Y′
∴ Area of parallelogram =
2 ( 4 − 3 ) (3 − 5 ) 99. (a) Since, ( a , 2b ) is the mid-point of the
line segment joining the points ( 10, − 6)
1 −5 −4 14 and ( k , 4), therefore we have
= = = 7 sq units
Y′ 2 1 −2 2 ( a , 2b ) = 
10 + k −6 + 4 
, 
On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get  2 2 
x = 3, y = 9
96. (d) Let coordinates of P and Q be ( x , 0) 10 + k
and ( 0, y ), respectively. ⇒ a=
∴ Coordinates of A = (3, 9) 2
x+0 Also, it is given that a − 2b = 7
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get ∴ Mid-point of PQ is =3
2 10 + k
− 2  −  = 7
3 1
x =
,y=9 ⇒ x =6 ⇒
2  2
2
⇒ 10 + k + 2 = 14 ⇒ k = 2
∴ Coordinates of B =  , 9
3
2  100. (a)
17
196 NDA/NA Pathfinder

CIRCLE
In NDA exam, generally 2-3 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on finding
radius of circle, distance between centre of two circles, condition for touching two circles/a line
and a circle etc.

A circle is defined as the locus of a point which Then, the equation of circle is
moves in a plane such that its distance from a ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k) 2 = k 2
fixed point in that plane is always constant. The
fixed point is called the centre and the constant or x 2 + y 2 − 2hx − 2ky + h 2 = 0
distance is called the radius of the circle. 2. Circle touching the Y-axis Let the circle
Equation of a Circle in Standard touches theY-axis and has its centre C ( h, k).
Y
Form
Let C( h, k) be the centre of the
r=h
circle and the radius of the r P(x, y)
C(h, k)
circle be r, then equation of C(h,k)
circle in standard form X′
O
X

( x − h) + ( y − k) = r
2 2 2 Y′
Then, the equation of circle is
Note Above equation is known as the central form of the ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k) 2 = h 2
equation of a circle.
or x + y 2 − 2hx − 2ky + k 2 = 0
2

Equation of Circle in 3. Circle touching both the axes Let the circle
Particular Cases touches both the axes.
Y
1. Circle touching the X-axis Let the circle
touches the X-axis and has its centre C ( h, k).
Y
r C(h, k)
r
X′ X
C(h, k) O r=h=k
Y′
r=k
X′ X Then, the equation of circle is
O
( x − r ) 2 + ( y − r ) 2 = r 2 or
Y′
x 2 + y 2 − 2rx − 2ry + r 2 = 0
MATHEMATICS Circle 197

4. Circle centre at origin If the Y

Intercepts on the Axes
centre of the circle is at origin Y
The lengths of intercepts made B2
and radius is ‘r’, then the
r=k by the circle
equation of the circle is X′ X
C(0, 0) x 2 + y 2 + 2g x + 2 fy + c = 0 with
(x − 0 ) + ( y − 0 ) = k
2 2 2
B1
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = k2 X - axis = A1 A 2 = 2 g 2 − c X′ O
A1 A2
X
Y′ Y′
Y - axis = B1 B2 = 2 f 2 − c
General Equation of a Circle
The general second degree equation in x and y is Note Intercepts are always positive.
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 f y + c = 0, represents a circle Concentric Circle
whose centre is ( − g , − f ) and radius = g 2 + f 2 − c , when Two circles having the same centre C ( h, k) but
a = b and h = 0. different radii r1 and r 2 , respectively are called
concentric circles.
EXAMPLE 1. The equation of the circle which touches Equation of concentric circle with
X-axis at (3, 0) and passes through (1, 4) is given by x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is
a. x2 + y 2 − 6 x − 5y + 9 = 0 b. x2 + y 2 + 6 x + 5y − 9 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c1 = 0
c. x2 + y 2 − 6 x + 5y − 9 = 0 d. x2 + y 2 + 6 x − 5y + 9 = 0
Therefore, the equations of concentric circles differ
5 Y only in constant term.
Sol. k 2 = 4 + ( k − 4) 2 ⇒ k =
2
(1, 4) (3, k)
Hence, the required equation of Equation of Circle if Coordinates of
5 2 5 2 End Points of Diameter are Known
circle is ( x − 3) 2 +  y −  =  
X′ X
(3, 0)
 2   2 Y′
If ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) are the end points of the
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 6x − 5 y + 9 = 0 diameter of a circle, then equation of circle is
( x − x1 ) ( x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y 2 ) = 0
Nature of Circle
1. If g 2 + f 2 − c > 0, then the radius of the circle is real
C
and circle is also real. A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2)

2. If g + f − c = 0, then radius of circle is zero and

2 2

circle is known as a point circle.

3. If g 2 + f 2 − c < 0, then radius is imaginary but the Position of a Point with
centre is real and such circle is called imaginary Respect to the Circle
circle, not possible to draw such a circle.
Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be the equation of a
EXAMPLE 2. Find the equation of the circle, whose circle, then a point P ( x1 , y1 ), in the XY-plane lies
centre is at (−1, 2) and which passes through the point (i) on the circle, if S1 = 0
(3, 5). (ii) outside the circle, if S1 > 0
a. x2 + y 2 + 2x + 4 y + 20 = 0 b. x2 + y 2 + 2x − 4 y + 20 = 0
(iii) inside the circle, if S1 < 0
c. x2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y + 20 = 0 d. x2 + y 2 + 2x − 4 y − 20 = 0
where, S1 ≡ x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
Sol. . The centre of the circle is at ( −1, 2). Since, the point
(3, 5) lies on the circle, the distance of the centre from this Equation of Tangent
point is the radius r of the circle. Therefore, we obtain 1. Equation of tangent at the point P ( x1 , y1 ) to a
r = ( −1 − 3) 2 + ( 2 − 5) 2 = 16 + 9 = 5 circle x 2 + y 2 + 2g x + 2 fy + c = 0 is
The equation of the circle with centre at ( −1, 2) and radius 5 xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
is given by 2. Equation of tangent to circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 = 52 or x2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y − 20 = 0
( x1 , y1 ) is given by xx1 + yy1 = a 2 .
198 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Length of Tangent Sol. Let S1 ≡ x2 + y 2 − 6x = 0

and S 2 ≡ x2 + y 2 + 6x + 2y + 1 = 0
1. The length of tangent from an external point
The coordinates of the centres of the given circles are
( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, is
C1( 3, 0) and C 2( − 3, − 1).
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + c . Radius of S1 = r1 = 32 + 0 − 0 = 3
2. The length of the tangent from an external point Radius of S 2 = r2 = ( − 3) 2 + ( − 1) 2 − 1 = 3
( x1 , y1 ) to the circle
Now, C1 C 2 = ( 3 + 3) 2 + (0 + 1) 2 = 37 > r1 + r2
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is x12 + y12 − a 2
So, 4 common tangents can be drawn to the given circles.
EXAMPLE 3. The equations of the tangents to the Common Chord of Two Circles
circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 parallel to the line 3x + y + 3 = 0
Let the two circles be
are
S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0
a. 3x + y ± 2a b. 3x + y ± a = 0
S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c 2 = 0
c. 3x + y ± 4 a = 0 d. None of these
The equation of the common chord of the above two
Sol. Equation of line parallel to the 3x + y + 3 = 0
circles
is 3x + y + k = 0.
S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0, is S1 − S 2 = 0.
But it is a tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = a2, then
or 2( g1 − g 2 )x + 2 ( f1 − f 2 ) y + 2 ( c1 − c 2 ) = 0
k
=a ⇒ k = ± 2a
1+ 3 EXAMPLE 5. Find the length of common chord of the
Hence, the required equation is 3x + y ± 2a = 0 circles x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 6 y = 0 and x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 2y − 6 = 0.
2 3 2
Contact of Two Circles a. 106 b. 107 c. 108 d. None of these
5 5 5
Different cases at intersection at two circles Let the Sol. The equation of common chord of the circles
equation of two circles be
S1 ≡ x12 + y 2 + 2x + 6y = 0
( x − h1 ) + ( y − k1 ) = a12
2 2
...(i) and S 2 ≡ x2 + y 2 − 4x − 2y − 6 = 0
( x − h2 ) 2 + ( y − k2 ) 2 = a 22 ...(ii) is S1 − S 2 = 0 or 6x + 8y + 6 = 0 or 3x + 4y + 3 = 0
with centres C1 ( h1 , k1 ) and C 2 ( h2 , k2 ) and radii a1 and Centre of s1 is ( −1, − 3), radius = 1+ 9 = 10
a 2 , respectively, then the following cases of intersection Length of perpendicular from ( −1, − 3) to 3x + 4y + 3 = 0
at these two circles may arise |−3 − 12 + 3| 12
= = …(i)
9 + 16 5
(i) C1 C 2 > a1 + a 2 : two circles do not touch each
other. Length of common chord = 2 (radius) 2 − [by Eq. (i)]2
Number of common tangents = 4 = 2 10 −
144 2
= 106
(ii) When C1C 2 = a1 + a 2 : two circles touch each other 25 5
externally. Number of common tangents = 3
Angle of Intersection of Two Circles
(iii) When C1C 2 < a1 + a 2 : two circle intersect each other.
The angle of intersection θ of the two circles with
Number of common tangents = 2
centres at C1 and C 2 and the respective radii r1 and r 2 is
(iv) When C1C 2 = a1 − a 2 : two circles touch each given by
other internally.
r12 + r 22 − (C1C 2 ) 2 r12 + r 22 − d 2
Number of common tangents = 1 cos θ = =
2r1r 2 2r1r 2
EXAMPLE 4. How many common tangents can be where C1C 2 = d
drawn to the following circles x 2 + y 2 = 6 x and Two circles intersect orthogonally, if angle of
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2y + 1 = 0? intersection between them is 90°, i.e. if
a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1
MATHEMATICS Circle 199

A
r1 r2
⇒ ( g12 + f12 − c1 ) 2 + ( g 22 + f 22 − c 2 ) 2
θ

C1 C2 = ( g12 + f12 + g 22 + f 22 − 2g1 g 2 − 2 f1 f 2 ) 2

⇒ 2g1 g 2 + 2 f1 f 2 = c1 + c 2
r12 + r 22 − (C1C 2 ) 2 Equation of a Circle in Parametric Form
cos 90 ° = 0 =
2r1r 2 Let P ( x, y) be any point on the circle with centre at
Thus, r1 + r 2 − (C1C 2 ) = 0
2 2 2
C ( h, k) and radius r, then x = h + r cos α and
y = k + r sin α. So, these are the parametric equations of
i.e. (C1C 2 ) 2 = r12 + r 22 the circle, where α is called parameter.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. For the equation ax 2 + by 2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, 8. Locus of the centre of the circle which always
where a ≠ 0, to represent a circle, the condition passes through the fixed points ( a , 0) and ( −a , 0) is
will be (a) x = 1 (b) x + y = 6 (c) x + y = 2 a (d) x = 0
(a) a = b and c = 0 (b) f = g and h = 0 9. Under which one of the following conditions does
(c) a = b and h = 0 (d) f = g and c = 0 the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 meet the
2. The equation of the circle passing through (4, 5) X-axis in two points on opposite sides of the
having the centre at (2, 2) is origin?
(a) x2 + y2 + 4x + 4 y − 5 = 0 (b) x2 + y2 − 4x − 4 y − 5 = 0 (a) c > 0 (b) c < 0 (c) c = 0 (d) c ≤ 0
(c) x2 + y2 − 4x = 13 (d) x2 + y2 − 4x − 4 y + 5 = 0 10. The centre of the circle ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = 9 lies
3. Equation of circle which passes through the on the straight line x = y and the circle touches
points (1, − 2) and ( 3, − 4) and touch the X-axis is the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 externally. What are the
(a) x2 + y2 + 6x + 2 y + 9 = 0 values of α , β?
(b) x2 + y2 + 10x + 20 y + 25 = 0
(a) α = ± 2 2 , β = ± 2 2 (b) α = ± 2 , β = ± 2
(c) x2 + y2 + 6x + 4 y + 9 = 0
(c) α = 0, β = 0 (d) α = 2 , β = 2
(d) None of the above
4. A square is inscribed in the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx 11. Consider a circle of radius R. What is the length
of a chord which subtends an angle θ at the centre?
+ 2 fy + c = 0 of radius r, then length of its side is θ θ
(a) r (b) r 2
1
(c) r (d) 2 (a) 2 Rsin   (b) 2Rsin θ (c) 2 R tan   (d) 2R tan θ
2 2
2
5. The lines 2x − 3 y = 5 and 3x − 4 y = 7 are 12. What is the equation to the circle which touches
diameters of a circle of area 154 sq units. Then, both the axes and has centre on the line
the equation of this circle is x + y = 4?
(a) x2 + y2 + 2 x − 2 y = 62 (b) x2 + y2 + 2 x − 2 y = 47 (a) x2 + y2 − 4x + 4 y + 4 = 0
(c) x + y − 2 x + 2 y = 47
2 2
(d) x + y − 2 x + 2 y = 62
2 2
(b) x2 + y2 − 4x − 4 y + 4 = 0
6. The radius of the circle passing through the (c) x2 + y2 + 4x − 4 y − 4 = 0
point P ( 6, 2), two of whose diameter are x + y = 6 (d) x2 + y2 + 4x + 4 y − 4 = 0
and x + 2 y = 4 is
(a) 10 (b) 2 5 (c) 6 (d) 4
13. A square is inscribed in a circle
x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y + 3 = 0. Its sides are parallel to
7. Equation of a circle passing through ( −1, − 2) and
the coordinate axes. Then, one of the vertex of
concentric with the circle x 2 + y 2 − 3x + 4 y − c = 0 the square is
is (a) (1 + 2 , − 2 )
(a) x2 + y2 − 3x + 4 y − 1 = 0 (b) x2 + y2 − 3x + 4 y = 0 (b) (1 − 2 , − 2 )
(c) x2 + y2 − 3x + 4 y + 2 = 0 (d) None of these (c) (1, − 2 + 2 )
(d) None of the above
200 NDA/NA Pathfinder

(a) x2 + y2 = a2 (b) x2 + y2 + a2 = 0
14. Consider the following statements
I. Number of circles touching the given three (c) x + y + 2 x + 2 y = a
2 2 2
(d) x2 + y2 − 2 x − 2 y = a2
non-concurrent lines is 4. 22. How many tangents can be drawn from the
II. Number of circles passing through (1, 2), (4, 8) origin to the circle that we get in above question?
and (0, 0) is one. (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II Directions (Q. Nos. 23-25) Consider the two circles
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 = 16 and S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 10y = 23
15. Consider the following statements with centres C1 and C 2, respectively and radius r1 and r2,
I. The equation x2 + y2 + 2x − 10 y + 30 = 0, respectively.
represents the equation of a circle. 23. Which of the following is true?
II. If point (0, g ) lies inside the circle (a) r1 > r2 (b) r1 < r2 (c) r1 = r2 (d) r2 > r1
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + c = 0, then c < 0. 24. Find C1 C2.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 2 (b) 29 (c) 41 (d) 5
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
25. Find the number of common tangents drawn to
S1 and S 2.
16. Consider the following circles (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
I. x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y − 12 = 0
II. x2 + y2 − 12x − 14 y + 60 = 0 Directions (Q. Nos. 26-28) Consider the two circles
III. x2 + y2 − 10x + 8 y + 18 = 0 S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4y + 11 = 0 and
Which of the above circles has equal area? S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 6y + 9 = 0.
(a) I, II (b) I, III (c) II, III (d) I, II, III
26. The equation of common chord is
Directions (Q. Nos. 17-18) Consider the circle (a) y − x = 1 (b) x − y = 1
(c) x + y − 1 = 0 (d) x + y = 1
S ≡ x + 4x + (y − 3) = 0.
2 2

27. The angle of intersection of the two circle is

17. From the point A( 0, 3) on the circle a chord AB is (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
drawn and extended to a point P. Such that
AP = 2 AB. The locus of P is 28. The value of k so that x + y + kx + 3 y + k = 0
2 2

(a) x + ( y − 3) = 0
2 2
(b) x + 4x + ( y + 3) = 0
2 2 and circle S1 cut orthogonally, is
8 8 5 5
(c) x2 + 8x + ( y − 3)2 = 6 (d) (x + 4)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 16 (a) (b) − (c) (d) −
3 3 4 4
18. The distance of the origin from the centre of S is
7 Directions (Q. Nos. 29-32) Consider the two circles
(a) (b) 4 (c) 13 (d) 15
2 S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0 and S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 8y − 24 = 0.

Directions (Q. Nos. 19-20) Consider the circle 29. The two circles S1 and S 2
S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 12y + 15 = 0. (a) touch each other externally
(b) touch each other internally
19. The equation of circle which is concentric with (c) cuts each other at two points
circle S and has area double of its area is
(d) None of the above
(a) x2 + y2 − 6x + 12 y − 15 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 − 6x + 12 y + 40 = 0 30. The number of common tangents to the given
circles is
(c) x2 + y2 − 6x + 12 y + 45 = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
(d) None of the above
31. The number of tangents from centre of circle S 2
20. Which of the following line is a diameter of the
to the circle S1 is
circle S?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
(a) 2 y + 3x + 3 = 0 (b) 3 y + 2 x + 7 = 0
(c) x + y − 3 = 0 (d) x − y + 9 = 0 32. Consider the following statements
I. Equation of common chord is 3x + 4 y + 10 = 0.
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-22) A circle always passes
II. Equation of common tangent is 4 y + 3x = 5.
through the fixed points (a, 0) and ( −a, 0).
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
21. If given points are the ends of diameter, then the (a) Only I (b) Only II
equation of circle is
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Circle 201

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 40. If the centre of the circle passing through the
origin is (3, 4), then the intercepts cut-off by the
33. What is the radius of the circle touching X-axis circle on X-axis and Y-axis, respectively are
at (3, 0) and Y-axis at (0, 3)? e 2012 II
e 2015 II
(a) 3 units (b) 4 units (c) 5 units (d) 6 units (a) 3 units and 4 units (b) 6 units and 4 units
34. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle of (c) 3 units and 8 units (d) 6 units and 8 units
radius 3 cm by an arc of length 1 cm is e 2012 II 41. If a circle of radius b units with centre at ( 0, b)
30° 60°
(a) (b) (c) 60° (d) 30° touches the line y = x − 2, then what is the
π π
value of b? e 2016 I
35. Which one of the following points lies inside a (a) 2 + 2 (b) 2 − 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 2
circle of radius 6 and centre at (3, 5)? e 2013 I
(a) (−2, − 1) (b) (0, 1) (c) (−1, − 2 ) (d) (2, − 1) Directions (Q. Nos. 42-43) Consider the two circles
36. The radius of the circle x + y2 + x + c = 0
2 ( x − 1) 2 + (y − 3) 2 = r 2 and x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 2y + 8 = 0
e 2016 I
passing through the origin is e 2013 II
(a)
1
(b)
1
(c) 1 (d) 2
42. What is the distance between the centres of the
4 2 two circles?
(a) 5 units (b) 6 units (c) 8 units (d) 10 units
Directions (Q. Nos. 37-38) Read the following
information carefully and answer the questions
43. If the circles intersect at two distinct points,
then which one of the following is correct?
given below.
(a) r = 1 (b) 1 < r < 2 (c) r = 2 (d) 2 < r < 8
Consider the circles x 2 + y 2 + 2 ax + c = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 + 2 by + c = 0. e 2014 II Directions (Q. Nos. 44-45) Consider a circle passing
37. What is the distance between the centres of the through the origin and the points ( a, b) and ( − b, − a).
two circles? e 2016 I
(a) a2 + b 2 (b) a2 + b 2 44. On which line does the
(c) a + b (d) 2(a + b ) centre of the circle lie?
38. The two circles touch each other, if (a) x + y=0
1 1 1 (b) x − y=0
(a) c = a2 + b 2 (b) = + 2 (c) x + y=a+ b S=0
c a2 b L=0
1 1 1 (d) x − y = a2 − b 2 S + λL = 0
(c) c = + (d) c = 2
a2 b2 a + b2 45. What is the sum of the squares of the intercepts
cut-off by the circle on the axes?
39. A straight line x = y + 2 touches the circle 2 2
4 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = r 2. The value of r is  a2 + b 2   a2 + b 2 
e 2015 II (a)  2  (b) 2  
(a) 2 (b) 2 2  a − b2   a−b 
2
(c) 2 (d) 1  a2 + b 2 
(c) 4   (d) None of these
 a−b 

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 b 7 b 8 d 9 b 10 b
11 a 12 b 13 d 14 a 15 b 16 a 17 d 18 c 19 a 20 a
21 a 22 a 23 b 24 c 25 b 26 c 27 b 28 d 29 b 30 b
31 c 32 a 33 a 34 b 35 b 36 b 37 a 38 b 39 b 40 d
41 a 42 a 43 b 44 a 45 b
 HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. (c) The general equation of circle is 7. (b) The terms of x and y will remain ∴ Length of the chord
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0. …(i) the same as the two circles are θ
concentric. The new constant λ = 0 as it AB = 2 AD = 2R sin  
Hence, on comparing the given equation  2
passes through ( −1, − 2 ). By putting
with Eq. (i), we get point (−1, −2) in the equation. 12. (b) We know that, the equation of circle,
a = b and h = 0 which touches both the axes, is
8. (d) If ( h , k ) is centre C and A , B be the
2. (b) Here, r = Distance between (4, 5) x 2 + y 2 − 2rx − 2ry + r 2 = 0 …(i)
given points, then
and (2, 2) The centre ( r , r ) of this circle lies on the
∴ r 2 = 4 + 9 = 13 CA 2 = CB 2 ⇒ 4ah = 0 ⇒ h = 0 line x + y = 4.
⇒ ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 13 ∴ x =0 ∴ r + r = 4 ⇒r = 2
⇒ x + y − 4x − 4 y − 5 = 0
2 2
9. (b) The circle On putting the value of r in Eq. (i), we
get x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 4 y + 4 = 0
3. (b) Since, the circle touches X-axis. x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0,
which is the required equation of the
∴ ( x − h) + ( y − k ) = k
2 2 2
…(i) meets X-axis ( y = 0) in two points on circle.
Also, it passes through given points opposite sides of origin.
13. (d) Centre of the circle is ( 1, − 2) and
( 1 − h ) 2 + ( −2 − k ) 2 = k 2 …(ii) It means x 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 sides of the inscribed square are parallel
and (3 − h )2 + ( −4 − k )2 = k 2 …(iii) − 2g ± 4 g 2 − 4c to the coordinate axes. Hence, no vertex
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we ⇒ x = of the square can have its coordinates x
2 as 1 and y as − 2.
get h = k + 5
On solving these equations, we get =− g± g2 − c
14. (a)
k = −10,−2 and h = − 5, 3
Circle meets the X-axis in two points on 15. (b) I. The radius of this circle
By putting the values of opposite side of origin = 12 + ( −5)2 − 30 = ( −4)
( h , k ) = ( −5, − 10) or (3, − 2) in Eq. (i),
Hence, which is imaginary.
we get x 2 + y 2 + 10x + 20 y + 25 = 0
− g+ g 2 − c > 0, − g − g 2 − c < 0 So, Statement I is false.
4. (b) If a is the side of the square inscribed II. Since, ( 0, g ) lies inside
in a circle of radius r, then a 2 + a 2 = ⇒ g2 − c > g ⇒ g2 − c > g2 ⇒ c < 0
S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0
(Diameter)2
∴ 2a 2 = 4r 2 10. (b) The centre and radius of circle ∴ S = 0 + g2 + 0 + c < 0
1
⇒ a=r 2 ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = 9 are (α , β ) and
⇒ g2 + c < 0 ⇒ c < 0 [Q g 2 > 0]
5. (c) If r is radius of the circle, 3, respectively.
So, Statement II is true.
then πr 2 = 154 Since, (α , β ) lies on the straight line
y = x. 16. (a) I. Centre = ( − 2, 3)
= 49  taking π =
7 22 
∴ r 2 = 154 × Radius = ( −2)2 + 32 + 12
22  7  ∴ α =β …(i)
= 25 = 5
⇒ r=7 Now, this circle touches the circle
∴ Area = 25 π
x 2 + y 2 = 1 externally.
Also, solving the equation of two given II. Centre = ( 6, 7)
diameters, we get the coordinates of the ∴α 2 + β 2 = 3 + 1 ⇒ α 2 + β 2 = 4 Radius = 62 + 72 − 60 = 25 = 5
centre as ( 1, − 1).
⇒ 2α 2 = 4 [using Eq. (i)] ∴ Area = 25 π
Hence, the equation of the circle is
⇒ α=± 2 III. Centre = (5, − 4)
( x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 72 = 49
∴ α=± 2 and β = ± 2 Radius = 52 + ( − 4)2 − 18 = 23
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 2 y = 47 ∴ Area = 23 π
11. (a) In ∆ADO,
6. (b) The centre of circle is the intersection So, I and II have equal area.
θ AD AD
of equations of the diameter sin = = 17. (d) Let the coordinates of P be ( h , k ).
x + y=6 ...(i) 2 OA R
Then, B is the mid-point of AP. So, the
and x + 2y = 4 ...(ii) h k + 3
coordinates of B are  , .
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 2 
x =8 O Since, B lies on the circle.
and y=−2
R R
∴ Radius of circle is the distance θ/2 θ/2
between P( 6, 2) and C (8, − 2)
A D B
Radius = (8 − 6)2 + ( 2 + 2)2 (h , k )
θ A(0, 3)
⇒ AD = R sin B P
=2 5 2
MATHEMATICS Circle 203

x 2 + 4x + ( y − 3)2 = 0 P tangent is same as equation of

2
k+3
2 common chord.
+ 4  +  − 3 = 0
h h (r2)
∴ 2 √2 (r1)
4  2  2  θ So, Statement II is false.
⇒ h 2 + 8h + ( k − 3)2 = 0 C2 C1 33. (a) Radius of the circle, AC = BC
Hence, the locus of P ( h , k ) is Y
x 2 + 8x + ( y − 3)2 = 0.
Let r and r be their radii
18. (c) We have, 1 2
C(3, 3)
(0, 3) B
S ≡ x 2 + 4x + y 2 + 9 − 6 y = 0 r = 9 + 4 − 11 = 2
1
or S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 6 y + 9 = 0 and r = 4+ 9−9 = 2 3
2
Centre of circle, S = ( − 2, 3) Also,
O 3 A (3, 0) X
Required distance from origin C C = (3 − 2 ) 2 + ( −2 + 3 ) 2 = 2
1 2
= ( −2 ) + (3 ) =
2 2
13 AC = OB = 3 and BC = OA = 3
Suppose, two circles intersect at P.
∴ Radius = 3 units
19. (a) Equation of circle concentric to given Then,
circle is C P2 + C P2 − C C 2 34. (b) Length of arc = angle subtended at
cos ∠C PC =
1 2 1 2 l 1
S ≡ x + y − 6x + 12 y + k = 0 ...(i)
2 2 centre × radius ⇒ Angle = =
1
1 2
2C P ⋅ C P r 3
1 2
As, area of circle (S ) 2+ 4−2 1 1 180° 60°
1
= = ⇒ Angle = × =
= 2 area of (given) circle (S) 2× 2 ×2 2 3 π π
∴ Radius of circle (S ) = 2 ⇒ cos ∠C PC = cos 45° 35. (b) The equation of the circle of radius 6
1
1 2
[radius of given circle] and centre at (3, 5) is
⇒ ∠C PC = 45°
1 2 ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 5)2 = ( 6)2
⇒ 9 + 36 − k = 2 9 + 36 − 15 28. (d) The equations of the circles are Let S ≡ ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 5) 2 − 36 = 0
⇒ 45 − k = 60 ⇒ k = − 15 S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 4 y + 11 = 0 (a) At point ( − 2, − 1),
1
Hence, the required equation of circle is S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + kx + 3 y + k = 0 S ≡ ( − 2 − 3)2 + ( −1− 5)2 − 36
3
x + y − 6x + 12 y − 15 = 0
2 2
These two circles cut orthogonally, if = 25 + 36 − 36 = 25 > 0
20. (a) Centre of the circle S is (3, − 6). which represents the point lies outside
2  − 3 × + 2 ×  = 11 + k
k 3
 the circle.
Since, centre (3, − 6) is satisfying only 2 2
(b) At point ( 0, 1),
2 y + 3x + 3 = 0 [Q 2( g g + f f ) = C C ]
1 2 1 2 1 2 S ≡ ( 0 − 3)2 + ( 1− 5)2 − 36
∴ 2 y + 3x + 3 = 0 is the required line. ⇒ − 3k + 6 = 11 + k ⇒ k = −
5 = 9 + 16 − 36 = − 11 < 0
4 which represents the point lies inside
21. (a) Since, (a, 0) and ( −a , 0) are the end
29. (b) Centre of circle S is C ( 0, 0). the circle.
points of diameter, then equation of the 1 1
Centre of circle S is C (3, 4). (c) At point ( −1, − 2),
circle is 2 2
( x − a ) ( x + a ) + ( y − 0) ( y − 0) = 0 S ≡ ( −1− 3)2 + ( − 2 − 5)2 − 36
r = 2 and r = 32 + 42 + 24 = 7
⇒ x 2 − a2 + y 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = a2
1 2 = 16 + 49 − 36 = 29 > 0
Now, C C = 32 + 42 = 5 which represents the point lies outside
22. (a) Since, origin lies inside the circle 1 2 the circle.
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . Hence, no tangent can be C C < Sum of the radii (d) At point (2, −1),
drawn. 1 2
S ≡ ( 2 − 3)2 + ( −1 − 5)2 − 36
Also, C C = Difference of the radii
23. (b) From circle S , r = 16 = 4
1 2 = 1 + 36 − 36 = 1 > 0
1 1 Thus, the two circles touch each other
which represents the point lies outside
From circle S , r = 16 + 25 + 23 = 8 internally.
2 2 the circle.
Clearly, r <r 30. (b) Since, the two circles touch each
1 2 Hence, point ( 0, 1) lies inside the circle S.
24. (d) Here, C ( 0, 0) and C ( 4, 5) other internally. Therefore, there is only
1 2 36. (b) Given equation of circle is
∴ CC = 16 + 25 = 41 one common tangent.
1 2 x2 + y 2 + x + c = 0 ...(i)
25. (b) Here, |r − r |< C C < | r + r | 31. (c) We have,
1 2 1 2 1 2 Since, the equation of circle passes
Clearly, circles cut each other at two S = (3)2 + ( 4)2 − 4 = 21 > 0 through the origin.
1
points. Hence, number of common ∴ Point (3, 4) lies outside the circle S . ∴( 0)2 + ( 0)2 + 0 + c = 0 ⇒ c = 0
1
tangents will be 2. ∴Two tangents can be drawn from (3, 4). From Eq. (i), we get
26. (c) Equation of common chord is given by 32. (a) I. Equation of common chord is x2 + y 2 + x = 0
S −S =0 given by S − S = 0
1 2 1 1
⇒ − 6x + 4 y + 11 − ( − 4x + 6 y + 9) = 0
1 2
i.e. − 4 + 6x + 8 y + 24 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y 2 + x + =
4 4
⇒ − 2x − 2 y + 2 = 0 ⇒ x + y − 1 = 0 or 3x + 4 y + 10 = 0 2 2
⇒  x +  + ( y − 0)2 =  
1 1
27. (b) Centre of circle S is C (3, − 2). So, Statement I is true.  2  2
1 1
Centre of circle S is C ( 2, − 3) II. Since, two circles touch each other 1
2 2 So, the required radius of circle is .
internally, equation of common 2
204 NDA/NA Pathfinder

37. (a) Equations of circle are Hence, the x-intercept is 6 and x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + c = 0 y-intercept is 8. When x = 0, y = 0
and x 2 + y 2 + 2by + c = 0 41. (a) Here, radius of circle = b and centre ⇒ c=0 ...(i)
Q Centres of two circles are ( −a , 0) and = ( 0, b ) and the equation of line touches
( 0, − b ). When x = a, y = b
the circle is y = x − 2
∴ Distance between two centres a 2 + b 2 + 2 ga + 2 fb = 0 [Q c = 0] ...(ii)
= a2 + b2 When x = − b, y = − a
38. (b) Two circles touch each other, iff y = x – √2 b 2 + a 2 − 2 gb − 2 fa = 0 …(iii)
(0, b)
Distance between two centres A Subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
O b
= Sum of radius of two circles 2 g( a + b ) + 2 f ( a + b ) = 0
⇒ a2 + b2 = a2 − c + b2 − c ⇒ 2( g + f )( a + b ) = 0
On squaring both sides, we get ⇒ g + f = 0 ⇒ g = − f …(iv)
∴ Perpendicular drawn from centre to
a2 + b2 = a2 − c + b2 − c Putting g = − f in Eq. (ii), we get
the line is
+ 2 ( a 2 − c )( b 2 − c ) a 2 + b 2 − 2 fa + 2 fb = 0
0−b− 2  −( b + 2 ) 
 =
b = 
⇒ c = ( a 2 − c )( b 2 − c ) 1  a2 + b2 
 2   2  ⇒ f =  
2 a−b 
Again, squaring both sides, we get ⇒ 2b = b + 2 ⇒ b( 2 − 1) = 2
Putting f = − g in Eq. (ii), we get
c2 = a 2 b 2 − a 2 c − b 2 c + c2 2 ( 2 + 1)
⇒ b= × a 2 + b 2 + 2 ga − 2 gb = 0
1 1 1 2 − 1 ( 2 + 1)
⇒ a2b2 = ( a2 + b2 ) c ⇒ = 2 + 2
c a b 1  a2 + b2 
2+ 2 ⇒ g=−  
r2 = = (2 + 2) 2 a−b 
39. (b) Given, x2 + y 2 = 2− 1
4
44. (a) From Eq. (iv), we have
We know that, the line y = mx + c meets 42. (a) Given circle are
g = − f ⇒ y = −x
the circle in unique real point or touch ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = r 2 ...(i)
the circle x2 + y 2 = r 2 , if ∴Required equation of line is x + y = 0
and x 2 + y 2 − 8x + 2 y + 8 = 0 ...(ii)
c 45. (b) Intercept on
r= Centre of circle (i) = (1, 3)
1+ m 2 X - axis = g 2 − c = 2 g 2 [Q c = 0]
and radius r =r
1
Since, the straight line x = y + 2 Intercept on Y - axis
Centre of circle (ii) = ( 4, − 1)
touches the given circle. = 2 f 2 −c = 2 f 2
[Q c = 0]
2 r and radius ( r ) = 16 + 1 − 8 = 9 =3
Hence, = ⇒r = 2 2 2
Sum of square of intercepts
2 2 ∴ Distance between centres
= ( x -intercept)2 + ( y - intercept)2
40. (d) We have, centre = (3, 4) = (1 − 4)2 + (3 + 1)2 = 4g2 + 4 f 2
and radius = 5
= 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 units 1  a2 + b2 
2
Equation of circle having centre ( h , k ) =4 ×  
and radius a is 43. (b) Condition for two circles intersect at 4 a−b 
( x − h )2 + ( y − k )2 = a 2 two distinct points. 2
1  a2 + b2 
⇒ ( x − 3) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2 + 4× × 
Distance between centre < Sum of radius 4  a−b 
For x-intercept 5< r + 3 ⇒ 2< r 2
a + b 
2 2
Put y = 0, we get ( x − 3)2 + 16 = 25
But r > 1 because 5 </ 1 + 3 =2 
⇒ ( x − 3)2 = 9  a−b 
⇒ x − 3 = 3 and − 3 ⇒ x = 6 and 0 Sol. (Q. Nos. 44-45) Given that circle passes
For y-intercept through (0, 0), ( a , b ) and ( − b , − a ).
Put x = 0, we get 9 + ( y − 4)2 = 25 Now, equation of circle is
⇒ y − 4 = 4 and − 4 ⇒ y = 8 and 0
18
MATHEMATICS Conic Section 205

CONIC SECTION

In NDA exam, generally 2-4 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on finding
equation of conics, eccentricity conics, various terms related to conics etc.

A conic section or conic is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that its distance from a
fixed point always bears a constant ratio to its perpendicular distance from a fixed line, all being in the
same plane. Shape of the conic section obtained depends on the position of cutting plane. This section
deals with parabola, hyperbola and ellipse etc.

Various Terms Related to Conic Section

1. Focus The fixed points is called the focus of the conic section.
2. Directrix The fixed straight line is called the directrix of the conic section.
3. Eccentricity The constant ratio of distance of point lying on conic, from focus to its perpendicular
distance from directrix is called the eccentricity of the conic section and is denoted by e.
(i) For an ellipse, e < 1 (ii) For a parabola, e = 1 (iii) For hyperbola, e > 1
(iv) For a circle, e = 0 (v) Pair of straight lines, e = ∞
4. Axis The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix, is called the axis
of the conic section.
5. Vertex The point of intersection of the conic section and its axis, is called vertex of the conic section.
6. Centre The point which bisects every possible chord of the conic passing through it, is called the
centre of conic.
7. Latusrectum The latusrectum of a conic is the chord passing through the focus and perpendicular to
the axis.
8. Focal chord Any chord passing through the focus of a conic is called the focal chord of the conic.
9. Double ordinate Any chord perpendicular to the axis of a conic is called the double ordinate of that
conic.
10. Focal distance or focal length The distance between the focus and a point lying on the conic, is
known as focal distance or focal length of the given point.

General Equation of Conics of Second Degree

General equation of conics of second degree viz.
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
where, discriminant ∆ = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2
206 NDA/NA Pathfinder

The above equation represents a non-degenerate 2. Form x 2 = 4ay In this form the focus of the
conic whose nature is as follows parabola lie in the positive side of Y-axis
S.No. Condition Nature of conic Y

1. ∆ ≠ 0, h = 0, a = b, e = 0 A circle
S (0,a)
2. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h = 0, e = 1
2
A parabola

3. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h2 > 0, e < 1 An ellipse

4. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h < 0, e > 1
2
A hyperbola
X′ X
O (0, 0)
5. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h < 0, a + b = 0,
2
A rectangular a
e = 1/ 2 hyperbola
y=–a
Y′
x = 4ay
PARABOLA 2

A parabola is the locus of a point which is equidistant 3. Form x 2 = − 4 ay In this form the focus of the
from a fixed point called focus and from a fixed straight parabola lie in the negative of Y-axis.
line called directrix. Y y=a
Directrix
Z Y a
(x, y) L(a, 2a) O (0, 0)
P X′ X
M Latusrectum

Vertex Focus axis

X′ X
O (0 , 0) S(a, 0)
S (0, – a)
a
x = –a y2 = 4ax
Y′
Z′ Y′ L′ (a,– 2a) x 2 = – 4ay

Since, point P( x, y) lies on the parabola. Some Important Results Related to Parabola
PS
∴ =e =1 [here, e = 1] y 2 = 4 ax y 2 = − 4 ax x 2 = 4 ay x 2 = − 4 ay
PM
⇒ PS 2 = PM 2 Eccentricity e =1 e =1 e =1 e =1

⇒ ( x − a) + ( y − 0 ) = ( x + a)
2 2 2 Coordinates of ( 0, 0) ( 0, 0) ( 0, 0) ( 0, 0)
vertex
⇒ y 2 = 4ax Coordinates of ( a, 0) ( −a, 0) ( 0, a ) ( 0, − a )
which is the equation of parabola in standard form. focus
Equation of x= −a x=a y= −a y=a
Note The distance between vertex of parabola and focus is equal the directrix
to perpendicular distance of vertex from directrix.
or Vertex is the mid-point of line joining focus and point of Equation of y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0
intersection of directrix and axis. the axis
Length of the 4a 4a 4a 4a
Other Standard Forms of Parabola latusrectum

1. Form y 2 = − 4 ax In this form the focus of the Focal distance

of a point x+ a a−x y+ a a− y
parabola lie in the negative side of X-axis. P( x, y)
Y
Directrix Extremities of ( a, ± 2 a ) ( − a, ± 2 a ) ( ± 2 a, a ) ( ± 2 a, − a )
latusrectum
a Parametric
X′ ( at 2, 2 at ) ( − at 2, 2 at ) (2 at , at 2 ) (2 at , − at 2 )
X coordinates
S (– a, 0) O(0,0)
x=a Parametric x = at 2, x = − at 2, x = 2 at , x = 2 at ,
equation y = 2 at y = 2 at y = at 2 y = − at 2
Y′
y 2 = – 4ax
MATHEMATICS > Conic Section 207

Parabolas with Vertex Other than (0, 0) Shifting the origin to the point (3, 4) without rotating the
axes and denoting the new coordinates with respect to
If the vertex of the parabola is at the point A ( h, k) and these new axes by X and Y , we have
its latusrectum is of length 4a, then its equation is Y y2 – 8y – x + 19 = 0
(i) ( y − k) 2 = 4a( x − h), if its axis is parallel to OX, i.e.
parabola opens rightward.
A(3, 4)
(ii) ( y − k) 2 = − 4a( x − h), if its axis is parallel to OX ′,
S 13 , 4
i.e. parabola opens leftward. 4

(iii) ( x − h) 2 = 4a ( y − k), if its axis is parallel to OY, i.e. X′

O x=3 X
Y′
parabola opens upward.
X =x−3 …(ii)
(iv) ( x − h) 2 = − 4a ( y − k), if its axis is parallel to OY ′, Y=y−4
i.e. parabola opens downward. Using these relations, Eq. (i) reduces to Y 2 = X …(iii)
This is of the form Y 2 = 4aX. On comparing, we get
EXAMPLE 1. Find the equation of the parabola, 4a = 1 or a = 1/ 4
whose focus is at (−1, − 2) and the directrix on the line (i) Vertex
x − 2y + 3 = 0. The coordinates of the vertex with respect to the new
a. x2 + 4 y 2 + 4 xy + 32x + 16 = 0 axes are ( X = 0, Y = 0).
So, the coordinates of the vertex with respect to the
b. 4 x2 + y 2 + 4 xy + 32y + 16 = 0
old axes are (3, 4). [putting X = 0, Y = 0 in Eq. (ii)]
c. 4 x2 + y 2 + 4 xy + 32x + 16 = 0 (ii) Focus
d. None of the above The coordinates of the focus with respect to the new
axes are ( X = a, Y = 0), i.e.  X = , Y = 0 .
1
Sol. Let P( x, y) be any point on the parabola, whose focus
 4 
is S( −1, − 2) and the directrix x − 2y + 3 = 0. Draw PM
perpendicular from P( x, y) on the directrix x − 2y + 3 = 0. So , the coordinates of the focus with respect to the
old axes are  , 4 . [putting X = and Y = 0 in Eq. (ii)]
Then by definition, 13 1
4  4
SP = PM ⇒ SP 2 = PM 2
2
 x − 2y + 3 (iii) Directrix
⇒ ( x + 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 =  
 1+ 4  The equation of the directrix with respect to the new
1
⇒ 5[( x + 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 ] = ( x − 2y + 3) 2 axes is X = − a i.e. X = −
4
⇒ 5( x2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y + 5)
So, the equation of the directrix with respect to the old
= ( x2 + 4y 2 + 9 − 4xy + 6x − 12y) −1 11  −1
⇒ 4x + y + 4xy + 4x + 32y + 16 = 0
2 2 axes is x = + 3⇒ x = putting x = in Eq. (ii ) 
4 4  4 
Which is the equation of the required parabola.
Position of a Point with
EXAMPLE 2. If the equation of parabola
y 2 − 8y − x + 19 = 0, find Respect to a Parabola
(i) vertex Let S ≡ y 2 − 4ax = 0 be the equation of a parabola, then
a. ( 0 , 0) b. ( 3, 4) c. ( 4 , 4) d. ( 4 , 3) a point P ( x1 , y1 ) in the XY-plane lies
(ii) focus (i) on the parabola, if S1 = 0
3   13   4 (ii) outside the parabola, if S1 > 0
a. (1, 4) b.  , 3 c.  , 4 d.  3, 
4  4   3
(iii) inside the parabola, if S1 < 0
(iii) directrix
11 11 4 4 where, S1 ≡ y12 − 4ax1
a. x = b. y = c. x = d. y =
4 4 11 11
EXAMPLE 3. The portion of point (1, 4) with respect
Sol. We have, the equation of parabola y 2 − 8y − x + 19 = 0 to the parabola y 2 + 9 − 6 y = 5x, is
y 2 − 8y − x + 19 = 0 ⇒ y 2 − 8y = x − 19 a. on curve/parabola b. outside parabola
⇒ y 2 − 8y + 16 = x − 19 + 16 ⇒ ( y − 4) 2 = ( x − 3) ...(i) c. inside parabola d. None of these
208 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Sol. . Let S = y 2 + 9 − 6y − 5x So, the PQ and AP are perpendicular to each other

 y − 2
Now, point (1, 4) lies on S. ∴  1  = − 1 ⇒ y1 − 2 = − x1 + 2 ⇒ x1 + y1 = 4…(ii)
Thus, S1 = ( 4) 2 + 9 − 6( 4) − 5(1) = 16 + 9 − 24 − 5  x1 − 2 
= 25 − 29 = − 4 < 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), y1 = − 4 and 2
Hence, the point lies inside the parabola. So, the coordinates of point Q are (8, −4).
Equation of Chord ∴ Required distance, PQ = (8 − 2) 2 + ( −4 − 2) 2
The equation of chord joining the points ( x1 , y1 ) and = 36 + 36 = 72 = 6 2
( x 2 , y 2 ) on the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
y ( y1 + y 2 ) = 4ax + y1 y 2
ELLIPSE
An ellipse is the locus of that point which moves in a
Condition for the Chord to be a Focal Chord plane such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed
The chord joining the points ( at 12 , 2at 1 ) and ( at 22 , 2at 2 ) point (focus) to a fixed straight line (directrix) is
constant and less than unity. This constant ratio is called
passes through focus provided t 1t 2 = −1
eccentricity and denoted by e.
Tangents and Normals to the Parabola Or
The locus of a point whose sum of distance from two
Equation of tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4ax fixed points remains constant is called an ellipse.
(i) at ( x1 , y1 ) is y y1 = 2a( x + x1 ) Y
Z' Z
(ii) at ( at 2 , 2at ) is ty = x + at 2 Minor axis
B (0, b)

A′ (–a,0)
P (x, y)
(iii) If m is the slope of tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4ax, then M
a  a 2a  A(a,0)
its equation is y = mx + . Point of contact is  2 ,  . X′ X
m  m m S′(– ae, 0) O (0, 0) S (ae, 0) Major
axis
Equation of normal to the parabola y = 4ax 2
x=
a
Directrices B′ (0, –b) Directrices e
y
(i) at ( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 = − 1 ( x − x1 ) x = a–
e Y′
2a 2
= e, PS 2 = e2PM 2, ( x − ae) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = e2  − x
PS a
(ii) at ( at 2 , 2at ) is y + tx = 2at + at 3
PM e 
(iii) If m is the slope of normal to the parabola y 2 = 4ax, x2 y2 x2 y 2
then its equation is given as y = mx − 2am − m3 . ⇒ + =1 ⇒ 2 + 2 =1
a 2 a2(1 − e2) a b
Where, b = a (1 − e ), b < a
2 2 2
EXAMPLE 4. Let P(2, 2) is a point on the parabola
This is the equation of ellipse in standard form. Here,
y 2 = 2x and A is its vertex. If Q is another point on the
AA′ = 2a and BB′ = 2 b are called major and minor axes,
parabola such that PQ is perpendicular to AP, then respectively.
what is the length of PQ?
a. 2 b. 2 2 c. 4 2 d. 6 2 Another Form of Ellipse
x2 y2
The another equation of the ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1
Sol. Equation of parabola is y = 2x. 2
a b
Y
[where, b > a].
) Y
2 ,2 Z y = b/e
P(
Directrix Major axis
B
X′ X
A(0, 0) S S
(0, be)
A′ A
Q (x1, y1) X′ X
Y′ (– a,0) O (0, 0) (a, 0)
So, the coordinates of vertex are A(0, 0). (0, –be) Minor axis
Let ( x1, y1) be the coordinates of the point Q. S'
∴ y12 = 2x1 …(i) B'
y −2 y = –b/e
and slope of PQ = 1 , Z′
x1 − 2 Directrix Y′
2−0 Here, AA ′ = 2a and BB′ = 2b are minor and major axes,
Also, slope of AP = =1
2−0 respectively.
MATHEMATICS > Conic Section 209

Some Important Results Related to Ellipse (ii) outside the ellipse, if S1 > 0
x12 y12
x2
+
y2
= 1, a > b
x2
+
y2
= 1, a < b (iii) inside the ellipse, if S1 < 0 where, S1 ≡ + −1
a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2
Coordinates of the
centre
(0, 0) (0, 0) Equation of Ellipse in
Coordinates of the ( a, 0) and ( −a, 0) ( 0, b ) and ( 0, − b ) Parametric Form
vertices
x2 y2
Coordinates of foci ( ae, 0) and ( −ae, 0) ( 0, be ) and ( 0, − be ) Parametric equation of ellipse = 1 is +
Length of major axis 2a 2b
a 2 b2
x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ and parametric coordinates of
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
point lying on it is given by (a cos θ, b sin θ). The
Equation of the major
axis
y=0 x=0 angle θ is called the eccentric angle of the point
( a cos θ, b sin θ) on the ellipse.
Equation of the minor x=0 y=0
axis
Equation of the a a b b
Equation of Chord
x= and x = − y= and y = −
directrices e e e e Q(x2, y2)
b2 a2
Eccentricity e = 1− e = 1−
a2 b2
P(x1, y1)
2 2
2b 2a
Length of latusrectum
a b
R(x3, y )
Focal distances of a b ± ey
3
a ± ex
point ( x, y)
The equation of the chord of the ellipse
 b2   a2 
Extremities of  ± ae, ±   ± , ± be  x2 y2
latusrectum  a  b  + = 1, whose mid-point be ( x1 , y1 ) is T = S1 ,
a2 b2
Note If the centre of ellipse is at (h, k) and its axis are parallel to xx1 yy1 x2 y2
the coordinate axes, then the equation of ellipse is given as
where T = + − 1, S1 = 12 + 12 − 1.
a b a b
( x − h)2 ( y − k )2
+ = 1
a 2
b2 The equation of the chord joining the points
P ( a cos θ1 , b sin θ1 ) and Q ( a cos θ 2 , b sin θ 2 ) is
EXAMPLE 5. The equation of the ellipse, whose centre is
1 x  θ + θ 2  y  θ1 + θ 2   θ1 − θ 2 
at origin (0, 0), foci (+1, 0) and eccentricity , is cos  1  + sin   = cos  
2 a  2  b  2   2 
x2 y2 x2 y2
a. + =1 b. + =1
3 4 4 3 Tangents and Normals to the Ellipse
2 2
x y x2 y2
c. + = 12 d. x 2 + y 2 = 12
3 4 Equation of tangent to the ellipse + =1
1 a2 b2
Sol. Here, foci = ( + 1, 0) and eccentricity, e = xx1 yy1
2 (i) at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is + = 1.
1 a2 b2
∴ ae = 1 and e = ⇒ a = 2
2
(ii) having slope m is y = mx + a 2 m2 +b 2 and
b = a (1 − e ) ⇒ b2 = 4 1 −  = 4 × = 3
1 3
∴ 2 2 2
 4 4 coordinates of point of contacts are
x2 y2  a2m b2 
So, the equation of required ellipse is + = 1. + ,+ .
4 3  
 a 2 m2 + b 2 a 2 m2 + b 2 
Position of a Point with x2 y2
Equation of normal to the ellipse =1 +
Respect to an Ellipse a 2 b2
x2 y2 a 2 x b2 y
If S ≡ + − 1 = 0, is the equation of an ellipse, then a (i) at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is − = a 2 − b2 .
a 2 b2 x1 y1
point P( x1 , y1 ) in the XY-plane lies m (a 2 − b2 )
(ii) having slope m is y = mx ±
(i) on the ellipse, if S1 = 0 a 2 + b 2 m2
210 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HYPERBOLA Conjugate Hyperbola

A hyperbola is the locus of that point which moves in The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are
a plane such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed respectively the conjugate and transverse axes of the
point (focus) to a fixed straight line (directrix) is given hyperbola is called the conjugate hyperbola of the
constant and greater than unity. This constant ratio is given hyperbola. The equation of conjugate hyperbola
called eccentricity and denoted by e. x2 y2 x2 y2
of the given hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 is − 2 + 2 = 1.
Or a b a b
The locus of points difference of whose distance from Y Transverse axis
two fixed points remain constant.
S(0, be)
Y
Z′ Z Conjugate axis
B(0, b) y = b/e
M′ M
P(x, y) A′(–a, 0) A(a,0)
X′ X
Transverse axis O (0, 0) Conjugate axis
X′ X y = –b/e
S'(– ae, 0) O (0,0) A S(ae, 0) B'(0, –b)
A′

S'(0, –be)
(a ,
)
,0

0)
(–a

x = – a/e x = a/e Y′
Y′
PS Rectangular Hyperbola
= e ⇒ PS 2 = e 2 PM 2
PM It is a particular kind of hyperbola which has its
2
 a transverse and conjugate axis of equal length. It is also
⇒ ( x − ae ) 2 + y 2 = e 2  x −  known as equilateral hyperbola. The eccentricity of
 e
rectangular hyperbola is 2.
⇒ x 2 (e 2 − 1) − y 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1)
x2 y2 x2 y2 Some Important Results Related to
⇒ − = 1 ⇒ − =1 Hyperbola and Conjugate Hyperbola
a 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1) a 2 b2
Hyperbola Conjugate hyperbola
where, b 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1) x2 y2
− 2 =1 x2 y2
2
− + =1
This equation is called the equation of hyperbola in a b a2
b2
standard form. Coordinates of the
(0, 0) (0, 0)
centre
EXAMPLE 6. Find the equation of the hyperbola, the Coordinates of the ( a, 0) and ( −a, 0) ( 0, b ) and ( 0, − b )
length of whose latusrectum is 8 and eccentricity is 3/ 5. vertices
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 Coordinates of foci ( ± ae,0) ( 0, ± be )
a. − =1 b. − =1
25 15 25 20 Length of the
2a 2b
2 2 transverse axis
x y
c. − =1 d. None of these Length of the
20 15 conjugate axis
2b 2a
2 2
x y Equations of the a b
x=± y=±
Sol. Let the equation of the hyperbola be 2 − 2 = 1 …(i) directrices e e
a b
Then, length of the latusrectum = 8 a2 + b 2 b 2 + a2
e = 2
or e = or
2b2 Eccentricity a b2
⇒ = 8 ⇒ b2 = 4a ⇒ a2( e2 − 1) = 4a b 2 = a 2(e 2 − 1) a 2 = b 2(e 2 − 1)
a
⇒ a( e2 − 1) = 4 Length of the 2 b2 2 a2
a − 1 = 4 ⇒ a = 5
9 latusrectum
⇒ a b
5 
Equation of the y=0 x=0
On putting a = 5 in b2 = 4a, we get b2 = 20 transverse axis
Hence, the equation of the required hyperbola is Equation of the x=0 y=0
2 2
conjugate axis
x y
− = 1. Focal distance ex = ± a ey = ± b
25 20
MATHEMATICS > Conic Section 211

Note If centre of hyperbola is at point (h,k) and its axes are Let ∠QCN = θ. Here, P and Q are the corresponding
parallel to the coordinate axes, then the equation of
( x − h)2 ( y − k )2
points on the hyperbola and the auxiliary circle
hyperbola is given as 2
− = 1 (0 ≤ θ < 2π ).
a b2

Equation of Hyperbola Equation of Chord

The equation of chord joining the points
in Parametric Form P ≡ ( a sec θ1 , b tan θ1 ) and Q = ( a sec θ 2 , b tan θ 2 ) is
x2 y2
Parametric equation of the hyperbola = 1, is − x θ − θ2  y  θ1 + θ 2   θ1 + θ 2 
a 2 b2 cos  1  − sin   = cos  
a  2  b  2   2 
x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ and parametric coordinates of point
lying on it is given by (a sec θ, b tan θ).
Tangents and Normals
Position of a Point with x2 y2
Equation of tangent to the hyperbola − =1
Respect to a Hyperbola a2 b2
x2 y2 xx1 yy1
Let the equation of hyperbola be S ≡ − −1=0 (i) at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is 2
− = 1.
a2 b2 a b2
Then, the point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies (ii) having slope m is y = mx ± a 2 m2 − b 2
(i) on the hyperbola, if S1 = 0 x2 y2
Equation of normal to the hyperbola − =1
(ii) outside the hyperbola, if S1 > 0 a2 b2
(iii) inside the hyperbola, if S1 < 0 a 2 x b2 y
(i) at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is + = a 2 + b2 .
x12 y12 y1
where, S1 ≡ 2
− 2
−1 x1
a b m (a 2 + b2 )
(ii) having slope m is y = mx ±
Intersection of a Line and a Hyperbola a 2 − b 2 m2
The straight line y = mx + c will cut the hyperbola
x2 y2 EXAMPLE 7. If the eccentricity and length of
− = 1 in two points which may be real, coincident 13 10
a 2 b2 latusrectum of a hyperbola are and units
3 3
or imaginary, as c 2 > 1 = 1 < a 2 m2 − b 2 .
respectively, what is the length of the transverse axis?
7 15 15
Auxiliary Circle of Hyperbola a. units b. 12 units c. units d. units
2 2 4
Y
13 10
P (x, y) Sol. Here, e = and length of latusrectum =
3 3
Q 90º
2
2b 10 5a
θ ⇒ = ⇒ b2 =
X′ A′ (–a,0) C A (a N X a 3 3
(0,0) ,0)
= a2 
5a 13 
We know that, b = a ( e − 1) ⇒
2 2 2
− 1
3 9 

Y′ 5a 4a2 15
⇒ = ⇒ a=
2 2 3 9 4
x y
Let −
= 1 be the hyperbola, then equation of the 2 × 15 15
a 2
b2 ∴ Length of transverse axis = 2a = = units
4 2
auxiliary circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
212 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The two ends of latusrectum of a parabola are 10. In an ellipse, the distance between its foci is 6
the points (3, 6) and ( −5, 6), then the focus is and its minor axis is 8. Then, its eccentricity is
(a) (1, 6) (b) (−1, 6) (a)
4
(b)
1
(c)
3
(d)
1
(c) (1, − 6) (d) (−1, − 6) 5 52 5 2

2. The parametric representation ( 2 + t 2 , 2t + 1) 11. If e1 , e2 be the eccentricities of ellipse 9x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36

represents and hyperbola 9x 2 − 4 y 2 = 36, respectively then
(a) a parabola with focus at (2,1) (a) e12 + e 22 > 3 (b) e12 + e 22 = 2
(b) a parabola with vertex at (2,1)
(c) e12 + e 22 > 4 (d) e12 + e 22 < 3
(c) an ellipse with centre at (2,1)
(d) None of the above 12. In an ellipse, the distance between the foci is 8
and the distance between the directrices is 25.
3. The equation y − 2x − 2 y + 5 = 0 represents
2
The length of major axis is
(a) circle centred at (1,1) (a) 10 2 (b) 20 2 (c) 30 2 (d) 50 2
3
(b) parabola with directrix at x =
2 13. A circle is drawn with the two foci of an ellipse
(c) parabola with focus at (1, 2) x2 y2
+ = 1 at the end of the diameter. What is
1 a 2 b2
(d) parabola with directrix at x = −
2 the equation of the circle?
4. If (0, 4) and (0, 2) are respectively, the vertex (a) x2 + y2 = a2 + b 2 (b) x2 + y2 = a2 − b 2
and focus of a parabola, then its equation is (c) x + y = 2 (a + b )
2 2 2 2
(d) x2 + y2 = 2(a2 − b 2 )
(a) x + 8 y = 32
2
(b) y + 8x = 32
2
14. A man running around a race course notes that
(c) x2 − 8 y = 32 (d) y2 − 8x = 32 the sum of the distances of two flag posts from
him is always 10 m and the distance between the
5. The coordinates of a point on the parabola
flag posts is 8 m. The area of the path, he
y 2 = 8x, whose focal distance is 4, is
encloses in square metres is
(a) (2, 4) (b) (4, 2) (c) (−2, − 4) (d) (4, − 2 ) (a) 15 π (b) 12 π (c) 18π (d) 8π
6. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a parabola x 2
y 2
y 2 = 4ax, whose vertex is at the vertex of the 15. If the foci of the ellipse + = 1 and the
16 b2
parabola. The length of each side of the triangle x2 y2 1
is hyperbola − = coincide, then the value of
144 81 25
(a) 2 a 3 (b) 4a 3 (c) 6a 3 (d) 8a 3
b2 is
7. In the parabola y = 4ax, the length of chord
2
(a) 1 (b) 5
passing through the vertex and inclined to the (c) 7 (d) 9
 π
axis at an angle   is 16. The eccentricity of the hyperbola with
 4 latusrectum 12 and semi-conjugate axis 2 3, is
(a) 2 a 2 (b) 2a (c) 2a (d) 4a 2 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d) 2 3
2
8. Equation of the ellipse, whose focus is (6,7), 17. If e and e′ be the eccentricities of a hyperbola
directrix is x + y + 2 = 0 and e = 1/ 3 is 1 1
(a) 5x2 + 2 x y + 5 y2 − 76x − 88 y + 506 = 0
and its conjugate, then + is equal to
e 2
e′ 2
(b) 5x2 − 2 x y + 5 y2 − 76x − 88 y + 506 = 0 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 5x2 − 2 x y + 5 y2 + 76x + 88 y − 506 = 0 (c) 2 (d) −1
3
(d) None of the above 18. Equation of the hyperbola with eccentricity and
2
9. The eccentricity of ellipse, if length of major axis foci at ( ± 2, 0) is 5x − 4 y = k . What is the value
2 2 2

is three times the length of minor axis, is of k?

(c)   5 (d)   5
1 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
3 3 2 3 3 4  3  4
MATHEMATICS > Conic Section 213

x2 y2
19. Consider the following statements Directions (Q. Nos.27-29) P : y 2 = 8 x ; E : + =1
I. The area of the ellipse 2x2 + 3 y2 = 6 is more than 4 15
the area of the circle x2 + y2 − 2x + 4 y + 4 = 0. 27. Equation of a tangent common to both the
II. The equation 3x2 + 4 y2 − 18x + 16 y + 43 = k parabola P and the ellipse E is
represents an ellipse if k < 0. (a) x − 2 y + 8 = 0 (b) x ± 2 y + 8 = 0
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (c) x + 2 y − 8 = 0 (d) x ± 2 y − 8 = 0
(a) Only I (b) Only II
28. Equation of the normal at the point of contact of
(c) Both I and II (c) None of these
the common tangent, which makes an acute
angle with the positive direction of X-axis, to the
Directions (Q. Nos. 20-21) The parametric equation parabola P is
of the hyperbola are x = 5 sec φ and y = 3 tan φ (a) 2 x + y = 24 (b) 2 x + y + 24 = 0
20. Distance between the foci is (c) 2 x + y = 48 (d) 2 x + y + 48 = 0
(a) 34 (b) 2 34 (c) 4 34 (d) None of these 29. Point of contact of a common tangent to P and E
21. If y = mx − 3 is a tangent to the given hyperbola, on the ellipse is
(a)  ,  (b)  ± , 
then m is 1 15 1 15
2 3 2 3 3 2 2 4   2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c)  , −  (d)  − , ± 
5 5 5 5 1 15 1 15
2 4  2 4
Directions (Q. Nos. 22-23) If a hyperbola passes
x2 y2 Directions (Q. Nos. 30-33) Consider the equation of
through the foci of the ellipse + = 1 and its
25 16 parabola 25 [( x − 2) 2 + (y − 4) 2] = ( 4x − 3y + 12) 2
transverse and conjugate axis coincide with major 30. The coordinates of the focus are
and minor axes of the ellipse and product of the (a) (3, − 2 ) (b) (2, 4) (c) (− 1, 1) (d) None of these
eccentricities is 1, then
31. Length of latusrectum is
22. The equation of hyperbola is (a)
8
(b)
4
(c)
16
(d) None of these
x2 y2 x2 y2 5 5 5
(a) − =1 (b) − =1
9 16 9 25 32. The equation of the axis is
2 2 2 2
(c) −
x
+
y
=1 (d)
x
−
y
=1 (a) 4x + 3 y + 15 = 0 (b) 4x + 3 y + 10 = 0
9 25 16 25 (c) 3x + 4 y − 22 = 0 (d) None of these
23. The focus of hyperbola is 33. The equation of the latusrectum is
(a) (5, 0) (b) (5 3, 0) (c) (0, 5) (d) (0, 5 3 ) (a) 4x − 3 y + 4 = 0 (b) 4x − 3 y + 8 = 0
(c) 4x + 3 y + 7 = 0 (d) None of these
Directions (Q. Nos. 24-26) Consider the equation of
hyperbola 3x 2 − 24x + 40y − 4y 2 − 88 = 0. Directions (Q. Nos. 34-37) Consider the equation of
ellipse 12 x 2 + 4y 2 + 24x − 16y + 25 = 0
24. The eccentricity of the hyperbola is
(a) 2 7 (b)
7
(c) 2 (d)
13 34. The centre of the ellipse is
2 2 (a) (4, − 1) (b) (2, 1) (c) (− 1, 2 ) (d) (− 3, 2 )
25. The equation of directrices is 35. The length of major and minor axes are
12
(a) x = 5 ± 2 (b) x = 5 ± 3 (a) 2, 4 (b) 3, 1 (c) 2, 2 3 (d) 4, 6
7
12 36. The eccentricity of the ellipse is
(c) x = 4 ± 2 (d) x = 4 ± 3
7 1 3 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3 4
26. The equation of hyperbola, whose latusrectum is
6 and eccentricity is same as eccentricity of given 37. Coordinates of the foci are
 1
(a)  0, 1 ±
hyperbola is 1 
 (b)  0, 2 ± 
x2 y2 x2 y2  3  3
(a) − =1 (b) − =1
18 10 20 16
(c)  1, 2 ±
1 
(d)  −1, 2 ±
1 
2 2  
(c)
x
−
y
=1 (d) None of these  2  2
16 12
214 NDA/NA Pathfinder

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 47. What is the sum of the major and minor axes of
the ellipse, whose eccentricity is 4/5 and length
38. What is the eccentricity of the conic of latusrectum is 14.4 units? e 2014 I
4x + 9 y 2 = 144?
2
e 2012 I
(a) 32 units
5 5 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) 48 units
3 4 5 3 (c) 64 units
39. The eccentricity e of an ellipse satisfies the (d) None of the above
condition e 2012 II
(a) e < 0 (b) 0 < e < 1 (c) e = 1 (d) e > 1 48. What is the equation of parabola, whose vertex
is at (0, 0) and focus is at ( 0, − 2)? e 2014 I
40. The sum of the focal distances of a point on the (a) y 2 + 8x = 0 (b) y 2 − 8x = 0
x2 y2
ellipse + = 1 is (c) x 2
+ 8y = 0 (d) x 2
− 8y = 0
4 9 e 2012 II
(a) 4 units (b) 6 units (c) 8 units (d) 10 units 49. What is the length of the latusrectum of an
ellipse 25x 2 + 16 y 2 = 400? e 2014 II
41. The difference of focal distances of any point on
a hyperbola is equal to e 2012 II (a) 25/2 (b) 25/4
(a) latusrectum (b) semi-transverse axis (c) 16/5 (d) 32/5
(c) transverse axis (d) semi-latusrectum 50. The point on the parabola y 2 = 4x nearest to
42. The equation of the ellipse, whose vertices are at focus has its abscissa e 2015 I
( ± 5, 0) and foci at ( ± 4, 0) is e 2013 I (a) x = 0 (b) x = a
x2 y2 x2 y2 a
(a) + =1 (b) + =1 (c) x = (d) x = 2a
25 9 9 25 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y2
(c) + =1 (d) + =1 51. The hyperbola −
= 1, passes through the
16 25 25 16 a 2
b2
43. The axis of the parabola y 2 + 2x = 0 is e 2013 II
point ( 3 5 , 1) and the length of its latusrectum is
(a) x = 0 (b) y = 0 (c) x = 2 (d) y = 2 4
units. The length of the conjugate axis is
3 e 2015 I
44. The length of latusrectum of the ellipse
(a) 2 units (b) 3 units
4x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 is e 2013 II (c) 4 units (d) 5 units
4 8
(a) (b) (c) 6 (d) 12 x2 y2
3 3 52. Consider any point P on the ellipse + = 1,
25 9
45. The foci of the hyperbola 4x 2 − 9 y 2 − 1 = 0 are in the first quadrant. Let r and s represent its
e 2013 II distances from (4, 0) and (−4, 0) respectively,
 13  then (r + s) is equal to e 2015 II
(a) (± 13, 0) (b)  ± , 0
 6  (a) 10 units (b) 9 units
 13  (c) 8 units (d) 6 units
(c)  0, ±  (d) None of these
 6  53. The eccentricity of the hyperbola 16x 2 − 9 y 2 = 1, is
e 2015 II
46. A point P moves such that its distances from 3 5
(1, 2) and (−2, 3) are equal. Then, the locus of P (a) (b)
5 3
is e 2013 II 4 5
(a) straight line (b) parabola (c) (d)
5 4
(c) ellipse (d) hyperbola

ANSWERS
1 b 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 a 6 d 7 d 8 b 9 d 10 c
11 a 12 a 13 b 14 a 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 c 19 a 20 b
21 d 22 a 23 a 24 b 25 c 26 c 27 b 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 c 32 c 33 a 34 c 35 b 36 c 37 d 38 a 39 b 40 b
41 c 42 a 43 b 44 b 45 b 46 a 47 c 48 c 49 d 50 a
51 c 52 a 53 b
MATHEMATICS > Conic Section 215

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (b) Focus is the mid-point latusrectum.  3 1  5 13 137
B b , b  lies on y 2 = 4ax e2 + e2 = + = > 3 but < 4
1 2
Let the two end points of latusrectum  2 2  9 4 36
be L (3, 6) and L ( −5, 6 ). b2 12. (a) 2ae = 8 ,
2a
= 25 ⇒ 4a 2 = 200
1 2
∴ = 2 3 ab ⇒ b = 8 3 a
3 + ( −5 ) 4 e
∴ Focus, x = = −1,
2 ∴ a =5 2
7. (d) Let AP be the chord of length p,
6+ 6 ∴ 2a = 10 2
y= =6 π
2 making an angle of   with the axis. x2 y2
 4 13. (b) Q Foci of an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 are
Focus = ( x , y ) = ( −1, 6) Y a b
2. (b) Let x = 2 + t 2 , y = 2t + 1 ( ae , 0) and ( − ae ,0). Equation of circle
P
Eliminating t, we get with centre ( 0,0) and radius ae is
( y − 1)2 = 4( x − 2) x 2 + y 2 = ( ae )2 [where, ( ae )2 = a 2 − b 2 ]
which is a parabola with vertex at (2, 1). π/4 ∴ x 2 + y 2 = a2 − b2
X′ X
A M
3. (b) Given equation can be rewritten as 14. (a) Clearly, the race course will be an
( y − 1)2 = 2( x − 2) ellipse with the flag posts as its foci. If a
or Y 2 = 4 AX , where Y = y − 1 Y′ and b are the semi-major and
semi-minor axes of the ellipse, then
X = x − 2, 4 A = 2 Then, coordinates of P are
π π 2a = 10 and 2ae = 8
i.e. 
p 
P  p cos , p sin ,
1 p
i.e. Directrix is X = − A ⇒ x − 2 = − ,  4
2  4 4  2 2 ∴ a = 5, e = and b 2 = a 2 ( 1 − e 2 ) = 9
5
∴ x =− + 2=
1 3 Since, this point lies on y = 4ax ,
2

2 2 p2 p ∴ Area of the ellipse

we have = 4a ⋅ ⇒ p = 4a 2 = πab = π ⋅5 ⋅ 3 = 15 π sq m
4. (a) AS = 2a. Vertex (0, 4) lies on Y-axis. 2 2
The parabola is of the form 15. (c) For hyperbola,
8. (b) By the definition, SP = e ⋅ PM b2
X 2 = − 4 AY (downward parabola) as e2 = 1 + 2 = 1 +
81
=
225
focus is below the vertex. {( x − 6)2 + ( y − 7)2 } a 144 144
Y 1 x+ y+ 2 15 5
= ⋅ ∴ e= = , i.e. e > 1
A (0, 4) 3 ( 1 + 1) 12 4
144
On squaring both sides, we get Also, a2 =
6 ( x 2 + y 2 − 12x − 14 y + 85) 25
S (0, 2) Hence, the foci are ( ± ae ,0)
= x 2 + y 2 + 4 + 2xy + 4 y + 4x
i.e.  ±
12 5 
∴5x + 5 y 2 − 76x − 88 y −2xy + 506 = 0
2 ⋅ , 0 = ( ± 3, 0)
 5 4 
X 9. (d) Given, 2a = 3( 2b ) Now, the foci coincide, therefore for ellipse
b2 1  b2 
∴ = ae = 3 or a 2 e 2 = 9 ⇒ a 2  1 − 2  = 9
( x − 0)2 = − 4 × 2 ( y − 4) a 2
9  a 
∴ x 2 + 8 y = 32 b2 b2 8
⇒ e = 1− 2 = 1− 2 =
2 ⇒ a 2 − b 2 = 9 ⇒ 16 − 9 = b 2
5. (a) Given, a + x = 4 or 2 + x = 4 a 9b 9 ∴ b2 = 7
∴ x =2 2 2 b2
∴ e= 16. (a) We have, 2 ⋅ = 12 and b = 2 3
On putting x = 2 in y 2 = 8x , we get 3 a
y=±4 10. (c) Distance between foci = 2ae = 6 ∴ a=2
⇒ a = 3 / e, b2
6. (d) Let ∆OAB be the equilateral ∴ e2 = 1 + 2 ⇒e=2
triangle. Minor axis = 2b = 8 ⇒ b = 4 a
9 x2 y2
Y Now, b 2 = a 2 ( 1 − e 2 ) ⇒16 = 2 ( 1 − e 2 ) 17. (b) For the hyperbola, 2 − 2 = 1
e a b
⇒ 16e 2 = 9( 1 − e 2 ) ⇒ e = 3 / 5
B b2 a2 + b2
x2 y2 x2 y2 or e = 1+ 2 =
2
11. (a) + = 1, − =1 a a2
4 9 4 9
30º C For conjugate hyperbola,
X Major axes along Y-axis, a 2 = 9, b 2 = 4 y2 y2 x2
O 30º 1 1 x2
Transverse axes along X-axis 2
− 2 = − 1 or − 2 =1
a b b2 a
a = 4, b = 9
2 2
2 2 a2 a2 + b2
A
b2 ∴ e′ = 1 + 2 =
2
4 5 b2
Then, ∠COB = 30° e2 = 1 − 1 = 1− = b
Let OA = OB = AB = b
1
a2 9 9 1 1 a2 + b2
1 ∴ + 2 = 2 =1
Then, B is B (b cos 30°, b sin 30°) b2 9 13 e2 e′ a + b2
 3 1  e2 = 1 + 2 = 1+ =
i.e. B  b, b
2
a2 4 4
2
 2 2 
216 NDA/NA Pathfinder

18. (c) Given equation of hyperbola Sol. (Q. Nos. 24-26) The given hyperbola can Similarly, the point of contact of the
other tangent is  − , −  .
x2 y2 be written as 1 15
5x 2 − 4 y 2 = k 2 ⇒ − 2 =1  2 4
k2 k 3( x − 4)2 − 4( y − 5)2 = 36
( x − 4)2 ( y − 5)2 30. (b) The given equation of parabola can
5 4 or − = 1
k k 12 9 be written as
∴ a= and b = 2 2 2
5 2 ⇒
X
−
Y
=1  4x − 3 y + 12 
3 ...(i) ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 4)2 =  
The eccentricity and foci are and 12 9
 4 + ( − 3) 
2 2
2 where, X = x − 4, Y = y − 5
( ± 2,0), respectively. ∴ The coordinates of focus are ( 2, 4)
3 24. (b) From Eq. (i), we have and the equation of directrix is
∴ e = and ± ae = 2
2 a 2 = 12 and b 2 = 9 4x − 3 y + 12 = 0
⇒
k 3
⋅ =2 ⇒ k=
4 a2 + b2 21 7
5 ∴ e = = = 31. (c) The distance of the focus from the
5 2 3 a 12 2 directrix
x2 y2 25. (c) Equation of the directrices is given by 4( 2) − 3( 4) + 12 8
19. (a) I. Given ellipse is + = 1, = =
3 2 a 12 4 2 + ( − 3)2 5
X =± ⇒ x −4=± ×2
whose area is = π 3 ⋅ 2 = π 6 e 7 ∴ The length of latusrectum
Circle is x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y + 4 = 0 12 =2× =
8 16
⇒x =4± 2
or ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 1 7 5 5
Its radius is 1. Hence, area is π. x2 y2 32. (c) Axis of parabola is perpendicular to
So, Statement I is true. 26. (c) Let the equation be 2 − 2 = 1
a b the directrix.
II. The given equation can be written as 1 1
∴ Equation of line perpendicular to
3( x − 3)2 + 4( y + 2)2 = k 2b 2
We have, = 6 ⇒ b 2 = 3a 4x − 3 y + 12 = 0 is 3x + 4 y + k = 0.
So, no locus for k < 0 a
Since, 3x + 4 y + k = 0 passes through
Hence, Statement II is false. Now, b 2 = a 2 ( e 2 − 1) ( 2, 4).
3a 2
⇒ 3a = a 2  − 1 ⇒3a =
x y 7
20. (b) sec φ = , tan φ = ⇒a = 4 ∴ 3( 2) + 4( 4) + k = 0 ⇒ k = − 22
5 3 4  4
∴ Equation of axis is 3x + 4 y − 22 = 0
x2 y2 ∴ b = 3a = 3 × 4 = 12
2
∴ − =1 33. (a) Equation of the latusrectum is
25 9 Hence, the equation of the hyperbola is
This gives, a = 25, b 2 = 9
2 parallel to the equation of directrix.
x2 y2
− =1 So, equation of line parallel to
∴ a = 5 and b = 3, 16 12
a2 + b2 25 + 9 34 4x − 3 y + 12 = 0 is 4x − 3 y + k = 0
e = = = 27. (b) Equation of any tangent to the
Since, it passes through focus (2, 4)
a2 25 5 parabola P : y 2 = 8x is y = mx +
2
Distance between the focii = 2ae m ∴ 4( 2) − 3( 4) + k = 0 ⇒ k = 4
34 ∴ Required equation is 4x − 3 y + 4 = 0
= 2×5× = 2 34 where, m is the slope of tangent.
5 x2 y2 Sol. (Q. Nos. 34-37) The given equation can be
Since, it touches E : + =1 written as
21. (d) y = mx − 3 will be a tangent to the 4 15
2 12 ( x + 1)2 + 4 ( y − 2)2 = 3
x2 y2  2  = 4m 2 + 15 ⇒ m = ± 1
hyperbola − = 1, if ( x + 1)2 ( y − 2)2
25 9 m 2 or + =1
4 3/ 4
( − 3)2 = 25m 2 − 9 Equations of the tangents are
18 3 2 x ± 2 y + 8 = 0. 34. (c) Coordinates of centre of the ellipse
⇒ 9 + 9 = 25m 2 ⇒ m = = are given by
25 5 1
28. (a) When m = , the slope of the x + 1 = 0 and y − 2 = 0
22. (a) Eccentricity of ellipse 2 ⇒ x = − 1 and y = 2
normal is −2 and equation of the normal ∴ Centre of the ellipse is ( − 1, 2).
25 − 16 3
= = to the parabola is
25 5 35. (b) Let a and b the length of the
5 y = −2x − 2( 2)( −2) − 2( −2)3 semi-minor and semi-major axes, then
∴ Eccentricity of hyperbola = ⇒ 2x + y = 24 1 3
3 a 2 = and b 2 =
Foci of ellipse ( ± 3,0). 29. (d) Equation of the tangent at 4 4
x2 y2 ( 2 cos θ, 15 sin θ) on the ellipse E to ∴ Length of major axis
∴ Equation of hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 x
the ellipse is cos θ +
y
sin θ = 1, 3
9 b = 2b = 2 × = 3
2 15 4
where, b 2 = 9( e 2 − 1) if it represents the tangent 1
Length of minor axis = 2a = 2 × =1
= 9 − 1 = 16
25 x − 2 y + 8 = 0, then 4
 9  cosθ sinθ −1
= = 1
x2 y2 2 −2 15 8
∴Equation of hyperbola is − =1 a2 4
9 16 1 15 36. (c) Eccentricity = 1 − 2 = 1 −
⇒ cos θ = − , sin θ = b 3
23. (a) Focus of hyperbola is 4 4 4
and the point of contact is  − ,  .
 ± 3 × 5 , 0 = ( ± 5, 0) 1 15
1 2
 3   2 4 = 1− =
3 3
MATHEMATICS > Conic Section 217

37. (d) We have, be =

3
×
2
=
1 ∴ Foci of the hyperbola = ( ± ae , 0) Let P be any point on the parabola, then
 equation directrix is y − 2 = 0
2 3 2 a2 + b2 
=  ± a , 0 =( ± a 2 + b 2 , 0) ∴ Equation of parabola is PS = PM
Coordinates of foci are given by  a  |y − 2|
x + 1 = 0, y − 2 = ± be ⇒ ( x − 0)2 + ( y + 2)2 =
 1 1   13  1
Thus, foci are  − 1, 2 ±
1 
. = ± + , 0 =  ± , 0
 2  4 9   6  ⇒ ( x 2 + ( y + 2)2 )2 = | y − 2|2
38. (a) The given conic equation is 46. (a) Let the coordinates of point P is
⇒ x 2 = − 8 y,
x2 y2 ( h, k ).
4x 2 + 9 y 2 = 144 ⇒ + =1 Now, according to given condition
which is the required equation of
36 16 parabola.
a = 36 ⇒ a = 6 and b = 16 ⇒ b = 4
2 2 Distance between ( h , k ) and (1, 2)
49. (d) Equation of ellipse is
Thus, represent an ellipse, as a > b. = Distance between ( h , k ) and (−2,3)
x2 y2
Now, eccentricity, b 2 = a 2 ( 1 − e 2 ) ⇒ ( h − 1)2 + ( k − 2)2 25x 2 + 16 y 2 = 400 ⇒ + =1
16 25
⇒ 16 = 36 ( 1 − e 2 ) = ( h + 2)2 + ( k − 3)2 Here, a 2 = 16 and b 2 = 25
4
⇒ = 1 − e2 ⇒ e =
5 2a 2 32
⇒ h 2 + 1 − 2h + k 2 + 4 − 4k ∴ Length of latusrectum = =
9 3 b 5
= h 2 + 4 + 4h + k 2 + 9 − 6k
39. (b) The eccentricity of ellipse lies ⇒ − 2h − 4k + 5 = 4h − 6k + 13 50. (a) Let P ( x , y ) be the required point on
between 0 and 1. the parabola which is nearest to the focus.
⇒ 6h − 2k + 8 = 0 ⇒ 3h − k + 4 = 0
40. (b) Since, the sum of focal distances of a So, the locus of P is 3x − y + 4 = 0, Then, D = ( x − a )2 + y 2
x2 y2
point on the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is which represent a straight line. = ( x − a )2 + 4ax
a b 47. (c) We know that, length of major axes
equal to 2b. When b > a. of an ellipse = 2a = ( x + a )2 = ( x + a )
Q a 2 = 4, b 2 = 9 ⇒ a = 2, b = 3 and length of minor axes of an ellipse Now, distance will be shortest, when
∴ Sum of the focal distances = 2b x = 0.
= 2 × 3 = 6 units Given that, 51. (c) Since, hyperbola passes through
eccentricity of an ellipse = 4 / 5 = e … (i) (3 5 , 1).
41. (c) and length of latusrectum of an ellipse
(3 5 ) 2 1
42. (a) Given that, = 14.4 units ∴ − 2 =1
Foci of an ellipse = ( ± 4, 0) = ( ± ae , 0) 2b 2 b2 a2 b
⇒ = 14.4 ⇒ = 7. 2
⇒ ae = 4 ...(i) a a ⇒ 45b 2 − a 2 = a 2 b 2 ...(i)
⇒ b = 7. 2 a
2
…(ii) 2b 2 4
and vertices of an ellipse Also, = ⇒ 6b 2 = 4a
= ( ± 5, 0) = ( ± a , 0) ⇒ a = 5 ...(ii) Since, eccentricity of an ellipse, a 3
b 2 = a 2 ( 1− e 2 ) 6b 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
⇒ a= …(ii)
4  4  4
e= ...(iii) ⇒ 7. 2a = a 2  1 −    On putting the value from Eq. (ii) in
5  5 
Eq. (i), we get
Now, we have a relation [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 2 2
b 2 = a 2 ( 1− e 2 )  6b 2   6b 2  2
⇒ 7. 2a = a 2  1 −  ⇒ 7. 2a = a 2 ×
16 9 45b 2 −   =  b
 25   4   4 
⇒ b = 25  1−  ⇒ b 2 = 9 ⇒ b = ± 3

2 16 25
 25  36b 4 2
⇒ 9a 2 − 7. 2 × 25a = 0 ⇒ 45b 2 = [ b + 1]
∴ Required equation of an ellipse, ⇒9a 2 − 36 × 5a = 0 ⇒ 9a ( a − 20) = 0 16
x2 y2 x2 y2 ⇒ b 4 + b 2 = 20
+ = 1 ⇒ + =1 ⇒ a = 20 [Q a ≠ 0] ∴ b=2
a2 b2 25 9 Put the value of a in Eq. (ii), we get ∴ 2b = 4 = length of conjugate axis.
43. (b) Given, equation of parabola is b 2 = 7. 2 × 20 ⇒ b 2 = 72 × 2 = 144 x2 y2
y 2 + 2x = 0 ⇒ y 2 = − 2x Hence, the sum of the major and minor 52. (a) We have, an ellipse + =1
25 9
which is of the form y 2 = − 4ax. axes = 2a + 2b = 2( 20 + 12) = 64 units
Clearly, its foci are ( 4, 0) and ( − 4, 0).
So, axis of the parabola is y = 0. 48. (c) Given, vertex of the parabola = (0, 0) [ Q foci = S (ae, 0), S′ (ae, 0)]
and focus of the parabola = ( 0, − 2)
44. (b) Given equation of ellipse is ∴ PS + PS ′ = 2a = Major axis
x2 y2 Y ⇒ r + s = 2(5) = 10 units
4x2 + 9 y 2 = 36 ⇒ + =1
9 4 x2 y2
Directrix, y – 2 = 0 53. (b) Given, − =1
Here, a 2 = 9 and b 2 = 4 ; ( a > b ) M 1 / 16 1 / 9
∴ Length of latusrectum b2
2 ∴ Eccentricity, e 2 = 1 + 2
2b 2 2× 4 8 (0, 0) a
= = = X´ X
1/ 9
a 3 3 2
(0, –2) = 1+
1 / 16
45. (b) Given, equation of hyperbola is S P (x, y)
16
x2 y2 = 1+
4x 2 − 9 y 2 = 1 ⇒ − =1 9
( 1 / 4) ( 1 / 9) 5
1 1 ⇒ e=
Here, a2 = and b 2 = Y´ 3
4 9
19
218 CDS Pathfinder

THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
In NDA exam, generally 3-6 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on finding
coordinates of a point , direction ratios/cosine in different condition, equation of a
line/plane/sphere, angle between planes/lines, radius/centre of sphere, image of a point, etc.

To represent a point in a space we use x, y and z-coordinates, it is known as three dimensional

geometry. In 3-D, there are three mutually perpendicular straight lines XOX ′, YOY ′ and ZOZ′ called
axes.

Coordinates of a Point in a Space

Y
Three mutually perpendicular lines in space divide the space into 8 octants. Z
Let the lines be XOX ′ , YOY ′ and ZOZ′ intersecting at O. XOY is called the
XY-plane, YOZ is called the YZ-plane, ZOX is called the ZX-plane and all P (x, y, z)
three planes taken together are called the coordinate planes. If P( x, y, z) is a X′ X
O
point in space.
Then, |x | = distance from YZ-plane,
| y | = distance from ZX-plane, Z′
Y′
and |z | = distance from XY-plane.

Distance Formula
(i) The distance between two points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is given by
PQ = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z1 ) 2
(ii) Three points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and R( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 ) are collinear, if PR = PQ + QR

Note Let O be the origin and P( x, y, z) be any point, then OP = x 2 + y 2 + z2 .

Section Formulae
Let P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) be two points in space and let R be a point on the line segment
joining P and Q such that
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 219

(i) It divides PQ internally in the ratio m : n. Then, the x1 y1 1

1
coordinate of R are ∆z = x2 y2 1
2
 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1  x3 y3 1
 , , 
 m+ n m+ n m+ n 
(ii) PQ externally in the ratio m : n ( m ≠ n). Then, the Direction Cosines
coordinates of R are If a line makes angles α, β, γ with the positive directions
 mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1 mz 2 − nz1  of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectively, then cos α,
 , , 
 m− n m− n m− n  cos β, cos γ are called its direction cosines. The direction
cosines are generally denoted as l, m, n i.e.
x + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
Note n
Mid-point of PQ =  1 , ,  l = cos α, m = cos β, n = cos γ
 2 2 2 
n
If the ratio in which a point divides a line comes out to be The angle α, β, γ are known as direction angles.
positive, then it divides the line internally and if it comes
out to negative, then it divides the line externally. Direction Ratios
n
If A ( x1, y1, z1 ), B ( x2, y2, z2 ) and C ( x3, y3, z3 ) represents the
vertices of a triangle, then the centroid of triangle is given by Three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction
x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z2 + z3 
G =  1 , , 
cosines l, m , n of a line are known as the direction
 3 3 3  ratios of the line. Thus, a, b, c are the direction ratios of
l m n
EXAMPLE 1. Let P(a, b, c), Q(a + 2, b + 2 , c − 2) a line provided = = .
a b c
and R(a + 6, b + 6, c − 6) be collinear.
Consider the following statements SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
I. R divides PQ internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
(i) If OP is a directed line segment with Z
II. R divides PQ externally in the ratio 3 : 2.
direction cosines l , m , n such that P
III. Q divides PR internally in the ratio 1 : 2. OP = r . Then, the coordinates of P γ r
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? are ( lr , mr , nr ). O β Y
a. Only I b. Only II c. I and III d. II and III (ii) If l, m, n are the direction cosines of X α
a directed line segment,
Sol. Since, P( a, b, c ), Q ( a + 2, b + 2, c − 2) and then l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
R( a + 6, b + 6, c − 6) are collinear. or cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
3( a + 2) − 2( a) (iii) DC’s of X-axis are 1, 0, 0.
Also, =a+6
3− 2 C(x, y)
DC’s of Y-axis are 0, 1, 0.
3( b + 2) − 2b DC’s of Z-axis are 0, 0, 1.
n

=b+6
m

a b c
3− 2 (iv) l = ,m= ,n =
3( c − 2) − 2c a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b2 + c 2
2
a2 + b2 + c 2
and = c−6 B(x2, y2)
3− 2 (v) Direction ratios of a line joining the points A( x1 , y1 , z 1 )
So, R divides PQ and B ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are x 2 − x1 , y 2 − y1 and z 2 − z 1 and
externally in the ratio 3 : A(x1, y1) its direction cosines are
2. x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z 1
( a + 6) + 2a , ,
Also, =a+ 2 | AB | | AB | | AB |
3
(vi) If P ( x1 , y1 , z 1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are two points, such that
( b + 6) + 2b ( c − 6) + 2c
= b + 2 and =c−2 the direction cosines of PQ are l ,m ,n . The,
3 3
x 2 − x1 , = l | PQ | , y 2 − y1 = m | PQ | , z 2 − z 1 = n | PQ |
Thus, Q divides PR internally in the ratio 1 : 2.
These are projections of PQ on X ,Y and Z -axes,
Hence, Statements II and III are correct. respectively.

Area of Triangle
EXAMPLE 2. The direction cosines of a line equally
Let A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and C( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 ) be the inclined to all the three rectangular coordinate axes are
vertices of a triangle, then ∆ = ∆2x + ∆2y + ∆2z when a.
1 1 1
, , b. 1, 1, 1
1 1 1
c. , , d. None of these
3 3 3 2 2 2
y1 z1 1 x1 z1 1
1 1 Sol. a. l = m = n and l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
∆x = y2 z2 1 , ∆ y= x2 z2 1
2 2 ⇒ 3l 2 = 1 ⇒ l = ±
1
,m=±
1
,n = ±
1
y3 z3 1 x3 z3 1 3 3 3
220 NDA/NA Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 3. If (l, m, n) are direction cosines of a line, (ii) The angle θ between two lines whose direction ratios
then what is the value of (l + m − n) 2 + (m + n − l) 2 are proportional to a1 , b1 , c1 and a 2 , b2 , c 2 ,
+ (l + m + n) 2 + (n + l − m) 2 ? respectively is given by
 a1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 
a. 0 b. 1 c. 4 d. 4 ( lm + mn + nl) cos θ = 
 a1 + b1 + c1 a 2 + b2 + c 2 
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. ( l + m − n) 2 + ( m + n − l) 2 + ( l + m + n) 2 + (n + l − m) 2
These lines are perpendicular, iff
= ( l 2 + m2 + n2 + 2ml − 2nl − 2mn)
+ ( m2 + n2 + l 2 + 2mn − 2ml − 2nl) a1 a1 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = 0
+ (n2 + l 2 + m2 + 2ml + 2nl + 2mn) a b c
and parallel, iff 1 = 1 = 1
+ (n2 + l 2 + m2 + 2nl − 2ml − 2mn) a 2 b2 c 2
= 1 + 2ml − 2nl − 2mn + 1 + 2mn − 2ml − 2nl
EXAMPLE 4. What is the angle between the two
+ 1 + 2ml + 2nl + 2mn + 1 + 2nl − 2ml − 2mn = 4 lines whose direction numbers are ( 3 − 1, − 3 − 1, 4)
[Q l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1] and (− 3 − 1, 3 − 1, 4)?
π π π π
a. b. c. d.
LINE 6 4 3 2
If a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line passing through Sol. Required angle is given by
the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), then the equation of line is a1a2 + b1b2 + c1 c2
cos θ =
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
= = and equation of line in terms of
a b c −2 − 2 + 16 12 1 π
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 = = = ⇒θ =
direction cosines l, m, n is = = 24 24 24 2 3
l m n
(i) General coordinates of line For Finding Foot of the Perpendicular
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 from a Given Point
= = = r (say)
l m n P (u, v, w)
are ( x1 + lr , y1 + mr , z1 + nr )
(ii) Equation of line passing through the two points Q
( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is A B
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 = =
= = a b c
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 1. Write the coordinates of Q (the foot of the
(iii) Equation of line passing through ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and perpendicular) say ( x1 + ar , y1 + br , z1 + c r ).
parallel to line having direction ratios < a, b , c > is 2. Write the direction ratio of PQ.
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 3. Apply condition of perpendicularity, i.e. PQ ⊥ AB.
= =
a b c 4. Get the value of r and substitute in step (1) to get Q.
(iv) Equation of line passing through ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
EXAMPLE 5. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn
parallel to line passing through points P and Q,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 from the point P(1, 2, 3) to the line
= = , where PQ is the direction x −6 y −7 z −7
PQ PQ PQ = = .
3 2 −2
ratios of line joining P and Q. a. ( 3, 2, − 5) b. ( 3, 5, 9) c. ( 4 , 2, − 3) d. None of these
Angle between Two Lines Sol. Any point on the line is 3r + 6, 2r + 7, −2r + 7
(i) The angle θ between two lines whose direction Let it to be Q.
cosines are l1 , m1 , n1 and l 2 , m2 , n2 is given by Direction ratios of PQ are ( 3r + 6 − 1), ( 2r + 7 − 2),
( −2r + 7 − 3)
cos θ = l1 l 2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 . i.e. ( 3r + 5), ( 2r + 5), ( −2r + 4)
These two lines are perpendicular iff Direction ratios of line are 3, 2, − 2.
l1 m1 n1 ∴ 3( 3r + 5) + 2( 2r + 5) −2( −2r + 4) = 0 [QPQ ⊥ AB]
l1 l 2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0 and parallel iff = = ⇒ 17r + 17 = 0 ⇒ r = − 1
l 2 m2 n2 ∴ Q is (3, 5, 9)
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 221

EXAMPLE 6. What is the equation of the plane

PLANE passing through (x1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and normal to the line with
A plane is a surface such that any two points lying on < a, b, c > as direction ratios?
it when joined by a line lies completely on it. a. ax + by + cz = ax1 + by1 + cz1
Equations of Plane in Different Form b. a( x + x1) + b ( y + y1) + c( z + z1) = 0
c. ax + by + cz = 0 d. ax + by + cz = x1 + y1 + z1
1. The general equation of the first degree in x, y, z,
i.e. ax + by + cz + d = 0, represents a plane in which Sol. The equation of the plane passing through ( x1, y1, z1) and
a, b, c are constants, and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≠ 0, i.e. normal to the line with < a, b, c > as direction ratios, is
a, b, c ≠ 0. a( x − x1) + b( y − y1) + c( z − z1) = 0
⇒ ax − ax1 + by − by1 + cz − cz1 = 0
2. The equation of the plane passing through the
⇒ ax + by + cz = ax1 + by1 + cz1
origin is given by ax + by + cz = 0.
which is required equation of plane.
3. Equation of a plane through point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
a ( x − x1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) + c ( z − z1 ) = 0
Angle between Two Planes
Let the two planes be a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d = 0 ...(i)
4. If l, m, n are the direction cosines of the normal to
and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d = 0 ...(ii)
the plane and p is the perpendicular distance of the
where ( a 1 , b1 , c 1 ) and ( a 2 , b2 , c 2 ) are the DR’s of normal
plane from origin, then the equation of the plane
to the planes (i) and (ii), respectively.
ABC will be
Let θ be the angle between the planes (i) and (ii), then
lx + my + nz = p a1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2
cos θ = ±
5. Let the plane ABC cut the axes OX , OY , OZ at
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 + c 22
A , B, C respectively.
x y z If given planes are perpendicular to each other, then
Let OA = a, OB = b, OC = c . Then, + + = 1 θ = 90 ° ⇒ cos θ = 0
a b c
Z i.e. a1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2 = 0
C(0,0,c) If the given planes are parallel, then their normals are also
parallel, i.e. the directon cosines of the normal are
c proportional
A(a,0,0) a1 b1 c1
O
a X i.e. = =
b a 2 b2 c 2
Y B(0,b,0)
Distance of a Plane from a Point
is the required intercept form of the plane. Distance or perpendicular distance of a plane
6. Equation of XY-plane is z = 0. ax + by + cz + d = 0 from a point P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is given by
7. Equation of YZ-plane is x = 0.  ax + by + cz + d 
P = 1 1 1

8. Equation of XZ-plane is y = 0.  a + b + c2 
2 2

9. Equation of plane parallel to YZ-plane and at a

distance a is x = a. Distance between Two Parallel Planes
10. Equation of plane parallel to ZX-plane and at a Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz + d 1 = 0
distance b is y = b.  d1 − d 2 
11. Equation of plane parallel to XY-plane and at a and ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0 is given by  
 a +b +c 
2 2 2
distance c is z = c.
12. Equation of plane passing through the three Intersection of Two Planes
points A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and C( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 )
If a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d 1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0
is
represents two different planes, then equation of plane
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 passing through the intersection of these planes is
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 = 0 given by
x − x3 y − y3 z − z3 ( a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d 1 ) + λ ( a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2 ) = 0
222 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Angle between a Line and a Plane x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1

Let the equations of the a line and a plane be l1 m1 n1
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 l2 m2 n2
= = and ax + by + cz + d = 0 d=
l m n $i $j k$
respectively, then the angle θ between them is given by
al + bm + cn l1 m1 n1
sin θ =
l2 m2 n2
a + b + c 2 l 2 + m2 + n 2
2 2

If a line is parallel to the plane, then θ = 0

⇒ al + bm + cn = 0 and if line is perpendicular to the SPHERE
a b c A sphere is the locus of a point which moves in space in
plane, then = =
l m n such a way that its distance from a fixed point always
remains constant.
EXAMPLE 7. The angle between the line 6 x = 4y = 3z
x y z 1 (i) The general equation
and the plane + − = is
4 6 4 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
 32  represents a sphere with centre = ( −u, − v, − w ) and
a. 45° b. 0° c. tan− 1   d. 90°
 29 22 
radius = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d
Sol. . Angle between the plane and line is
(ii) Let P( x, y, z) be any point on the surface of a sphere
al + bm + cn
sin θ = whose centre is ( a, b, c ) and radius r, then by
a2 + b2 + c2 l 2 + m2 + n2
definition its equation is
x y z
Equation of line = = and equation of plane ( x − a) 2 + ( y − b) 2 + ( z − c ) 2 = r 2 ...(i)
2 3 4
3x + 2y − 3z − 4 = 0 If centre is origin, then the equation of sphere
al + bm + cn = 2 × 3 + 3 × 2 − 4 × 3 = 0 reduces to
∴ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0° x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 [putting a = b = c = 0 in Eq. (i)]
Coplanarity of Two Lines (iii) If ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) be the end points of
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 diameter of any sphere, then the equation of sphere
The two lines = = and is given by
l1 m1 n1
( x − x1 )( x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y 2 ) +( z − z1 )( z − z 2 ) = 0
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = are coplanar, if (iv) ( x − x1 ) ( x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y 2 ) + ( z − z1 )
l2 m2 n2
( z − z 2 ) = 0 represents a sphere with ends of
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 diameter as ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ). Its centre is
l1 m1 n1 =0  x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2 
 , , 
l2 m2 n2  2 2 2 
and the equation of plane containing them is EXAMPLE 8. Find the equation of the sphere having the
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 centre (−2, 2, 3) and passing through the point (3, 4, − 1).
l1 m1 n1 = 0or l1 m1 n1 =0 a. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 x + 4 y + 6 z + 28 = 0
l2 m2 n2 l2 m2 n2 b. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 6 z + 28 = 0
c. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 x + 4 y + 6 z − 28 = 0
Skew-lines d. None of the above
The straight line which are not parallel and Sol. The equation of the sphere with centre ( −2, 2, 3) is
non-coplanar, i.e. non-intersecting are called skew-lines. ( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 + ( z − 3) 2 = r 2
Shortest Distance between Two Skew-lines Radius, r = ( 3 + 2) 2 + ( 4 − 2) 2 + ( −1 − 3) 2 = 45
The shortest distance between the lines ∴Required equation of the sphere is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z 2 ( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 + ( z − 3) 2 = ( 45) 2
= =
l1 m1 n1 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x − 4y − 6z − 28 = 0
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
and = = is given by Note Condition for orthogonal intersection of two spheres is
l2 m2 n2 2u1u 2 + 2 v1v 2 + 2 w1w2 = d 1 + d 2
 223

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The ratio in which the line joining (2, 4, 5), 11. Equation of the plane through P( 2, 3, − 1) at right
( 3, 5, − 4) is divided by the YZ-plane is angle to OP is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) −2 : 3 (d) 4 : − 3 (a) 2 x + 3 y − z = 14 (b) 2 x + y − z = (14)
(c) 2 x + y + z + 14 = 0 (d) None of these
2. A straight line which makes an angle of 60° with
each of Y and Z-axes, is inclined with X-axis at 12. Equation of the plane that passes through the point
an angle ( 2, − 3, 1) and is perpendicular to the line joining the
(a) 45° (b) 30° (c) 75° (d) 60° points ( 3, 4,− 1) and ( 2, − 1, 5) is given by
(a) x + 5 y − 6 z + 19 = 0 (b) x − 5 y + 6 z − 23 = 0
3. The foot of the perpendicular from (0, 2, 3) to the
x+ 3 y−1 z + 4 (c) x + 5 y − 6 z = 19 (d) None of these
line = = is
5 2 3 13. Direction cosines of the line which is
(a) (−2, 3, 4) (b) (2, − 1, 3) (c) (2, 3, − 1) (d) (3, 2, − 1) perpendicular to the lines whose direction ratios
x−2 y−3 z−4 are 1, − 1, 2 and 2, 1, − 1, are given by
4. The line = = is parallel to the plane
(a)  −
3 
(b)  −
1 5 1 5 3 
3 4 5 , , ,− ,
 35 35 35   35 35 35 
(a) 2 x + y − 2 z = 0 (b) 3x + 4 y + 5 z = 7
(c) 
(c) x + y + z = 2 (d) 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 0 1 5 3 
, ,− (d) None of these
 35 35 35 
5. The equation of line through the point (1, 2, 3)
x − 4 y + 1 z + 10 14. Under what condition do the planes bx − ay = n ,
parallel to line = = is
2 −3 8 cy − bz = l and az − cx = m intersect in a line?
x−1 y−2 z− 3 x−1 y−2 z− 3 (a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a = b = c
(a) = = (b) = =
2 −3 8 1 2 3 (c) al + bm + cn = 0 (d) l + m + n = 0
x − 4 y + 1 z + 10
(c) = = (d) None of these
1 2 3 15. A line makes the same angle α with each of the
6. The points (1, 3, 4), ( −1, 6, 10), ( −7, 4, 7) and X and Y-axes. If the angle θ, which it makes with
the Z-axis, is such that sin2 θ = 2 sin2 α, then
( −5, 1, 1) are the vertices of a
(a) rhombus (b) rectangle what is the value of α?
π π π π
(c) parallelogram (d) square (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 3 2
7. The angle between the lines with direction ratios
(1, 0, ± cos α ) is 60°. What is the value of α? 16. The line passing through (1, 2, 3) and having
−1  1  −1  1  direction ratios given by < 1, 2, 3 > cuts the X-axis
(a) cos   (b) cos  
 2  3 at a distance k from origin. What is the value of k?
(c) cos −1  1 (d) cos −1  1 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
   
 3 2
17. What is the equation of the sphere which has its
8. The equation of the plane passing through the centre at ( 6, − 1, 2) and touches the plane
point ( −2, − 2, 2) and containing the line joining 2x − y + 2z − 2 = 0?
the points (1, 1, 1) and (1, − 1, 2) is (a) x2 + y2 + z2 + 12 x − 2 y + 4 z + 16 = 0
(a) x + 2 y − 3 z + 4 = 0 (b) 3x − 4 y + 1 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 + z2 + 12 x − 2 y + 4 z − 16 = 0
(c) 5x + 2 y − 3 z − 17 = 0 (d) x − 3 y − 6 z + 8 = 0
(c) x2 + y2 + z2 − 12 x + 2 y − 4 z + 16 = 0
9. If from a point P ( a , b, c) perpendiculars PA, PB (d) x2 + y2 + z2 − 12 x + 2 y − 4 z + 25 = 0
are drawn to YZ-plane and ZX-plane
respectively, then the equation of the plane OAB 18. Consider the following relations among the
is angles α , β and γ made by a vector with the
(a) bcx + cay + abz = 0 (b) bcx + cay − abz = 0 coordinate axes.
(c) bcx − cay + abz = 0 (d) − bcx + cay + abz = 0 I. cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ = − 1
10. Equation of the plane perpendicular to the plane II. sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ = 1
x − 2 y + 5z + 1 = 0 which passes through the Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
points ( 2, − 3, 1) and ( −1, 1, − 7) is given by (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 4x − 4 y + z + 7 = 0 (b) 4x + 7 y + 2 z + 11 = 0 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) 2 x + y − z = 0 (d) None of these
224 NDA/NA Pathfinder

19. Consider the following statements 26. What is the angle between one of the edges of the
I. Equation of plane parallel to X-axis is x = 0. cube and the diagonal of the cube intersecting the
II. Projection of P (x, y, z ) on the plane YOZ is (0, y, z ). edge of the cube?
(a) cos −1   (b) cos −1  
1 1
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
2  3
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) cos −1 
1 
(d) cos −1 
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 2 
 
 3  3
20. Consider the points ( a − 1, a , a + 1), ( a , a + 1, a − 1)
and ( a + 1, a − 1, a ). 27. What is the angle between the diagonal of one
of the faces of the cube and the diagonal of the
I. These points always form the vertices of an
cube intersecting the diagonal of the face of the
equilateral triangle for any real value of a.
cube?
II. The area of the triangle formed by these points
(a) cos −1 
1 
(b) cos −1 
2 
is independent of a.  
 3  3
III. The triangle formed with these vertices, have
 2  2
altitudes of length 3 / 2 units. (c) cos −1   (d) cos −1  
 3  3 
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) I and III
Directions (Q. Nos. 28-30) Two lines whose equations
x − 3 y − 2 z −1 x−2 y−3 z −2
Directions (Q. Nos. 21-22) Line AB in three are = = and = =
dimensional space makes angles α, β and γ with the 2 3 λ 3 2 3
coordinate axes. lie in the same plane.

21. If α = 45° and β = 120°, then the acute angle γ is 28. The value of sin −1 sin λ is equal to
equal to (a) 3 (b) π − 3
(a) 60° (b) 75° (c) 30° (d) 45° (c) 4 (d) π − 4

22. Consider the following statements 29. Point of intersection of the lines lies on
I. If α = 30° and β = 45°, then γ will be 150°. (a) 3x + y + z = 20 (b) 2 x + y + z = 25
II. If α + β = 90°, then γ will be 90°. (c) 3x + 2 y + z = 24 (d) x = y = z
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 30. Angle between the plane containing both the
(a) Only I (b) Only II
lines and the plane 4x + y + 2z = 0 is equal to
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II π π
(a) (b)
3 2
Directions (Q. Nos. 23-24) Consider the sphere π 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x − 2y + 2 z − 15 = 0 (c) (d) cos −1
6 186
23. If one end of a diameter AB is A( −1, 4, − 3), then B is
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-33) Consider a plane
(a) (−2, 4, − 1) (b) (−4, 2, 1) (c) (4, 2, − 1) (d) (4, − 2, 1)
x + y − z = 1 and point A(1, 2, − 3). A line L has
24. The equation of the sphere concentric with the equation x = 1 + 3r, y = 2 − r and z = 3 + 4r.
given sphere and double the radius is
(a) x2 + y2 + z2 − 3x − 2 y + 2 z − 86 = 0 31. The coordinate of a point B of line L such that
AB is parallel to the plane is
(b) x2 + y2 + z2 − 3x + 2 y + 2 z − 86 = 0
(a) (10, − 1, 15) (b) (−5, 4, − 5)
(c) x2 + y2 − z2 − 3x − 2 y + 2 z + 86 = 0
(c) (4, 1, 7 ) (d) (−8, 5, − 9)
(d) None of the above
32. The equation of the plane containing line L and
Directions (Q. Nos. 25-27) The vertices of a cube are point A has the equation.
(0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 2), (2, 2, 0), (a) x − 3 y + 5 = 0 (b) x + 3 y − 7 = 0
(2, 0, 2), (0, 2, 2), (2, 2, 2), respectively. (c) 3x − y − 1 = 0 (d) 3x + y − 5 = 0
25. What is the angle between any two diagonals of 33. The distance between the points on the line
the cube? 4
(a) cos −1   (b) cos −1  
1 1 which are at a distance of from the plane is
2  3 3
(a) 4 26 (b) 20
(c) cos −1 
1 
(d) cos −1 
2 
 
 3  3 (c) 10 13 (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 225

Directions (Q. Nos. 34-36) The vertices of ∆ABC are

44. If the distance between the points (7, 1, –3) and
A(3, 2, 0), B(5, 3, 2) and C( −9, 6, − 3).
( 4, 5, λ ) is 13 units, then what is one of the
34. The bisector AD of ∠A meets BC at D. The values of λ? e 2012 II
coordinates of D are (a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8
(a)  ,
19 57 17 
(b)  ,
19 57 17 
,  ,  45. What are the direction ratios of the line of
 4 4 4  8 16 16 
intersection of the planes x = 3z + 4 and
(c)  , , 
9 17 11 y = 2z − 3? e 2012 II
(d) None of these
2 2 2 
(a) 〈1, 2, 3〉 (b) 〈2, 1, 3〉 (c) 〈3, 2, 1〉 (d) 〈1, 3, 2 〉
35. If A, B and C are mid-points of PQ , QR and RP 46. What is the equation to the plane through
respectively, then centroid of ∆PQR is (1, 2, 3) parallel to 3 x + 4 y − 5z = 0 ? e 2012 II
−2 
(a)  , 1, (b)  0, ,
2 19 4 (a) 3x + 4 y + 5 z + 4 = 0 (b) 3x + 4 y − 5 z + 14 = 0
 
3 3  3 3 (c) 3x + 4 y − 5 z + 4 = 0 (d) 3x + 4 y − 5 z − 4 = 0
1 11 −1
(c)  − , ,  (d) None of these 47. What is the angle between the lines
 3 3 3
x − 2` y + 1 z + 2 x − 1 2y + 3 z + 5
= = and = = ?
36. The area of ( ∆ABC ) is equal to 1 −2 1 1 3 2
39 e 2012 II
(a) sq units (b) 13 sq units
2 π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 5 13 5 2 3 6
(c) sq units (d) sq units
2 2 48. What are the direction cosines of a line which is
equally inclined to the positive directions of the
axes? e 2012 II
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS (a)
1 1 1
, , (b) −
1 1 1
, ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
37. What are the direction ratios of normal to the
plane 2x − y + 2z + 1 = 0? 1 1 1 1 1 1
e 2012 I (c) − ,− , (d) , ,
1 3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) 〈2, 1, 2 〉 (b) 1, − , 1 (c) 〈1, − 2, 1〉 (d) 〈1,1,2 〉
2 49. What is the angle between the planes
38. What is the cosine of angle between the planes 2x − y − 2z + 1 = 0 and 3x − 4 y + 5z − 3 = 0 ? e 2013 I
x + y + z + 1 = 0 and 2x − 2 y + 2z + 1 = 0? e 2012 I π π π π
1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 6 4 3 2
4 x − x0 y − y0 z − z 0
39. What is the diameter of the sphere 50. If the straight line = = is
l m n
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6 y − 8z − 7 = 0? e 2012 I parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, then
(a) 4 units (b) 5 units (c) 6 units (d) 12 units which one of the following is correct? e 2013 I
40. What is the sum of the squares of direction (a) l + m + n = 0 (b) a + b + c = 0
a b c
cosines of the line joining the points (1, 2, − 3) and (c) + + =0 (d) al + bm + cn = 0
( −2, 3, 1)? e 2012 I l m n

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d)

2 51. What is the distance between the planes
26 x − 2 y + z − 1 = 0 and −3x + 6 y − 3z + 2 = 0 ?
41. What is the equation of the straight line passing (a) 3 units (b) 1 unit e 2013 I
through (a, b, c) and parallel to Z-axis? e 2012 II (c) 0 (d) None of these

x− a y− b z−c x− a y− b z−c 52. What should be the value of k for which the
(a) = = (b) = = equation 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + ( k + 1) z 2 + x − y + z = 0,
1 0 0 0 0 1
x− a y− b z−c x− a y− b z−c represents the sphere? e 2013 I
(c) = = (d) = =
0 1 0 0 1 1 (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) − 1

42. What is the distance of the point (1, 2, 0) from 53. If a line makes 30° with the positive direction of
YZ-plane is e 2012 II X-axis, ∠ β with the positive direction of Y-axis
and ∠ γ with the positive direction of Z-axis, then
(a) 1 unit (b) 2 units (c) 3 units (d) 4 units
what is cos2 β + cos2 γ equal to? e 2013 I
43. If a line OP of length r (where, O is the origin) (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 3/4 (d) 1
makes an angle α with X-axis and lies in the
XZ-plane, then what are the coordinates of P ? 54. What is the distance of the line 2x + y + 2z = 3
(a) (r cos α, 0, r sin α ) (b) (0, 0, r sin α ) e 2012 II from the origin? e 2013 II
(c) (r cos α, 0, 0) (d) (0, 0, r cos α ) (a) 1 unit (b) 1.5 units (c) 2 units (d) 2.5 units
226 NDA/NA Pathfinder

55. The sum of the direction cosines of Z-axis is 67. Consider the following statements
e 2013 II I. The two spheres intersect each other.
(a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) 1 (d) 3 II. The radius of first sphere is less than that of
56. If θ is the acute angle between the diagonals of a second sphere.
cube, then which one of the following is correct? Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2013 II (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) θ = 30° (b) θ = 45° (c) 2 cos θ = 1 (d) 3cos θ = 1 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
57. What is the equation of the sphere with unit
radius having centre at the origin? e 2013 II Directions (Q. Nos. 68-69) Read the following
(a) x + y + z = 0
2 2 2
(b) x + y + z = 1
2 2 2 information carefully and answer these question
given below.
(c) x + y + z = 2
2 2 2
(d) x + y + z = 3
2 2 2

The line joining the points (2, 1, 3) and ( 4, − 2, 5) cuts the

58. What is the sum of the squares of direction plane 2 x + y − z = 3. e 2014 II
cosines of X-axis? e 2013 II
1 68. Where does the line cut the plane?
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 3 (a) (0, − 4, − 1) (b) (0, − 4, 1) (c) (1, 4, 0) (d) (0, 4, 1)
3
59. If a line passes through the points ( 6, − 7, − 1) and 69. What is the ratio in which the plane divides the
line?
( 2, − 3, 1), then what are the direction ratios of
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 4 (d) None of these
the line? e 2014 I
(a) 〈4, − 4, 2 〉 (b) 〈4, 4, 2 〉 (c) 〈−4, 4, 2 〉 (d) 〈2, 1, 1〉
Directions (Q. Nos. 70-71) Read the following
Directions (Q. Nos. 60-62) A straight line passes information carefully and answer the question given
through (1, − 2, 3) and perpendicular to the plane below.
2 x + 3y − z = 7. e 2014 I Consider the plane passing through the points A(2, 2, 1),
B(3, 4, 2) and C( 7, 0, 6). e 2014 II
60. What are the direction ratios of normal to plane?
(a) < 2, 3, − 1 > (b) < 2, 3, 1 > 70. Which one of the following points lies on the
(c) < −1, 2, 3 > (d) None of these plane?
(a) (1, 0, 0) (b) (1, 0, 1) (c) (0, 0, 1) (d) None of these
61. Where does the line meet the plane?
(a) (2, 3, − 1) (b) (1, 2, 3) (c) (2, 1, 3) (d) (3, 1, 2) 71. What are the direction ratios of the normal to
the plane?
62. What is the image of the point (1, − 2, 3) in the (a) <1, 0, 1> (b) < 0, 1, 0 >
plane? (c) < 1, 0, − 1 > (d) None of these
(a) (2, − 1, 5) (b) (−1, 2, − 3) (c) (5, 4, 1) (d) None of these
Directions (Q. Nos. 72-74) Read the following
Directions (Q. Nos. 63-65) The vertices of a ∆ABC information carefully and answer the question given
are A(2, 3, 1), B( −2, 2, 0) and C(0, 1, − 1). e 2014 I below.Consider a sphere passing through the origin
and the points (2, 1, − 1), (1, 5, − 4), ( −2, 4, −6).
63. What is the cosine of ∠ABC ?
1 1 2 e 2014 II
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 2 6 72. What is the radius of the sphere?
64. What is the area of the triangle? (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 12 (d) 14
(a) 6 2 sq units (b) 3 2 sq units 73. What is the centre of the sphere?
(c) 10 3 sq units (d) None of these (a) (−1, 2, − 3) (b) (1, − 2, 3) (c) (1, 2, − 3) (d) (−1, − 2, − 3)
65. What is the magnitude of the line joining 74. Consider the following statements
mid-points of the sides AC and BC? I. The sphere passes through the point ( 0, 4, 0).
1 3
(a) unit (b) 1 unit (c) units (d) 2 units II. The point (1, 1, 1) is at a distance of 5 unit from
2 2
the centre of the sphere.
Directions (Q. Nos. 66-67) Consider the spheres Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4y + 3 = 0 and (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x + 4z − 4 = 0. e 2014 I
66. What is the distance between the centres of the Directions (Q. Nos. 75-76) The projections of a
two spheres? directed line segment on the coordinate axes are
(a) 5 units (b) 4 units (c) 3 units (d) 2 units 12, 4, 3, respectively. e 2015 I
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 227

(a) x + y = 3 (b) x − y = −1
75. What is the length of the line segment? (c) z = 3 (d) 2 y + 3 zx = 14
(a) 19 units (b) 17 units (c) 15 units (d) 13 units
83. The lines 2x = 3 y = − z and 6x = − y = − 4z e 2015 II
76. What are the direction cosines of the line segment?
(a) are perpendicular (b) are parallel
(a)  ± , ± , ±  (b)  , − , 
12 4 3 12 4 3
 13 (c) intersect at an angle 45° (d) intersect at an angle 60°
13 13   13 13 13 

(c)  , − , −  (d)  − , − , 
12 4 3 12 4 3 84. The radius of the sphere
 13 13 13   13 13 13 
3x2 + 3 y2 + 3z 2 − 8x + 4 y + 8z − 15 = 0 is e 2015 II
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Directions (Q. Nos. 77-78) From the point
P(3, − 1, 11), a perpendicular is drawn on the line L 85. The direction ratios of the line perpendicular
x y−2 z −3 to the lines with direction ratios < 1, − 2, − 2 >
given by the equation = = . Let Q be
2 3 4 and < 0, 2, 1 > are e 2015 II
the foot of the perpendicular. e 2015 I (a) < 2, – 1, 2 > (b) < – 2, 1, 2 >
(c) < 2, 1, − 2 > (d) < − 2, − 1, − 2 >
77. What are the direction ratios of the line segment
PQ? 86. What are the coordinates of the foot of the
(a) (1, 6, 4) (b) (−1, 6, − 4) (c) (−1, − 6, 4) (d) (2, − 6, 4) perpendicular drawn from the point (3, 5, 4) on
the plane z = 0 ? e 2015 II
78. What is the length of the line segment PQ ? (a) (0, 5, 4) (b) (3, 5, 0) (c) (3, 0, 4) (d) (0, 0, 4)
(a) 47 un (b) 7 un (c) 53 un (d) 8 un
* un = unit 87. The lengths of the intercepts on the coordinate
axes made by the plane 5x + 2 y + z − 13 = 0 are
Directions (Q. Nos. 79-80) A triangular plane ABC e 2015 II

(b)  , , 13 units

with centroid (1, 2, 3) cuts the coordinate axes at A, 13 13
(a) (5, 2, 1) units
B, C, respectively. e 2015 I  5 2 

(c)  , ,  units
79. What are the intercepts made by the plane ABC 5 2 1
(d) (1, 2, 5) units
on the axes?  13 13 13 
(a) 3, 6, 9 (b) 1, 2, 3 (c) 1, 4, 9 (d) 2, 4, 6
80. What is the equation of the plane ABC? Directions (Q. Nos. 88-90) A plane P passes through
the line of intersection of the planes 2 x − y + 3z = 2,
(a) x + 2 y + 3 z = 1 (b) 3x + 2 y + z = 3 x + y − z = 1 and the point (1, 0, 1). e 2016 I
(c) 2 x + 3 y + 6 z = 18 (d) 6x + 3 y + 2 z = 18
88. What are the direction ratios of the line of
Directions (Q. Nos. 81-82) A point P(1, 2, 3) is one intersection of the given planes?
vertex of a cuboid formed by the coordinate planes (a) < 2, − 5, − 3 > (b) < 1, − 5, − 3 >
and the planes passing through P and parallel to the (c) < 2, 5, 3 > (d) < 1, 3, 5 >
coordinate planes. e 2015 II 89. What is the equation of the plane P ?
81. What is the length of one of the diagonals of the (a) 2 x + 5 y − 2 = 0 (b) 5x + 2 y − 5 = 0
cuboid? (c) x + z − 2 = 0 (d) 2 x − y − 2 z = 0
(a) 10 un (b) 14 un (c) 4 un (d) 5 un
90. If the plane P touches the sphere
* un = units
82. What is the equation of plane passing through x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2, then what is r equal to?
P (1,2,3) and parallel to XY -plane? 2 4 5
(a) units (b) units (c) units (d) 1 unit
29 29 29

ANSWERS
1 a 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 a 6 a 7 b 8 d 9 b 10 b
11 a 12 a 13 a 14 c 15 a 16 a 17 c 18 a 19 b 20 c
21 a 22 b 23 d 24 d 25 b 26 c 27 c 28 d 29 d 30 b
31 d 32 b 33 d 34 b 35 c 36 d 37 b 38 b 39 d 40 b
41 b 42 a 43 a 44 c 45 c 46 c 47 a 48 a 49 d 50 d
51 d 52 b 53 a 54 a 55 c 56 d 57 b 58 c 59 c 60 a
61 d 62 c 63 a 64 d 65 c 66 c 67 c 68 d 69 d 70 b
71 c 72 b 73 a 74 a 75 d 76 a 77 b 78 c 79 a 80 d
81 b 82 c 83 a 84 b 85 a 86 b 87 b 88 a 89 b 90 c
228 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Let the required ratio be λ : 1 . Then, CD = ( −5 + 7)2 + ( 1 − 4)2 + ( 1 − 7)2 It passes through A and B, so
the point is 0 p + bq + cr = 0 and ap + 0q + cr = 0
=7
 3 λ + 2 , 5 λ + 4 , −4 λ + 5  p q r
  DA = ( 1 + 5) + (3 − 1) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2 ∴ = = =λ [say]
 λ+ 1 λ+ 1 λ+ 1  bc ac − ab
It lies on YZ-plane, so its x-coordinate =7 So, the equation of the plane OAB is
of x = 0 AC = ( −7 − 1)2 + ( 4 − 3)2 + ( 7 − 4)2 bcx + cay − abz = 0
3λ + 2 2
i.e. =0 ⇒ λ=− = 74 10. (b) Equation of a plane through
λ+ 1 3
and ( 2, − 3, 1) is
So, the ratio is 2 : 3 externally. a( x − 2) + b( y + 3) + c (z − 1) = 0 ...(i)
BD = ( −5 + 1)2 + ( 1 − 6)2 + ( 1 − 10)2
2. (a) Let α be the angle, then the DC’s of It passes through ( −1, 1, − 7).
the line are  cos α , , 
1 1 = 122 ∴ − 3a + 4b − 8 c = 0 ...(ii)
 2 2  Q AB = BC = CD = DA It is perpendicular to the plane
∴ By the formula x − 2 y + 5z + 1 = 0
But BD ≠ AC
cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1, we get ∴ a − 2b + 5c = 0 ...(iii)
1 1 1 So, the points A, B, C and D are the On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
∴ cos 2 α + + = 1 ⇒ cos 2 α = vertices of a rhombus. a b c
4 4 2 = = =λ
⇒ α = 45°  1× 1+ 0 × 0  4 7 2
 + (cos α )( − cos α ) On putting these values of a , b and c
3. (c) Any point on the given line is 7. (b) cos 60° =   in Eq. (i), we get the equation of the
(5r − 3, 2r + 1, 3r − 4). If it is the foot of  12 + ( 0)2 + cos 2 α  required plane
the perpendicular from (0, 2, 3), then  2 ⋅ 2
 1 + ( 0) + ( − cos α ) 
2 4x + 7 y + 2z + 11 = 0
5(5r − 3 − 0) + 2( 2r + 1 − 2)
11. (a) Coordinates of the given point P are
+ 3(3r − 4 − 3) = 0 ⇒ =
1 1 − cos 2 α ( 2, 3, − 1).
⇒ 38r = 38 ⇒ r = 1 2 1 + cos 2 α 1 + cos 2 α OP is normal to the required plane,
So, foot of the perpendicular is 1 1 − cos 2 α 1+ 2 2 so direction ratios of the normal to
⇒ = ⇒ = the plane are 2, 3, − 1.
( 2, 3, − 1). 2 1 + cos 2 α 1 − 2 −2 cos 2 α
x −α y −β z − γ So, equation of the plane through
4. (a) Let the line = = is [applying componendo and dividendo] P ( 2, 3, − 1) is
l m n
⇒
3
=
1
⇒ cos α =
1 a( x − 2) + b ( y − 3) + c (z + 1) = 0.
parallel to the plane
−1 − cos 2 α 3 Since, the direction ratios of the
ax + by + cz + d = 0
normal to the plane are 2, 3, − 1.
α = cos −1  
Then, normal to the plane is 1
∴ a b c
perpendicular to the line.  3 So, we have = =
2 3 −1
i.e. al + bm + cn = 0 8. (d) Equation of a plane through Hence, the equation of the required
In this question, this condition is ( −2, − 2, 2) is given by
plane is
satisfied by the plane 2x + y − 2z = 0. a( x + 2) + b ( y + 2) + c (z − 2) = 0 2( x − 2) + 3( y − 3) − 1(z + 1) = 0
5. (a) Let the equation of line passing It contains the line joining the points ⇒ 2x + 3 y − z = 14
through (1, 2, 3) is (1, 1, 1) and B ( 1, − 1, 2), so these
x − 1 y − 2 z −3 points also lie in the plane. 12. (a) Direction ratios of the line joining
= = the points A(3, 4, − 1), B( 2, − 1, 5) are
a b c ∴ At (1, 1, 1) 3a + 3b − c = 0 3 − 2, 4 + 1, − 1 − 5, i.e. 1, 5, − 6.
But it is parallel to the given line and at (1, −1, 2) 3a + b + 0 ⋅ c = 0 Equation of the plane through
a b c
∴ = = ⇒
a
=
b
=
c
=r
2 −3 8
[say] P ( 2, − 3, 1) is a ( x − 2)
1 −3 −6
Hence, the required line is + b ( y + 3) + c (z − 1) = 0 ...(i)
⇒ a = r , b = − 3r , c = − 6r
x − 1 y − 2 z −3 This plane is perpendicular to the line
= = . So, equation of the plane is
2 −3 8 AB, so the direction ratios of the
6. (a) Let points A, B, C and D have x − 3 y − 6z + 8 = 0. normal to the plane (i) are 1, 5, − 6 and
coordinates (1, 3, 4), ( −1, 6, 10), ( −7, 4, 7) hence, we have
9. (b) A and B are the foot of perpendicular a b c
and ( −5, 1, 1), respectively. from P ( a , b , c ) to YZ-plane and = =
1 5 −6
∴ AB = ( −1 − 1)2 + ( 6 − 3)2 + ( 10 − 4)2 ZX -planes are given by A( 0, b , c ) and
B ( a , 0, c ). A plane through origin Therefore, the equation of the
=7 (0, 0, 0) is required plane is
BC = ( −7 + 1)2 + ( 4 − 6)2 + ( 7 − 10)2 1( x − 2) + 5( y + 3) − 6(z − 1) = 0
px + qy + rz = 0 ...(i)
=7 ⇒ x + 5 y − 6z + 19 = 0
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 229

13. (a) Let ( a , b , c ) be the direction ratios of given line. II. sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ
∴ a − b + 2c = 0 …(i) = 1 − cos 2 α + 1 − cos 2 β + 1 − cos 2 γ
2a + b − c = 0 …(ii)
= 3 − (cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ ) = 3 − 1 = 2 [from Eq. (i)]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a b c So, Statement II is false.
= =
−1 5 3 19. (b) I. General equation of a plane is
So, ( −1, 5, 3) are the direction ratios of given line. ax + by + cz + λ = 0
Hence, direction cosines will be Normal to the plane will be perpendicular to X -axis
 −1 , 5 , 3  . DR of normal to plane are a , b , c.
 
 35 35 35 
DR of X -axis are 1, 0, 0.
14. (c) The given planes are ∴ a⋅ 1 + b⋅ 0 + c⋅ 0 = 0 ⇒ a = 0
bx − ay − n = 0 …(i) ∴ Required equation is by + cz + λ = 0
cy − bz − l = 0 …(ii) So, Statement I is false.
az − cx − m = 0 …(iii) II. On YOZ plane, we have x = 0
The equation of planes passing through the line of intersection ∴ Projection of P( x , y , z ) on YOZ plane is ( 0, y , z ).
of planes (i) and (ii) are
So, Statement II is true.
( bx − ay − n) + λ( cy − bz − l ) = 0
or bx + ( − a + λc ) y − ( bλ )z + ( − n − λl ) = 0 …(iv) 20. (c) Let A( a − 1, a , a + 1),
Eqs. (iii) and (iv) are identical. B ( a , a + 1, a − 1)
b − a + λc − bλ −( n + λl ) and C ( a + 1, a − 1, a ) be the vertices of a ∆ABC .
∴ = = =
−c 0 a −m ∴ AB = ( a − a + 1)2 + ( a + 1 − a )2 + ( a − 1 − a − 1)2 = 6
a − bm − cn
⇒ λ = and λ =
c cl BC = ( a + 1 − a )2 + ( a − 1 − a − 1)2 + ( a − a + 1)2 = 6
a − bm − cn
∴ = ⇒ al + bm + cn = 0
c cl and CA = ( a − 1 − a − 1)2 + ( a − a + 1)2 + ( a + 1 − a )2 = 6
15. (a) Q l + m + n = 1
2 2 2
∴ AB = BC = CA
⇒ cos 2 α + cos 2 α + cos 2 θ = 1 ...(i) Hence, given points are vertices of an equilateral triangle for
any real value of a.
Also, sin 2 θ = 2 sin 2 α ⇒ 1 − cos 2 θ = 2( 1 − cos 2 α )
 $i $j k$ 
⇒ cos 2 θ = 2 cos 2 α − 1
1 1 
From Eq. (i), 2 cos 2 α + 2 cos 2 α − 1 = 1 Now, area of a ∆ABC = | AB × AC | =  1 1 −2
2 2 
⇒ 4 cos 2 α = 2 ⇒ cos 2 α =
1 2 −1 −1
2  
1 π 3π 1
= | −3 i − 3 j − 3 k | =
$ 1
9+ 9+ 9 =
27
⇒ cos α = ± ⇒ α= , $ $ sq units
2 4 4 2 2 2
Thus, the area of triangle formed by these points is
16. (a) The equation of line which is passing through (1, 2, 3) and independent of a.
having direction ratio (1, 2, 3) is
As it is an equilateral triangle of side 6 units.
x− 1 y− 2 z−3
= = = a [say] Thus, its Altitude =
3
× side units =
3
× 6=
3
units
1 2 3 2 2 2
∴ x − 1 = a, y − 2 = 2a and z − 3 = 3a
1 1
⇒ x = a + 1, y = 2a + 2 and z = 3a + 3 21. (a) We have, l = cos 45° = ,m = cos 120° = − and n = cos γ
2 2
At X-axis, y = 0 and z = 0 ⇒ 2a + 2 = 0 and 3a + 3 = 0 1 1
∴ l 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1 ⇒ + + cos 2 γ = 1
⇒ a = − 1 and a = − 1 2 4
∴ x = ( −1) + 1 = 0 1 1
⇒ cos γ = ⇒ cos γ = [Q γ is acute]
Hence, the line cuts X-axis at a distance k = 0. 4 2
⇒ γ = 60°
17. (c) Given centre of sphere is ( 6, − 1, 2).
2( 6) − 1 ( −1) + 2( 2) − 2 15 3 1
∴ Radius = = =5 22. (b) I. l = cos30° = , m = cos 45° = , n = cos γ
4 + 1+ 4 3 2 2
∴ Equation of sphere is ( x − 6)2 + ( y + 1)2 + (z − 2)2 = 52 ∴ l 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1
3 1 −1
⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12x + 2 y − 4z + 16 = 0 ⇒ + + cos 2 γ = 1 ⇒ cos 2 γ =
4 2 4
18. (a) We know that, Which is not possible.
cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1 ...(i) So, Statement I is false.
I. cos 2 α + cos 2β + cos 2γ II. Here, cos 2 α + cos 2 ( 90° − α ) + cos 2 γ = 1
= 2 cos 2 α + 2 cos 2 β + 2 cos 2 γ − 3 ⇒ cos 2 α + sin 2 α + cos 2 γ = 1
= 2(cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ ) − 3 = 2( 1) − 3 = − 1 ⇒ cos 2 γ = 0 ⇒ γ = 90°
So, Statement I is true. [from Eq. (i)] So, Statement II is true.
230 NDA/NA Pathfinder

23. (d) We have, 2u = −3, 2v = −2, 2w = 2 30. (b) Equation of plane contains both lines
3 x −3 y − 2 z − 1
⇒ u = − , v = −1, w = 1
2 2 3 4 =0

∴Centre is ( −u, − v, − w ), i.e.  , 1,− 1
3
3 2 3
2 
Let coordinates of B be B ( x , y ,z ). Then, centre is the ( x − 3) ( 1) + ( y − 2)( 12 − 6) + (z − 1)( 4 − 9) = 0
mid-point of AB. x + 6 y − 5z = 10
−1 + x 3 4 + y −3 + z π
∴ = , = 1, = −1 Thus, the angle is .
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ x = 4 , y = −2 , z = 1 x − 1 y − 2 z −3
31. (d) The line = = =r
∴ B( 4, − 2, 1) is the required point. 3 −1 4
2 Any point say B ≡ (3r + 1, 2 − r , 3 + 4r ) (on the line L)
24. (d) Radius of given sphere =  3  + ( 1)2 + ( −1)2 + 15 = 1 77
  AB = 3r , − r , 4r + 6
 2 2
Hence, AB is parallel to x + y − z = 1
Radius of new sphere = 77
2 ⇒ 3r − r − 4r − 6 = 0 or r = − 3, B is ( −8, 5, − 9)
∴ Required sphere is  x −  + ( y − 1)2 + (z + 1)2 = ( 77 )2
3
 2 32. (b) The equation of plane containing the line L is
⇒ x + y + z 2 − 3x − 2 y + 2z −
2 2 291
=0 A( x − 1) + B( y − 2) + C (z + 3) = 0 ...(i)
4 where 3 A − B + 4C = 0 ...(ii)
⇒ 4x + 4 y + 4z −12x − 8 y + 8z − 291 = 0
2 2 2
Put B = ( − 8, 5, − 9) in Eq. (i)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 25-27) from where, we get 3 A − B + 2C = 0 ...(iii)
Z
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
C (0,0, 2)
M (2,0,2) C = 0 and 3 A = B
Now, put 3 A = B in Eq (i)
(0,2,2) L P (2,2,2) A( x − 1) + 3 A( y − 2) = 0
X A { x − 1 + 3( y − 2)} = 0
O A (2,0,0)
x − 1 + 3y − 6 = 0
x + 3 y − 7 = 0, is the required equation of the plane.
B (0,2,0) N (2,2,0) 33. (d) As the point lies on the line L, the point be
4
Y ( 1 + 3r , 2 − r , 3 + 4r ) which is at a distance of from the
3
25. (b) DR of OP are 2, 2, 2 or 1, 1, 1.
plane. Then, The distance of point ( 1 + 3r , 2 − r , 3 + 4r )
DR of AL are −2, 2 and 2 or −1, 1, 1.
|1 + 3r + 2 − r − 3 − 4r − 1|
− 1 + 1 + 1
Therefore, required angle = cos −1  −1  1
 = cos   1 + 1+ 1
 3⋅ 3  3 |2r + 1| 4 3 5
= = ⇒ r= ,−
26. (c) DR of OC are 0, 0, 2 or 0, 0, 1 3 3 2 2
−13 9 −14 

Hence, the points are A  , ,  and B 
DR of OP are 1, 1, 1. 11 1 10 
, , .
0 + 0 + 1  2 2 2  2 2 2 
∴ Required angle = cos −1  −1  1 
 = cos  
 3⋅ 1   3 ⇒ AB = 292

27. (c) DR of CP are 2, 3, 0 or 1, 1, 0. 34. (b) We have, A(3, 2, 0), B(5, 3, 2) and C ( −9, 6, − 3). D divides BC
DR of OP are 1, 1, 1. in the ratio AB : AC
1+ 1+ 0 −1  2  AB = (5 − 3)2 + (3 − 2)2 + ( 2 − 0)2 = 3
∴ Required angle = cos −1   = cos  
 3 2   3 AC = ( −9 − 3)2 + ( 6 − 2)2 + ( −3 − 0)2 = 13
28. (d) Since, both lines are coplanar.
∴D divides BC is the ratio 3 : 13.
2 3 λ ∴ Coordinates of D are
∴ 3 2 3 = 0 ⇒ 2( −2 + 3) + 3 (3 + 3) + λ(−3 − 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = 4  3 × ( −9) + 13 × 5 3 × 6 + 13 × 3 3 × ( −3) + 13 × 2 
 , , 
1 −1 1  3 + 13 3 + 13 3 + 13 
sin −1 (sin 4) = sin −1 {sin( π − 4)} = π − 4 
= ,
19 57 17 
, 
 8 16 16 
x −3 y − 2 z − 1
29. (d) Let = = =r
2 3 4 1 35. (c) Centroid of ∆PQR is coincide with centroid of ∆ABC .
3 + 5 − 9 2 + 3 + 6 0 + 2 − 3
⇒ x = 3 + 2r , y = 2 + 3r z = 1 + 4r
1 1, 1 ∴ Centroid of ∆PQR =  , , 
x − 2 y −3 z − 2  3 3 3 
It will lie on = = ⇒ r =1  −1 11 −1
3 2 3 1
= , , 
So, point of intersection is (5, 5, 5).  3 3 3
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 231

−2 −3 
2 2 2
∴ l 2 + m 2 + n2 =  
36. (d) We have, cos A = A (3,2,0) 1   4 
 +  + 
3  26   26   26 
2
−2
1 −  
5 9 1 16 26
∴ sin A = = 3 13 = + + = =1
 3  3 26 26 26 26
Area ( ∆ABC ) 41. (b) The direction ratios of Z-axis are 0, 0,1.
1 x −a y−b z−c
= AB × AC × sin A B (5,3,2) C (−9,6,−3) ∴ Required equation of line is = = .
2 0 0 1
1 5 13 5
= × 3 × 13 × = sq units 42. (a) The distance of point P ( x , y ,z ) from YZ- plane is x-coordinate
2 3 2 ∴ Required distance = 1 unit
−1 z z Z
37. (b) The direction ratios are 2, − 1, 2 or 1, ,1. 43. (a) In ∆AOP, sinα = =
2 OP r P (x, y, z)
38. (b) Given equation of two planes, ⇒ z = r sinα B
x x
Again, in ∆AOP, cosα = =
x + y + z + 1 = 0 and 2x − 2 y + 2z + 1 = 0 OP r r z
Here, a = 1, b = 1 and c = 1 ⇒ x = r cosα and the y-coordinate in
O α
1 1 1
XZ-plane is always zero.
a = 2, b = − 2 and c = 2 x A X
2 2 2 So, the coordinate of P in X Z-plane is
Let θ be the angle between them. ( r cos α , 0, r sin α ).
|a a + b b + c c | Y
Then, cos θ =
1 2 1 2 1 2 44. (c) Given, the distance between the points
a + b + c a + b 2 + c2
2 2 2 2
(7, 1, − 3) and (4, 5, λ) = 13
1 1 1 2 2 2
|( 1)( 2) + ( 1)( −2) + ( 1)( 2)| ⇒ ( 4 − 7)2 + (5 − 1)2 + ( λ + 3)2 = 13
⇒ cos θ =
( 1) + ( 1) + ( 1)
2 2 2
( 2 ) + ( −2 ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2
⇒ ( −3)2 + ( 4)2 + ( λ + 3)2 = 13
|2 − 2 + 2| | 2| 1
⇒ cos θ = = ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ 9 + 16 + ( λ + 3)2 = 13 ⇒ 25 + ( λ + 3)2 = 13
3 12 3(2 3) 3
On squaring equation both sides, we get
39. (d) The equation of sphere, 25 + ( λ + 3)2 = 169 ⇒ 25 + λ2 + 9 + 6λ − 169 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6 y − 8z − 7 = 0 ⇒ λ2 + 6λ − 135 = 0 ⇒ λ2 + 15λ − 9λ − 135 = 0
On comparing with ⇒ λ( λ + 15) − 9( λ + 15) = 0 ⇒ ( λ + 15)( λ − 9) = 0
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, we get ∴ λ = 9, − 15
u = − 2, v = 3, w = − 4 and d = − 7 45. (c) Given equations of the plane x = 3z + 4
∴ Radius of sphere = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d x −4 z−0
⇒ = …(i)
3 1
= ( −2 ) 2 + (3 ) 2 + ( −4 ) 2 + 7 y+3 z−0
and y = 2z − 3 ⇒ = …(ii)
2 1
= 4 + 9 + 16 + 7 = 36 = 6 Therefore, the required equation of the line intersecting by two
∴ Diameter = 2 × Radius = 2 × 6 = 12 units planes (i) and (ii),
x −4 y+3 z−0
40. (b) The equation of line passing through ( x , y , z ) and = = …(iii)
1 1 1 3 2 1
( x , y , z ) is Hence, the direction ratio’s of line (iii) is
2 2 2
x −x y− y z−z < a , b , c > = < 3, 2, 1 >
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = ...(i)
x −x y − y z −z 46. (c) The equation of any plane parallel to the plane
2 1 2 1 2 1
3x + 4 y − 5z = 0 may be taken as
Here, ( x − x ), ( y − y ) and (z − z ) direction ratios of that 3x + 4 y − 5z + k = 0 ...(i)
2 1 2 1 2 1
line. If plane (i) passes through the point (1, 2, 3), we get
Then, its direction cosines are 3( 1) + 4( 2) − 5(3) + k = 0
(x − x ) (y − y ) (z − z ) 3 + 8 − 15 + k = 0
l = 2 1 ,m = 2 1 and n = 2 1
Σ( x − x ) 2
Σ( x − x ) 2
Σ( x − x )2 −4+ k = 0 ⇒k = 4 ...(ii)
2 1 2 1 2 1 On putting k = 4 in Eq. (i), we get required equation
Here, ( x , y , z ) = ( 1, 2, − 3) and ( x , y , z ) = ( −2, 3, 1) i.e. 3x + 4 y − 5z + 4 = 0
1 1 1 2 2 2
( −2 − 1) (3 − 2 ) x −2 y+ 1 z+ 2
∴ l = , m= 47. (a) Given lines are = = ...(i)
1 −2 1
( −3)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 4)2 ( −3)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 4)2
( 1 + 3) x − 1 2 y + 3 z + 5 x − 1 2( y + 3 / 2) z + 5
and n= and = = , = =
( −3) + ( 1) + ( 4) 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
x −1 y +3/ 2 z+5
−3 1 4 = = ...(ii)
⇒ l = ,m = ,n= 1 3 2
26 26 26
2
232 NDA/NA Pathfinder

If θ is the acute angle between lines (i) and (ii), then 52. (b) The given equation represents the equation of sphere, if
coefficient of x 2 , y 2 and z 2 are same, i.e. k + 1 = 3 ⇒ k = 2
1 × 1 + ( −2)   + 1( 2)
3
 2 53. (a) We know that, if a line makes an ∠α with the positive direction
cos θ = of X -axis, ∠β with the positive direction of Y -axis and ∠ γ with
2
1 + ( −2)2 + 12 12 +   + 22
3 the positive direction of Z-axis, then
 2
cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
Given that, α = 30°
1 + ( −3 ) + 2 0 ∴ cos 2 30° + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
= = =0
9 29 2
1+ 4 + 1 1+ + 4 6  3 3
4 4 ⇒   + cos β + cos γ = 1 ⇒ cos β + cos γ = 1−
2 2 2 2

π  2  4
∴ cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ = cos − 1 ( 0) = 1
2 ∴ cos β + cos γ =
2 2
4
48. (a) If α , β and γ are the angles that a line makes with the
54. (a) Distance of the line 2x + y + 2z = 3 from the origin
coordinate axes.
|2 × 0 + 0 + 2 × 0 − 3| |0 + 0 + 0 − 3| |−3| 3
Then, l = cos α, m = cos β and n = cos γ = = = = = 1 unit
( 2)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 2)2 4 + 1+ 4 9 3
Q l 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1 ⇒ cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1 ...(i)
Here, α = β = γ, as line is equally inclined to axes. 55. (c) We know that, the direction cosines of Z-axis are (0, 0,1).
1
From Eq. (i), cos 2 α + cos 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 ⇒ cosα = ∴ Sum of the direction cosines of Z-axis = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
3
[since, direction cosines of a line which is equally inclined to 56. (d) Let a be length of the edge of the cube.
the positive directions of the axis, so we take only positive sign] Y
1 1
∴ cos α = cos β = cos γ = or l = m = n = C (0, a, 0)
3 3 B (a, a, 0)
1 1 1
Hence, the required direction cosines are , , . (a, a, a)
3 3 3 (0, a, a) D P
49. (d) Given equation of planes
2x − y − 2z + 1 = 0 ...(i) X
and 3x − 4 y + 5z − 3 = 0 ...(ii) O A (a, 0, 0)
Here, a = 2, b = −1 and c = −2
1 1 1
and a = 3, b = − 4, c = 5 are direction ratios of planes (i) and (ii) E (0, 0, a)
F (a, 0, a)
2 2 2 Z
respectively.
Let θ be the angle between two planes. Let direction ratios of the diagonal OP of the cube is
aa + bb + cc < a , b , c > = < a − 0, a − 0, a − 0 > = < a , a , a >
1 1 1
Then, cos θ = 1 2 1 2 1 2
and direction ratios of the diagonal AD of the cube is
a + b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2
2
1 1 1 2 2 2 < a , b , c > = < 0 − a , a − 0, a − 0 > = < − a , a , a >
2 2 2
( 2)(3) + ( −1)( −4) + ( −2)(5) 6 + 4 − 10 π Let θ be the acute angle between the diagonals OP and AD of
= = = 0 = cos
4 + 1+ 4 4 + 16 + 25 9 45 2 a cube.
π a a + b b + c c
So, the required angle is .
2 ∴ cosθ = 1 2 1 2 1 2

a + b 2 + c2 a 2 + b 2 + c2
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
50. (d) Given that, equation of straight line is
x −x y − y z −z ( a )( − a ) + ( a )( a ) + ( a )( a ) −a2 + a2 + a2
0 = 0 = 0 ...(i) = =
l m n a + a + a
2 2 2
a + a + a
2 2 2
3a 2 3a 2
and equation of plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0 ...(ii)
a2 1
Since, the straight line is parallel to the plane, i.e. normal to = = ⇒ 3 cosθ = 1
the plane is perpendicular to the straight line. 3a 2 3
By perpendicularity condition, 57. (b) We know that, the standard equation of the sphere, whose
l l + m m + n n = 0 ⇒ al + bm + cn = 0 centre at ( x , y , z ) and radius is r, is
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
51. (d) The given equation of planes ( x − x ) 2 + ( y − y ) 2 + (z − z ) 2 = r 2 ...(i)
1 1 1
x − 2 y + z − 1= 0 ...(i) But given that, centre = (0, 0, 0) and radius = 1
and −3x + 6 y − 3z + 2 = 0 ⇒ x − 2 y + z − 2 / 3 = 0 ...(ii) ∴ Required equation of sphere is
Since, both planes are parallel to each other, then distance ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2 + (z − 0)2 = ( 1)2 ⇒ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
between them
−2 −2 58. (c) We know that, the direction cosines of X-axis is 1, 0, 0 .
− ( −1) + 1
3 1/ 3 1 ∴ Sum of squares of direction cosine
= = 3 = =
( 1)2 + ( −2)2 + ( 1)2 1+ 4 + 1 6 3 6 = ( 1)2 + ( 0)2 + ( 0)2 = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 233

59. (c) If a line passes through the points ( x , y , z ) and ( x , y , z ), 63. (a) Now, of DR’s AB = < a , b , c > = < − 2 − 2, 2 − 3, 0 − 1 >
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
then its direction ratio is < x − x , y − y , z − z >. = < − 4, − 1, − 1 > A
2 1 2 1 2 1
∴ The direction ratio of the line which passes through the and DR’s of BC = < a , b , c >
2 2 2
points ( 6, − 7, − 1) and ( 2, − 3, 1) is = < 0 + 2, 1 − 2, − 1 − 0 >
< 2 − 6, − 3 + 7, 1 + 1 > = < − 4, 4, 2 > = < 2, − 1, − 1 > θ
Let θ be the angle between AB and BC . B C
Sol. (Q. Nos. 60-62) Given that, a line passes through the point (1, − 2, 3)
and perpendicular to the plane 2x + 3 y − z = 7, i.e. this straight (a a + b b + c c )
1 2 1 2 1 2
line is a normal to the plane. ∴ cos θ =
a + b 2 + c2 a 2 + b 2 + c2
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
60. (a) Equation of the plane, 2x + 3 y − z = 7
 −4 × 2 + ( −1)( −1) + ( −1) × ( −1) 
On comparing with ax + by + cz = d , a = 2 , b = 3 and c = − 1  
=  
Which is the required direction ratios of normal to the plane.  16 + 1 + 1 4 + 1 + 1 
i.e. < a , b , c > = < 2, 3, − 1 >  − 8 + 1 + 1
=   = −6 = −1 = 1
61. (d) The point, where the line meet the plane = Foot ( x , y , z ) of a  18 6  6 3 3 3
point (1, − 2, 3) in a plane 2x + 3 y − z = 7  
1
x− x y− y z− z −( ax + by + cz + d ) ∴ cos θ = cos ∠ABC =
∴ 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 1 1 3
a b c a + b + c
2 2 2
64. (d) Now, we find
x − 1 y + 2 z − 3 −[ 2( 1) + 3( −2) − (3) − 7]
⇒ = = = y z 1 3 1 1
2 3 −1 ( 2)2 + (3)2 + ( −1)2 1 1 1
1
∆x = y z 1 = 2 0 1
x − 1 y + 2 z − 3 −( 2 − 6 − 3 − 7) − ( −14) 2 2 2
2
⇒ = = = = =1 y z 1 1 −1 1
3 3
2 3 −1 4+ 9+ 1 14
1
x −1 = {3 ( 0 + 1) − 1 ( 2 − 1) + 1 ( − 2 − 0)}
⇒ = 1⇒ x − 1= 2 ⇒ x =3 2
2 1 1 1
y+2 = (3 − 1 − 2 ) = (3 − 3 ) = × 0 = 0
⇒ = 1 ⇒ y + 2=3⇒ y = 1 2 2 2
3 z x 1 1 2 1
z −3 1 1 1
1
⇒ = 1⇒z − 3 = − 1⇒ z = 2 ∆y = z x 1 = 0 −2 1
−1 2 2 2
2
z x 1 −1 0 1
∴ Required point = ( x , y , z ) = (3, 1, 2) 3 3

1
62. (c) We know that, the image ( x , y , z ) of a point ( x , y , z ) in a = { 1 ( − 2 − 0) − 2 ( 0 + 1) + 1 ( 0 − 2)}
1 1 1 2
plane
x −x y−y z −z 1 1
= ( − 2 − 2 − 2) = × − ( 6) = − 3
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by 1 = 1 = 1
2 2
a b c
−2( ax + by + cz + d ) x y 1 2 3 1
= 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
and ∆z = x y 1 = −2 2 1
a 2 + b 2 + c2 2 2 2
2
x y 1 0 1 −1
∴ Image of the point ( 1, − 2 , 3) in the plane 2x + 3 y − z − 7 = 0 3 3

x − 1 y + 2 z −3 1
=
{ 2( −2 − 1) − 3( 2 − 0) + 1( −2 − 0)}
is, = =
2 3 −1 2
1 1
−2[ 2( 1) + 3( −2) + ( −1)(3) − 7] −2[ 2 + ( −6) + ( −3) − 7] = ( − 6 − 6 − 2) = × − 14 = − 7
= = 2 2
( 2)2 + (3)2 + ( −1)2 4+ 9+ 1 ∴ Required area of ∆ABC
−2( −14)
= =2 = ∆2x + ∆2y + ∆2z = ( 0)2 + ( −3)2 + ( −7)2
14
x −1 = 0 + 9 + 49 = 58
⇒ = 2 ⇒ x − 1= 4 ⇒ x =5
2 + 0 3 + 1 1 − 1
2 65. (c) Mid-point of AC =  , , 
y+2  2 2 2 
⇒ =2 ⇒ y + 2=6 ⇒ y=4
3 P = ( 1, 2, 0)
− 2 + 0 2 + 1 0 − 1
⇒
z −3
= 2 ⇒ z−3= − 2 ⇒ z=1 and mid-point of BC =  , , 
−1  2 2 2 
Hence, the required image is (5, 4, 1). Q = ( − 1, 3 / 2, − 1 / 2)
Now, magnitude of the line joining P and Q = |PQ|
Sol. (Q. Nos. 63-65) Given that vertices of a triangle are,
= ( 1 + 1)2 + ( 2 − 3 / 2)2 + ( 0 + 1 / 2)2
let ( x , y , z ) ≡ A ( 2, 3, 1), ( x , y , z ) ≡ B ( − 2, 2, 0),
1 1 1 2 2 2
and ( x y , z ) ≡ C ( 0, 1, − 1) 3
3 3 3 = ( 2)2 + ( 1 / 2)2 + ( 1 / 2)2 = units
2
234 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Sol. (Q. Nos. 66-67) Given equations of sphere, 70. (b) We know that, equation of plane passing through three
x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 4 y + 3 = 0 …(i) non-collinear points ( x , y , z ), ( x , y , z ) and ( x , y , z ) is
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
and x + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 4z − 4 = 0
2
…(ii)  x −x y− y z−z 
Compare with the standard equation of sphere,  1 1 1

 x 2 − x1 y − y z − z = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, x − x
2 1 2 1
y − y z −z 
we get u = 0, v = − 2, w = 0 and d = 3 [for first sphere]  3 1 3 1 3 1
1 1 1 1
and u = 1, v = 0, w = 2 and d = − 4 [for second sphere] Putting the value of ( x , y , z ), ( x , y , z )
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
66. (c) Centre of Ist sphere, i.e. C → ( − u , − v , − w ) → ( 0, 2, 0) and ( x , y , z ), we get
1 1 1 1 3 3 3
and centre of IInd sphere, i.e. C → ( − u , − v , − w ) x − 2 y − 2 z − 1
2 2 2 2
→ ( − 1, 0, − 2)  
 1 2 1 = 0
Now, distance between two centres, i.e.  5 −2 5 
 
C C = ( −1 − 0 ) 2 + ( 0 − 2 ) 2 + ( −2 − 0 ) 2 = 1+ 4 + 4
1 2
⇒ ( x − 2) ( 10 + 2) − ( y − 2) (5 − 5) + (z − 1) ( −2 − 10) = 0
[Q d = ( x − x )2 + ( y − y )2 + (z − z )2 ] ⇒ 12x − 12z = 12 ⇒ x −z= 1
2 1 2 1 2 1

= 9 = 3 units Hence, the equation of plane passes through (1, 0, 1).

67. (c) I. Radius of Ist sphere, 71. (c) Direction ratios of the normal to the plane x − z = 1 are
〈1, 0, − 1〉.
r = u2 + v2 + w2 − d = ( 0 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 0 ) − (3 )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
72. (b) Equation of sphere passing through origin is
= 4 −3 = 1 = 1
Radius of IInd sphere, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz = 0
r = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d = ( −1)2 + ( 0)2 + ( −2)2 + ( 4) Which passes through the points,
2 2 2 2 2

= 1+ 4 + 4 = 9 = 3 ( 2, 1, − 1), ( 1, 5, − 4) and ( −2, 4, − 6).

Now, r + r = 1 + 3 = 4 ∴ 4u + 2v − 2w = − 6 ...(i)
1 2
Q C C <r + r 2u + 10v − 8w = − 42 ...(ii)
1 2 1 2
So, both sphere intersect each other. and −4u + 8v − 12w = − 56 ...(iii)
II. We have, radius of Ist sphere ( r ) = 1 On solving above equations, we get
1
and radius of IInd sphere ( r ) = 3 u = 1, v = − 2 and w = 3
2
i.e. r <r
1 2 ∴ Radius of sphere = u 2 + v 2 + w 2
So, the radius of first sphere is less than that of second sphere.
= 1+ 4 + 9 = 14
68. (d) Equation of line passing through the points (2, 1, 3) and
( 4, − 2, 5) is 73. (a) Centre of sphere
x −2 y − 1 z −3 x − 2 y − 1 z −3 ( − u , − v , − w ) = ( −1, 2, − 3)
= = =λ ⇒ = = =λ
4 − 2 −2 − 1 5 − 3 2 −3 2 74. (a) I. Equation of sphere is
⇒ x = 2λ + 2, y = − 3λ + 1 and z = 2λ + 3
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 4 y + 6z = 0
Since, this line cuts the plane, 2x + y − z = 3.
Put the value (0, 4, 0)
So, ( 2λ + 2, − 3λ + 1, 2λ + 3) satisfies the equation of plane.
we get 0 + 16 + 0 + 0 − 16 + 0 = 0
∴ 2( 2λ + 2) − 3λ + 1 − 2λ − 3 = 3 ⇒ λ = − 1
Hence, points are [ 2( −1) + 2, − 3( −1) + 1, 2( −1) + 3], So, the sphere passes through the point (0, 4, 0).
i.e. ( 0, 4, 1) II. Distance between (1, 1, 1) and centre of sphere ( −1, 2, − 3)
69. (d) Let the ratio in which plane divides the line be k : 1.
= ( 1 + 1)2 + ( 1 − 2)2 + ( 1 + 3)2
= 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 ≠ 5
Hence, only Statement II is not correct.
k 1
(2,1,3) (4,–2,5) 75. (d) Length of the line segment
(0,4,1)
= a 2 + b 2 + c2 = 122 + 42 + 32
= 13 units
4k + 2
76. (a) Direction cosines of the line segment =  ±
Then, 0 = ⇒ 4k + 2 = 0 ⇒ k = −
1 12 4 3
,± ,± 
k+1 2  13 13 13 
−2 k + 1 1
⇒4= ⇒ 4 k + 4 = −2 k + 1 ⇒ k = −  ±a ±b 
±c
k+1 2 Q 2 , , 
 a + b 2 + c2 a +b +c
2 2 2
a +b +c 
2 2 2
Hence, plane divides the line in ratio 1 : 2 externally.
MATHEMATICS Three Dimensional Geometry 235

x y − 2 z −3 x y
= =
z 87. (b) Given, 5x + 2 y + z − 13 = 0
77. (b) We have, = = =λ 83. (a) Here,
1 1 −1
2 3 4 x y z
or + + =1
⇒ x = 2 λ , y = 3 λ + 2 ,z = 4 λ + 3 2 3 13 13 13
x y z
and = = 5 2
∴ Direction ratios of the line passing 1 −1 1
− 13 13
through P 6 4 ∴ Lengths of intercepts are ,
1 1 5 2
P (3, − 1, 11) is [( 2λ − 3), DR’s of the lines are < , , − 1 >
2 3 and 13.
(3λ + 2 + 1), ( 4λ + 3 − 11)] 1 1
and < , − 1, − >, 88. (a) Given equations of plane are
= 2λ − 3, 3λ + 3, 4λ − 8 6 4
2x − y + 3z = 2 ...(i)
× + ( − 1) + ( − 1)  − 
1 1 1 1
∴ ( 2 λ − 3 ) ⋅ 2 + (3 λ + 3 ) ⋅ 3 i.e.
2 6 3  4 and x + y −z= 1 ...(ii)
+ ( 4λ − 8) ⋅ 4 = 0 1 1 1
= − + =0 Let the direction ratios of line of
⇒ 4λ − 6 + 9λ + 9 + 16λ − 32 = 0 12 3 4 intersection be < a , b , c > .
Hence, both lines are perpendicular. ∴ 2a − b + 3c = 0 ...(iii)
⇒ 29λ = 29 ⇒ λ = 1
84. (b) Given, 3x2 + 3 y 2 + 3z 2 − 8x a+ b−c=0
∴ Direction ratios and ...(iv)
≡ ( 2 − 3 , 3 + 3 , 4 − 8 ) ≡ ( −1 , 6 , − 4 ) + 4 y + 8z − 15 = 0 [Q a a + b b + c c = 0]
1 2 1 2 1 2
8 4 8
78. (c) Length of the line segment PQ, when ⇒ x + y + z − x + y + z −5 = 0
2 2 2
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
3 3 3 a −b c
Q ≡ ( 2, 5, 7) = =
Compare it with equation of a sphere −2 −5 3
∴ PQ = ( 2 − 3)2 + (5 + 1)2 + ( 7 − 11)2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy a b c a b c
⇒ = = or = =
= 1 + 36 + 16 = 53 units + 2wz + d = 0, we get −2 5 3 2 −5 −3
79. (a) We have,
x
+
y
+
z
=1 8 4 8
2u = − , 2v = , 2 w = , d = – 5 ⇒ < a , b , c > = < 2, − 5, − 3 >
A B C 3 3 3
89. (b) The equation of plane P is
Since, triangular plane ABC with 4 2 4
∴ u = – ,v = ,w = ,d = −5 ( 2x − y + 3z − 2)
centroid (1, 2, 3) cuts the coordinate 3 3 3
axes, + λ ( x + y − z − 1) = 0
Now, radius of a sphere
∴ Intercepts made by X-axis, Y-axis and It passes through (1, 0, 1), we get
Z-axis are, 3, 6, 9. = u 2 + v 2 + w2 − d ( 2 − 0 + 3 − 2)
x y z 16 4 16
80. (d) We have, + + = 1 = + + + 5 + λ ( 1 + 0 − 1 − 1) = 0
A B C 9 9 9
⇒ 3−λ=0 ⇒ λ =3
Since, triangular plane ABC with = 4+5 = 9 =3
centroid (1, 2, 3) cuts the coordinate Hence, equation of plane P is
axes, 85. (a) Let DR’s of the line be a, b, c. ( 2x − y + 3z − 2) + 3( x + y − z − 1) = 0
∴ Intercepts made by X-axis, Y-axis We have, a − 2b − 2c = 0
⇒ 5x + 2 y − 5 = 0
and Z-axis are 3, 6, 9. and 0 ⋅ a + 2b + c = 0
∴ Equation of the plane ABC is a −b c 90. (c) Plane P touches the sphere
x y z ∴ = =
+ + =1 −2 + 4 1 − 0 2 − 0 x 2 + y 2 + z2 = r 2
3 6 9 a b c
⇒ = = Here, the centre of sphere is (0, 0, 0).
or 6x + 3 y + 2z = 18 2 −1 2 ∴ Radius of sphere, r = Perpendicular
81. (b) Length of diagonals of the cuboid 86. (b) The foot of perpendicular drawn distance from centre of sphere to the
from (3, 5, 4) on z = 0 is tangent plane.
= 1 + 2 +3 =
2 2 2
14 units
x −3 y −5 z − 4 4  0 + 0 + 0 −5  −5 
82. (c) The equation of the plane passing = = =− r =  = 
0 0 1 1  5 + 2   29 
2 2
through P ( 1, 2, 3) and parallel to
XY-plane is z = 3. ⇒ x = 3, y = 5, z = 0 5
⇒ r= units
Hence, ( x, y , z ) = (3, 5, 0) 29
20
236 CDS Pathfinder

LIMITS, CONTINUITY AND

DIFFERENTIABILITY
In NDA exam, generally 6-8 questions are asked from this chapter which are based on
finding limits of various functions, check continuity/differentiability of functions in
different conditions.

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Let y = f ( x) be a function of x. If at x = a, f ( x) takes indeterminate form, then we consider the values of
the function which are very close to a. If these values tend to a definite unique number as x tends to a,
then the unique number so obtained is called the limit of f ( x) at x = a and we can write it as lim f ( x).
x→ a

Right Hand Limit

If x approaches from the right, i.e. from larger values of x than a, then the limit of f ( x) is called the
Right Hand Limit (RHL) and is written as,
lim f ( x) or lim f ( x) or f ( a + 0 )
x → a+ x → (a + 0 )

To find RHL, put x = a + h and replace x → a + by h → 0 and then simplify lim f ( a + h) using
h→ 0
appropriate formula.

Left Hand Limit

If x approaches a from the left, i.e. from the smaller values of x than a, then the limit of f ( x) is called
the Left Hand Limit (LHL) and is written as, lim f ( x) or f ( a − 0 ).
x → a−
−
To find LHL, put x = a − h and replace x → a by h → 0 and then simplify lim f ( a − h) using appropriate
h→ 0
formula. When the left hand limit equals to the right hand limit, we say that the function has a limiting
values. Thus, for the existence of lim f ( x), the necessary and sufficient condition is
x→ a

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) or f ( a − h) = f ( a + h)
x → a− x → a+

Note Left hand limit and right hand limit are specially used, when the function is defined by more than one rule, e.g.
Modulus functions.
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 237

Sol. d. We know that, − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 for all x

IMPORTANT RESULTS RELATED TO LIMIT
(i) lim [ f ( x ) ± φ ( x )] = lim f ( x ) ± lim φ ( x )
⇒ − 7 ≤ 7 sin x ≤ 7 ⇒ x − 7 ≤ x + 7 sin x ≤ x + 7
x→ a x→ a x→ a
Now, dividing throughout by ( − 2x + 13), we get
(ii) lim [c ⋅ f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ), where c is a constant.
x→ a x→ a x −7 x + 7 sin x x+7
(iii) lim [ f ( x ) ⋅ φ ( x )] = lim f ( x ) ⋅ lim φ ( x ) ≥ ≥ for all x that are large.
x→ a x→ a x→ a − 2x + 3 − 2x + 13 − 2x + 13
lim f ( x ) 7
f (x) x → a x −7 1−
(iv) lim = , provided lim φ ( x ) ≠ 0
Now, lim = lim x = 1− 0 = − 1
x→ a φ (x) lim φ ( x ) x→ a
x → ∞ − 2x + 13 x→ ∞ 13 − 2 + 0
x→ a − 2+ 2
x
(v) lim log f ( x ) = log[ lim f ( x )] , provided lim f ( x ) > 0
x→ a x→ a x→ a 7
x+7 1+
{ lim f ( x )} and lim = lim x = 1+ 0 = − 1
(vi) lim e f (x )
=e x→a
x → ∞ − 2x + 13 x→ ∞ 13 − 2 + 0 2
x→ a − 2+
f (x ) x
lim
1 /φ (x ) x → a φ (x )
(vii) lim [1 + f ( x )] =e
x→ a Limit of a Rational Function
φ (x ) lim g ( x )
(viii) lim [ f ( x )] = { lim f ( x )}x → a p( x)
x→ a x→ a Limit of a rational function f ( x), of the form lim ,
x→ a q( x)
(ix) If lim f [ φ( x )] = f [ lim φ( x )], provided ‘ f ’
x→ a x→ a can be find out using factorisation or substitution
is continuous at φ( x) ∈ R methods.

2kx + 3, if x < 1 Indeterminate Form

EXAMPLE 1. If f (x) is defined as f (x) = 
1 − kx , if x > 1
2
If the expression obtained after substitution of value of
then for what values of k does lim exist? the limit give the following forms 0 0 , 0 / 0, 1∞ , ∞ − ∞,
x→1 ∞ / ∞, 0 × ∞ and ∞ 0 , then it is known as an indeterminate
a. 0 b. 1
form.
1 2
c. d. −
2 3 x4 −1 x3 −k 3
Sol. d. We have, lim− f ( x) = lim f (1 − h) = lim [ 2k (1 − h) + 3] EXAMPLE 3. If lim = lim , then find
x→1 h→ 0 h→ 0 x→1 x −1 x→ k x2 −k 2
= [ 2k (1 − 0) + 3] = 2k + 3 the value of k.
and lim+ f ( x) = lim f (1 + h) = lim[1 − k (1 + h) 2 ] 8
a. 0 b.
x→1 h→ 0 h→ 0 3
= 1 − k (1 + 0) 2 = 1 − k c. 0 and
8
d.
3
Now, lim f ( x) exists, if lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) 3 8
x→1 x→1 x→1
x4 − 1 x3 − k 3
⇒ 2k + 3 = 1 − k ⇒ 3k = − 2 ⇒ k = −
2 Sol. b. We have, lim = lim 2
x→1 x − 1 x→ k x − k
2
3
( x2 + 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x − k) ( x2 + xk + k 2)
Sandwich Theorem ⇒ lim = lim
x→1 x−1 x→ k ( x − k) ( x + k)
(or Squeeze theorem) x + xk + k 2
2
⇒ lim( x2 + 1) ( x + 1) = lim
If f , g and h are functions such that f ( x) ≤ g( x) ≤ h( x) for x→1 x→ k x+ k
all x in some neighbourhood of the point a (except k + k ⋅ k + k2
2
possibly at x = a) and if lim f ( x) = l = lim h( x), then ⇒ (12 + 1) (1 + 1) =
x→ a x→ a k+k
lim f ( x) = l.
x→ a 3k 2
x + 7 sin x ⇒ 4= ⇒ 3 k2 − 8 k = 0
EXAMPLE 2. The value of lim , using 2k
x→ ∞ − 2x + 13 8
⇒ k ( 3 k − 8) = 0 ⇒ k = 0,
sandwich theorem, is 3
1 1 1 Since, k = 0 does not satisfy the given equation, therefore
a. b. c. 0 d.−
3 2 2 k = 8 / 3.
238 NDA/NA Pathfinder

sin x
Exponential and Logarithmic Limits and RHL = lim +
x→ 0 x
=1
For finding the limits of exponential and logarithmic Q LHL ≠ RHL
functions, following results are useful
So, the limit does not exist.
ax −1 ex −1
1. lim = log e a, a > 0 2. lim =1
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate lim (sec x − tan x).
x → π/2 1
1 n x a. 0 b. 1 c. −1 d.
3. lim (1 +  1  a
x) x = lim 1 +  = e 4. lim 1 +  = e a 2
x→ 0 h →∞  n x → ∞ x
Sol. a. lim (sec x − tan x ) = lim 
1 sin x 
− 
log x x → π /2 x → π /2  cos x cos x
5. lim m
= 0, ( m> 0 )
x→ 0 x 2
cos x − sin x
 
log a (1 + x)  1 − sin x  2 2
6. lim = log a e, (a > 0, a ≠ 1) = lim   = lim
x → π / 2  cos x  x → π /2 2 x x
x→ 0 x cos − sin2
2 2
log (1 + x)
7. lim =1 8. lim (1 + λx)1/x = e λ x
cos − sin
x π
cos − sin
π 1
−
1
x→ 0 x x→ 0
= lim 2 2 = 4 4 = 2 2 =0
x → π /2 x x π π 1 1
log(5 + x) − log(5 − x) cos + sin cos + sin +
EXAMPLE 4. The value of lim is 2 2 4 4 2 2
x→ 0 x
a.
5
b.
1
c.
2
d. 0 L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE
2 5 5
In this method, we first check, whether the form of the
log ( 5 + x) − log ( 5 − x) 0 form 0
Sol. c. We have, lim 0  function after substituting the limit is or not.
x→ 0 x 0
 x    x 
log 5 1+   − log 5 1−   If it is not of this form, then make necessary operation in
= lim   5    5  the function otherwise we differentiate both numerator
x→ 0 x and denominator with respect to x. Differentiation can be
  x    x  done n number of times according to the problem. The
log 5 + log 1+   − log 5 + log 1−  
= lim 
5   5  above rule can be applied for other indeterminate forms
x→ 0 x such as
log 1 +  − log 1 −  ∞
x x
 5   5 , ∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞, 1∞ , 0 0 and ∞ 0 etc.
= lim ∞
x→ 0 x
log 1+  log 1−  sin −1 x − tan −1 x
x x
 4   5 1 1 1 2 EXAMPLE 7. The value of lim is
= lim + lim ⋅ = + = x→ 0 x3
x→ 0 x/5 x→ 0 − x / 5 ( −5) 5 5 5
1
a. 0 b.
Trigonometric Limits 2
1
sin x c. d. 3
(i) lim =1 (ii) lim sin x = 0 3
x→ 0 x x→ 0
tan x sin−7 x − tan−1 x
(iii) lim cos x = 1 (iv) lim =1 Sol. b. We have, lim
x→ 0 x3
x→ 0 x→ 0 x
sin −1 x tan −1 x (1+ x 2) − 1+ x 2 0
(v) lim =1 (vi) lim =1 = lim [use L’Hospital’s Rule, as
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 3x 2
1− x (1+ x )
2 2 0
form]
sin | x | (1+ x 2) 2 − (1− x 2) 1
EXAMPLE 5. The value of lim is = lim × [rationalise]
x→ 0 x x→ 0 3x ( 1− x )(1+ x )
2 2 2
(1+ x )( 1− x 2 )
2

a. 1 b. −1 c. ∞ d. Does not exist x 4 + 3x 2 1

= lim ×
sin | x | sin ( − x) x→ 0 3x 2
1− x 2 (1+ x 2) (1+ x 2) + ( 1− x 2 )
Sol. d. Q lim , LHL = lim−
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x2 + 3 1 1
sin x = lim × =
= − lim = −1 x→ 0 2
x→ 0 x
3( 1 − x )(1 + x ) (1 + x ) + ( 1 − x )
2 2 2 2
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 239

Properties of Continuous Functions

SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE
If f ( x) and g ( x) are continuous functions at x = a, then
x2 x3
(i) e = 1 + x +
x
+ + ... ∞ (i) f ( x) ± g ( x) are also continuous at x = a.
2! 3!
x2 x3
(ii) f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) is also continuous at x = a.
(ii) e − x = 1 − x + − + ... ∞ f ( x)
2! 3! (iii) is also continuous at x = a, if g ( a) ≠ 0.
x 2 (loge a ) 2 x 3 (loge a ) 3 g ( x)
(iii) a x = 1 + x loge a + + + ... ∞
2! 3! (iv) k f ( x) is also continuous, where k is a constant.
x2 x3
(iv) log(1 + x ) = x − + − ... ∞ ,| x | < 1 (v) 1/ f ( x) is also continuous at x = a, if f ( a) ≠ 0
2 3
x3 x5 (vi) | f ( x) | is also continuous.
(v) sin x = x − + − ... ∞
3! 5!
x2 x4
Discontinuity of a Function
(vi) cos x = 1 − + − ... ∞
2! 4 ! A function f ( x), which is not continuous at a point
x 3 2x 5 x = a, is said to be discontinuous at that point.
(vii) tan x = x + + + ... ∞
3 15
sin 2x
(viii) sin −1 x = x + 12 ⋅
x3 x5  , when x ≠ 0
+ 12 ⋅ 32 ⋅ + ... EXAMPLE 8. If f (x) =  sin 3x , then at
3! 5!
 2, when x = 0
x3
(ix) cos −1 x = x − + ...
6 x = 0, function is
x3 x5 a. continuous
(x) tan −1 x = x − + −...
3 5 b. not continuous, since lim f ( x) is not defined
x→0
c. not continuous, since lim f ( x) ≠ f ( 0)
x→ 0
d. None of the above
CONTINUITY
Sol. c. We have, f (0) = 2, [given]
A function f ( x) is defined for x = a is said to be
continuous at x = a, if Also, lim f ( x) = lim
sin 2x
= lim 
sin 2x
×
3x 2
⋅ 
1. f ( a), i.e. the value of f ( x) at x = a is a definite
x→ 0 x→ 0sin 3x x → 0  2x sin 3x 3
number and 2 sin 2x 1 2 1 2
= lim × = × 1× =
3 x → 0 2x sin 3x 3 1 3
2. The limit of the function f ( x) as x → a exists and is lim
x → 0 3x
equal to the value of f ( x) at x = a.
Q lim f ( x) ≠ f (0)
or f ( x) is continuous at x = a, x→ 0

if lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = f ( a) Hence, f ( x) is not continuous at x = 0.

x → a+ x → a−
EXAMPLE 9. A function f is defined as follows
or f ( a + 0 ) = f ( a − 0 ) = f ( a) 1
f (x) = x p cos   , x ≠ 0, f (0) = 0. What conditions should
If f ( x) is not continuous at x = a, it is said to be x
discontinuous and the point a is called a point of be imposed on p, so that f may be continuous at x = 0?
discontinuity. a. p = 0 b. p > 0
c. p < 0 d. No value of p
Continuity of a Function in Interval
(i) A function f ( x) is said to be continuous over an  p  1
x cos   , x ≠ 0
, lim f ( x) = lim x p cos  
1
Sol. b. Q f ( x) =   x
open interval ] a, b [ if it is continuous at every x→ 0 x→ 0  x
 0, x=0
point over the interval (a, b).
Since, f ( x) is continuous at x = 0.
(ii) A function f ( x) is said to be continuous over closed
lim x p cos   = 0
1
interval [a, b], if it is continuous over the open ∴
x→ 0  x
interval ] a, b [ and is continuous at the point a from
which is possible only, if p > 0.
the right and continuous at point b from the left.
240 NDA/NA Pathfinder

DIFFERENTIABILITY Relation between Differentiability

Let k denotes the open interval ( a, b) in R and c ∈ k . Then, and Continuity
a function f : k → R is said to be differentiable at c, if and Generally, a function which is differentiable at a point is
 f ( c + h) − f ( c ) necessarily continuous at that point, i.e. differentiability
only if lim 
h→ 0  h  exists and is denoted by f ′ ( c ). at a point ⇒ continuity at that point, but converse is
Let y = f ( x) not necessary true.
Then, the value f ′ ( x 0+ ) EXAMPLE 10. The function f (x) = (x − 2)1/3 is
f ( x 0 + δx ) − f ( x 0 )
= lim , δx > 0 …(i) a. differentiable at x = 2
δx → 0 δx
b. not differentiable at x = 2
is called the right hand derivative of f ( x) at x 0 and
the value c. Cannot be determined
f ( x 0 − δx ) − f ( x 0 ) d. None of the above
f ′ ( x 0− ) = lim , δx > 0 …(ii)
δx → 0 − δx Sol. b. Q f ( x) = ( x − 2)1/ 3
is called the left hand derivative of f ( x) at x 0 . Now, f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2 − 2)1/ 3 = ( x)1/ 3
∴ f ( 2) = ( x − 2)1/ 3
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS = ( 2 − 2)1/ 3 = 0
(i) Trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, f ( 2 + h) − f ( 2)
logarithmic functions, exponential functions and modulus We have, f ′ ( 2) = lim
h→ 0 h
functions are continuous in their domain.
h1/ 3 − 0
(ii) Every polynomial is continuous at every point of the real = lim
line. h→ 0 h
(iii) The composition of differentiable functions is a 1
= lim 2 / 3
differentiable function. h→ 0 h

(iv) If a function is not differentiable but it is continuous at a which is not defined. Hence, the function is not
point, it geometrically implies there is a sharp corner or a differentiable at x = 2.
kink at that point.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
( a + 2x ) − ( 3x ) 1 − cos 3x
1. lim , a ≠ 0 is equal to 5. lim is equal to
x→a ( 3a + x ) − 2 x x→0 x sin x
1 1 2 1 3 9 9
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0 (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4
2x − π
x − 3x + 2
3
6. lim is equal to
2. lim is equal to x → π/ 2 cos x
x→∞ 2x3 + x − 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) 0
1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 0 (d) 1 2 − cos θ − sin θ
2 7. lim is equal to
2x − 1 θ → π/ 4 ( 4θ − π )2
3. lim is equal to
x → 0 (1 + x )1/ 2 − 1 (a)
1
(b)
1
(c)
1
(d)
1
1 16 16 2 8 8 2
(a) log 2 (b) 2 log 2 (c) log 2 (d) 0
2  x + sin x 
( x − 3) 8. lim   is equal to
4. lim is equal to x→∞  x − cos x 
x → 3| x − 3|
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) ±1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) does not exist
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 241

sin ( x + a ) + sin ( a − x ) − 2 sin a 

9. lim   is equal to
19. The set of all points of differentiability of the
x→0 x sin x   x 2 sin (1/ x ), x ≠ 0
1 function f( x ) =  is
(a) sin a (b) cos a (c) −sin a (d) cos a x=0
2  0,
(a) (−∞, 0) (b) (−∞, ∞) ~ {0} (c) (0, ∞) (d) (−∞, ∞)
 sin [x ]
, [x ] ≠ 0
10. If f ( x ) =  [x ] , where [x ] denotes the 20. Which one of the following is correct in respect of
 0, [x ] = 0 the function f( x ) =| x| + x 2?
greatest integer less than or equal to x, then (a) f (x) is not continuous at x = 0
lim f ( x ) equals to (b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
x→0 (c) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) does not exist
(d) None of the above
a −x
x a
11. If lim = − 1, then 21. lim e−1/ x is equal to
x→a xx − aa x→0

(a) a = 1 (b) a = 0 (c) a = e (d) 2 (a) 0 (b) ∞ (c) e (d) does not exist

1 − cot3 x 22. What is the set of all points, where the function
12. lim is equal to x
x → π/ 4 2 − cot x − cot x 3 f( x ) = is differentiable?
1 +| x|
3 11 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (− ∞, ∞) only (b) (0, ∞) only
4 4 2 5
(c) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0,∞) only (d) (−∞, 0) only
log (1 + ax ) − log (1 − bx )
13. The function is not defined  3x − 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
x 23. Let f ( x ) =  .
at x = 0. The value which should be assigned to f at  2x + l , 2 < x ≤ 9
x = 0, so that it is continuous at x = 0 is If f is continuous at x = 2, then what is the value
(a) a − b (b) 1 + b of l?
(c) log a + log b (d) None of these (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) −1
sin ( ex − 2 − 1) 24. If f : R → R be defined as f( x ) = sin (| x|), then
14. If f ( x ) = , then lim f ( x ) is given by
log ( x − 1) x→2 which one of the following is correct?
(a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 1 (a) f is not differentiable only at 0
(b) f is differentiable only at 0
15. What is lim ( a 2x 2 + ax + 1 − a 2x 2 + 1 ) equal to? (c) f is differentiable everywhere except at x = 0
x→∞
1 (d) f is non-differentiable at many points
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
2 25. Consider the following statements
16. What is the value of k for which the following I. f (x) = | x − 3| is continuous at x = 0.
function f( x ) is continuous for all x? II. f (x) = | x − 3| is differentiable at x = 0.
 x3 − 3x + 2 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
 , for x ≠ 1
f ( x ) =  ( x − 1)2 (a) Only I (b) Only II
 , for x = 1
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
 k
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) −1 26. Consider the following statement
x +4
I. f (x) = |x| is continuous ∀ x ∈ R
 x + 6 II. f (x) = x3 + x2 − 1 is not continuous ∀ x ∈ R
17. What is the value of lim   ?
x → ∞  x + 1
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) e 4 (d) e 5 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
 x 2/ a , 0≤ x < 1
 27. Consider the following statements
18. The function f ( x ) =  a , 1 ≤ x < 2 is
( 2 b2 − 4 b)/ x 2 , 2 ≤ x < ∞ tan−1 x sin−1 x
 I. lim −
x→0
continuous for 0 ≤ x < ∞ , then the most suitable
x x
values of a and b are sin−1 x tan−1 x
(a) a = 1, b = − 1 (b) a = − 1, b = 1 + 2 II. lim −
x→0 x x
(c) a = − 1, b = 1 (d) None of these
where,|x|< 1, then
242 NDA/NA Pathfinder

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? Directions (Q. Nos. 34-37) If lim f ( x ) = 1 and
x→a lim [ f ( x ) − 1] g ( x )
(a) Only I (b) Only II lim g ( x ) = ∞, then lim [ f ( x )] g ( x ) = e x → a ,
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II x→a x→a
then
28. Consider the following statements 2
x2  x2  34. lim (cos x )cot x
equals
I. lim exists. II.   is not continuous at x = 0. x→0
x→ 0 x  x (a) e (b) e 2 (c) e −1/ 2 (d) 1
| x| 1/ 4
 π 
35. lim  tan + x 
III. lim does not exist.
x→ 0 x equals
x→0   4 
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) e 2
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II (c) II and III (d) I and III 1/ x
x − 1 + cos x 
36. lim   equals
Directions (Q. Nos. 29-30) Given the function, x→0  x 
 π (a) e1/ 2 (b) e −1/ 2 (c) e (d) e −1
 x + a 2 sin x, 0≤ x<
4  a x + bx + cx 
2/ x
 π π 37. lim   equals
f (x) =  2 x cot x + b, ≤ x < is continuous x→0 3 
 4 2
a cos 2 x − b sin x, π ≤ x ≤ π
(a) a2 / 3 + b 2 / 3 + c 2 / 3 (b) abc
 2 (c) (abc )2 / 3 (d) 1
in [0, π] , then
29. Find the value of a. PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
π π π π
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
6 6 12 12 1+ x −1
38. What is the value of lim ?
x→0 x e 2012 II
30. Find the value of b.
π π π π (a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) −1/2
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − x−2
6 6 12 12 39. What is the value of lim ?
x→2 x2 − 4 e 2012 II
Directions (Q. Nos. 31-33) If f , g , and h are function (a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
having a common domain D and h( x ) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ), x+ 2
x ∈D and if lim h( x ) = lim g ( x ) = l, then 40. What is the value of lim  3 ?
x → −2  x + 8
lim f ( x ) = l. x → a x→a e 2012 II
x→a
(a) 1/4 (b) −1/4 (c) 1/12 (d) −1/12
This is known as sandwich theorem. Using this result,
41. What is the value of lim x 2 sin   ?
complete the following limits. 1
|x| x→ 0  x e 2012 II
31. The value of lim is (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) −1
x→0
x + 4x 2 + t
4
2 (1 − cos x )
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)
1
(d) does not exist
42. What is the value of lim ?
2
x→0 x2 e 2012 II
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/4 (d) 1
 e1/ x − e−1/ x 
32. Let f ( x ) = x 2   , x ≠ 0 and f( 0) = 1, then
−1/ x 
43. Which one of the following is correct in respect of
e + e
1/ x
 x2
the function f ( x ) = for x ≠ 0 and f (0) = 0?
(a) lim f(x ) doesn’t exist |x| e 2012 II
x→ 0+
(a) f(x) is discontinuous everywhere
(b) lim f(x ) doesn’t exist
x→ 0 (b) f(x) is continuous everywhere
(c) lim f(x ) exists (c) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 only
x→ 0
(d) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 only
(d) f(x ) is a continuous function
44. Consider the following statements
33. Let f ( x ) = x5  3  , x ≠ 0 and f( 0) = 0, where [ ⋅ ] is
1 1
I. lim exists. II. lim e1/ x does not exist.
x  x→ 0 x x→ 0
greatest integer function, then Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) lim f(x ) doesn’t exists (b) f is not continuous at x = 0 e 2012 II
x→ 0
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) lim f(x ) 1 (d) lim f(x ) = 0
x→ 0 x→ 0 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 243

45. Which one of the following functions is 54. Consider the following statements
differentiable for all real values of x? e 2012 II I. The function f (x ) = 3 x is continuous at all x
x 1 1 except at x = 0.
(a) (b) x| x| (c) (d)
| x| | x| x
II. The function f (x ) = [x ] is continuous at x = 2.99,
46. Consider the following in respect of the function where [ ] is the bracket function.
f( x ) =|x − 3| Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
I. f(x) is continuous at x = 3. e 2014 I
II. f(x) is differentiable at x = 0. (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2012 II 55. Consider the following statements
(a) Only I (b) Only II I. The function f (x ) = | x | is not differentiable at
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II x = 1.
II. The function f (x ) = ex is differentiable at x = 0.
1− 1+ x
47. What is the value of lim ? Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
x→ 0 x e 2013 I (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2014 I
(a) 1/2 (b) −1 / 2 (c) 1 (d) −1 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
sin x − tan x
48. Which is lim equal to? Directions (Q. Nos. 56-58) Let f ( x) be a function
x→ 0 x e 2013 I
defined in 1≤ x < ∞ by
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 1/2
2 − x, for 1≤ x ≤ 2
f ( x) = 
49. The derivative of|x| at x = 0 is e 2013 I 3 x − x 2
, for x > 2 e 2014 I
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) does not exist
56. Consider the following statements
50. Consider the following statements in respect of a I. The function is continuous at every point in the
function f( x ) interval [1, ∞ ).
I. f (x) is continuous at x = a , iff lim f (x) exists. II. The function is differentiable at x = 1.5.
x→ a
1 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
II. If f (x) is continuous at a point, then is also
f (x) (a) Only I (b) Only II
continuous at the point. (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
57. What is the differentiable coefficient of f( x ) at
e 2013 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II x = 3?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) −1 (d) −3

51. Consider the following statements 58. Consider the following statements
1 1 I. f′ (2 + 0) does not exist.
I. lim sin does not exist. II. lim x sin exists.
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x II. f′ (2 − 0) does not exist.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
e 2013 I (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(1 + x )n − 1
 x2 , x > 2 59. What is lim equal to?
x→0
52. Consider the function f( x ) =  x e 2014 I
 3x − 2 , x ≤ 2 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) n (d) n − 1
Which one of the following statements is correct x
60. What is lim equal to?
in respect of the above function? e 2013 I x→0 1 − cos x e 2014 I
(a) f(x) is derivable but not continuous at x = 2 1
(a) 2 (b) − 2 (c) (d) does not exist
(b) f(x) is continuous but not derivable at x = 2 2
(c) f(x) is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 2
(d) f(x) is continuous as well as derivable at x = 2 Directions (Q. Nos. 61-62) Consider the function
1 − sin x π  π
f (x ) = and f   = λ .
, where x ≠
53. If f( 9) = 9 and f ′ ( 9) = 4, then what is (π − 2 x ) 2
2 2 e 2014 I
f(x ) − 3
lim equal to? 61. What is lim f ( x ) equal to?
π
x→9 x −3 e 2014 I x→
2
(a) 36 (b) 9 (c) 4 (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/8
244 NDA/NA Pathfinder

62. What is the value of λ, if the function is Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
π e 2015 I
continuous at x = ? (a) Only I (b) Only II
2
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

Directions (Q. Nos. 63-64) Read the following Directions (Q. Nos. 72-73) Given a function
information carefully and answer the questions  −1, if x ≤ 0

given below. f ( x ) =  ax + b , if 0 < x < 1, where a, b are constants.
 x 2 − 5, x ≤ 3  1,
Consider the function f ( x) =   if x ≥1
 x + 13, x > 3 e 2014 I The function is continuous everywhere. e 2015 I
63. What is lim f ( x ) equal to? 72. What is the value of b?
x→3
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 13
64. Consider the following statements 73. What is the value of a?
I. The function is discontinuous at x = 3. (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
II. The function is not differentiable at x = 0.
Directions (Q. Nos. 74-75) Given that,
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II 2 + x 2 
lim  − Ax − B = 3.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II x → ∞ 1 + x  e 2015 I
 tan kx
, x< 0
65. Consider the function f ( x ) =  x
74. What is the value of A?
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
 3x + 2k2 , x ≥ 0
What is the non-zero value of k for which the 75. What is the value of B ?
function is continuous at x = 0? e 2014 II
(a) −1 (b) 3 (c) −4 (d) −3
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2
Directions (Q. Nos. 76-77) Consider the function
5x − 1
66. What is lim equal to?  α cos x π
x→0 x e 2014 II  , if x ≠ 2
(a) loge 5 (b) log 5 e (c) 5 (d) 1 f (x ) =  π − 2 x which is continuous at
π
1 + 2 + 3 + K+ n  3, if x =
67. What is lim equal to?  2
n→∞ 12 + 22 + 32 + K + n 2 e 2014 II π
(a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
x = , where α is a constant.
2 e 2015 I
log5 (1 + x )
68. What is lim equal to? 76. What is the value of α?
x→0 x e 2014 II (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
(a) 1 (b) log 5 e (c) log e 5 (d) 5
77. What is lim f ( x ) equal to?
69. Consider the following statements x→0
I. The function f (x) = [x], where [ ] is the greatest (a) 0 (b) 3 (c)
3
(d)
6
integer function defined on R, is continuous at π π
all points except at x = 0. f ( x ) − f (1)
II. The function f (x) = sin| x| is continuous for all 78. If f ( x ) = 25 − x 2 , then what is lim
x →1 x−1
x ∈ R.
equal to? e 2015 II
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 1 1 1
(a) Only I (b) only II e 2014 II
(a) (b) (c) 24 (d) −
5 24 24
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
G( x ) − G(1) sin ( ex − 2 − 1)
70. If G( x ) = 25 − x 2 , then what is lim 79. If f ( x ) = , then lim f ( x ) is equal to
x→1 x−1 ln ( x − 1) x→2 e 2015 II
equal to? e 2015 I (a) − 2 (b) − 1 (c) 0 (d) 1
1 1 1 1
(a) − (b) (c) − (d) 1 − sin x + cos x
2 6 5 6 6 80. The function f ( x ) = is not defined
1 + sin x + cos x
71. Consider the following statements at x = π. The value of f( π ), so that f ( x ) is
I. f (x) = [x], where [⋅] is the greatest integer continuous at x = π, is e 2015 II
function, is discontinuous at x = n, where n ∈ Z . 1 1
(a) – (b) (c) –1 (d) 1
II. f (x) = cot x is discontinuous at x = nπ, where 2 2
n ∈ Z.
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 245

81. Consider the following functions Directions (Q. Nos. 87-88) Consider the function
1 2x + 5, if x > 0 a[ x ] + x − 1
 , if x ≠ 0 f (x) =
I. f (x) =  x II. f (x) =  2
0 , if x = 0  x + 2x + 5, if x ≤ 0 [x] + x
Which of the above function(s) is/are derivable at where [ ⋅ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
x = 0? e 2015 II
e 2016 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 87. What is lim+ f ( x ) equal to?
x→0
82. Consider the function (a) 1 (b) ln a
 ax − 2, for − 2< x < − 1 (c) 1 − a−1 (d) Limit does not exist

f(x) =  − 1, for − 1≤ x ≤ 1
 a + 2 ( x − 1)2 , for 1< x < 2
88. What is lim− f ( x ) equal to?
 x→0
What is the value of a for which f ( x ) is continuous (a) 0 (b) In a
at x = − 1 and x = 1? e 2015 II (c) 1 − a−1 (d) Limit does not exist
(a) − 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Directions (Q. Nos. 89-90) A function f ( x) is
Directions (Q. Nos. 83-84) Consider the function defined as follows
 π
 − 2 sin x , if x≤−
2

 π π  for x ∈ [− π, 0)
f ( x ) =  A sin x + B, if − < x < , which is  x + π,
2 2   π
 f (x ) =  π cos x , for x ∈ 0, 
 cos x , π  2
if x≥  π
2
 2   x −  , for x ∈  π , π
  2 
continuous everywhere. e 2015 II  2  e 2016 I
83. The value of A is 89. Consider the following statements
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) − 1 (d) − 2
I. The function f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
84. The value of B is II. The function f (x) is continuous at x = π / 2.
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) − 1 (d) − 2 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
85. If lim φ ( x ) = a , where a ≠ 0, then what is
2
(a) Only I (b) Only II
x→0
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
 x
lim φ   equal to? 90. Consider the following statements
x→0  a e 2016 I
(a) a 2
(b) a −2
(c) −a 2
(d) −a I. The function f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.
1 II. The function f (x) is differentiable at x = π / 2.
−
86. What is lim e x2 equal to? Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
x→0 e 2016 I (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) −1 (d) Limit does not exist

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 b 4 d 5 c 6 c 7 b 8 b 9 c 10 d
11 a 12 a 13 d 14 d 15 a 16 a 17 d 18 c 19 d 20 c
21 d 22 a 23 c 24 c 25 c 26 a 27 b 28 a 29 a 30 d
31 b 32 c 33 d 34 c 35 d 36 b 37 c 38 b 39 b 40 c
41 a 42 d 43 b 44 b 45 b 46 c 47 b 48 a 49 d 50 d
51 c 52 b 53 c 54 b 55 b 56 b 57 d 58 d 59 c 60 d
61 d 62 a 63 b 64 d 65 b 66 a 67 d 68 b 69 b 70 a
71 c 72 a 73 d 74 b 75 c 76 a 77 d 78 d 79 d 80 c
81 b 82 a 83 c 84 a 85 a 86 a 87 b 88 c 89 c 90 d
246 NDA/NA Pathfinder

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

( a + 2x )2 − ( 3x )2 π π
1. (c) lim where, y = θ − → 0 as θ → 15. (a) lim ( a 2 x 2 + ax + 1 − a 2 x 2 + 1)
4 4 x→ ∞
x→ a a + 2x + 3x
3a + x + 2 1 2 sin 2 ( y / 2)
×
x
[rationalise] = ⋅ lim After rationalisation,
a + 2x − ( 2 x )2 8 2 y→0 y2  
 ax 
(a − x ) 3a + x + 4x 1 1 1   = lim  
lim × = ⋅ = Q θlim sin θ = 0 x→ ∞
 a x + ax + 1 +
2 2
a x + 1
2 2
x → a 3( a − x ) a + 2x + 3x 8 2 2 16 2  → 0
 
1 4a + 4a  
= ⋅ = continue 8. (b)
3 3a + 3a  ax 
2 sin a(cos x − 1) = lim  
9. (c) lim x→ ∞ 1 1
2. (b) Here, degree of numerator and x→ 0 x sin x  x a2 + a + + x a2 + 2 
2
denominator being same.
( 1 − cos x )  x   x x x 
So, we divide both by x 3 , we get = lim − 2 sin a ⋅    
3 2 x→ 0 x2  sin x 
1− 2 + 3  a 
lim x x = 1 2 sin 2 ( x / 2) = lim  
1 3 = lim − 2 sin a ⋅ = − sin a x→ ∞
 a2 + a + 1 1 
x→ ∞
2+ 2 − 2 2 x→ 0 2 + a + 2
2

4   
x sin x  2
x x   x x x 
 2  x  a a a 1
2x − 1 = = = =
3. (b) lim a + a 2a 2
x → 0 ( 1 + x )1 / 2 − 1 10. (d) By the definition of the greatest a2 + 0 + a2
integer function,
( 2x − 1){( 1 + x )1 / 2 + 1} [ x ] = − 1 when −1 ≤ x < 0  x 3 − 3x + 2
= lim , for x ≠ 1
x→ 0 {( 1 + x )1/2 − 1} {( 1 + x )1 / 2 + 1} 
16. (a) f ( x ) =  ( x − 1)
2
and [ x ] = 0 when 0 ≤ x < 1
2x − 1 Hence, by the definition of the  k, for x = 1
= lim { ( 1 + x )1 / 2 + 1 } 
x → 0 1+ x − 1 greatest integer function
sin( −1) Since, the function is continuous.
2x − 1 f (x ) = = sin 1 …(i)
= lim lim { ( 1 + x )1/2 + 1 } −1 ∴ lim f ( x ) = f ( 1)
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x→1
when −1 ≤ x < 0
= (log 2) ⋅ 2 = 2 log 2 x 3 − 3x + 2
sin 0 0 ⇒ k = lim
Q lim 2 − 1  0 
x
and f ( x ) = = …(ii) x→1 ( x − 1)2
 x→ 0 x  0  0 0
when, 0 ≤ x < 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 2)
= lim
= log 2
2x log 2 ( x − 1)2
= lim ∴ Lf ( 0 − 0) = lim sin 1 = sin 1
x→1
x→ 0 1 
h→ 0
and Rf ( 0 + 0) = lim 0 = 0 ⇒ k = ( 1 + 2) ⇒ k =3
3 + h −3 h h→ 0 x+ 4
4. (d) RHL = lim = lim x + 6
h → 0 |3 + h − 3| h → 0 |h| Since, f ( 0 − 0) ≠ f ( 0 + 0), then the 17. (d) lim  
limit of f ( x ) at x = 0, does not exist. x→ ∞  x + 1 
x+ 4 5
h ⋅ ⋅( x + 1 )
= lim=1
= lim  1 +
11. (a) Using L’ Hospital’s rule, 5  5 x +1
h→ 0 h 
3 − h −3 ax − x a a x log e a − ax n − 1 x→ ∞  x + 1
LHL = lim =1 lim x = lim 5⋅
x+ 4
h→ 0 | 3 − h − 3 | x→ a x −a a x → a x x + x x log x x +1
e   x +1
= lim   1 +
5  5 
a a log e a − a ⋅ a n − 1 log e a − 1 
x → ∞  x + 1 
Since, RHL ≠ LHL = =
a + a log e a
a a
log e a + 1  
So, the limit does not exist. 4
1+
x
1 − cos 3x ( 1 − cos 3x )x satisfied only, when a = 1. 5 lim
5. (c) lim = lim x → ∞1 + 1
x → 0 x sin x x→ 0 x 2 sin x =e x = e5
12. (a) 13. (d)
1 − cos 3x x 14. (d) Let e x − 2 − 1 = θ, then as 18. (c) For continuity at x = 1,
= lim ⋅ lim
x→ 0 x2 x → 0 sin x x → 2, θ → 0 RHL = LHL = V
3 sin 3x 9 cos 3x 9 Q lim sin θ = θ = e x − 2 − 1 1
= lim ⋅ 1 = lim = θ→ 0 ⇒ = a ⇒ a = 1, − 1
e x −2 − 1  0
form 
x→ 0 2x x→ 0 2 2 a
∴ lim f ( x ) = lim
x→ 2 0
x → 2 log( x − 1)   For continuity at x = 2,
6. (c)
Since, log 1 is 0. RHL = LHL = V ⇒ a = b 2 − 2b
2 − 2 cos(θ − π / 4)
7. (b) lim Apply L’Hospital’s rule, When, a = 1, b 2 − 2b − 1 = 0
θ → π /4 16 (θ − π/4)2
(ex − 2 ) ∴ b = 1± 2
Limit = lim
2 ( 1 − cos y ) x → 2 1 / ( x − 1)
When, a = − 1, b 2 − 2b + 1 = 0
= lim ⋅
y→ 0 16 y2 = e 0 ⋅ ( 2 − 1) = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 ∴ b=1
19. (d) We have, f ( 0 + 0)
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 247

= lim ( 0 + h )2 sin
1 f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0) 27. (b) We know that,
= lim
h→ 0 0+ h h→ 0 h tan −1 x sin −1 x
1 < 1 and > 1, x ∈ R
= lim h 2 sin =0 h
−0 x x
h→ 0
= lim 1 + h
h 1 −1 −1
= lim =1 tan x sin x
− <0
Similarly, f ( 0 − 0) = 0 h→ 0 h h→ 0 1 + h Q
x x
Since, f ( 0 + 0) = f ( 0 − 0) = f ( 0) , Q LHD = RHD sin −1 x tan −1 x
and − >0
So, the function is continuous at x = 0. So, f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0. x x
( 0 + h )2 sin[ 1/ ( 0 + h )] − 0 Hence, f ( x ) is differentiable in ( −∞ , ∞ ). x2
Rf ′( 0) = lim 28. (a) I. lim = lim( x ) = 0
h→ 0 h 3x − 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 x→ 0 x x→ 0
23. (c) Q f ( x ) =  x2
= lim h sin ( 1/h ) = 0 2x + l , 2 < x ≤ 9 II. It is true that is not continuous at
h→ 0 
Similarly, Lf ′ ( 0) = 0 x
and f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2 x = 0.
Hence, f is differentiable at x = 0 and ∴ lim− f ( x ) = f ( 2) |0 − h| h
x→ 2
III. LHL = lim = lim = −1
hence, for all x. h → 0 ( 0 − h) h → 0 −h
⇒ lim− ( 2x + l ) = 3 ( 2) − 4
20. (c) Given function, f ( x ) = | x | + x 2
x→ 2 |0 + h| h
⇒ lim { 2 ( 2 − h ) + l } = 6 − 4 RHL = lim = lim = 1
Again, defining the function f ( x ), h → 0 ( 0 + h) h→ 0h
h→ 0
 x 2 − x , x < 0 ⇒ 4+ l =2 ⇒ l = −2
Q LHL ≠ RHL So, it does not exist.
f (x ) =  2 , at x = 0, 24. (c)
x + x , x ≥ 0  x − 3, x ≥ 3
Sol. (Q. Nos. 29-30)
π π
LHL = f ( 0 − 0) = lim f ( 0 − h ) 25. (c) Qf ( x ) = | x − 3 | =  f   = b +
3 − x, x < 3  4 2
h→ 0 
= lim ( − h )2 − ( − h ) = 0  π  π
∴ LHL = lim − f ( x ) = lim f ( 0 − h ) f  + 0 = b +
h→ 0 x→ 0 h→ 0 4  2
RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim f ( 0 + h ) π π
h→ 0 = lim (3 + h ) = 3 
f  − 0 = + a
= lim ( h )2 + ( h ) = 0 h→ 0 4  4
h→ 0 and RHL = lim + f ( x ) = lim f ( 0 + h )
Also, f ( 0) = 0 x→ 0 h→ 0
Since, f ( x ) is continuous in [ 0, π ].
π π π
Q LHL = RHL = f ( 0) = 0 = lim (3 − h ) = 3 ∴ f  + 0 = f   = f  − 0
h→ 0 4   4 4 
So, function is continuous at x = 0. π π π
f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0) ⇒ LHL = RHL ⇒ b+ = + a ⇒a −b = ...(i)
Now, Rf ′( 0) = lim 2 4 4
h→ 0 h So, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0. π
Now, f   = − a − b
h( h + 1) − 0 Now, LHD  2
= lim =1 f ( 0) − f ( 0 − h ) π π
h→ 0 h = f ′( 0− ) = lim f  + 0 = − a − b ⇒ f  − 0 = b
f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0)
h→ 0 h 2  2 
Lf ′( 0) = lim 3 − (3 − h ) π π π
h→ 0 −h = lim =1   
Again, f   = f  + 0 = f  − 0 
h→ 0 h  2 2  2 
( h2 + h) − 0 and RHD
= lim = −1 ⇒ − a − b = b ⇒ a = − 2b ...(ii)
h→ 0 −h f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
= f ′( 0+ ) = lim
Lf ′ ( 0) ≠ Rf ′ ( 0) h→ 0 h From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π π
Q
3 + h −3 a= ,b=−
So, f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0. = lim =1 6 12
1 h→ 0 h
−
(0 − h ) ⇒ LHD = RHD 29. (a) 30. (d)
21. (d) LHL = lim e
h→ 0 31. (b) Since, x 4 + 4x 2 + t ≥ 1
∴ f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0 .
= lim e 1/h
=e ∞
=∞ |x |
Hence, both Statements I and II are So, 0≤ ≤ |x | ,
h→ 0 1
−
−
1 correct. x + 4x 2 + 7
4
(0 + h )
RHL = lim e = lim e h = e −∞ − x , x < 0 but lim |x | = 0
h→ 0 h→ 0
26. (a) For f ( x ) =|x | , f ( x ) =  x , x→ 0
x≥0
= does not exist  Hence, lim
|x |
=0
x→ 0
 x , x<0 For continuous x 2 + 4x 2 + 7

=  1 −x x
x
22. (a)Q f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = lim + f ( x ) = f ( 0) e 1/x
− e −1 / x 
1+ |x |  , x≥0 x→ 0 x→ 0 32. (c) 0 ≤ x 2  1 / x 
1+ x lim− ( − x ) = lim + f ( x ) = f ( 0) = 0 e + e −1 / x 
x→ 0 x→ 0
∴ LHD = f ′( 0− ) 0=0=0  1 − e −2 / x 
f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0) = x2   ≤ x , ∀x > 0
2
= lim Hence, f ( x ) =|x | is continuous for all  1 + e −2 / x 
h→ 0 −h x for f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 − 1 So, lim + f ( x ) = 0, Also,
−h x→ 0
−0 Clearly, x 3 + x 2 − 1 is defined for all  e 2 / x − 1
= lim 1 + h = lim
1
=1 value of x. lim− f ( x ) = lim x 2  2 / x  =0
h→ 0 −h h→ 0 1 + h
x→ 0 x→ 0 e + 1
Hence, f ( x ) is continuous, ∀x ∈R.
and RHD = f ′( 0+ ) Hence, lim f ( x ) = 0 and exists.
x→ 0
248 NDA/NA Pathfinder

33. (d) Since, x − 1 ≤ [ x ] ≤ x , ∀ x ∈ R 2( 1 − cos x ) f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)

42. (d) Given, lim Rf ′( 0) = lim
x→ 0 x2 h→ 0
− 1≤  3  ≤ 3
1 1 1 h
x3  x  x 2  1 − 1 + 2 sin 2 
x = lim
h2 − 0
 2
⇒ x 5  3 − 1 ≤ x 5  3  ≤ x 2 ∀x > 0
1 1 h→ 0 h
= lim
x   x  x→ 0 x2 Y

and x 2 ≤ x 5  3  ≤ x 5  3 − 1 ∀x < 0

1 1 x 2
4 sin 2  sin x 
 x  x  2 = lim  2 
= lim X
x→ 0 x  X′
x→ 0 x2  
So, lim x 5  3  = 0
1 O
 x   2 
x→ 0 f(x) = x |x|
 sin θ 
2 lim (cos x −1 ) cot 2 x = ( 1)2 = 1 Q θlim = 1 Y′
34. (c) lim (cos x ) cot x
= ex → 0 → 0 θ
x→ 0
  lim h=0
x2 h→0
cos x − 1 43. (b) f ( x ) = ,x ≠0 ∴ Lf ′( 0) = Rf ′( 0)
tan 2 x × x 2 = e x → 0 cos x − 1
lim lim |x |
= ex → 0 2 So, f ( x ) is differentiable for all real
x x2 As, f ( 0) = 0 (given)
 values of x.
1 − cos x 1   x2
= e −1 / 2 Q xlim =  = x, if x > 0
 →0 x
2
2  x 46. (c) Given function, f ( x ) = |x − 3 |
or f ( x ) =  x 2
π
1/x
 = − x , if x < 0 I. LHL at x = 3, f (3 − 0)
35. (d) lim  tan  + x    − x
x→ 0 
 4   = lim − f (3) = lim f (3 − h )
x→ 3 h→ 0
1 /x
lim 
1 + tan x
− 1 
1 ∴ f ( 0) = 0 = lim |3 − h − 3 | = lim |− h | = lim h = 0
1 + tan x 
= lim   =e x → 0  1 − tan x  x
Clearly, it is a modulus function and x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0
x → 0  1 − tan x 
modulus function is continuous RHL at x = 3, f (3 + 0)
lim 
2 tan x  1

 1 − tan x  x
everywhere. = lim + f (3) = lim f (3 + h )
= ex → 0 = e2 1 x→ 3 h→ 0
44. (b) I. Given, lim
x − 1 + cos x 
1/x
x→ 0 x = lim |3 + h − 3 |= lim |h | = 0
36. (b) lim   h→0 h→ 0
x→ 0  x  LHL = f ( 0 − 0) = lim f ( 0 − h )
1 x→ 0 Here, LHL = RHL = f (3)
1
= lim − = − ∞ So, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 3.
( 1 − cos x )  x
= lim  1 − 
x→ 0 h
x→ 0   f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0)
x RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim f ( 0 + h ) II. Lf ′( 0) = lim
lim − 
1 − cos x  1  1 − cos x  1 x→ 0 x→ 0 −h
x→0 
 ×
 x
lim − 
x→0  x2 
 = lim + = + ∞
=e x
=e x→ 0 h | − h − 3 | − | − 3|
= lim
Q LHL ≠ RHL, h→ 0 −h
= e −1 / 2 Q lim 1 − cos x = 1  h + 3 −3 h
1 = lim = lim = −1
 x → 0 x2 2  So, lim does not exist.
x→ 0 x h→ 0 −h h→ 0 − h

a x + b x + cx 
2/x f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
37. (c) lim   II. Given, lim e1 / x ,
x→ 0
Rf ′( 0) = lim
h→ 0
x→ 0  3  h
LHL = f ( 0 − 0) lim |h − 3 | − | − 3 |
= lim
x x x
 a + b + c −1  2 h→ 0
lim  −1  × 1
x→0   x − h→ 0
=e 3
f ( 0 − h ) = lim e h = e −∞ = 0
h
 a x −1 b x −1 c x −1  2 x→ 0 −h + 3 − 3 −h
lim  + +  × = lim = lim =− 1
=e x→0  x x x  3 RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim f ( 0 + h ) h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
h→ 0
2 1
= (log a + log b + log c ) × = lim e h = e ∞ = ∞ ∴ Lf ′ ( 0) = Rf ′ ( 0)
3 h→ 0
⇒ f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0.
Q lim a − 1 = log a 
x
Q LHL ≠ RHL ⇒ Both Statements exist.
 x→ 0 x 
∴ lim e1 / x does not exist.
2 x→ 0 1− 1+ x
log ( abc ) 2 47. (b) lim
= e3 = ( abc ) 3 Hence, only Statement II is true. x→ 0 x
45. (b) Let us take the function f ( x ) = x |x | 1− 1+ x 1+ 1+ x
38. (b) 39. (b)
40. (c) = lim ×
Redefine this function, x→ 0 x 1+ 1+ x
 1
 x 2 , if x ≥ 0
2
41. (a) lim x sin   [rationalisation]
x→ 0 x f (x ) =  2
1 − x , if x < 0 = lim
1− (1+ x )
Put x = 1 / y = lim 2 ⋅ sin ( y ) x→ 0 x ( 1 + 1 + x )
y→ ∞ y f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0)
Lf ′( 0) = lim −x −1
sin y h→ 0 −h = lim = lim
= lim x→0 x (1+ 1+ x ) x→0 (1+ 1+ x )
y→ ∞ y 2 −( − h )2 − 0
= lim −1 −1 −1
[Q − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1, ∀ θ ∈ R ] h→ 0 −h = = =
sin∞ −h2 1+ 1 + 0 1+ 1 2
= = 0 × (finite value) = 0 = lim = lim ( + h ) = 0
∞ h→ 0 − h h→ 0
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 249

sin x − tan x
Hence, lim sin   does not exist.
48. (a) lim which is of the 1 Using L’ Hospital’s rule,
x →0 x x →0 x 1
. f ′( x )
form   .
0
II. lim x sin   f ′( x ) × x
1 2 f (x )
 0 x→ 0 x lim = lim
x→ 9 1 x→ 9 f (x )
.1
Now, applying L’ Hospital’s rule, LHL = f ( 0 − 0) = lim f ( 0 − h ) 2 x
h →0
cos x − sec 2 x −1 f ′( 9) × 9 4 × 3 4 × 3
= lim = lim ( − h ) sin   = = = =4
x→0 1 h→ 0  h f ( 9) 9 3
cos 0 − sec 2 0 1 − 1 0 1
= lim h sin = 0 × (Finite value) = 0
= = = =0 54. (b)
1 1 1 h→ 0 h
I. Given, f ( x ) = 3 x , f ( x ) = ( x )1 / 3
49. (d) Let y =|x | RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim f ( 0 + h )
h →0 Now, we check the continuity of the
= lim ( h ) sin  
1
Redefined the given curve, function at x = 0.
h→ 0  h
 x, x > 0 LHL = f ( 0 − 0) = lim f ( 0 − h )
 = 0 × sin( ∞ ) = 0 × (Finite value) = 0 h→ 0
y =  0, x = 0 Q LHL = RHL = lim ( 0 − h )1 / 3 = ( 0 − 0)1 / 3 = 0
− x , x < 0 h→ 0
Hence, lim x sin   exists.
1
 RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim f ( 0 + h)
h →0 x h→ 0
f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0) = lim ( 0 + h )1/ 3 = ( 0 + 0)1 / 3 = 0
LHD = Lf ′( 0) = lim
h→ 0 −h 52. (b) Given function, h→ 0
−( − h ) − 0 and f ( 0) = ( 0)1 / 3 = 0
= lim = lim
h
= −1  x 2 , x>2
h→ 0 −h h→ 0 − h f (x )=  Q LHL = RHL = f ( 0)
3 x − 2 , x≤2
f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0) So, function is continuous at x = 0.
RHD = Rf ′ ( 0) = lim
h→ 0 h First, we check the continuity of f ( x )
II. Given, f ( x ) = [ x ], which is greatest
h−0 at x = 2 .
= lim =1 integer function.
h→ 0 h
LHL = f ( 2 − 0) = lim f ( 2 − h )
h →0 We know that, the greatest integer
Q Lf ′( 0) ≠ Rf ′( 0) = lim 3( 2 − h ) − 2 = lim 6 − 3 h − 2 function is continuous for all x
h →0 h →0
Hence, the derivative of |x | at x = 0 except integer values of x. So,
does not exist. = lim 4 − 3 h = 4 − 0 = 4 f ( x ) = [ x ] is continuous at x = 2.99.
h →0
RHL = f ( 2 + 0) = lim f ( 2 + h ) Alternate method
Note Curve | x| have sharp turn at x = 0 h→ 0
LHL = f ( 2.99 − 0) = lim ( 2.99 − h )
= lim ( 2 + h )2 = ( 2 + 0)2 = 4 h→ 0
h →0
50. (d) I. We know that, = lim ( 2.99 − h ) = lim 2 = 2
If f ( a ) = lim f ( x ), then f ( x ) is and f ( 2) = 3( 2) − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4 h→ 0 h→ 0
x→ a
and RHL = f ( 2.99 + 0)
continuous at x = a, while both hand Q f ( 2) = LHL = RHL = lim f ( 2.99 + h )
h→ 0
must exist. Hence, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2.
II. If f ( x ) is continuous at a point, then it Now, we check the differentiability of = lim ( 2.99 + h ) = lim 2 = 2
1 h→ 0 h→ 0
is not necessary that is also f ( x ) at x = 2. and f ( 2.99) = ( 2.99) = 2
f (x ) f ( 2 − h ) − f ( 2)
LHD = Lf ′( 2) = lim Q LHL = RHL = f ( 2.99)
continuous at that point. h →0 −h
e.g. 3( 2 − h ) − 2 − (3 ⋅ 2 − 2) So, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2.99.
= lim
(i) f ( x ) = x is continuous at x = 0 h →0 −h 55. (b) I. From Graph of f ( x ) = |x |, we
1
but f ( x ) = is not continuous at −3 h observe that the curve has sharp turn at
x = 0. x = lim =3 x = 0.
h→ 0 − h
(ii) f ( x ) = e x is continuous at x = 0 f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2) So, the function f ( x ) = |x | is not
and f ( x ) = e − x is also continuous at RHD = Rf ′( 2) = lim
h →0 h differentiable only at x = 0. i.e.
x = 0. f ( x ) = |x | is differentiable at x = 1.
( 2 + h )2 − f ( 2)
51. (c) I. lim sin
1 = lim II. Given function, f ( x ) = e x .
h →0 h
x→ 0 x Now, we check the differentiability
LHL = f ( 0 − 0) = lim f ( 0 − h ) 4 + h 2 + 4 h − (3 ⋅ 2 − 2 ) of f ( x ) at x = 0.
h→0 = lim =4
1 1 h→ 0 h f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
= lim sin = lim − sin = − sin( ∞ ) Rf ′( 0) = lim
h→0 ( − h) h → 0 h Q Lf ′( 2) ≠ Rf ′( 2) h→ 0 h
= −[A definite number persist between Hence, f ( x ) is not differentiable at e (0 + h ) − e 0
−1 to + 1] x = 2. = lim
h→ 0 h
RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim ( 0 + h ) 53. (c) Given that,
h →0 eh − 1  0 form 
1 f ( 9) = 9 and f ′ ( 9) = 4 = lim
= lim sin = sin( ∞ ) h→ 0 h  0 
h→ 0 h f (x ) − 3  0 form 
= [A definite number persist between lim Use L’ Hospital’s rule,
x→ 9 x −3  0 
− 1 to + 1] eh − 0
[Q f ( 9) = 9 ⇒ f ( x ) = x i.e., x = 9] = lim = e0 = 1
Q LHL ≠ RHL h→ 0 1
250 NDA/NA Pathfinder

f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0) 2 − x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 2 
Lf ′( 0) = lim h

h→ 0 −h 57. (d) Q f ( x ) =  1 h 1  2
3x − x 2 for x > 2 = lim = lim
 2 h → 0 sin h 2 h → 0 sin  h 
e −h − e 0  
 2
= lim − 1 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 2
h→ 0 −h ⇒ f ′( x ) =  …(i) 1
= ×2×1
1 − e −h 3 − 2x for x > 2 2
= lim  0 form 
 θ 
h→ 0 h  0  So, the differentiable coefficient of
Q θlim = 1
f ( x ) at x = 3 is → 0 sin θ
 
Use L’ Hospital’s rule,
f ′(3) = 3 − 2(3) = 3 − 6 = − 3 = 2
e −h
= lim = e −0 = 1 [Q f ′( x ) = 3 − 2x for x > 2] Q LHL ≠ RHL
h→ 0 1
So, limit does not exist.
Since, Rf ′( 0) = L f ′( 0) 58. (d) Here, we check the existence of limit
Sol (Q. Nos. 61-62) Given function,
of f ′( x ) at x = 2.
Hence, f ( x ) = e x is differentiable at 1 − sin x
So, f ′( 2 + 0) = RHL = lim f ′( 2 + h ) f (x ) =
x = 1. h→ 0 ( π − 2x )2
= lim 3 − 2( 2 + h ) π π
Sol. (Q. Nos. 56-58) Given function,
h→ 0
[from Eq. (i)] where, x ≠ and f   = λ
 2
2 − x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 = lim 3 − 4 − 2h = lim − 1 − 2h = − 1
2
 1 − sin x
f (x ) =  h→ 0 h→ 0
61. (d) lim f ( x ) = lim
3x − x for x > 2
2
and f ′( 2 − 0) = LHL = lim f ′( 2 − h ) x → π /2 x → π / 2 ( π − 2x )2
h→ 0
and whole function defined in 1 ≤ x < ∞. = lim − 1 = − 1 ( 0 / 0 form )
h→ 0
Use L’ Hospital’s rule,
56. (b) I. Since, the function is polynomial, So, both f ′( 2 + 0) and f ′( 2 − 0) − cos x
so it is continuous as well as exists i.e. f ′( x ) exist at x = 2. = lim
x → π / 2 2( π − 2x )( −2)
differentiable in its domain [1, ∞) − {2}.
( 1 + x ) n − 1 cos x  0 form 
Now, we check the continuity of the 59. (c) lim   = lim
x → 0 x 
x → π / 2 4( π − 2x )  0 
function at x = 2.
n ( n − 1) 2
LHL = f ( 2 − 0) = lim f ( 2 − h ) ( 1 + nx + x + ...) − 1 Again, use L’ Hospital’s rule,
h→ 0
= lim 2! − sin x sin x
= lim 2 − ( 2 − h ) = lim h = 0 x→ 0 x = limπ = lim
h→ 0 h→ 0 x→ 4 ( − 2) x → π / 2 8
[by binomial expansion in any index] 2
RHL = f ( 2 + 0) = lim ( 2 + h ) n ( n − 1) 2 1 π 1 1
h→ 0 nx + x + ... = . sin = × 1 =
= lim 3( 2 + h ) − ( 2 + h )2 2! 8 2 8 8
= lim
h→ 0 x→ 0 x 62. (a) Since, the given function is
n ( n − 1) continuous at x = π /2.
= 3 ( 2 + 0) − ( 2 + 0) = 6 − 4 = 2
2 = lim n + x + ...
x→ 0 2! 1 − sin x
and f ( 2) = 2 − 2 = 0 = n + 0 + 0+ ... = n ∴ f ( π / 2) = lim
x→ π/2 ( π − 2x )2
Q f ( 2) = LHL ≠ RHL x 1
60. (d) lim ⇒ λ= [from upper part]
So, the function is not continuous at x → 0 1 − cos x
8
every point in the interval [1, ∞), i.e. = lim
x
not continuous at x = 2. x→ 0 x x 2 − 5, x ≤3
1 − ( 1 − 2 sin 2 ) 63. (b) We have, f ( x ) = 
II. We also check the differentiability of the 2  x + 13 , x > 3
x 1 x
function at x = 15 .. = lim = lim
x→ 0 2 x 2 x → 0 |sin x | To find lim f ( x )
f ( 1 . 5 + h ) − f ( 15
. ) 2 sin x→ 3
Rf ′( 1.5) = lim 2 2 LHL = lim − f ( x ) = lim x 2 − 5
h→ 0 h x→ 3 x → 3−
LHL = f ( 0 − 0) = lim f ( 0 − h )
2 − ( 1.5 + h ) − ( 2 − 1.5) h→ 0 = lim [(3 − h ) − 5]
2
= lim
h→ 0 1 −h x→ 3 −h
h = lim
. − h − 05 −h = lim ( 9 − 6h + h 2 − 5) = 4
sin  
05 . h 2 h→ 0
= lim = lim − = − 1 h→ 0
h→ 0 h→ 0 h  2 
h RHL = lim+ x + 13
. − h ) − f ( 15 1 h x→ 3
Lf ′( 15
. ) = lim
f ( 15 . ) =− lim
= lim 3 + h + 13 = lim 16 + h = 4
− sin  
h→ 0 −h 2 h→ 0 h
x→ 3 + h h→ 0
2 − ( 15
. − h ) − ( 2 − 15 . )  2
= lim ∴ lim − f ( x ) = lim + f ( x ) = 4
2 ⋅  
h→ 0 −h h x→ 3 x→ 3

. + h − 05 1  2 1 lim f ( x ) = 4
= lim
05 .
= lim
h
=−1 =− lim =− ×2×1 x→ 3
h→ 0 −h h → 0 −h 2 h→ 0 sin h 2
2 64. (d) For continuous,
Q Lf ′( 15
. ) = Rf ′( 15
. ) Q lim θ = 1 lim − f ( x ) = lim + f ( x ) = f (3)
So, the function is differentiable at  θ→ 0 sin θ  x→ 3 x→ 3

x = 1.5. ∴ lim − f ( x ) = lim + f ( x ) = 4

=− 2 x→ 3 x→ 3
RHL = f ( 0 + 0) = lim f ( 0 + h ) ⇒ f ( x ) is continuous at x = 4.
h→ 0
MATHEMATICS Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 251

We have, f ( x ) = x 2 − 5, x ≤ 3 G ( x ) − G ( 1)  2 + x 2 − ( Ax + Ax 2 + B + Bx ) 
Clearly, lim = G ′( 1) …(i) ⇒ lim   =3
⇒ f ′( x ) = 2x ⇒ f ′( 0) = 0 x →1 x −1 x→ ∞  1+ x 
Now, let us first find G ′( x ), which is
Hence, f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0.  2 + x 2 − Ax − Ax 2 − B − Bx 
given by ⇒ lim 
So, neither I nor II Statement are correct. 1 1  =3
G ′( x ) = × ( −2 x ) x→ ∞  1+ x 
 tan kx , x<0 2 25 − x 2
 −x  2x − A − 2 Ax − B ) 
65. (b) We have, f ( x ) =  x = G ′( x ) = ⇒ lim   =3
3x + 2k , x ≥ 0
2
25 − x 2 x→ ∞  1 
−1 −1  
Q f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0. = G ′( 1) = =
24 2 6 [using L’ Hospital’s rule]
∴ lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0)
x→ 0 x→ 0 71. (c) I. We have, f ( x ) = [ x ] ⇒ lim [ x ( 2 − 2 A ) − ( A + B )] = 3
tan kx x→ ∞
⇒ lim− = lim+ 3x + 2k 2 Clearly, lim + f ( x ) = lim f ( n + h ) For limit to exist and equal to 3, we
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x→ n h→ 0
should have
= 3( 0) + 2k 2 = lim [ n + h ] = n 2 − 2 A = 0 and A + B = − 3 …(i)
h→ 0
tan k( 0 − h )
⇒ lim and lim − f ( x ) = lim f ( n − h ) ⇒ A=1
x→ 0 − h 0−h x→ n h→ 0
= lim [ n − h ] = n − 1 75. (c) From Eq. (i), A + B = −3,
= lim 3( 0 + h ) + 2k = 2k 2 2
h→ 0
x→ 0 + h
∴ lim+ + f ( x ) =/ lim− f ( x ) for 1 + B = −3 ⇒ B = −4
tan kh k tan kh x→ n x→ n
⇒lim = 2k 2 ⇒lim = 2k 2
h→ 0 h h→ 0 kh all n ∈ Z ′  α cos x , , if x =/ π
Q lim tan x = 1 So, f is discontinuous at x = n ← Z ′  π − 2x , 2
⇒ k = 2k 2 76. (a) We have, f ( x ) = 
 x→ 0 x  π
II. We have, f ( x ) = cot x , consider, 3, if x =
∴ k = 1/ 2  2
f ( x ) = lim f ( nπ + h ) π
5x − 1 lim is continuous at x = , where α is a
66. (a) lim = log e 5 x → nπ + h→ 0
2
x→ 0 x = lim cot( nπ + h ) constant.
Q lim a − 1 = log a 
x h→ 0
= lim cot hπ which does not exist π
 x→ 0 x e 
 h→ 0 ⇒ limπ f ( x ) = f   = 3 …(i)
x→  2
67. (d) Thus, f is discontinuous at x = nπ, 2
n ∈ Z ′. α cos x
log ( 1 + x ) Now, consider limπ = limπ
68. (b) lim 5 x→ x→ π − 2x
x→ 0 x Sol. (Q. Nos. 72-73) 2 2
cos x
log e ( 1 + x ) log e b  We have = α limπ
= lim Q log a b =  x→ π − 2x
x→ 0 x log e 5  log e a   −1, if x≤0 2
 π
, f ( x ) = ax + b , if 0 < x < 1 Now, put y = x − ,
1 log e ( 1 + x ) 2
= lim log e  1, if x≥1 π
log e 5 x→ 0 x 5
 then as x → ⇒y→0
2
 log e ( 1 + x ) where a and b are constants and f ( x ) π
=1 cos  y + 
Q xlim is continuous everywhere.  2
 →0 x ∴ limπ f ( x ) = α lim
1  As f ( x ) is continuous everywhere, x→ y→ 0 π
π − 2  + y 

and log a b =  therefore f is continuous at x = 0 and
log a 
2
2 
b  x = 1 also. − sin y
= α lim
69. (b) I. The greatest integer function is 72. (a) lim + f ( x ) = lim − f ( x ) = f ( 0) y→ 0 −2 y
continuous at all points except x→ 0 x→ 0
and lim + f ( x ) = lim − f ( x ) = f ( 1) α sin y α
integer. Therefore, Statement I is x→1 x→1 = lim = …(ii)
false. Now, consider lim + f ( x ) = f ( 0) 2 y→0 y 2
x→ 0
II. Let h( x ) = sin x and g( x ) = | x | ⇒ lim f ( 0 + h ) = − 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
hog( x ) = sin | x | h→ 0 α
= 3 ⇒α = 6
⇒ lim a( 0 + h ) + b = − 1 2
∴ f ( x ) = hog ( x ) = sin | x | h→ 0

So, g( x ) is continuous, ∀x ∈ R and ∴ b = −1 77. (d) Consider,

h( x ) is continuous, ∀x ∈ R. 6 cos x cos x
73. (d) lim f ( x ) = f ( 1) lim f ( x ) = lim = 6 lim
x → 1− x→ 0 π − 2x
x→ 0 x → 0 π − 2x
We know that, if g( x ) is continuous ⇒ lim f ( 1 − h ) = 1
and h( x ) is continuous. h→ 0  cos 0  6
=6  = [Q cos 0 = 1]
⇒ lim a ( 1 − h ) + b = 1 ⇒ a + b = 1  π − 2( 0)  π
Then, hog ( x ) is continuous. h→ 0
Hence, f ( x ) is continuous, ∀x ∈ R. ∴ a=2
78. (d) Refer Ques 70
2+ x2  sin( e x − 2 − 1)  0
70. (a) We have, G ( x ) = 25 − x 2
74. (b) lim  − Ax − B  = 3 79. (d) Consider, lim form 
x → ∞  1+ x 
G ( x ) − G ( 1) x→ 2 ln( x − 1)  0 
To find lim  2 + x 2 − ( Ax + B )( 1 + x ) 
x→1 x −1 ⇒ lim   =3 [use L’ Hospital’s rule]
x→ ∞  1+ x 
252 NDA/NA Pathfinder

cos( e x − 2 − 1) ⋅ e x – 2 1 × 1 π Hence, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0.

= lim = =1 II. For continuity at x = − ,
x→ 2 1 2 π
1
π Statement I is correct. Now, for x =
x −1 limπ − f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f  −  2
x→ − π +  2
80. (c) Clearly, for f to be continuous at 2
x→ − LHL = lim f (x )
2 x → π /2−
x = π, π π
⇒ lim f  − − h  = lim  − + h  = lim π cos x = 0
1 − sin x + cos x  0  2  h→ 0  2 
form 
h→ 0 x→ π / 2 2
f ( π ) = lim π
x → π 1 + sin x + cos x   π RHL = lim f ( x ) = limπ  x − 
0 = f  −  x→ π / 2 + x→  2
− cos x − sin x  2 2
= lim π π
2
x → π cos x − sin x
⇒ lim − 2 sin  − − h  
  π =  −  = 0
h→ 0   2   2 2
[by L’ Hospital’s rule] 
 π π
π Also, f   = π cos = 0
=
− cos π − sin π = lim  A sin  − + h  + B   2 2
h→ 0    2  
cos π − sin π π
π Hence, f ( x ) is continuous at x = .
−( −1) − 0 1 = − 2 sin  − 
= = =−1 2
−1 − 0 −1  2 Statement II is correct.
81. (b) I. Consider, ⇒ 2=− A+ B=2 90. (d) For x = 0,
f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0) 1/ h − 0 ⇒ A − B = −2 ...(ii) f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0)
lim = lim On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get LHD = lim −
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h h→ 0 −h
A = − 1 and B = 1
1 f ( − h ) − f ( 0)
= lim 2 = ∞ (not defined) 83. (c) The value of A is −1. = lim −
h→ 0h
84. (a) The value of B is 1.
h→ 0 −h
Hence, f is not differentiable at x = 0. 85. (a) Given, lim φ ( x ) = a 2 ( −h + π) − π −h
x→ 0
= lim = lim =1
II. We have, h→ 0 −h h → 0 −h
To find lim φ  
x
 2x + 5 , x>0
x→ 0  a f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
f (x ) =  2 RHD = lim +
x + 2x + 5 , x ≤ 0
∴ lim φ   = a 2
h→ 0

x h
x→ 0  a f ( h ) − f ( 0) π cos h − π
 2, x>0 = lim+ = lim
⇒ f ′( x ) =  −1 / x 2 −1 / ( 0 + h ) 2 h→ 0 h h→ 0 2
2x + 2, x≤0 86. (a) lim e = lim e =0
 x→ 0 h→ 0
π [ −2 sin 2 ( h / 2)]
= lim
Q LHL of f ′( x ) = RHL of f ′( x ) h→ 0 h
a [x ] + x − 1
∴ f is differentiable at x = 0. 87. (b) Given, f (x ) =  ( h / 2) 
[x ] + x = lim π − sin × sin( h / 2) = 0
h→ 0   ( h / 2 ) 

82. (a)
a [x ] + x − 1
Sol. (Q. Nos. 83-84) Now, RHL = lim + LHD ≠ RHD
x→ 0 [x ] + x
Given, Hence, f ( x ) is not differentiable at
 − 2 sin x , π As, x → 0+ (i.e. approaches 0 from the x = 0.
if x ≤ −
 2 right), we get [ x ] = 0 ∴ Statement I is not correct.
 π π
f ( x ) =  A sin x + B ,if − < x < ax − 1 π
2 2 ∴ lim + f ( x ) = lim + For x = ,
 π x→ 0 x→ 0 x 2
 cos x , if x ≥
 2 a (0 + h ) − 1 ah − 1 f ( π / 2 − h ) − f ( π / 2)
= lim = lim = ln a LHD = lim −
π h→ 0 ( 0 + h) h→ 0 h h→ 0 −h
I. For continuity at x = ,
2 π
a [x ] + x − 1 π cos  − h  − 0
π 2 
lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f   88. (c) lim− f ( x ) = lim− = lim
π π  2 x→ 0 x→ 0 [x ] + x h→ 0 −h
x→ x→
2 2 As x → 0− [i.e. approaches 0 from π sin h
π
⇒ lim f  − h  left], we get [ x ] = − 1 = lim = −π
h→ 0 2  a −1 + x − 1 h→ 0 −h
∴ lim − f ( x ) = lim −
π π x→ 0 x→ 0 −1 + x f ( π / 2 + h ) − f ( π / 2)
= lim f  + h  = f   RHD = lim +
h→ 0  2   2 −1 + ( 0 − h ) −1 h→ 0
a −1 a −1 h
= lim =
π −1 + ( 0 − h ) −1  π + h − π  − 0
2
⇒ lim A sin  − h  + B
h→ 0
h→ 0 2  = 1− a −1  2
= lim 2
h→ 0
π π h
= lim cos  + h  = cos   89. (c) LHL = lim − f ( x )
h→ 0 2   2 x→ 0
LHD ≠ RHD
= lim ( x + π ) = π
π π x→ 0
⇒ A sin + B = cos = 0 Hence, f ( x ) is not differentiable at
π
2 2 RHL = lim + f ( x ) = lim π cos x x = .
x→ 0 x→ 0 2
⇒ A +B = 0 ...(i)
= π cos ( 0) = π Statement II is not correct.
Also, f ( 0) = π cos ( 0) = π
21
MATHEMATICS > Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Rations 253

DIFFERENTIATION
In NDA exam, generally 3-5 questions are asked from this chapter, which are based on finding
derivative of implicit, parametric and logarithmic functions, one function with respect to
another function and successive differentiation.

Differentiation is a method to compute the rate at which a dependent variable y changes with respect
to the change in the independent variable x. This rate of change is called the derivative of y with
respect to x. Differential coefficient (derivative) of a function y = f ( x), is defined as
dy f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
= lim
dx δ x → 0 δx
The above definition of derivative is known as the first principle of derivative. Mathematically, we may
dy  dy  f ( x) − f ( a)  dy  f ( a + δx ) − f ( a )
define at x = a as   = lim . Also,   = lim
dx  
dx x = a x → a x−a  
dx x = a δ x → 0 δx

Rules of Differentiation
d (C )
(i) = 0, where C = constant
dx
d k d { f ( x)} d d { f ( x)} d { g ( x)}
(ii) { kf ( x)} = , where k is a constant. (iii) { f ( x) ± g ( x)} = ±
dx dx dx dx dx
d k d { f ( x)} k2 { g ( x)} d  f ( x) g ( x) f ′ ( x) − f ( x) g′ ( x)
(iv) { k1 f ( x) ± k2 g( x)} = 1 ± (v)  =
dx dx dx dx  g ( x)  { g ( x)} 2
d
(vi) [ f ( x) g ( x)] = f ( x) g′ ( x) + g ( x) f ′ ( x)
dx

Note Result (vi) can be generalised to find the derivative of the product of any number of differentiable functions.

Differentiation of Some Standard Function

d n d 1 d 1
(i) x = nx n − 1 (ii) (log e x) = , for x > 0 (iii) log a x = , for x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
dx dx x dx x log a
d x d x d
(iv) a = a x log a, for a > 0 (v) e =ex (vi) (sin x) = cos x
dx dx dx
254 NDA/NA Pathfinder

d d
(vii) (cos x) = − sin x (viii) (tan x) = sec 2 x Chain Rule
dx dx
Let y = f (u ) be a differentiable function of u and
d
(ix) (sec x) = sec x tan x u = g ( x) be a differentiable function of x.
dx
d d Then, y = f (u ) = f [ g ( x)] is called a function of a
(x) cosec x = − cosec x cot x (xi) cot x = − cosec 2 x function or composite function.
dx dx
−1 dy dy du
d 1 d In this case, = ⋅
(xii) sin − 1 x = (xiii) cos − 1 x = dx du dx
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
This rule is called the chain rule. This rule can be
d 1
(xiv) sec − 1 x = , for x > 1 generalised for more functions.
dx x x2 −1
EXAMPLE 3. If x = 2 cos t − cos 2t, y = 2 sin t − sin 2t
d −1 π dy
(xv) cosec −1 x = then at t = , is equal to
dx x x2 −1 4 dx
d 1 d −1 a. 2+1 b. 2+ 1
(xvi) tan − 1 x = (xvii) cot − 1 x = 2+1
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2 c. d. None of these
2
dy dx dy
EXAMPLE 1. If y = x 1/ 3 + x 1/ 2 , then find at x = 81. Sol. a. = −2 sin t + 2sin 2t and = 2cos t − 2cos 2t
dx dt dx
1 1 dy cos t − cos 2t
a. 3−1/3 + b. 3−10 /3 + =
18 6 dx sin 2t − sin t
1
c. 3−11/3 + d. None of these π
18 Put t = , we have
4
Sol. c. We have, y = x1/ 3 + x1/ 2  dy  cos π / 4 − cos π / 2
  =
dy d 1/ 3 d 1/ 2 dy 1 −2/ 3 1 −1/ 2  dx  t = π sin π / 2 − sin π / 4
∴ = (x ) + (x ) ⇒ = x + x 4
dx dx dx dx 3 2
 dy  1 −2 / 3 1 −1/ 2
= 2+1
∴  = (81) + (81)
 dx  x = 81 3 2
Differentiation of an Implicit Function
1 1 1 1
= [( 34) −2/ 3 ] + ⋅ [(9) 2 ]−1/ 2 = × 3−8/ 3 + ⋅ 9−1 When independent variable x and dependent variable y
3 2 3 2
occur together in an equation, then it is not
−8 / 3 − 1 1 1 −11/ 3 1
=3 + ⋅ =3 + convenient or possible to express y in terms of x. In
2 9 18
such cases, y is an implicit function of x and both are
dy connected by a relation of the form f ( x, y) = 0.
EXAMPLE 2. What will be the value of , when
dx dy
ex + e− x In order to find from f ( x, y) = 0, adopt the
y= ? dx
ex − e− x following procedure
4 4 −4 −4 (i) Differentiate each term of f ( x, y) = 0 with
a. b. 2 x − 2 x c. x − x 2 d. x − 2 x
( e x − e − x )2 e −e (e − e ) e −e respect to x, noting that y as a function of x.
ex + e− x dy d  ex + e− x  dy
Sol. c. We have, y = . Then, (ii) Simplify the equation thus obtained for .
=  x − x . dx
ex − e− x dx dx e −e 

( ex − e− x )
d x
( e + e− x ) − ( ex + e− x )
d x
( e − e− x )
dy
dx dx
EXAMPLE 4. If x 2 + 2xy + y 3 = 42, then is
= dx
( ex − e− x ) 2 equal to
( ex − e− x ) ( ex − e− x ) − ( ex + e− x ) ( ex + e− x ) −2( x + y ) −( 2x + 3y 2 )
= a. b.
( ex − e− x ) 2 2x + 3y 2 2( x + y )
( ex − e− x ) 2 − ( ex + e− x ) 2 −4 −2( x + y ) 2( x 2 + y 2 )
= = x c. d.
( ex − e− x ) 2 ( e − e− x ) 2 2y + 3x 2 2x + 3y 2
MATHEMATICS > Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Rations 255

Sol. a. Q x 2 + 2xy + y 3 = 42
EXAMPLE 6. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + K ∞ , then
d 2 d
∴ ( x + 2xy + y 3) = 42 dy
dx dx is equal to
 dy dx dy dx
⇒ 2x + 2  x + y  + 3y 2 =0 cos x cos x cos x
 dx dx  dx a. b. c. d. None of these
dy dy 2x − 1 2y − 1 2x + 1
⇒ 2x + 2x + 2y + 3y 2 =0
dx dx Sol. b. We have, y = sin x + sin x + sin x +K ∞
dy dy −2( x + y)
⇒ ( 2x + 3y 2) = −2( x + y) ⇒ =
dx dx 2x + 3y 2 ⇒ y = sin x + y ⇒ y 2 = sin x + y
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Important Substitutions dy dy dy
2y = cos x + ⇒ ( 2y − 1) = cos x
Inverse trigonometric functions involving the terms dx dx dx
given below, can be reduced to simple forms by the dy cos x
∴ =
following substitutions dx 2y − 1
S. No. Functions involving terms Substitutions

1. a2 − x 2 x = asin θ or acos θ
Differentiation of Parametric
Functions
2. a2 + x2 x = a tan θ or acot θ
2 2
If x = f (t ), y = g(t ), where t is parameter,
3. x −a x = asec θ or acosec θ
d
a+ x a− x
( g(t ))
4.
or
x = acos 2θ dy (dy / dt ) dt g'(t )
then = = =
a− x a+ x dx (dx / dt ) d f '(t )
( f (t ))
5. a2 + x 2 a2 − x 2 x2 = a2 cos 2 θ dt
2 2
or
a −x a2 + x 2 dy
We can always find in such cases, without first
6. 2x 2x x = tan θ dx
or
1+ x 2
1 − x2 dy dy/dt
eliminating the parameters by the formula = .
7. a sin x + b cos x a = r cos α , b = r sin α dx dx/dt

dy  1−x dy 3at 3at 2

EXAMPLE 5. Find , if y = sin  2 tan −1 . EXAMPLE 7. Find , when x = and y = .
dx  1+x  dx 1 + t3 1 + t3

a. 1 b. −1 c.
x
d.
−x t3 −4 t (2 − t 3) t (2 + t 3)
a. b. c. d. None of these
2
x −1 1− x 2
1 − 2t3 1 − 2t 3 1 + 2t 3
 1 − x t
Sol. d. y = sin  2 tan−1  Sol. b. We have, x = 3a ⋅
 1+ x  1+ t3
On putting x = cos 2θ , we get d d
 (1+ t 3) t −t ⋅ (1 + t 3)
 1 − cos 2θ  2sin2 θ  dx dt dt
y = sin 2 tan−1  = sin 2 tan
−1
 ∴ = 3a ⋅
 1+ cos 2θ   2cos2 θ  dt (1 + t 3) 2
= sin [ 2 tan−1 (tan θ) ] = sin 2θ = 1− cos2 2θ (1 + t 3) ⋅ 1 − t ⋅ 3t 2 1 − 2t 3
= 3a ⋅ 3 2 = 3a ⋅
(1 + t ) (1 + t 3) 2
⇒ y = 1− x 2 = (1 − x 2)1/ 2
t2
dy 1 d Again, y = 3a ⋅
∴ = (1 − x 2) −1/ 2 ⋅ (1 − x 2) 1+ t3
dx 2 dx
1 −x d 2 d
= ⋅ (0 − 2x ) = (1 + t 3) t − t2 (1 + t 3)
2 1− x 2
1− x 2 dy dt dt
∴ = 3a ⋅
dt (1 + t 3) 2
Differentiation of Infinite Series (1 + t 3) ⋅ 2t − t 2 ⋅ 3t 2 t ( 2 − t 3)
= 3a ⋅ 3 2 = 3a ⋅
Sometimes y is given as an infinite series and we have to (1 + t ) (1 + t 3) 2
find the derivative of y. To find this we use the fact that 3
dy dy / dt 3at ( 2 − t ) (1 + t )
3 2
t ( 2 − t 3)
if a term is deleted from infinite series, it remains ∴ = = ⋅ =
dx dx / dt (1 + t 3) 2 3a (1 − 2t 3) 1 − 2t 3
unaffected.
256 NDA/NA Pathfinder

x + e xK ∞ dy
Derivative of a Function with EXAMPLE 9. If y = e x + e , then is equal to
dx
Respect to Another Function 1 y y 1
a. b. c. d.
Let u and v be two functions of x such that y −1 y −1 1− y 1− y
u = f1 ( x) and v = f 2 ( x) x + ex K ∞
Sol. c. Let y = ex + e ⇒ y = ex + y
du du / dx f1 ′ ( x)
Then, = = ∴ log e y = log e ex + y
dv dv / dx f 2 ′ ( x)
⇒ log e y = ( x + y) log e e
EXAMPLE 8. What is the derivative of ⇒ log e y = x + y [Q log e e = 1]
 t   1  On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
sin −1   w.r.t. x cos −1  ?
2
 1+ t   1 +t2  1 dy dy
⋅ = 1+
y dx dx
a. 1 b. −1
c. 2 d. −2  1  dy  1 − y  dy
⇒  − 1 =1 ⇒   =1
   y  dx  y  dx
t −1  1 
Sol. a. Let u = sin−1   and v = cos   dy y
 1+ t 2  1+ t 2  ⇒ =
dx 1 − y
Again, let t = tan θ
 tan θ 
∴ u = sin−1   = sin−1 (sin θ) = tan−1 t Successive Differentiation
 sec θ 
of a Function
du 1
⇒ = dy d  dy 
dt 1 + t 2 The differential coefficient of i.e.   is called
dx dx  dx 
 1  −1  1 
and v = cos−1   = cos   the second differential coefficient or second derivative of
 1+ t 2   1+ tan2 θ 
y with respect to x which is denoted by
= cos−1 (cos θ) = tan−1 t
d2y
dv 1 or y′ ′ or y 2 or D 2 y.
⇒ = dx 2
dt 1 + t 2
Similarly, the second derivative may be differentiated to
du du dt
∴ = ⋅ =1 obtain the third derivative and so on.
dv dt dv
This process of finding the differential coefficient of a
Logarithmic Differentiation function is called the successive differentiation.
When a function contains another function as its
d 2x
exponent or the function is the product or quotient of EXAMPLE 10. If y = x + e x , then what is equal to?
number of functions, then first take logarithm and then dy 2
differentiation. ex ex ex
a. e x b. − x 3
c. − d. −
The process of differentiation after taking logarithm is (1 + e ) (1 + e x ) (1 + e x )2
known as logarithmic differentiation. Sol. b. Q y = x + ex
Important Logarithm Formulae ∴
dy
= 1 + ex ⇒
dx
=
1
(i) log ( mn) = log m + log n dx dy 1 + ex

 m d 2x ex dx
(ii) log   = log m − log n ⇒ 2 = − x 2 ⋅
 n dy (1 + e ) dy
ex 1 ex
(iii) log mn = n log m =− ⋅ = −
(1 + ex ) 2 (1 + ex ) (1 + ex ) 3
MATHEMATICS > Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Rations 257

PRACTICE EXERCISE
dy  1 + x2 + 1 − x2
1. If y = sec tan−1 x, then is equal to
10. If y = tan−1  , then
dy
is
dx
2  1 + x 2 − 1 − x 2  dx
(a) x y/ (1 + x) (b) x y (1 + x )
2
equal to
(c) y/ (1 + x ) (d) x y /(1 + x 2 ) 1 −1 x −x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 sin x  dy 1− x4 1− x4 1− x4 1− x4
2. If y = tan−1   , then is equal to
 1 + cos x  dx x   1 − x  
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 + cos 2 x (d) −1/ 4
11. If y = tan−1 + sin  2 tan−1   ,
1 + (1 − x 2 )   1 + x 

3. If y = { x + (1 + x 2 )} m , then (1 + x 2 ) y2 + xy1 − m 2 y then dy/dx is equal to
x 1 − 2x 1 − 2x 1
is equal to (a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 − x2 ) (1 − x 2 ) 2 (1 − x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 0

4. If f ( x ) = loga (loga x ), then f ′ ( x ) is equal to  x 2 − y2  dy

12. If sin−1  2 2
 = log a , then is equal to
log a e log e a  x + y  dx
(a) (b)
x log e x x log a x x y x2 y
(a) (b) (c) (d)
log e a x y x2 y x
(c) (d)
x log e a 13. If x = a [cos t + log tan ( t/2)], y = a sin t, then
5. If x = a (1 − cos θ), y = a (θ − sin θ), then dy/dx is equal to
(a) tan t (b) cos t (c) sec t (d) cosec t
 dy 
  is equal to 14. If x = 2 log cot t and y = tan t + cot t , then
 dx  θ = π/2
dy
sin 2t + 1 is equal to
(a) −2 (b) −4 (c) 1 (d) −1 dx
6. The derivative of the function cot−1 [(cos 2x )1/ 2 ] at (a) cos 2 t (b) sin2 t (c) cos 2t (d) 2 cos 2 t
π 1 + x  dy
x= is 15. If y = log   , then is equal to
6 1 − x  dx
(a) (2 / 3)1/ 2 (b) (1/ 3)1/ 2
1 1 x
1/ 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(c) 3 (d) 61/ 2 x (1 + x) x (1 − x) 1+ x
7. If y = tan−1 [{ (1 + x 2 ) − 1} / x ] , then dy
16. If x p y q = ( x + y ) p + q, then is equal to
(a) y′ (0) = 1 (b) y′ (0) = 1/ 2 dx
y py x qy
(c) y ′ (0) = 0 (d) None of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
x qx y px
(1 + x ) + (1 − x ) dy
8. If y = sin−1 , then is equal to  −1  4x 3  
2 dx d
17. cos  − x  is equal to
1 1 dx  27  
(a) (b) − 
2
(1 − x ) (1 − x 2 ) 3 1 −3 −1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 (9 − x )2
(9 − x ) 2
(9 − x )2
(9 − x 2 )
(c) − (d) None of these
2 (1 − x 2 )
 1 + x 2 − 1
9. If y = sin−1 (1 − x ) + cos−1 x, then dy/dx is equal 18. The derivative of tan−1   with respect
 x 
 
to
1 −1  2x 1 − x 2 
(a) (b) to tan−1   at x = 0, is
x (1 − x ) x(1 − x)  1 − 2x 2 
 
1
(c) (d) None of these (a) 1 / 8 (b) 1/ 4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
x(1 + x)
258 NDA/NA Pathfinder

19. What is the derivative of sin2 x with respect to 30. If for a continuous function f , f ( 0) = f (1) = 0,
cos2 x ? f ′ (1) = 2 and g ( x ) = f ( ex ) e f (x )
, then g′ ( 0) is
(a) tan2 x (b) cot 2 x (c) −1 (d) 1 equal to
dy (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3
20. If x + y = 2, then what is at y = 1 equal to?
dx
d2y
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) −1 31. If x = cos ( 2t ) and y = sin2 t, then what is
dx 2
21. What is the differentiation of logx x with respect equal to?
to log x? 1
(a) 0 (b) sin ( 2t ) (c) −cos (2t ) (d) −
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/ x (d) x 2
d 2 y d 2x
22. If y = cos x + cos x + cos x + cos x + K ∞ , 32. If y = e2x , then ⋅ is equal to
dx 2 dy 2
dy
then is equal to (a) e −2x (b) −2e −2 x (c) 2e −2 x (d) 1
dx
(a)
cos x
(b)
sinx
(c)
− sinx
(d)
− cos x 33. If y 2 = P ( x ) is a polynomial of degree 3, then
1− 2y 1− 2y 1− 2y 1− 2y
d  3 d 2 y
2 2 y  is equal to
1 1 d y dx  dx 2 
23. If x = t + , y = t − , then is equal to
t t dx 2 (a) P′ ′ ′ (x) + P′ (x) (b) P′ (x) P′ ′ ′ (x)
(a) −4t (t 2 − 1)−2 (b) −4t 3 (t 2 − 1)−3
(c) P (x) P′ ′ ′ (x) (d) a constant
(c) (t 2 + 1) (t 2 − 1)−1 (d) −4t 2 (t 2 − 1)−2 2
 log ( e/x )   3 + 2 log x 
d 2x
34. If y = tan−1  2
 + tan−1   , then
24. If y = sin x + e , then x
is equal to  log ( ex )   1 − 6 log x 
dy 2 d2y
x −1 sin x + e x is equal to
(a) (− sin x + e ) (b) dx 2
(cos x + e x )2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) −1
sin x − e x sin x + e x
(c) (d) 1/ x
(cos x + e x )3 (cos x + e x )3 35. If f ( x ) = x , then f ′ ′ ( e) is equal to
(a) e1/ e (b) e( 1 / e ) − 2 (c) 21/( e − 3)
(d) − e( 1 / e ) − 3
1
25. If φ is inverse of f and f ′ ( x ) = , then φ′ ( x )
1+ xn 36. What is the derivative of logx 5 with respect to
is equal to log5 x?
(a) 1 + x n (b) 1 + [f (x)]n (a) − (log 5 x)−2 (b) (log 5 x)−2 (c) − (log x 5)−2 (d) (log x 5)−2
(c) 1 + [φ (x)]n (d) None of these
d2y
1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 4 dy 37. If e y + xy = e,then what is the value of at
26. If y = (1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 − x ), then what is dx 2
dx
x = 0?
equal to?
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) −2x (a) e −1 (b) e −2 (c) e (d) 1
dy
x
27. What is the derivative of x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin−1   ? 38. If 3x + 3 y = 3x + y
, then what is equal to?
 a dx
y
3x + − 3x 3x − y (3y − 1) 3x + 3y 3x + 3y
(a) a2 − x 2 (b) 2 a2 − x 2 (c) x 2 − a2 (d) 2 x 2 − a2 (a) y
(b) (c) x y
(d)
3 1− 3 x
3 −3 1 + 3x + y

28. If x = k (θ + sin θ) and y = k (1 + cos θ), then what 39. If f ( x ) = cos x , g ( x ) = log x and y = ( gof ) ( x ) , then
is the derivative of y with respect to x at θ = π/2 ? dy
what is the value of at x = 0?
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 dx
dy (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 2
29. If 1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a, then what is equal 2
dx dy d y
to?
40. If y = f ( x ), p = and q = , then what is
dx dx 2
1 − y2 d 2x
(a) (1 − x 2 ) (1 − y2 ) (b) 2 equal to?
1− x dy 2
1− x2 (a) −
q
(b) −
q
(c)
1
(d)
q
(c) (d) None of these
1− y 2 p2 p3 q p2
MATHEMATICS > Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Rations 259

Directions (Q. Nos. 49-50) Consider,

41. If x = sin t − t cos t and y = t sin t + cos t , then what
dy π x − 2 x −1
is at point t = ? f ( x) = ⋅x
dx 2 x −1−1
π π 49. Find the value of f ′ (10).
(a) 0 (b) (c) − (d) 1
2 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 10 (d) −1
42. If the curve x + y = 1, then what is the value 3
50. Find the value of f ′   .
dy  1 1  2
of at  ,  ?
dx  4 4 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) None of these
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 2
2 Directions (Q. Nos. 51-52) If y = ( x + 1 + x 2 ) n, then
1 dy
43. If y = , then what is equal to? dy
log10 x dx 51. Find .
dx
(a) x (b) x log e 10
1 y
(log x 10)2 (log10 e ) (a) (b)
(c) − (d) x log 10 e 1+ x 2
1+ x2
x
ny
dy (c) (d) None of these
44. If y = sin−1 x + sin−1 1 − x 2 , then what is 1+ x2
dx
equal to? d2y dy
(a) cos −1 x + cos −1 1 − x 2 (b)
1
+
1 52. Find 2
(1 + x 2 ) + x .
cos x cos 1 − x 2 dx dx
π (a) y (b) x (c) n2 y (d) nx
(c) (d) 0
2
45. If f ( x ) = esin (log cos x ) and g ( x ) = log cos x , then what Directions (Q. Nos. 53-55) Consider function
is the derivative of f ( x ) g ( x )? u = e x sin x and v = e x cosx , then
(a) f (x) cos [g (x)] (b) f (x) sin [g (x)]
du dv
(c) g (x) cos [f (x)] (d) g (x) sin [f (x)] 53. v −u is equal to
dx dx
46. The first derivative of the function (a) u + v (b) v 2 (c) u 2 + v 2 (d) None of these
 −1  1+ x  d 2u
cos  sin  + x x  with respect to x at 54. is equal to
  2   dx 2
x = 1 is (a) 2u (b) 2v (c) u (d) v
3 −1 2
I. f′ (1) = II. f′ (2) = + 4 (log 2 + 1) d v
4 2 6
55. is equal to
dx 2
Select the correct answer using the codes given (a) 2u (b) 2v (c) −2v (d) −2u
below.
(a) Only I (b) Only II Directions (Q. Nos. 56-58) Let f ( x) be a polynomial
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these function ax 2 + bx + c of second degree. If f (1) = f ( −1)
2
dy  and a, b, c are in AP, then
47. If y = a sin x + b cos x, then y 2 +   is a
 dx  56. Find the value of f ′ ( a ).
I. Function of x II. Function of y III. Constant (a) 2 a2 (b) 2 b 2 (c) 2ab (d) 2ac
Select the correct answer using the codes given 57. Find the value of f ′ ( c).
below. (a) 2ab (b) 2ac (c) 2bc (d) 2c 2
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only III (d) None of these 58. f ′ ( a ), f ′( b) and f ′ ( c) are in
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP
e 2x + e −2x dy (d) Arithmetico-Geometric Progression
48. If y = , then equals to
e 2x − e −2x
dx
−8 −4 8 Directions (Q Nos. 59-61) Let f ( x) = e x , g ( x) = sin−1 x
I. II. x III.
(e2x − e−2x )2 (e − e− x )2 (e2x − e−2x )2 and h( x) = f [ g ( x)]
Select the correct answer using the codes given h ′ (x)
59. Find the value of .
below. h( x )
−1 1 1
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) esin x
(b) (c) sin−1 x (d)
(c) Only III (d) None of these 1− x 2 1 − x2
260 NDA/NA Pathfinder

60. Find the value of [ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x )] ′. 70. The derivative of sec2 x w.r.t. tan2 x is e 2013 I
  (a) 1 (b) 2
1 (d) 2 sec 2 x tan x
(a) e x  + sin−1 x (b) e x ⋅ sin−1 x (c) 2sec x tan x
 1 − x2 
  d2y b
x 1 71. If y = sin( ax + b), then what is 2
at x = − ,
(c) e (d) None of these dx a
1 − x2 where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0? e 2013 I
(a) 0 (b) −1 (c) sin(a − b ) (d) sin(a + b )
61. Find the value of h ′ ( 0) ⋅ f ( 0). dy
72. If y = x x , then what is the value of at x = 1?
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) None of these dx
e 2013 I
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) − 1 (d) 2
dy
73. If 2x 3 − 3 y 2 = 7, then what is equal to
62. If f ( x ) = 2x , then what is f ′ ′ ( x ) is equal to? dx
e 2012 I ( where, y ≠ 0)? e 2013 II
(a) 2 x (loge 2 )2 (b) x (x − 1) 2 x − 2 x2 x x2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(c) 2 x + 1 (log 2 ) (d) 2 x (log10 2 )2 2y 2y y
74. What is the derivative of sin(sin x )? e 2013 II
x+1 dy
63. If y = , then what is the value of ? (a) cos(cos x) (b) cos(sin x)
x−1 dx (c) cos(sin x)cos x (d) cos(cos x)cos x
e 2012 I
(a)
−2
(b)
−2
(c)
2
(d)
2 75. What is the derivative of x 3 w.r.t. x 2? e 2013 II
x −1 2 2
(x − 1) 2 3x 3
(x − 1) (x − 1) (a) 3x (b) (c) x (d)
2 2
64. What is the rate of change of x 2 + 16 w.r.t. x 2 76. If f( x ) = 2x 2 + 3x − 5, then what is f ′( 0) + 3 f ′( −1)
at x = 3? e 2012 I equal to? e 2013 II
1 (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 1/5 (b) 1/10 (c) 1/20 (d)
15
77. What is the derivative of x − 1 at x = 2? e 2013 II
65. If y = cos t and x = sin t , then what is the value of (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
dy
? dz
dx e 2012 I 78. If z = fof ( x ) where f( x ) = x 2, then what is
(a) xy (b) x / y (c) − y/x (d) −x / y dx
equal to? e 2014 I
66. If f( x ) = 2sin x , then what is the derivative of f( x )? (a) x 3
(b) 2 x 3
(c) 4x 3
(d) 4x 2

e 2012 II
1 + cos x
(a) 2sin x In 2 (b) (sin x) 2sin x
−1
79. What is the derivative of ?
−1
1 − cos x e 2014 I
(c) (cos x) 2sin x (d) None of these 1 x 1 x
(a) sec 2 (b) − cosec 2
2 2 2 2
67. If y = In ( emx + e − mx ), then what is the value of x
dy (c) − cosec 2 (d) None of these
at x = 0? 2
dx e 2012 II
dy
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 80. If y = x ln x + xex , then what is the value of at
dx
dy x
68. If x m + y m = 1, such that = − , then what x = 1? e 2014 II
dx y (a) 1 + e (b) 1 − e (c) 1 + 2 e (d) None of these
should be the value of m? e 2012 II
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) − 1 Directions (Q. Nos. 81-82) Consider the curve
69. Consider the following statements x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ) and y = a(sin θ − θ cos θ). e 2014 II
dy dy
I. If y = ln (sec x + tan x), then = sec x 81. What is equal to?
dx dx
dy (a) tan θ (b) cot θ (c) sin 2 θ (d) cos 2 θ
II. If y = ln (cosec x − cot x ), then = cosec x
dx 2
d y
82. What is equal to?
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? dx 2
e 2012 II (a) sec 2 θ (b) – cosec 2 θ
(a) Only I (b) Only II sec 3 θ
(c) (d) None of these
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II dθ
MATHEMATICS > Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Rations 261

83. Eliminating the arbitrary constants B and C in 91. The derivative of ln ( x + sin x ) with respect to
2
the expression y = (Cx − 1)3/ 2 + B, we get ( x + cos x ) is e 2015 II
3C 1 + cos x 1 − cos x
e 2014 II (a) (b)
2 2 (x + sin x ) ( 1 − sin x ) (x + sin x ) (1 + sin x )
 dy  d 2 y dy d 2 y dy
(a) x 1 +    = (b) 2 x   = 1 +   (c)
1 − cos x
(d)
1 + cos x
 dx   dx 2  dx  dx 2  dx 
  (x − sin x ) (1 + cos x ) (x − sin x ) (1 − cos x )
2
dy d 2 y dy d 2y
(c)   =1 (d)   + 1 = dy y
 dx  dx2  dx  dx 2 92. If x a y b = ( x − y )a + b, then the value of − is
dx x
84. What is the differential coefficient of equal to e 2015 II
a b
 x2 − 5 , x ≤ 3 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
f ( x )=  at x = 12 ? b a
 x + 13 , x > 3 e 2014 II
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 
(a) 5/2 (b) 5 93. If y = cot−1   , where
(c) 1/5 (d) 1/10  1 +sin x − 1 − sin x 
π dy
0 < x < , then is equal to
Directions (Q. Nos. 85-87) Consider the parametric 2 dx e 2015 II
a(1 − t 2) 2 at 1
equations x = ,y= . (a) − (b) 2
1+ t 2
1+ t 2 2
e 2015 I
(c) sin x + cos x (d) sin x − cos x
85. What does the equation represent?
94. If y = log10 x + logx 10 + logx x + log10 10,
(a) It represents a circle of diameter a
(b) It represents a circle of radius a  dy 
then what is   equal to?
(c) It represents a parabola  dx  x = 10
e 2016 I
(d) None of the above (a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
dy
86. What is equal to? Directions (Q. Nos. 95-96) Consider the function
dx
y y x x f ( x) = | x 2 − 5 x + 6 |. e 2016 I
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
x x y y
95. What is f ′ ( 4) equal to?
d2y (a) −4 (b) −3 (c) 3 (d) 2
87. What is equal to?
dx 2 96. What is f ′ ′ (2.5) equal to?
a2 a2 a2 a2
(a) (b) (c) − (d) − (a) −3 (b) −2 (c) 0 (d) 2
y2 x2 x2 y3
Directions (Q. Nos. 97-100) Let f : R → R be a
Directions (Q. Nos. 88-89) Given that, function such that
d 1 + x 2 + x 4  x −1
  = Ax + B (cos x + e ) . f ( x) = x 3 + x 2f ′ ( 1) + xf ′′(2) + f ′′′(3) for x ∈R.
dx  1+ x + x 2  e 2015 I e 2016 I
88. What is the value of A? 97. What is f(1) equal to?
(a) −1 (b) 1 (a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 4
(c) 2 (d) 4
98. What is f ′ (1) equal to?
89. What is the value of B?
(a) −6 (b) −5 (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) −1 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4 99. What is f ′ ′ ′ (10) equal to?
 1 + x 2 − 1 (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8
90. What is the derivative of tan−1   with
 x  100. Consider the following
 
I. f (2) = f (1) − f (0) II. f ′ ′ (2) − 2 f ′ (1) = 12
respect to tan−1 x? e 2015 I
1 Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) 0 (b) (a) Only I (b) Only II
2
(c) 1 (d) x (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
262 NDA/NA Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 d 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 c 6 a 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 d
11 c 12 d 13 a 14 d 15 d 16 a 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 d
21 a 22 b 23 b 24 c 25 c 26 b 27 b 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 a 32 b 33 c 34 c 35 d 36 a 37 b 38 b 39 a 40 b
41 a 42 c 43 c 44 d 45 a 46 c 47 c 48 a 49 a 50 b
51 c 52 c 53 c 54 b 55 d 56 a 57 b 58 a 59 b 60 a
61 a 62 a 63 b 64 b 65 d 66 d 67 b 68 c 69 c 70 a
71 a 72 b 73 c 74 c 75 b 76 b 77 c 78 c 79 b 80 c
81 a 82 c 83 b 84 d 85 b 86 d 87 d 88 c 89 a 90 b
91 a 92 d 93 a 94 d 95 c 96 b 97 d 98 b 99 c 100 c

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (d) y = sec tan −1 x 7. (b) Put x = tanθ 10. (d) Put x 2 = cos 2θ,
dy 1 sec θ − 1 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos 2 θ,
⇒ = sec tan −1 x⋅ tan tan −1 x ⋅ ∴ y = tan −1  
dx 1+ x2  tan θ 
1 xy 1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin 2 θ
= y⋅x⋅ = −1  1 − cos θ  cos θ + sin θ 
1+ x2 1+ x2 = tan 
 sin θ 
 ∴ y = tan −1  
 cos θ − sin θ 
2. (b)
θ 1 1
y = tan −1  tan  = θ = tan −1 x = tan −1 tan [ π/4 + θ]
3. (d) y = m { x + ( 1 + x 2 )}m − 1 ⋅  2 2 2
1
= π/4 + θ
dy 1 1 1
⇒ = ⋅ = at x = 0 π 1
 1⋅ 2x  my dx 2 1 + x 2 2 y = + cos −1 x 2
1 + = 4 2
 2 ( 1 + x 2 )  1+ x2
8. (c) Put x = cos θ, dy 1 −1
∴ = ⋅ ⋅ 2x
∴ y 2 ( 1 + x 2 ) = m2 y 2 dx 2 ( 1 − x 4 )
1 1 + cos θ = 2 cos 2 (θ /2 )
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x
1 − cos θ = 2 sin 2 ( θ /2 ) =−
2 y y ( 1 + x 2 ) + y 2 ⋅ 2x = m 2 ⋅ 2 yy (1− x 4 )
1 2 1 1 ∴ y = sin −1 [( 1/ 2 ) (cos θ /2 + sin θ /2)]
⇒ y ( 1 + x 2 ) + xy − m 2 y = 0 cos θ 
2 1 = sin −1 sin (θ /2 + π /4) 11. (c) Put x = cosθ, y = tan −1  
 1 + sin θ 
4. (a) = θ / 2 + π /4
1 π  1 − cos θ  
5. (c) y = cos −1 x + + sin  2 tan −1  
2 4   1 + cos θ  
dy 1
6. (a) =− dy −1
dx 1 + cos 2x ∴ =  sin φ    θ
dx 2 ( 1 − x 2 ) = tan −1  −1
 + sin  2 tan tan   
1  1 + cos φ    2 
= ( −2 sin 2x )
2 (cos 2x ) π
9. (b) Put x = cos 2 θ ⇒ θ = cos −1 x [where, φ = − θ]
π 1 2
Now, put x = , cos 2x = ∴ y = sin −1 ( 1 − x ) + cos −1 ( x )
6 2 = tan −1 {tan ( φ / 2)} + sin ( 2 ⋅ θ/2)
= sin −1 ( sin 2 θ ) + cos −1 ( cos 2 θ ) = ( φ / 2) + sin θ
3
and sin 2x =
2 ⇒ y = sin −1
(sin θ) + cos −1
(cos θ) = π /4 − θ /2 + ( 1 − cos 2 θ)
∴  dy 
  π ⇒ y = θ + θ = 2θ π 1 −1
 dx  x = − cos x + ( 1 − x 2 )
=
6 ⇒ y = 2 cos −1 x 4 2
1 1 3 2 dy 2 1 dy 1 1 1
=− ⋅ ( −2 ) = ∴ =− × ∴ = + ( −2 x )
 1 + 1 1 2 3 dx 1− x 2 x dx 2 ( 1 − x 2 ) 2 ( 1 − x 2 )
  2
 2 2 dy −1
⇒ = 1 − 2x
dx x( 1 − x ) =
2 (1− x 2 )
MATHEMATICS > Measurements of Angles and Trigonometric Rations 263

x2 − y2 16. (a) On taking log both sides, we get dx

23. (b) We have,
1 dy
= 1− 2 , = 1+ 2
1
12. (d) = sin (log a ) = λ ,
x2 + y2 p log x + q log y = ( p + q ) log ( x + y ) dt t dt t
1 1 dy 2  
∴ x 2 ( 1 − λ) = y 2 ( 1 + λ) …(i) ⇒ p +q dy t + 1  2 
x y dx ∴ = 2 = 1+ 2
dy dx t − 1  t − 1
2x ( 1 − λ ) = 2 y ( 1 + λ ) …(ii)  
dx 1  dy 
= ( p + q) ⋅ 1+  d2y d  dy  dt
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get x+ y  dx  and =  ⋅
2
dx dt  dx  dx
2 2 dy p p + q  p + q q  dy
= − = −  −1 t2 −4 t 3
x y dx x x + y x + y y  dx = 2⋅ 2 2
⋅ 2t × 2 = 2
( t − 1) t − 1 ( t − 1)3
dy y py − qx py − qx dy
∴ = ⇒ = ⋅
dx x x ( x + y ) y( x + y ) dx 24. (c) We have, y = sin x + e x
dy dx
t dy y = cos x + e x ⇒ = (cos x + e x )− 1
13. (a) Given, x = a  cos t + log tan    ∴ = dx dy
  2   dx x
d 2x dx
and y = a sin t  −1  4 x 3  ⇒ 2 = − (cos x + e x )−2( − sin x + e x )
d dy dy
17. (c)  cos  − x
 t dx 27
sec 2     d 2x sin x − e x x −1
dx  2 ⇒ = . (cos x + e )
⇒ = a  − sin t + 1  4 (3 x 2 ) − dy 2 (cos x + e x )2
dt 2 tan 
t =−  1
 3 2  27  sin x − e x
 2  4x  =
dy 1−  − x
and = a cos t  27  (cos x + e x )3
dt −1
−27  4 x 2 − 1 25. (c) By given condition, φ ( x ) = f (x )
dx 1 
⇒ = a  − sin t + =   ∴ f [ φ ( x )] = x
dt  sin t  729 − ( 4x 3 − 27x )2  9 
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy = −3( 4x 2 − 9)
and = a cos t f ′ [ φ ( x )] φ′ ( x ) = 1
dt ( 4x 2 − 9)2 ( 9 − x 2 )
1
dx a cos 2 t dy −3( 4x 2 − 9) −3 or φ′ ( x ) = = 1 + [ φ ( x )]n ,
⇒ = and = a cos t = = f ′ ( φ ( x ))
dt sin t dt 2
( 4x − 9) ( 9 − x ) 2 2
(9 − x )
dy a cos t by definition of f ′ ( x ).
∴ = = tan t 18. (b) On putting x = tan θ, we have
dx cos 2 t 26. (b) y = ( 1 + x 1/4 ) ( 1 + x 1/2 ) ( 1 − x 1/4 )
a θ θ 1
sin t y = tan −1  tan  = = tan −1 x = ( 1 + x 1/ 2 ) ( 1 − x 1/ 2 ) = 1 − x
 2 2 2 dy
14. (d) x = 2 log cot t , ∴ = −1
dy 1 1 1 dx
sin 2 t + cos 2 t 2 ∴ = ⋅ = at x = 0
y= = dx 2 1 + x 2 2 dy 1
sin t cos t sin 2t 27. (b) =x⋅ ⋅ ( −2 x )
dx 2 Again, putting x = sin φ, we get dx 2 a − x2
2

= ⋅ ( − cosec 2 t )  2 sin φ cos φ  a2 1

dt cot t z = tan −1   + a2 − x 2 + ⋅
−2 −4  1 − 2 sin 2 φ  x 2 a
= = 1− 2
sin t ⋅ cos t sin 2t  sin 2φ  a
= tan −1   −x 2 a2 ⋅ a 1
dy −2 4 cos 2 t  cos 2φ  = + a −x +2 2
⋅
= ⋅ 2 cos 2t = − 2 2 2 2 a
dt sin 2 2t sin 2 2t = tan −1 (tan 2φ) = 2φ = 2 sin −1 x
a −x a −x
a2 − x 2
dy cos 2 t dz 2 = + a2 − x 2 = 2 a2 − x 2
∴ = ⇒ = = 2 at x = 0 a2 − x 2
dx sin 2t dx 1− x2
dy 28. (a) Q x = k (θ + sin θ)
⇒ sin 2 t + 1 = cos 2 t + 1 = 2 cos 2 t dy dy dz 1/ 2 1
∴ = ⋅ = = and y = k ( 1 + cos θ)
dx dx dx dx 2 4 dx dy
⇒ = k ( 1 + cos θ) and = − k sin θ
1+ x 
15. (d) Given, y = log  
19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (a) dθ dθ
 1− x  dy − k sin θ
22. (b) y = cos x + cos x + cos x +…∞ , ∴ =
y = log ( 1 + x ) − log ( 1 − x ) dx k ( 1 + cos θ)
2
dy 1 1 1  1  ∴ y= cos x + y ⇒ y = cos x + y θ θ
= . − −  −2 sin cos
dx 1 + x 2 x 1− x  2 x  On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get = 2 2 = − tan θ
dy dy 2 θ 2
1  1 1  2y = − sin x + 2 cos
= + dx dx 2
2 x  1 + x 1 − x 
dy dy π
1 1− x + 1+ x  ⇒ sin x = ( 1 − 2 y ) ⇒   = − tan = − 1
= dx  dx  θ = π 4
2 x  1− x  2
dy sin x
1 2 1 ⇒ =
= . = dx 1 − 2 y 29. (d)
2 x 1− x x(1− x ) 30. (b) g ( x ) = f ( e x ) e f (x )
264 NDA/NA Pathfinder

∴ g′ (x ) = f ′ (ex ) ⋅ ex ⋅ e f (x ) 1 dy
log y = log x 3x log 3 + 3 y log 3
x
+ f (e ) ⋅ e f (x )
⋅ f ′ (x ) x dx
dy 
On putting x = 0,
1
⋅y = ⋅ −
1 1 1
⋅ log x = 3(x + y ) log 3  1 + 
y 1 x x x2  dx 
f ( 0) = f ( 1) = 0, f ′ ( 1) = 2, we get x y dy x + y dy
1 1 − log x ⇒ 3 +3 =3 + 3(x + y )
g′ ( 0) = 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 + 0 = 2 ⇒ ⋅y = dx dx
y 1
x2 dy
31. (a) ⇒ ( −3 x + y + 3 y ) = 3 x + y − 3 x
1 − log x 
⇒ y = y   dx
32. (b) We have, y = e 2 x 1  x2  dy 3x (3 y − 1) 3x − y (3 y − 1)
⇒ = =
dy 1 − log x  dx 3 y ( 1 − 3x ) ( 1 − 3x )
⇒ = e2x ⋅ 2 ⇒ y = y   + y
dx 2 1 
x2 
d2y  2  1  39. (a) ∴ y = gof ( x ) = g { f ( x )}
⇒ = 4e 2 x x −
  x 
− ( 1 − log x )( 2x )

dx 2 = log (cos x )
 4 
1  x  dy 1
Now, log y = 2x , x =log y ∴ = ( − sin x ) = − tan x
2   dx cos x
dx 1 d 2x 1 1 dy
= , =− = − 4x =y  1 − log x  y( − x − 2x + 2x log x )
+ ⇒   = − tan 0 = 0
dy 2 y dy 2 2y2 2e 1
x2  x4  dx  x =0
d 2 y d 2x 1 = y 
1 − log x  y( 2x log x − 3x ) dy dx 1
∴ ⋅ = 4e 2 x ×  − 4 x   + 40. (b) We have, = p⇒ =
dx 2 dy 2  2e  1 
x2  x4 dx dy p
= − 2e − 2 x e1 / e ( 2 e − 3 e ) − e1 / e d 2x 1 dp 1 d  dy 
⇒ y (e) = 0 + = 3 ∴ =− 2 ⋅ =− 2 ⋅  
2
33. (c) Q y = P ( x ) …(i)
2
e4 e dy 2 p dy p dy  dx 
dy = − e (1/e ) − 3
2y = P′ (x ) …(ii) 1 d 2 y dx q
dx 36. (a) Let u = log x 5 and v = log x =− ⋅ ⋅ =− 3
5 p 2 dx 2 dy p
d2y dy
2 log e 5 log e x
and 2 y 2 + 2   = P ′ ′ ( x ) ⇒ u= and v =
41. (a) We have, x = sin t − t cos t
dx  dx  log e x log e 5
2 and y = t sin t + cos t
d2y dy On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ 2y = P ′′ ( x ) − 2   log e 5 ⇒
dx
= cos t − 1⋅ cos t + t sin t = t