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 Old Hebrew Inscriptions –El yashib Archive of Tel Arad.

Analytical & Descriptive Study.

By: Eman Ziad Altiti.

Supervisor: Dr Omar Al Goul.

Abstract:
This study aimed to analyze the archives of the Hebrew Letters that were discovered in Tel
Arad in the west –bank region of Palestine-that is named El Sahib Archive-.It also aimed at
translating its texts and commenting on them in an attempt to understand the religious,
political, and economical content of the archives in the Tel-Arad area.

The researcher had followed a descriptive and analytical approach through which a
scientific method to gather and study the historical materials was done. In order to achieve
that, the researcher used a comparative method in studying the inscriptions’ using selective
bibliographic resources specific for Semitic language; the researcher assigned a number for
every Ostraca and pointed to the primary and previous studies specific to that inscription in
accordance to the historical sequence. She also mentioned the type and measurements of
every Ostraca.A picture and drawings were also included in the study as they appeared in
previous publications. Then the researcher analyzed and translated these inscriptions to the
Arabic language and compared the vocabulary using Lisan Al-arab lexicon and the
dictionary of the North West Semitic inscriptions.

The study concluded that most of the Hebrew vocabulary of the el yashib texts had
common roots of the Arabic and Hebrew languages.

The results showed that the religious economic and political indications in Palestine
followed similar methods through the comparison of the letters of the El Yashib archives.
The letters of the archive were compared to letters uncovered in Palestine in the same time
period such as Lachish and Tell Arad texts of the same period. A schedule of the Hebrew
letters and the differences in its writing through these texts was also included.

In the light of what the researcher had concluded she recommends more follow up research
and study on the subject of the Canaanite and Aramic inscriptions in Palestine and making
these studies available in public and university libraries.

T
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?M1+ 7&1&71[ $' "!

7 & M M T $' "!

?M 0? 7 1+ H "!

I?b 07 [? ) $K "!

17& 0 ) $! "!

I?b7 7 + H $! "!

7? 0 71 [ & $' "!

& M M ? 7 ? I H!$ "!

&1171&™ 0 $ "!

(DNWSI 1995: N ! # 3 $! X# X # ,
7W 8 ` & V X# X / N $ 7(56

? ?! 0 7(Aharoni, 1981: 12) ? G H.$ ?! 0 M M

(DNWS,1995:5 VXN P X # 5 ?! 0 X X - & & & 5
$ $G0$ ! . , ?G X , % S E$ ! & X / X X
7W40 11 ` & VX , % S 0 X X X& / &- # !
X 0X &% # X X 5, & .$/ # ! [ $F 0 X X 0 $'
& #! X # E$, E$ ! & ?! 0 (DNWSI, 1995:473-4) X X#
8 ` & V XH, X X$ X# X 'X / $' $ 7XN P
7W

(DNWSI, $! 1$/ + 0 & ,& " ? K! $.!

1995: 294).

/ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 896) X&( X # &$ % ` 0 ?! 1 [

7W 8 ` & V X& # X 1$,G U $ X# X # X# X

6X &% # X& 1 &X 5, & 5 "$K F# ! &1&

X#" X N $ $ 6 7(DNWSI, 1995: 766,769) X"
¥ X - # X
7W 8 ` & V E$" P / E$" P $ #" #

7(DNWSI, 1995: 550) X X # , ?M1+

7(Achtemeier, 1996: 574) X X$0 5 H , ?! ? M 1 +

1 7(DNWSI, 1995: 455) X5 X # 5 O ?! & M M

8 ` & ) 0 , - & [ 6# + 5 X !- X# X& X
7W

M $! 1$ . ! )$ 1 K! 0 X1 X $ K $ 0 E$
(Aharoni, 1981: & $K ! & G` $ K3 50 72
713)

(Aharoni, 'J' ' 6# % & 4$, .$ " "K 0

71981: 13)

X X# X 6X &% # X 1 +X 5, & "$K # ! 1+

7W 8 ` & VX X / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 542)
 N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:1157) X?! X # 5 b" ?! ?
7W 8 8 ` & V X?! X

d ? M - & 0 $ G` ? O ?! ? . 4 0
X? X / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 263,448-450) X? X# ?M
7W 8 ` & V $G _# ) [ "& 4

X# $X# X [ X 5, & b " ?! X& X , & [?

$ [ , # L X X / N $ 7(DNWSI 1995: 831) XU.$ X
7W 8 ` & V ‘ O2 N

(DNWSI, 1995: X& "X # 5 b" ?! d 6 7 4 E$G I?b4

& V " 0 ! b6 M , T XR X X d X / N $ 1013)
7W 8 `

(DNWSI X - X # O 5 ?! & 7 O E$G & 4

` & V 4J M E ) # X) X 1 &$! 71995: 1044)
& & &! $ K! / X) X ` $ 7W:916 8
E # 3 8 ) # & 8 ? K ! 1 $ X) X ? K!
$ "$ ) V XO & M X? ) & & " " X ?G
7W K

- # X 6X &% # X X 5, & "$K # ! [ $F + 1

M # X + X 1E$, / 7(DNWSI, 1995:1076) X ¦ X
8 ` & V R § 6 ¨ ¥š ¨ ¥Z ¨ ¥Z $ $G J
7W:4281

7WAharoni, 1981: 13V $ $ $ M X X $G J

# X 6X &% # X 0 ) [X 5, & 1)[ ?J 1)[
4 6 N " ) / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 891) X X XH X
7W:1396 8 ` & V

X / 7(DNWSI, 1995: 572) X% KX # O 5 ?! ? I

7W 128 ` & V X? X # X? I

(DNWSI 1995: 9-7X %X XU X XE$ X# O H , ?! 1 & ™ 4

$ 2K & 6 O 5 $2` & 6 5 & & [ ` 1 K ! 10)
.(Kelso, 1948: O 450 ? K !3 H.$ E$ P 50 &$ (Aharoni 1981: 14)
" $G R & $" H & $2 O$© / O ! ! 0 X& ,X / 15)
7W 81992 ` & V $ $ R" $K $2F 0 %

N,

- & " & 7? ?! 5 & , TJ' ? "

¥ &( # X
7X , & 5 ?G" $G % K H & " & $ $ $ !
 5

7(Aharoni 1981: 15-16V !$!- O

$ _

(Sasson 1982: 105-111); (Mittmann 1993: 29).

$K O !

? W V $G $ ! ? W V $GF ? W V $G " $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V

$ '& & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:12) $' W V ?6 O

 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:15) $' ?! W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

&1&1[ 7 M 7 - "!

7&MM 7?M1+ $' "!

??M 01[ T $' "!

?I H "!

0 &MM7 ?I 07 ? ) $K "!

I 1 7 I? 1 ) ) $! "!

1& 7Y?I7 [7? H $! "!

7? 0 7 1 & $' "!

 / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 101) X X# O 5 ?! 1 [
7W 8 8 ` & VTD XH - X 5 X X

/ N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 263,448-450) X?$ X # O H , ?! ? ? M

7W 8 ` & V $G _# ) [ "& 4 X? X

.$ 'J' ' 6# % & 4$, .$ " "K 0

7(Aharoni, 1981: 15)

# Xe X / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 628) Xª X # ?! ?

8 ` & VJ
2 E$ $ &f E$ E G e
« 4D E e
7W

N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 384) X $ $ X# O ?! ?I

8 ` & V $2 0 $2 &$ E ! H - 1 5 & b$RG 0 X $ X /
O $ & K! $ ?G & N$ K! ` 3 & &! $ D! 7W
&$ E 50X $ &L ?, &% O X $ X X $ X
"$ d$ 0V X ‘ $ &! K / 1 $ U - 450 & X X$2 6 'J'
7 K $ W

# X )X 5, & 0 &% # "$K # ! U$ 1 )4

)X 5, & N , 3& 7(DNWSI, 1995: 772) X !
¥ X -
7W 8 ` & V X4 _ # N E X# X

7(DNWSI, 1995: 615) X ‘ _X # b" ?! I?

G X3 X / N $ (DNWSI, 1995: 55) X3X # G

7W 8 ` & V$ & "$K G
X K
¬ LX # X R X &% # X I X 5, & "$K # ! [ $F I 1
KL $2 6 #F X K
¬ -X # X KQX / N $ (DNWSI, 1995: 38)
7W 8 8 ` & V? F KL

.(DNWSI, 1995: 68-9) X& X# " O ? $.! ?

/ N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 382) X KX # O ?! Y ? I

& U N 3b !# ? U$ d$ 1 1$ & U XU X
7W 8 ` & VU$ M

7(DNWSI, 1995: 769) 7X?G X # .$/ F ? 0 , ?J ?4

$ %K & _ .$ 'J' ?$ - 5 & & ,? "

¥ &( # X
7X?G N" K & 7 KL 3 –2 _ ?0 F 5 & $ $
 B 5

7(Aharoni 1981: 17-18) !$!- O

$K O !

? W V $G $ ! ? W V $GF ? W V $G " & $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V

& $ K , $K & "! # & !

H & & 7$G $ $G "6 1 K ! 4 ! - & 1$
72 "!

O ! N, O

(Aharoni, 1981:17) N, T $' W V ?6 O

 O ! G`

(Aharoni, 1981:17) G` T $' W V ?6 O

 O ! N, ?!

(Renz, 1995:xlii) N, T $' W V ?6 ?!

 O ! G`

(Renz, 1995:xlii) G` T $' W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

O ! N,

71[ 7 M 7 - "!

7® &MM 07&?7&1 $' "!

[7 0M&&I7+ Y T $' "!

Y ? 7 ? ž[ [ H "!

1 Y 7? ? I 7 ? ) $K "!

7bY 7?1 ) $! "!

0 7?"I 07 ) H $! "!

1 žI b ž ž? žI & $' "!

O ! G`

ž? ž+ Ÿ H!$ "!
 [ ]M $ "!

[ ] M$ "!

[ ] 0 7 ? ž? ž $' "!

[ ] T $' "!

?[ ] H "!

X 6X &% # X& 1 &X 5, & 5 "$K F# ! &1

7(DNWSI, 1995: 767) X"
¥ X#

(DNWSI, 1995: 649) X& X# , &?

5 "$K F 5 .$/ # ! U
\ $ + Y
$ , 3 (DNWSI, 1995: 965) X+
¨ ¨ X# X ¯ X &% # XM YX 5, &
7 / $G $

? ! G & ?!3 (Aharoni, 1981:18) ? G H.$ ?! 0 4M&&I

N $ X&
¯ X# .$/ # ! U$ & & !6 & & 5 ?
8 ` & VX " X X X# &$ X? X# X&$¬ X /
# E$ ! & 0 X4 G &
¯ X# X4 G X N P ?!3 $ K X GX W
7(Fowler, 1988: 345) XN P &
R X XN P 0 ? X

7(DNWSI, 1995: 847) X# X # , [

7(Aharoni, 1981:18) ?! T D ? ?! [
7XH X , N $ (DNWSI, 1995: 867-8) XH X # , ?[

X &X 5 , & (DNWSI, 1995: 696) X ZX# O ?! $

.! $0L! +5 7$G6$! $0 ,% L«! $0D! P 6$ # L! /
7$G6$! $0 ,%

7(DNWSI, 1995:970) X1$ & ™ %X # O ?! ?Y

7(DNWSI, 1995:383) X X# 5 b" H , ?! ?

&% # X YX 5, & 5 "$K # ! U$ 1 Y

$ G $ $ $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:976) X X - # X 6X
& # [$ ,P ? & &! $ & U D! ' $ 1 $6 /
XO X # T & 15 0 XNš" X M XE R X# K! X X
" ?' 1$ &D [ K $G HF 1$ $ & O "6 0
7 K $ ( - & ) V X¯ R R X $G

(DNWSI, X? G X # & .$ / F XH X # , 1 ?1
71995:131)

$G $ $ , 3 7(DNWSI, 1995: 186) X& , X # b" ?! b Y

7 /

X# X X X# X 6 X &% # X °!X 5, & $.! )

? 0 XO ^ !
¨X 6 $ # X !
¥X / $G $ 7(DNWSI 1995:186)
X X# X $ X# K- # &F $ 50 # $ - & &5 .J
7W 8 ` & V N! 16

/ N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995 :363) X " X # b" H , ?! ? " I

7W 8 ` & V ±" $G , R 0 X" X
X 6X &% # XI b X 5, & 5 "$K # ! U$ 1Ib
& XNŸ ¨ ¥ ^X / 6N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:581-2) X5KX - #
7W 8 ` & V N 5K M

# X+ X / $G $ $ "$K F X X , ž+ Ÿ
7W 8 ` & V X$G 6 +! / X# X+ 05 X $ +!

7$ 0 ! & J & & 50 ] ! N b ? "! 6$ # 7M [ ]M

'J' []

7WAharoni, 1981:18V & P $G 5 H , ?! ?

H H! . # $05 $ 4 G & + 7 , TJ' 5 & "

¥ &( # X
5K %K d R ?G &, ¯ & &, %

777+

777& P
 H

7(Aharoni, 1981: 19) !$!- O

$K O !

$ G " & E$F 1$ # M O # .$ $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni, 1981:181V ? W4-5V $G $ ! ? W V $GF ? W104V

TJ ' & & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:19) H W V ?6 O
 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:15) H W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

?M1+ &1 M - "!

&I ?1I &? $' "!

?4 &1 & M M T $' "!

 / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:1163) X1 %X # b" 5 ?! & ?
7W 8 ` & V X& ! X

X? K X # X 6X &% # X? 1 IX 5, & "$K # ! ?1I

# b ! $6 XH "X # X? KX / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 413)
` & VE N K 3 & b$' !3 E # "/ 0 / XH "X X? KX
7W 8

0 ?GF $ $G & ' $ K &I

& F X 6X &% # XI X 5, & "$K # !

7(DNWSI 1995: 1137-8) X$ ! X#

# XI X 5, & "$K # ! 0W $0 ?G V K( ?GF $6

&$! 7WAharoni, 1981: 19V XN ! X # .$/ F X 6X &%
8 ` & V XN $ ' 4 ! b " [$"6 N ™ K 5 &J d X # d© 1
7W

7X?G $ G" 5 & & , $G ! $G K 1 % & O , ? "

¥ # X
 ;

7(Aharoni 1981: 20) !$!- O

$K O !

? W V $GF ? W V $G " E$F $G $" $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V ? W V $G $ !

! K& & , $K d"! # & !

72 "!
 O

(Aharoni, 1981:20) ) $K W V ?6 O
 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:20) ) $K W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

[ 7 M - "!

+1 ?7I 71 $' "!

7I?b 0 [ ? T $' "!

7 [ & ] [ ] 0 H "!
 ?b[ ] ) $K "!

7?I [1 [ I] ) $! "!

1 [? M] 1 [+] H $! "!

œ ] & $' "!

0œM•& œ • H!$ "!

M7 [ ] $ "!

[? 01 + œI • M$ "!

M7? " 7 œ • $' "!

? 7 I 0 [ T $' "!

0 [ 0 [ ] 1M H "!

?œ •Iœ • ) $K "!

F XH X# , 1 7N 1 5Z 6 X& X , ? +1 ?
7(DNWSI 1995: 131-2) X+ $ X# "$K

# 5 ?! X& X - & & & 5 ? ?! 0œM•&

(DNWSI 4 G N P ?!3 $ K X 0 MX $' .(DNWSI 1995:170-1)X& X
7 ' E$ ! & 0 71995: 1146-49)

7(DNWSI, 1995:128) XM5 X # ?!

(DNWSI, X FX # X ) [ ?X - & b" ?! œ )• [ ? 0
O O & E%, # X X / N $ 71995: 673)
7W:56848 ` & VTD O

7(DNWSI, 1995: 430) X 6X # &$ % ` ? "

# X 6X &% # X [X 5, & .$/ F# ! [ $F [M

$ 0 ! X# X X / N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 821-2) X X
7W 4 8 ` & V X& $! X M X ! $ X 6 X$G M 2

(DNWSI, X G X# b" 5 ?! I7 O E$G I4

8 ` & V X? U X# XT X / N $ 71995: 350-1)
7W

/ $G $ 7(DNWSI, 1995: 481) X X# $F 5 ?! 1M

& V E$ - H$ H$ # & H $ # X X
7W 8:2755 8 `

7(DNWSI, 1995: 820-21) X X# b" TD ?! 0 [

H & " 77777M5 - & " & + Y$K E%, & ! # X

& G & 6 ?G F & W—V ! M5 777777W4 G V 77777& %K
7 X7777777777 7777777777
 7(Aharoni 1981: 20) !$!- O

$K O !

$G F ? W V $G " E$F $" # M $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V ? W V $G $ ! ? W V

$ & & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:21) ) $! W V ?6 O
 ?!

WRenz, 1995: xlii) ) $! W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

7 M - "!

ž+ Ÿ1 ž? 7 I $' "!

ž ²0 žM % I M T $' "!

œ?• I H "!

&? 0 ) $K "!
 ) $! "!

[ ] H $! "!

? œ • & $' "!

0 X% X - & & &¯ 5 ? ?! G% ?!3 ž ž0 žM % I M

$G $ WFowler 1990: 344V X ` X # 0 % I 5, & 6 &% # [ $F
? , ` N- E% ? , ` M5 $ X&G X # X% X /
$ K X 0$ X 0 $' W 8 ` & V $ $ 4 N ` $G $
7X4 G ` & #! X# E$, E$ ! & 0 X4 G X N P ?!3

& _ .$ 'J' 0$ % # + Y$ K E%, & ! &( # X

7X1 % 7777777 % K
 H

WAharoni, 1981: 22V !$!- O

$K O !

W V $GF ? W V $G " E$F $" # M $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni, 1981: 181V ? W V $G $ ! ?

$ '& & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:22) H $! W V ?6 O
 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:22) H $! W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

[ 7 M - "!

7? M 1 + 7& 1 & 71 $' "!

I ® M [ T $' "!

0 0 [7 H "!

/// ³ I ) $K "!

7+M& 01 1 + ) $! "!
 [ 7 I ?M& H $! "!

I &? M & $' "!

/ N $ (DNWSI, 1995: 673) XO X# !$! M )[

7W 8 ` & V7 O

7(DNWSI, 1995: 826) X# X X $/ X # &$ % ` [

7(DNWSI, 1995: 1196) G & ) $! 0 X !X # d 0

7W 8 ` & V X !X $G $

X+ $ X # "$K F &$ % ` X+ M & X , ?3 + M &

7 (DNWSI, 1995: 919)

/ N $ .(DNWSI, 1995:1177 X $' X # ?M&

7W 8 ` & V X&$ ' X

$ G & ) $! # G & $ G ? " &( # X

7X777 1 % 7 $ G & $' 6+$ , TJ' $
 ) 5

7(Aharoni, 1981:23) !$!- O

$K O !

$G F ? W V $G " E$F $" # M b $_ $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni, 1981: 181V ? W -6V $G $ ! ? W V

H! & & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:23) & $' W V ?6 O

 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:23) & $' W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

& 1 & 71 [ 7 M - "!

07&?7?b ? [M ] 1 + $' "!

0 [7 I [ 0 T $' "!

I [7 0&? H "!

/// & M M [ ] ) $K "!

 [ ] ) $! "!

[ ] 1&[ ] H $! "!

[ ] 7M & $' "!

& [ ] H!$ "!

N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:1155) X T $' X # 0 0

W 8 8 ` & V 5 & XT $' X /

/ N $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:1196) X & $' X # 0&? 0

7W 8 ` & V & X& $' X

G & T $' & & " & $ $ $ ? " &( # X

X77777M5 7777775 & , TJ' & $' #
 H

7(Aharoni, 1981: 24) !$!- O

$K O !

$G F ? W V $G " E$F $" # M b $_ $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V ? W V $G $ ! ? W V

TJ ' & & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:24) H!$ W V ?6 O

 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:24) H!$ W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

œ1 [ • ž œM M • - "!

œ+• 1 ? œI • $' "!

œ I • œ& M M• T $' "!

Xœ G & • 777 ,H 25 • +œ & ! • œ&( • œ # •X

 7(Aharoni 1981: 24) !$!- O

$K O !

$G F ? W V $G " E$F $" # M b $_ $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V ? W 8 V $G $ ! ? W V

! K& & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:24) $ W V ?6 O
 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:24) $ W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

71 [ 7 œM • - "!

& M M 7 ? M œ1 + & 1 &• $' "!

&? 7 ? M 1 ? œI T $' "!

œI • 0M [ & 7 ? Ÿ1 œI• H "!

?M1+œ 0M M • ) $K "!
X .$ X / $G $ (DNWSI, 1995: 586) X&$ . X # ? M 1 µ ?´
7W 8 ` & V& . 1$. H ,

$G $ (DNWSI, 1995: 170-1) X& X # 5 ?! & , ?J &

7W 8 ` & VX , & X# X& X /

?! X X - & & &¯ 5 ? ?! X 0$ X ?!3 0M [

d X4 G X N P ?!3 $ K X GX 0 $' WDNWSI, 1995: 820-21V ? $K #
7WFowler, 1990: 353V X G ? $KX #

1 % & O , & . %‘ K 5 & O ,? œ " • &( •œ # •X

7X 0$ ¨ &3 œ K•

I "

7(Aharoni 1981: 25V !$!- O

$K O !

W 8 V $G $ ! ? W V $GF ? W V $G " b $_ $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V ?
! K& & , $K d"! # & !
7 "!

(Aharoni, 1981:25) M$ W V ?6 O
 ?!

(Aharoni, 1981:25) M$ W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

M 7 - "!

?1+ &1&1[ $' "!

&MM T $' "!

H "!

0 M ? I [&] ? ) $K "!
XM¢% X# 5 ?! X? X - & & & ? ?! 4 M ? Iœ •
X4 G %R Z X # 4 G N P ?!3 $ K 0 X 0$ X 0 $' (Fowler 1990: 351)
7 E$ ! &

7X 0$ ? œ • & 777777 77777775 & & ,? " &( # X

7(Aharoni 1981: 26) !$!- O

$K O !

$G F ? W V $G " E$F $" # M $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni, 1981: 181V ? W 8 V $G $ ! ? W V

!& & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!
 O

(Aharoni, 1981:26) $' W V ?6 O

?!

(Aharoni, 1981:26) $' W V ?6 ?!

 OE 6

ž ž& ? Ÿ œI• b 7 œM • - "!

œ? 1 ] 7&1 I?b œ 0 M ?• $' "!

•Y 7 0 0? & [ ž) [ b • T $' "!

•M Y [ ] [ ] H "!

&1 [ ] ) ) $K "!

M [ ]ž 7?I 0 1 ) $! "!

75KX # Ib & - œI• b

?$!6 TJ' & & ?!3 & [ œ) b

(Edelman, & P ). NP Z N ?! 0 5 ? ?! ) b
71995: 123)

# X 6X &% # X 0 & [X 5, & X $, ! X X $, X # U$ &[

7(DNWSI, 1995:874) ,

7X 3X $ X$ X & F $ K ?J

7 E$ ! & ?! G X$ $, ! ) 6X ?!3 # &

 / $G $ 7(DNWSI, 1995:826) X ! X# 0 0?
8 ` & VX b5$ X X 0$ X E b5 O $G 0 X GX
7W

)œ • œ$ G • " & " & œ& !$ • 1 % & O , œ5 • K œ # •X

X777 % K 777 !

B 5

7(Aharoni 1981: 27) !$!- O

$K O !

W47V $GF ? W80V $G " E$F 1$ # M $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni 1981: 181V ? W V $G $ ! ?

7 "! ! K & & & !

 O

(Aharoni, 1981:27) T $' W V ?6

(Aharoni, 1981:27) T $' W V ?6 ?!

OE 6

1 ž? [ ] - "!

0 % 0 7 & ž? œ 01 1I • $' "!

+?1I œ? 1 I • T $' "!

I H "!

17 0 œM777 • ) $K "!
&% # XI X 5, & "$K # ! - # [ $F œI • 1
7(DNWSI, 1995: 1137-8) X ! X # X 6X

& V X 5X / N $ X 50X # 4 $ ?! 0% O E$G 0% 0

7W 8 `

X777 G œ 777 • N! + K œ? K • 50 1 % œ !• X

7(Aharoni, 1981: 27) !$!- O

$K O !

$GF ? W V $G " E$F 1$ # M $G $K O , &

7(Aharoni, 1981: 181V ? W V $G $ ! ? W V

TJ ' & & , $K d"! # & !

7 "!
 O

(Aharoni, 1981:28) H W V ?6 O

?!
 (Aharoni, 1981:28) H W V ?6 ?!

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