1.

LAWS OF MOTION

Q. 1. Fill in the blanks.

1) In case of uniform motion, an object covers equal distance in equal interval of time.

2) Negative acceleration is also called deceleration

3) The first kinematical equation gives relation between …velocity and time.

4) For all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity – time graph is a straight line

5) S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

6) When body is at rest, at the staring of motion, its initial velocity (u) is zero

7) When a body is moving along a regular octagonal path, the body has to change its
direction of motion 8 times.

8) Deceleration is opposite to direction of velocity.

9) The distance covered by a body in unit time is called speed

10) Slope of distance – time graph gives acceleration in case of uniform motion.

11) The direction of velocity of an object performing uniform circular motion along the
…………..

Direction of its position.

12) In SI system newton or Kg. m/s2 is unit of force.

13) Force is a Vector quantity.

14) Balanced force does not change the state of rest or of motion of an object.

15) The acceleration produced when a force of 1000 N acts on a body of mass 500 kg is
2 m/s2
16) Gallileo Was first to measure speed by relating distance and time.

Answers :

Q.2 Write the following statements are true or false.

1) The distance and displacement are equal only if motion is along a straight
path. – True 2) A body can have constant velocity and still have varying speed. -
False 3) The velocity of a body is given by the distance
covered by it in unit time in a given direction.True 4) C.G.S. unit of speed is m/s. -
False 5) Average speed
of a moving body can be zero. - False 6)
Circular motion is an example of accelerated motion. - True
7) Earth moves around the sun with uniform velocity. - False
8) Uniform acceleration means that the body is moving with uniform
velocity. - False 9) A freely falling body has uniform acceleration. -
True 10) A train pulling out of a station is in
uniform speed. - False 11) If a bus in motion is
suddenly stopped, the passengers fall backward. - False 12) An
isolated force does not exist. - True
 Q.3 Define the following:
1) Motion : A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect
to its surrounding. 2) Speed : The distance covered by a body in unit time is called
speed. Speed = 3) Velocity : The displacement that occurs
in unit time is called velocity. Velocity =
4) Acceleration :
( ) : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration
Acceleration (a) = . Acceleration is a vector quantity.
5) 1 Newton : The force which causes a mass of 1 kg to move with an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 is called 1 Newton force.
6) 1 Dyne : The force which causes a mass
of 1 gm to move with an acceleration of 1 cm/s2 is called 1 Dyne force.
7) Momentum (P) :
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P=
m v. Momentum is a vector quantity.

Q.4 Answer the following in one sentence.

1) Under what conditions can a body travel a certain distance and yet its
resultant displacement be zero?
Ans: If the starting point of a body and its
finishing point is same then the body travels a certain dis distance but its
displacement is zero. 2)
Define speed. State its S.I. unit and C.G.S. unit.
Ans: The distance covered by a body in unit time is called speed.
3) Give example for uniform speed.
Ans: The movement of the earth about its axis and the movement of
watch hands are example of uniform speed.
4) When do you say that a body is in uniform
motion? Ans: When the velocity of a body
changes by an equal amount in equal intervals of time, then the body is in
uniform motion.
5) Write the formula of the speed of a body ( magnitude of velocity ) moving along
circular path. Ans: u = circumference / time, where r = radius of the circular
path; t = time taken for one round of circular path.
6) What is meant by uniform circular
motion? Ans: When a body moves in a
circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
7) Name the type of motion in which a body has constant speed but not constant
velocity. Ans: In uniform circular motion, a body has constant speed but not
constant velocity. 8) What does the slope of a velocity – time graph
indicate ? Ans: The slope of a velocity – time graph
indicates acceleration. 9) What will happen if the
force is removed completely when an object acquires a certain speed?Ans: If the
force is removed completely when an object acquires a certain speed, the object will
move continuously with constant speed.
10) State two factors which determine the momentum of a body.
Ans: Two factors which determine the momentum of a body are mass and
velocity.
 Q.4A- State M.K.S and C.G.S units of following quantities.
1) Momentum 2) Velocity 3) Acceleration 4) Force

Q.5 Give scientific reasons:

1) When an objects falls freely to the ground, its acceleration is uniform.
Ans: 1. A body has a uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight line and its
velocity increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
2. When the body falls in downward direction, it
moves in a straight line and the velocity changes at uniform rate. Hence,
when a body falls freely on the ground the motion is having an uniform
acceleration.
2) It is easier to stop a tennis ball as compared to a cricket ball, when both are
travelling with the same velocity.
Ans: 1. The mass of the tennis ball is less than that of
the cricket ball. 2. Thus, momentum (p = mv) is
greater for cricket ball since the velocity is same. Hence, it is easier to stop a
tennis ball than a cricket ball. 3) A fruit
falls down from a tree when the branch is shaken.
Ans: 1. The fruit falls due to inertia of rest.
2. When the tree is shaken, the branches move in one direction but the fruits
tend to remain at their previous positions due to inertia of rest.
3. This causes break at the point where fruits are in contact
with the branches and fruits fall down.
4) A bullet shot from a gun goes well
inside a wooden block but a bullet thrown by hand does not. shot Ans: 1. A
bullet shot from a gun moves with a large speed and rotates as it moves ahead.
2. Due to this combined motion, the bullet exerts large force and penetrates the wooden
block 3. When bullet is thrown with hand, the speed acquired by bullet is
very less to exert force on the wooden block and penetrate it. Thus, bullet
shot from a gun goes well inside a wooden block.
5) When we travel by bus we experience
a backward jerk when the bus starts moving from its position of rest.
Ans: 1. When we travel by a bus and
the bus starts moving suddenly from a rest position, we get a backward jerk
because when bus is at rest, our body is also at rest inside the bus.
2. As the bus is put in motion, the portion of our body which is in contact with the
bus acquires velocity.
3. But the upper part of the body tries to remain in the state of rest and
so we fall back. 6) While playing tug-of-war, (a) the center of the
rope becomes static (b) any one team wins the game.
1. While playing tug-of-war, so long
as the forces applied by both the sides are equal, i.e. Balanced, the
center of the rope is static in spite of the applied forces.
2. On the other hand, when the applied forces become unequal, i.e. unbalanced, a net
force gets applied in the direction of the greater force and the center of the rope
shifts in that direction.
7) Even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction
force are equal and their directions are opposite, their effects do not get
cancelled. Ans: 1. When two equal
and opposite forces act on the same body then the forces cancel each other
2. However, in case of forces of action and reaction, both the forces act on two different
object 8) The velocity of an object at rest is considered to be uniform.
Ans: 1. A body is said to be in a state of uniform motion if it
moves with a constant speed. 2. Object at rest has constant speed and is
equal to zero m / s. Hence, an object at rest can be considered to have
uniform motion.

Q.6 Write mechanism of firing of a rocket.

Ans: 1. Newton’s third law states that to every action force has an equal and
opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously.
2. When the fuel in the rocket is ignited, it burns as a
result of chemical reaction. The exhaust gases escape with force through a
small opening at the tail end of rocket. 3. This exhaust
gas exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the rocket. It is this
reaction force which makes the rocket move in forward direction.
Q.7 Distinguish between:
1. Distance and Displacement

Distance
1. Distance is the total length path
covered by body
2. Distance is scalar quantity
3. Distance travelled is always
positive
Displacement
Displacement is the shortest distance
between the initial and final points of
movement.
Displacement is vector quantity
Displacement may be positive, negative
or zero.

Distance
Displacement

2. Speed and Velocity

Speed Velocity
1. Speed is the distance travelled by a Velocity is the distance travelled by the
body in unit time. body in a given direction in unit time.
2. Speed is a scalar quantity. Velocity is a vector quantity.
3. Speed = Velocity =

4 It is always positive or zero but never It may be positive, zero or negative.

negative.
3. Uniform motion and non uniform motion

Uniform motion Non uniform motion

1. A body is said to have uniform
motion if it covers equal distances in
equal intervals of time.
2. The distance – time graph for
uniform motion is a straight line.
E.g. : Soldiers marching in a parade.
A body is said to have non uniform
motion if it covers unequal distance in
equal intervals of time.
The distance – time graph for a non-
uniform motion is a curved line.
E. g. : Motion of vehicles in a crowded
street.

3. Balanced and Unbalanced force

 Balanced forces
1. When two equal forces exert the
force opposite to each other they
are called as balanced forces
2. The net force acting on the body is
zero.
3. Balanced forces can’t do any
movement or work.
5 Force and Momentum
Unbalanced forces
When two unequal forces exert the
force opposite to each other they are
called as unbalanced forces .
The net force acting on the body is
always non-zero.
Unbalanced forces can do any
movement or work..

Force
1. It is given by the product of mass and
acceleration of an object.
2. It is measured in units newton (N) or
dyne.
Momentum
It is given by the product of mass and
velocity of an object.
It is measured units in kg m/s or g
cm/s.

Q.5 Complete the given chart/table.

1. Complete the following table.
U (m/s) a (m/s2) t (sec) V =u+at (m/s)
i 2 4 3 -
Ii - 5 2 20

i U (m/s) A (m/s2) T (sec) S=ut+1/2 at 2

(m)
ii 5 12 3 -
iii 7 - 4 92

U (m/s) A (m/s2) S (m)

v. 4 3 - 82
vi. - 5 8.4 102

Q.6 Derive first kinematical equations graphically. or

Q.6 Derive Equation describing the relation between velocity and time by
graphical method.
+ Ans. Equation describing the relation between velocity and time :
The object starts from the point D in the graph with velocity. Its velocity keeps
increasing and after time, it reaches the point B on the graph.
initial velocity of object = = OD =AE

The final velocity of the object = = OC

Time = = OE and CD = AB =
Acceleration ( ) = Slope of seg BD

Acceleration (a) =

Acceleration (a) =

=
=
= CD ……………… ( OC –
OD = CD ) and = CD ) ……….. 1
Draw a line parallel to Y axis passing through B. This will cross the X axis in E. Draw a
line parallel to X-axis passing through D. This will cross the line BE at A.
From the graph……… BE = AE + AB
= OD + CD ……….. (AB = CD and AE = OD -------opp. Sides of rectangle )
v= + ………….. from (1 )
v= + This is the first equation of
motion.

Q.7 Equation describing the relation between displacement and time.

Or Derive second kinematical equations graphically.
Ans: Let us suppose that an object in uniform acceleration ‘a’ and it has covered the
distance ‘S’ within time ‘t’. From the graph in figure the distance covered by the object
during time ‘t’ is given by the area of quadrangle DOEB.

S = Area of quadrangle DOEB = Area (rectangle DOEA) + Area of triangle (DAB)

S = (length × breadth) + ( ½ [ base ×

height] )

S = (AE x OE) + ( ½ [ AB × DA] )

But, AE = OE = , (OE = DA = ) and AB =

…. ( AB = CD)
s = u + ½ at x t
2

This is the second equation of motion

Q.8 Derive third kinematical equations graphically or

derive the equation describing the relation between displacement and velocity.

Ans - We have seen that from the graph in figure we can determine the distance
covered
by the object in time t from the area of the quadrangle DOEB. DOEB is a
trapezium. So
we can use the formula for its area.
s = area of trapezium DOEB
s = ½ × sum of lengths of parallel
sides × height of trapezium
s = ½ (OD + BE ) × OE
But, OD = , BE = and OE =

=½×( + )× ------ (i)

But, =

= ------ (ii)
 =½×( + )× - from (i) and (ii)

=½×( + )×( + )
= ( + )×( + )
= 2– 2
2 = 2
2 = 2

This is the third equation of motion

Q.8 Derive the equation of Force ( F= ma )

Ans - Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = m v.
Momentum is a vector quantity.
‘The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the
change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.’

Suppose an object of mass m has an initial velocity u. When a force F is applied in

the direction of its velocity for time t, its velocity becomes v.
The initial momentum of the object = mu,
Its final momentum after time t = mv

Rate of change of momentum =

Rate of change of momentum =
Rate of change of momentum =
According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the applied force.
Rate of change of momentum =

Q.8 State the following laws.

1) Newton’s first law of motion 2) Newton’s second law of motion 3)

Newton’s third law of motion 4) Law of conservation of motion.

NUMERICALS

1) Calculate the force needed to increase the velocity of a car if acceleration of car
is 2, and the mass of the car is 1000 kg.

Solution: Acceleration (a) = 5m/s2 and Mass (m) = 1000 kg, Force (F) =?
We know that,
F = 1000 kg x 5m/s2
F = 5000 kg m/s2
, required Force = 5000 Kg m/s2 or 5000 N

2) If a car is moving with uniform acceleration at 6 m/s2 from rest, how long will it
take to cover the distance 300 m?
Acceleration (a) = 6 m/s2,Initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s Displacement (S) =300 m
and time = ?

According to second equation of motion

 2

Car will take 10 sec to cover distance 300 m.

3) Bus is moving with uniform velocity of 10 m/s, Driver quickly applies brakes to
a complete stop, with an retardation of 2m/s2. What is the displacement of car
after applying brakes ?
Ans : final velocity, v = 0 m/s, initial velocity u = 10 m/s, acceleration, a = -
2m/s2. Displacement = S = ?
2 = 2

0 = 2

0 =

=
=
2

The total displacement is 25 m.

4) A car starting from rest acquires a velocity 180 m/s in 2 minutes. Find the
acceleration.
5) A body starts with an initial velocity of 10 m/s and acceleration 5 m/s2.. Find
the distance covered in 10 seconds.

5. Acids, Bases and Salts

Q.1 Fill in blanks and rewrite the complete statements.

1) pH scale helps in measuring ………… ion concentration of the solution.

a) Hydrogen b) hydroxyl c) oxygen d) nitrogen

2) When the pH value is between 0 to 7, the solution is ……………

a) acidic b) basic c) neutral d) alkaline

3) A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH likely to be ……………..

a) 1 b) 4 c) 5 d) 10

4) …………….. is rock salt.

a) sodium carbonate b) Impure sodium chloride
c) Pure sodium chloride d) Calcium carbonate

5) During electrolysis of NaCI solution …………… is liberated at anode.

a) sodium b) chlorine c) hydrogen d) oxygen
 6) Sodium bicarbonate is known as ……………
a) sodium b) baking soda c) hydrogen d) rock salt

7) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is …………..

a) baking soda b) washing soda c) common salt d) bleaching powder

8) Chemical formula of washing soda is ………….

a) NaHCO3 b) CaOCI2 c) NaCI d) Na2CO3.10H2O

9) Sodium carbonate has …………… molecules of water of crystallization.

a) 10 b) 7 c) 5 d) 2

10) Chemical formula for bleaching powder is …………..

a) CaO b) CaOCI2 c) CaSO4.H2O d) CuCI2

Q. 2 Fill in blanks.

1) Phenolphthalein is synthetic type of indicator.

2) The strength of basic substance is represented by pOH.

3) pH scale ranges from zero to 14.

4) Acides and bases neutralize each other to form salt and water.

5) 10% NaCI is known as brine.

6) Acids turns blue litmus red.

7) Litmus paper is obtained from Lichen plant.

8) pH stands for Power of hydrogen.

9) When the pH value is 7, the solution is neutral.

10) The bases that dissolve in water is known as alkali.

11) NaHCO3 is alkaline in nature.

12) Substances do not show their acidic properties without water.

Q. 3 Match the following.

Group A Group B
1. Litmus a) Universal indicator
2. Phenolphthalein b) Natural indicator
3. Onion c) Synthetic indicator
4. pH Scale d) Olfactory indicator
(1–b), (2–c), (3–d), (4–a)

Group A Group B
1. Sodium chloride b) Lime stone
2. Calcium oxychloride b) Washing soda
3. Sodium carbonate c) Baking soda
4. Sodium bicarbonate d ) Bleaching powder
e) Rock salt
Q. 4 Find the odd one out.
1. Chloride, nitrate, hydroxide, ammonium.
Ans : Ammonium.

2. Hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, ammonia

Ans : Hydrogen chloride.

3. Acetic acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid.

Ans : Carbonic acid.

4. Ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate

Ans : Ammonium chloride.

5. Sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride.

Ans : Sodium carbonate.

6. Calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium oxide.

Ans : Zinc oxide.

7. Crystalline blue vitriol, crystalline common salt, crystalline ferrous sulphate

Ans : Crystalline common salt.

8. Sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide, acetic acid, sodium acetate

Ans : Acetic acid.

9. Turmeric, Beetroot, Litmus, Methyl orange

Ans : Methyl orange.

10. Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange, Vanilla, Eosin.

Ans : Vanilla.

11. HCI, HNO3, CH3COOH, H2SO4

Ans : CH3COOH.

12. Potassium hydroxide, Hydrochloric acid, Calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide

Ans : Hydrochloric acid.

13. Tamarind, Soap, Lemon, Vinegar.

Ans : Soap.

14. NaOH, Mg (OH)2 NH4OH, Ca(OH)2

Ans : NaOH.

Q. 5 : Complete the analogy.

1. Acide : Sour to taste :: Bases : Bitter to taste

2. pH value of pure water : 7 :: pH value of concentrated sodium hydroxide : 14

3. Eosin : Synthetic indicator :: Extract of beet root : Natural indicator

4. In aquenous medium, acids : Generate H+ ions :: In aqueous medium,

bases : Generate OH – ions

 5. During electrolysis of NaCI, chlorine gas : liberated at anode :: During
electrolysis of NaCI, Sodium : deposited at cathode

6. pH value 14 : strong base : pH value 6 : weak acid

7. pH value 10 : weak base :: pH value 1 : strong acid.

Q. 6. Write whether the follwing statements are true or false.

1. Methyl orange gives yellow colour in NH4OH solution. - True.

2. A solution having a high concertration of hydrogen ions has low pH value. –

True.

3. Sodium chloride in fused state conducts electricity. - True.

4. Sodium chloride is acidic in nature. - False.

5. All the bases dissolve in water. - False.

6. Acids have corrosive nature. - True.

Q. 6 : Define the following.

1. Indicators : The acidic and basic nature of the compounds van be indicated by
some natural as well as chemical substances. They are called indicators.

2. Strong acid : On dissolving in water, a strong acid dissociates almost

completely and the resulting aqueous solution contains mainly H+ ions and the
concerned acidic radical.

3. Weak acid : On dissolving in water a weak acid does not dissociate completely,
and the resulting aqueous solution contains H+ ion and the concerned acidic
radical in small proportion along with large proportion of the undissociated
molecules of the acid.

- 4. Strong base : On dissolving in water, a strong base dissociates almost

completely and the resulting aqueous solution contains mainly OH – ions and the
concerned basic radicals.

5. Weak base : On dissolving in water a weak base does not dissociate completely,
and the resulting aqueous solution contains a small proportion of OH- ions and
the concerned basic radical along with a large proportion of dissociated molecules
of the base.

6. Neutralization reaction : The reaction between acid and base to form salt and
water is termed as neutralization.

7. Ionization : When compounds with ionic bonds dissolve in water they split it
into ions. This process is known as ionization.

8. Alkali : The bases which are highly soluble in water are called alkali.

Q. 7 : Classify the following oxides into three types and name the types.
 1. CaO, MgO, CO2, SO3, Na2O, ZnO, AI2O3, Fe2O3
Ans: Oxides are classify under three types they are Acidic oxides,
basic oxides and Amphoteric oxides.

Acidic oxides Basic oxides Amphoteric oxides

CO2 CaO AI2O3, ZnO
SO3 MgO
Na2O
Fe2O3

2. Classify the acids according to their basicity and give one example of each
type. Ans: According to their basicity, acids are of three types.
1. Monobasic acids : e. g. : HCI, HNO3
2. Dibasic acids : e. g. H2SO4, H2CO3
3. Tribasic acids : e. g. H3PO4, H3BO3

3. Classify aqueous solutions of following substances according to their pH

into three groups: 7, more than 7, less than 7.
Common salt, sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide,
potassium bromide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, vinegar, sodium
carbonate, ammonia, sulphur dioxide.

Ans: Less than 7 (acidic) : Vinegar, sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid,

ammonium chloride, sulphurdioxide
7 (neutral): common salt, potassium bromide, carbon dioxide
More than 7 (basic) : calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate.

Q. 8. Answer the following in one sentence :

1. What colour do the following indicators turn when added to sodium
hydroxide solution? A) Litmus solution b) Methyl orange c)
Phenolphthalein Ans: a) Litmus solution turns blue in sodium hydroxide solution.
B) Methyl orange turns yellow in sodium hydroxide
solution. C) Phenolphthalein turns pink in
sodium hydroxide solution.

2. Three solutions A, B and C have pH values of 6, 4 and 10 respectively.

Which of the solutions is highly acidic ? why ?
Ans: solution B is highly acidic because its pH
value is 4. Whenever, a solution has a pH of less than 7, it will be an acidic
solution. Strongly acidic sub stance have a low pH value.

3. The pH of a cold drink is 5, what will be its action on blue and red
litmus solutions? Ans: Since, the pH value of cold drink is 5,
it is an acidic solution. Therefore, blue litmus turns red and red litmus remains
the same.

4. When will the strength of acid increase?

Ans: The strength of acid will increase when an aqueous solution
give out large number of hydrogen ions.

5. If the concertration of OH- is increased, what will it increase or

decrease? Ans: If the concertation of OH- is increased the
strength of basic solution increases.
 6. What is special in a toothpaste which prevents tooth decay?
Ans: Many toothpaste contain bases to neutralize the mouth acid.
So, using the toothpaste (which are generally basic) for cleaning the teeth can
neutralise the excess acid in mouth and prevent tooth decay.

7. What will be the pH value for of salt strong base and weak acid ?
Ans: pH value for salt of strong bases will be 11 to 14. pH value for
salt of weak acids will be 4 to 6.

8. Name the plant which has stinging hair.

Ans: The leaves of Nettle plant have stinging hair.

Q. 9 Fill in blanks

1) Phenolphthalein is an indicator and sodium hydroxide is a base.

2) Phenolphthalein gives pink colour in a base.
3) Baking soda is basic in nature.
4) Butter milk contains lactic acid.
5) Milk of Magnesia is basic in nature.
6) Substances which are sour to taste are termed as acids
7) Bases are soapy. to touch.
8) If the basic radical is H+ the type of compound is Acidic
9) Anions are negatively charged patricles.
10) The name of compound NH3 is Ammonia
11) The bases which are soluble in water are called as alkali
12) HCI is a strong acid.
13) H3PO4 is a weak acid.
14) According to pH scale pure water has a pH of 7.
15) With reference to neutralization, metallic oxides are basic in nature.
18) CO2 gas turns lime water. milky.
19) Crystaline ferrous sulphate is …green In colour.
20) Molecular formula of blue vitriol is CuSO4,5H2O
21) Molecular formula of crystalline alum is K2SO4,Al2SO4, 24H2O
Q.10 Rewrite the statements by selecting correct options

1) The solution turns blue, litmus red, its pH is likely to be ……………

a) 7 b) 4 c) 14 d) 9

2) An ionic compound NaCI is formed by …………….

a) Na+ and CI- b) Na+ and CI+
c) Na-andCI- d)Na-andCI+
3) Molecular formula for sodium oxide is ……………
a) Na2O b) NaO2 c) NaO d) Na2O2

4) H2CO3 is …………… acid.

a) monobasic b) dibasic c) tribasic d) trtrabasic

5) pH of strong , acid is ……………..

a) 0 b) 7 c) 8 d) 14
6) HCI + NaOH ˃ NaCI + H2O is a ……………. reaction.
a) neutralization b) crystallization c) electrolysis d) dissociation
 7) Molecular formula of Red oxide is ……………..
a) Fe2O3 b) CuO c) Fe3O4 d) Na2O
8) The positive terminal electode is called as ………………..
a) anode b) cathode c) anion d) cation
9) ……………… produced in stomach helps in digestion.
a) Hydrochloric acid b) Oxalic acid c) anion d) cation

Q.10 State whether the following statements are true or false and if false,
write the correct statements.
1) The separation of H+ and CI- in HCI is in presence of water is called as
ionization. Ans - True
2) NaOH (s) water/dissociation Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Ans - True
3) H2SO4 is a weak acid. Ans - False
4) NaCI is an ionic compound. Ans - True
5) Turmeric is synthetic indicator. Ans - False
6) Metal + Dilute acid forms salt and water.
7) Copper oxide is called red primer.
8) Oxide of non- metal + Acid -------- Salt + Water.
9) Zinc oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium zincate.
10) AI2O3 is an amphoteric oxide. Ans - True
11) Blue vitriol is ZnSO4 7H2O. Ans - False

12) NaCI in water does not conduct electricity. Ans – False

13) Phenolphthalein is colourless in base. Ans : False
14) Molecular formula for crystalline Ferrous sulphate is FeSO4 7H2O Ans: False.

Q.11 Find the odd one out and justify.

a) Chloride, nitrate, hydride, ammonium Ans: Ammonium.

b) Hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, ammonia.
Ans: Hydrogen chloride.
c) Acetic acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
Ans: Carbonic acid.
d) Ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate.
Ans: Ammonium chloride.
e) Sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride.
Ans: Sodium carbonate
f) Calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium oxide.
Ans : Zinc oxide.
g) Crystalline blue vitriol, crystalline common salt, crystalline ferrous sulphate,
h) Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, acetic acid, sodium acetate.
Ans : Acetic acid.
i) NaHCO3, HCI, H2SO4, HNO3
Ans : NaHCO3

Q.12 Answer the following is one or two sentences.

1) Name the three types of ionic compounds.
Ans: The three types of ionic compounds are acids, bases and salts.
2) Name the two constituents of molecule of an ionic compound.
Ans: The two constituents molecule are cations (positive ion/basic
radical) and anions (negative ion / acidic radical ).
 3) Name any three acids with their molecular formulae.
Ans: 1) Sodium chloride – NaCI 2) Potassium sulphate – K2SO4
3) Calcium hydroxide – Ca (OH)2
4) Name any three salts with their molecular formulae.
Ans: 1) Sodium chloride – NaCI 2) Potassium sulphate – K2SO4
3) Calcium chloride – CaCI2
5) Name any two weak acids.
Ans: 1) Acetic acid – CH3 COOH 2) Carbonic acid – H2CO3
6) Name any two strong acids. Ans: 1) Hydrochloric acid – HCI
2) Sulphuric acid – H2SO4
7) Name a weak bases. Ans: Ammonium hydroxide – NH4OH

8) Name any two acids with their basicity 2 ( dibasic )

Ans: 1) Sulphuric acid – H2SO4
2) Carbonic acid – H2CO3

9) Name any two acids with their basicity 3 (tribasic)

Ans : 1) Boric acid – H3BO3 2) Phosphoric acid – H3PO

10) Name any two bases with their acidity 1 ( monoacidic)

Ans: 1) Sodium hydroxide – NaOH
2) Potassium hydroxide - KOH
11) Name any two bases with their acidity 2 ( diacidic)
Ans : 1) Calcium hydroxide – Ca ( OH ) 2
2) Barium hydroxide – Ba ( OH ) 2
11) Name any two bases with their acidity 3 ( triacidic )
Ans : 1) Aluminium hydroxide – AI ( OH )3
2) Ferric hydroxide – Fe ( OH )3

Q. 13 State the difference :

1) Acides and bases

Acids
i) A substance which liberates H+ ions
when dissolved in water is an acid.
ii) Blue litmus turns red in an acid.
iii) The pH of an acid is less than 7.
iv) Acids are sour to taste e.g. HCI, H2SO4
2) Cations and anions
Bases
i) A substance which liberates OH- ions
in water is called a base.
ii) Red litmus turns blue in a base.
iii) The pH of a base is greater than 7.
iv) Bases are bitter to taste. e . g. NaOH,
KOH.

i) Cations are ions with a net positive
charge.
Ii) Cations are generally formed by
metals. When metals donate electrons,
they have excess of protons, hence
they form cations.
iii) Cations are attracted towards the
cathode which are negatively charged
electrodes.
iv) e. g. : Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ etc.
Anions are ions with a net negative
charge.
Anions are generally formed by non-
metals. When non – metals accept elec-
trons, they have excess of electrons,
hence they form anions.
Anions are attracted towards the anode
which are positively charged
electrodes.
e. g. : O2-, S2, CI-, Br- etc.
Q.14 Match the columns :

Column ‘ A ‘ Column ‘ B ‘
1) HNO3 a) Acetic acid
2) H3PO4 b) Carbonic acid
3) CH3COOH C) Phosphoric acid
4) H2CO3 c) Nitric acid

Q.15 Balance the following reactions.

1) Dil. hydrochloric acid added to limestone
2) NaOH solution was added to dil. Hydrochloric acid.
3) Zinc dust or Magnesium foil added to sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
4) Carbon dioxide gas passed through sodium hydroxide solution.
5) Carbon dioxide gas passed for a while through fresh lime water.
6) Dil. hydrochloric acid added to baking soda or washing soda.( 2 separate reactions)
7) Dil. Nitric acid is added to calcium oxide.
8) Dil. Nitric acid is added to calcium carbonate.

2.Work and Energy

Q.1 State different types of work with on example.

Q.2 State which energy transforms in another type of energy in following

devices.
a) Electric bulb – Electric energy into heat and light energy.
b) Electric iron – Electric energy into heat energy.
c) Speaker – Electric energy into sound energy.
d) Electric generator – Mechanical energy into electric energy
e) Electric Motor – Electric energy into Mechanical energy
f) Electric Cell – Chemical energy into electric energy.
g) Microphone – sound energy into electric energy.
h) Charging Electric Cell – Electric energy into Chemical energy.
i) Solar cell – Solar energy into electric energy.

Q.3 State different types of units of power used in industries

Ans- 1 horse power = 746 Watt
1 Kilowatt = 1000 Watt
1 Megawatt = 1000 Kilowatt
1 Megawatt = 106 Watt

Q.3 State M.K.S and C.G.S units of following quantities.

1) Energy 2) Work 3) Power
Q.4 Give scientific reason.

1) A moving ball hits a stationary ball and displaces it.

2) Flowing water from height can rotate a turbine.

Q.4 Solve numerical problems on following formulae.

P.E = mgh , K.E.= ½ mv2 W= FS , Power = Work/ time

and W= FScos

( Note- Besides these questions other questions are there from above chapters)