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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION IX - Physics
INTRODUCTION
When a ball is dropped from the top of an inclined plane as shown below:
P Q
It continues to move and stops after certain distance, say PQ.As the surface PQ becomes more and more
smooth, the frictional forces are reduced, and the ball continues the motion for a longer time and a greater
distance. Imagine, if the frictional force does not exist at all, what would happen to the motion of the ball?
The ball would move along a straight line forever. Thus, if no external force acts on a body, it continues its
motion along a straight line.
So, we can conclude that if there is no external force applied, a body in uniform motion continues to remain
in the same state.
The essence of the above two observations constitutes “Newton’s First Law of Motion”.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

A body remains its state of rest or of uniform motion along the straight line until and unless acted
upon by unbalanced external force.
(OR)
If no external force acts, we can also say that “bodies go on doing what they are doing”.
Inertia
We have seen that a body at rest and a body in uniform motion continue to do so. Thus a body cannot
change its state of rest or uniform motion by itself. The inability of a body to change by itself its state of rest
or of uniform motion is called inertia of the body or inertia can also be defined as the tendency of a body to
remain in the state of rest or uniform motion.
Measure of Inertia
Mass is the measure of inertia. It is more difficult to move a heavier body than a lighter body from the state
of rest. Similarly, it is more difficult to stop a heavier moving body than a lighter body. Thus, more the
mass, more the inability of the bodies to change their state and hence more their inertia. Hence we can
conclude that mass is the measure of inertia.
Force and Inertia

We have seen that inertia is defined as the inability of a body to change by itself its state of rest or of
uniform motion. Then how can the body overcome this inability (inertia)? The body does it with the help of
force. Thus force is an agent which overcomes inertia.
85 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Mumbai / Delhi & NCR / Lucknow / Goa / Akola / Kolkata / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Dubai
Force may be defined as that physical cause which changes or tends to change the state of rest or the
state of motion of a body.
Types of Inertia
There are three different types of inertia. They are:
(i) Inertia of rest
(ii) Inertia of motion
(iii) Inertia of direction
(i) Inertia of rest

The tendency of a body to continue in its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
Example:
(a) The passengers standing in a bus fall backwards
when the bus suddenly starts because the feet of the
passengers start moving along with the bus as it is in
contact with the floor of the bus. Whereas, the upper
part of the body, due to inertia of rest, tries to
remain stationary. Thus the lower portion of the
body (foot) moves forward and the upper
portion remains at rest due to inertia of rest, and
thus the standing passengers fall back.
(b) When a paper on which a pile of books are placed is suddenly pulled with a jerk, we expect the
books also to move, but this does not happen. This is because the books stay where they were due to
inertia of rest when the paper is pulled out.
(ii) Inertia of motion

The tendency of a body continue in its state of motion is called inertia of
motion.
Example:
(a) When a fan is switched off, it continues to move due to inertia of motion.
(b) A running boy falls in the forward direction if he is tripped by a stone
because the stone stops his foot, whereas the rest of the body continues
moving forwards due to inertia of motion and hence the body falls in the
forward direction.
(c) A rider falls forward when a galloping horse stops suddenly because when a horse stops, the rider
due to inertia of motion, continues moving and hence falls in forward direction.
(d) Before taking a long jump, an athlete runs a certain distance. In doing so, he picks up inertia of
motion which helps in taking a longer leap.
(iii)Inertia of direction
The tendency of a body to maintain its direction of motion is known as inertia of direction.
Example:
(a) A stone tied to a string is whirled. If the string is released, the stone files away tangentially.
Reason:
If a stone tied to a string is whirled, the direction of motion at any instant is the tangential
direction as shown below:’
Due to inertia of direction, the stone tries to maintain its direction every moment. This can be
confirmed, when the stone files tangentially on release of the string as shown below:
(b) When a knife is sharpened by placing it on a rotating iron disc, the sparks move tangentially to
the disc due to inertia of direction.
ACTIVITY
Match the following

1. Inertia of rest a. rotating wheels of a vehicle throw
out mud in a tangential direction.
2. Inertia of motion b. when you beat a carpet the dust
particles come out
3. Inertia of direction c. Law of Inertia
4. Newton’s First Law d. A person trying to get down from a
running bus falls forward.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

We have seen that Newton’s first law of motion provided us with the definition of inertia and force.
Do you know what the second law of motion provides?
It provides the measurement of force.
Before studying the second law in detail, let us focus on prerequisites.
Momentum
The amount of motion in a body is called momentum. The amount of motion in a body depends upon
i) The mass of the body (m)
ii) The velocity of the body (v)
So, momentum is measured as a product of mass and velocity.

Momentum is denoted by the letter ‘P’.
 Momentum  P  Mass  Velocity  mv
Units of momentum i) S.I. unit – kg m/s

ii) C.G.S. unit – g cm/s
Now let us study Newton’s second Law of motion in detail.

If a force acts on a body its velocity changes, changing its momentum
Newton’s second law gives the relationship between the change in momentum of a body and the force
acting on it.
Newton’s second law

The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force acting on it and takes place in the
direction of the force.
i.e., Rate of change of momentum  Force.
Mathematical Expression of Newton’s second Law of motion

According to Newton’s Second Law of motion,
Rate of change of momentum  Force
Change of momentum
  Force
time
Final momentum  Initial momentum
  Force  F 
time
mv  mu mv  u vu
  F  F ----- (1) [But  a (where a = acceleration)]
t t t
(Where m = mass of the body, u = initial velocity of the body, v = final velocity of the body)
 (1) becomes, ma  F
 F = ma
Force is measured as the product of mass and acceleration of the body.

Second Law relates acceleration with force. Acceleration in a body indicates the force on that body. For a
given force, acceleration produced in a body is related to its mass.
C.G.S. unit – Dyne

1 dyne = 1 g cm/s2
S.I. unit - Newton

Units of force 1 Newton = 1kg m/s2 = 105 dyne
Gram force (gf)
1 gf = 980 dynes
Gravitational
Unit Kilogram force (kgf)
1 kgf = 9.8 newton
Force in terms of rate of change of mass and uniform velocity

Force = Mass  acceleration = m  rate of change of velocity.
Thus force can also be expressed as F = rate of change of mass  uniform velocity.
ACTIVITY
Match the following

1. Inertia of rest a. rotating wheels of a vehicle throw
out mud in a tangential direction.
2. Inertia of motion b. when you beat a carpet the dust
particles come out
3. Inertia of direction c. Law of Inertia
4. Newton’s First Law d. A person trying to get down from a
running bus falls forward.
Impulse
When a cricketer smashes a ball, a large force acts on the ball for a very short time. Even in this short time
the force varies, as shown below
Such large variable force acting for a short interval of time is called impulsive force. As the impulsive force
varies, its measurement is difficult. But we can measure the impact of the impulsive force with the help of
change in momentum it produces in the body on which it acts. The impact produced by impulsive force is
called impulse and is measured by change in momentum produced in the body.
Impulse (I) = Change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum

= mv – mu ------(1)
Where ‘u’ and ‘v’ are initial and final velocities of the body and ‘m’ is the mass of the body.
Impulse in terms of average force and time of impact

 v  u  mv  mu
We know that F  ma  m  
 t  t
 mv  mu  F  t -----(2)
From (1) and (2), we have,

Impulse (I) = mv – mu = F  t
I  F t
Thus impulse is equal to the product of the average force and the time for which it acts.
Units of impulse: S.I. unit –newton second

C.G.S. units –dyne. second
Riding the punch increases the time of collision and reduces the force of collision
Reducing the impact of impulsive force

We know that, Impulse (I)  F  t  mv  mu
mv  mu Changein momentum
Average impulsive force  F  
t Time for which force acts
To reduce the impact of impulsive force, the time for which it acts should be increased.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF TIT FOR TAT

When we hit a wall with our hand, we are exerting force on the wall. Then how come our hand feels pain?
This is because the wall also exerts on the hand an opposite force which causes the pain.
The essence of this observation is tit for tat. And tit for tat is the essence of Newton’s third law of motion….
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Action = -Reaction
(or)
[Action force (Faction ) = - Reaction force  Freaction  ]
(-ve sign indicates that the reaction force is opposite to the direction of the action force)
When a ball strikes a wall, the following happens:

Step 1: Faction = Action force = Force exerted by the ball on the wall.
Step 2: Freaction = Reaction force = Force exerted by the wall on the ball.
Due to the reaction force, the ball bounces back.
Special features of Third Law

(a)Action – reaction pair: For every force, there is a reaction force. Such a pair of force is called
action- reaction pair.
(b)Even number of forces: There cannot be odd number of forces in the universe. Because forces
occur in pairs (action – reaction pairs), forces are even.
(c) Action- reaction forces never act on a single body.

For example, when a ball strikes a wall, the action force is on
the wall, the reaction force is on the ball. Action and reaction
forces are acting on different bodies. Action and reaction forces
are equal and opposite and if they act on the same body, then the
resultant force on the body would be zero and there would be no
motion in the body.
Thus action –reaction forces never act on a single body.
Does weight of a body and normal reaction force form an action-reaction pair?
Let us focus the attention on a body at rest on ground. Consider the weight of the body. It is represented as
the force acting at the centre of gravity of the body as shown in the adjacent figure.
The other force which acts on the body is the normal reaction force.
Does weight of the body and normal reaction of the earth constitute an action-reaction pair?
The answer is No. This is because both the forces are acting on the same body and hence they cannot be an
action – reaction pair.
Normal reaction: The outward force acting perpendicular to the base of the body is known as Normal
reaction (R).
Examples of Newton’s Third Law of Motion
The science of walking

While walking we press the ground with our feet and thus initiate the action. As a reaction, the earth
provides a normal reaction force (R) as shown below-
The Reaction force (R) has two components as shown below-

(a) Vertical component
(b) Horizontal component
The vertical component balances the weight of the body acting downwards as shown below:
The horizontal component of the reaction force is what makes us walk.
Motion in Horse-cart system

The motion of the cart and horse can be explained as follows:
The horse pushes the ground and the horizontal component of reaction force of earth makes the cart move
forward.
The principle behind swimming

While swimming, the swimmer pushes the water back with his hands. This is the action. As a reaction, the
water pushes the swimmer in the forward direction.
If a man jumps out from boat, the boat moves backwards. Why?
When a man jumps out from a boat in the forward direction i.e., towards the shore, the man pushes the boat
in the backward direction and as the boat is floating and is not fixed. It moves away from the shore.
Contribution of Newton’s Three Laws

The contribution of Newton’s three laws can be summarized as follows:
(a) Newton’s First Law defined force and inertia.
(b) Newton’s second Law measures force.
(c) Newton’s Third Law defines the property of force.
Weight of the body (W)

An object falls down due to gravitation force acting on it. The gravitational force acting on a body at rest is
the weight of the body.
Weight of the body ‘W’ = Gravitational force acting on the body
= mass  acceleration produced in the body due to gravitational pull
= mass  acceleration due to gravity ‘g’
=m g
 Weight of the body ‘W’ = mg
kgwt = weight of body of mass 1 kg gwt = weight of body of mass 1gm

= m  g  1  9.8  9.8kgm / s 2  m  g  1  980  980gm.cm / s 2
= 9.8N 1kgm / s 2  1N  = 980 dyne 1gm.cm / s 2  1dyne 
1kgwt = 9.8N  1gwt = 980 dyne
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
We know about the famous law i.e., “law of conservation of energy” which states that “Energy can neither
be created nor destroyed, it can be transferred from one form to another”
Can we talk about conservation of amount of motion (momentum) in a system?

Let us verify by considering a system having two balls.
Consider two balls ‘A’ and ‘B’ of masses 'm1 ' and 'm 2 ' respectively. Let the initial velocity of ball ‘A’ be
' u 1 ' and that of ball ‘B’ be 'u 2 ' . The balls are moving in the same direction and u 2  u 1. Let the two balls
collide with each other and their collision last for a very small time interval say, ‘t’ seconds. After the
collision, let the final velocities of balls ‘A’ and ‘B’ be ' v1 ' and ' v 2 ' respective in the same direction.
During collision the ball A exerts a force on the ball B. this is the action force (Faction ).
From Newton’s third law, the ball B also exerts a reaction force  Freaction  on A.
Thus the force on ball B =  Faction  and the force on ball A =  Freaction  .
i) For ball A: The momentum of ball ‘A’ before and after collision is m 1u 1 and m1v1 respectively.
change in momentum of ball A
Rate of change of momentum of ball A during collision 
time
m v  m1u1 m1  v1  u1 
 1 1  -------(1)
t t
According to Newton’s second law,
Rate of change of momentum of ball A = Force acting on ball A  Freaction --------(2)

m1  v1  u1 
Combining (1) and (2), force acting on ball A  Freaction  ---------(3)
t
ii) For ball B: The momentum of ball ‘B’ before and after collision is m 2 u 2 and m 2 v 2 respectively.
change in momentum of bal B
Rate of change of momentum of ball B during collision 
time
m 2 v2  m2u 2

t
m2  v 2  u 2 
 --------(4)
t
According to Newton’s second law,
Rate of change of momentum of ball B = Force acting on ball B = Faction --------(5)
m2  v 2  u 2 
Combining (4) and (5), force acting on ball B = Faction  ---------(6)
t
From Newton’s third law, Faction   Freaction
m2  v 2  u 2  m1  v1  u1 
  [From (3) and (6)]
t t
 m 2  v 2  u 2     m1  v1  u 1    m 2  v 2  u 2    m1  v1  u 1 
 m 2 v 2  m 2 u 2   m1 v1  m1u1  m 2 v 2  m1 v1   m1u 1  m 2 u 2
 m1u1  m 2 u 2  m1 v1  m 2 v 2 --------(7)
Here  m1u1  m2 u 2  is the total momentum of the two balls before collision, whereas  m1v1  m2 v2  is the
total momentum after collision.
Thus from (7), we can say that if no external force acts in a collision between the two balls, the total
momentum before and after collision remains conserved. This is known as the law of conservation of
momentum.
Colliding bodies coming to a standstill or rebouncing back

Consider a system considering of two balls of same mass ‘m’ moving with same velocity towards each
other. Consider the direction of velocity from left to right as positive. The velocity in opposite direction
(right to left) becomes negative.
Let us check the momentum of this system.
(a) Momentum before collision:

If The first ball is moving with ‘v’ m/s, the second ball has velocity of ‘-v’ m/s. (Negative sign
indicates that the direction of motion of second ball is opposite to the first ball).
Momentum of 1st ball  m  v  mv -----(1)

Momentum of 2nd ball  m    v   mv ------(2)
Total momentum of the system before collision = Momentum of 1st ball + Momentum of 2nd ball
 mv   mv   0 -----(A)
Conclusion: when two balls of same mass ‘m’ and velocity ‘v’ m/s are moving towards each other,
the total momentum is ‘0’.
(b) Momentum after collision:

After collision there are two possibilities>
Case (1): Both the balls coming to rest
Case (2): Both the balls moving away from each other.
Consider Case – 1 : As the bodies are coming to rest after collision, the total momentum is zero, thus,
in this case,
Total momentum of the system before collision = total momentum of the system after collision = 0
Thus law of conservation of momentum is obeyed, but kinetic energy is not conserved. This kind of
collision is inelastic in nature.
Now consider Case – 2 : Let the two bodies re-bounce away from each other with same velocity as
shown below:
Total momentum of the system = momentum of the first body + momentum of the second body
Momentum of the first body = m (–v)
(negative sign indicates that the body is moving from right to left)
Momentum of the second body = m (v)
Total momentum of the system = m(-v) + mv = 0
Thus in case – 2 also, law of conservation of momentum is valid, but this case is valid when both the
Momenta and kinetic energy conserved. kind of collision is elastic in nature.
Application of Conservation of Momentum

Recoil velocity of a rifle after firing:
When a bullet is fired from a rifle, the rifle recoils in the backward direction due to reaction.
The bullet inside the gun, and the gun, From a system before firing. Before firing, the gun and the bullet are
at rest; therefore, momentum of the system is zero. When the bullet is fired, it leaves the gun in the forward
direction with certain momentum. No external force acts on the system; so the momentum of the system
(gun + bullet) must be zero after firing. This is possible only if the gun moves backward with a momentum
equal to the momentum of the bullet, so the gun recoils or moves backward.
Let mass of the bullet = m;
Velocity of the bullet after firing = v;
Mass of the gun = M
Velocity of recoil of the rifle = V
Momentum of the system (gun + bullet) before firing is 0

Total momentum of the system (gun + bullet) after firing = Momentum of gun + Momentum of bullet
= MV + mv------(1)
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Momentum of the system before firing = Momentum of the system after firing
 0  MV  mv  MV  mv  0  MV   mv
mv m
V  V   v
M M
( -ve sign indicates that the direction of the velocity of the gun after firing is opposite to the
direction of the velocity of the bullet)
m
   v is the recoil velocity with which the gun moves backward after firing a bullet.
M
Helping an astronaut to reach his spacecraft

An astronaut drifts away from his spacecraft and his connecting cord gets disconnected. He is floating alone
in space with nobody to help. In this situation, what does he do to reach the spacecraft?
An astronaut is stranded floating near his spacecraft. If he wants to move towards the spacecraft, he should
generate a momentum towards the spacecraft. For this, he has to throw an object away from the spacecraft
such that an opposite momentum is generated, talking him towards the spacecraft. If he does not have any
object to throw, he can spit away from the spacecraft.
The working of a rocket
The momentum of a rocket before it is fired is zero. When the rocket is fired, gases are produced. These
gases come out of the rear of the rocket with high speed. The direction of the momentum of the gases
coming out of the rocket is in the downward direction. Thus, to conserve the momentum of the system i.e.,
(rocket + gases), the rocket moves upward with a momentum equal to the momentum of the gases. So the
rocket continues to move upward as long as the gases are ejected out of the rocket. Thus a rocket works on
the basis of the law of conservation of momentum.
Action when a balloon is pierced

The momentum of an inflated balloon before it is pierced with a pin is zero. When it is pierced with a pin,
air in it comes out with a speed in the backward direction. Thus to conserve the momentum of the balloon, it
moves in the forward direction. So an inflated balloon lying on the surface of a floor moves forward when
pierced with a pin.
Newton and the Falling Apple

Sir Isaac Newton, the great English physicist, was born on Christmas day 1642 at Woolsthorpe in
Lincolnshire. At school he did not do well though he was very good at drawing and mechanical inventions.
An uncle of his, aware of this talent, arranged for him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of 19.
In 1665, he did his graduation from there. In 1669 , Isaac Barrow, a Professor of mathematics, with whom
Isaac Newton worked, gave up his professorship so that Newton could succeed him He did this because he
saw an extraordinary talent in Newton. Thus Newton became Professor of mathematics in Trinity College at
the age of 27.
It was a short time after that the idea of applying the laws of gravity to the whole universe first occurred to
the young scientist. But it was not until 1687 that the Principia, his masterpiece, was published in which the
theory was presented to the world. Isaac Newton finally laid the basic for the development of modern
science with his three laws of mechanics and his theory of gravity.
The story goes that the falling of an apple set his mind thinking. What made the apple fall? This question led
to the discovery of universal gravitation. Although this was his most prominent work, his researches on light
were of tremendous importance to science. His chief accomplishment in this field was the analysis of the
composition of light, which, he announced, is a combination of various rays causing different colour
sensations, white light being a mixture of all these.
During early 17th century, the Polish priest, Copernicus, suggested a heliocentric solar system. This had led
the German astronomer, Kepler, to propose the laws of planetary motion. The Italian physicist, Galileo, had
then put forward a new mechanics based on this. Newton was soon becoming heavily influenced by their
discoveries.
He developed the work which Galileo had begun, and formulated his famous (three) laws of motion which
are still the basic laws of our mechanics.
Newton’s first reflecting telescope, with which he saw Jupiter’s satellites, was made in 1668. Four years
later, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. By 1699 he was Master of the Royal Mint, feared and
hated by the counterfeiters of the London underworld. He was knighted by Queen Anne on April 15, 1705.
In his eighty – fifth year Sir Isaac become ill and died in Kensington on March 20, 1727.
Newton’s genius was to put Kepler’s laws and Galileo’s findings together. The motion of gravity, which
came to him when the apple fell from the tree, would eventually be seen as the same power which held the
moon and the planets in orbit around the sun. The laws which applied on earth also applied to heavenly
bodies. Kepler’s laws merely described what happened, Newton explained why.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. When a ball of mass ‘m’ kg strikes a wall at ‘u’ m/s:

a) What is the momentum of the ball before striking?
b) What is the momentum of the ball after re-bouncing?
c) What would be the change in momentum of the ball?
Sol. When a ball strikes a wall with a velocity ‘u’ m/s, and re-bounces with the same velocity then its
velocity after re-bouncing is ‘-u’ m/s. (Negative sign indicates the motion in opposite direction).
a) Momentum of the ball before striking the wall:
Mass of the ball = m kg
Velocity of the ball before striking the wall = u m/s
Initial momentum of the ball before striking the wall = m  u = (mu) kgm/s
Momentum of the ball before striking the wall is (mu) kgm/s -----(1)
b) Momentum of the ball after rebouncing:

Mass of the ball = m kg
Velocity of the ball after rebouncing =  u ms 1
Final momentum of the ball after rebouncing  m  (  u)  (  mu)kgm / s
momentum of the ball after rebouncing is (-mu) kgm/s ------(2)
c) Change in momentum of the ball:

Change in momentum = Final momentum – Intial momentum ------(3)
Substituting (1) and (2) in (3), we have,
Change in momentum = (- mu) – (mu) = (-2mu) kgm/s.
Change in momentum of the ball is (-2mu) kgm/s.
2. Two balls of same mass ‘m’ kg and velocity ‘v’ m/s are moving towards each other. What is the
total momentum of the system?
Sol. Two balls moving towards each other are infact moving in opposite direction.
If the first ball is moving with a velocity ‘v’ m/s, then the second ball moves towards the first ball
with a velocity ‘-v’ m/s. (Negative sign indicates that the direction of motion of second ball is
opposite to that of the first ball.)
Case – I (First ball) Case – II (Second ball)

Mass of the first ball = m kg Mass of the second ball = m kg
Velocity of the first ball = v m/s Velocity of the second ball = -v m/s
Total momentum of the system = Momentum of 1st ball + Momentum of 2nd ball = ?
Let us find the same.
 Momentumof 1st ball  m  v  Momentum of 2nd ball  m  ( v)
 mv    (1)   mv    (2)
 Total momentum of the system = Momentum of 1 ball + Momentum of 2nd ball
st
= mv + (-mv) = 0
 Total momentum of the system = 0

Therefore when two balls of same mass and same velocity move towards each other, then the total
momentum of the system is zero.
When a moving car suddenly collides with a stationary car, which car suffers greater damage – the
stationary car or the moving car?
3. A body starting from rest is moving at constant acceleration. After travelling a certain distance
‘x’, its momentum is ‘k’ units. What would be the momentum of the body wt double the initial
distance?
Sol: Let the constant acceleration be ‘a’ units.
As the body is starting from rest, initial velocity of the body = u = 0
Case – I Case – II
s1  ' x ' then s 2  2x
P1  ' k ' (given) then P2  ?
We know that momentum = m  v ------(1)

Mass is same in both the cases, now we need to check the variation of velocity with respect to
distance.
We know that v 2  u 2  2as  v 2  0 2  2as  v 2  2as  v  2as -------(2)
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
P  m  v  m  2as  P  s ( ’m’ and ‘a’ are constant)
P1 s x 1
  1    P2  2P1  2k
P2 s2 2x 2
Therefore, momentum at double the initial distance (x) is 2 times the initial momentum.
4. The velocity-time graph of a moving particle is shown in the figure. How much force acts on
the body?
Sol: From the velocity – time graph, it is clear that velocity is constant. Thus there is no change in
velocity and hence acceleration of body is zero.
 F  ma  m  0  0
Thus we can conclude that if a body moves with uniform velocity and if no external force acts on it,
the force acting on it is zero.
5. When equal forces are acting on two different bodies, the acceleration varies directly with the
mass of the body (True/False).
Sol: Let us verify the above statement by solving the problem.
Case – I (1st body) Case – II (2nd body)
Let mass of 1st body = m1 Mass of 2nd body = m 2
Let acceleration of 1st body = a1 Acceleration of 2nd body = a 2
Let force acing on 1st body = F1 Let force acting on 2nd body = F2
Given that equal forces are acting on the body

 F1  F2 --------(1)
m1a 1  m 2 a 2 ( F  ma )
a1 m 2 1
  a
a 2 m1 m
Thus when forces act on two different bodies, the acceleration equal is inversely proportional to the
mass of the body.
For a given force, smaller bodies produce higher acceleration and bigger bodies produce lower
acceleration.
Therefore the given statement is false (F).
6. Two bodies have masses in the ratio 3:4. When a force is applied on the first body, it moves
with an acceleration of 6m / s 2 . How much acceleration will the same force produce in the
other body?
Sol: Let the force acting on the two bodies be ‘F’ N.
Case – I (First body) Case – II (second body)
st
Mass of the 1 body  m1  '3m ' kg Mass of the 2nd body  m 2  ' 4m ' kg
Acceleration of the 1st body  a 1  6m / s 2 Acceleration of the 2nd body  a 2  ?
We know that F  m  a -------(1)
Applying (1) for both the cases, we have
F1  m1  a 1  3m  6  18m F2  m 2  a 2  4m  a 2  4ma 2
 F  18m ------(2)  F  4ma 2 --------(3)
 2   F  18m  4a  18  a  18  4.5m / s 2
2 2
 3 F 4ma 2 4
 a 2  4.5m / s 2
Therefore, acceleration produced in the second body by application of same force is 4.5 m / s 2 .
7. A car of mass ‘m’ kg and a truck of mass ‘10m’ kg are moving with the same velocity. The
force required to stop the car in a certain distance is ‘F’ N. then the force required to stop the
truck through the same distance is ---------------.
Sol: As both the car and the truck are coming to rest, their final velocity is 0.
Let the initial velocity, distance covered by both car and truck be u m/s and ‘x’ m respectively.
Case – I (car) Case – II (Truck)
Mass of the car  m1  ' m ' kg Mass of the truck  m 2  '10m ' kg
Initial velocity of the car  u1  ' u ' m / s Initial velocity of the truck  u 2  ' u ' m / s
Final velocity of the car  v1  0 m / s Final velocity of the truck  v 2  0 m / s
Force required to stop the car  F1  ' F ' N Force required to stop the truck  F2  ?
Distance covered by car  s1  ' x ' m Distance covered by truck  s 2  ' x ' m
We know that F = ma -------(1)
How to get ‘a’ from the given data s, u and v?
The relation between v, u and s is v 2  u 2  2as
2 2 u2
 0  u  2as  a   ----------(2)
2s
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
mu 2
F  F  m[ u ands aresame]
2s
 F  km -------(3) (where ‘k’ is proportionality constant)
Applying (3) for both the cases, we get
 F1  km1  F2  km 2
 F  km ------(4)  F2  k  10m  10km ------(5)
Dividing (5) with (4), we get
F2 10km
  10
F km
 F2  10F
Therefore, the force required to stop a truck is 10 times the force required to stop the car through the
same distance.
8. A bullet of mass 5 g travelling at a speed of 120m s 1 penetrates deeply into a fixed target and is
brought to rest in 0.01s. Calculate the average force exerted on the bullet.
Sol: Given Mass of the bullet  m  5g  5  10 3 kg
Initial velocity of the bullet  u  120 m / s
Final velocity of the bullet  v  0 m / s
Time taken by the bullet to come to rest  t  0.01s
Force exerted on the bullet  F  ?
 vu   vu
We know that F  ma  F  m   -------(1)  a 
 t   t 
Substituting the above values in (1), we get,
 0  120 
F  5 103  
 0.01 
  5  10 3    12000   5  12  60N.
As ‘F’ is negative, it indicates that the retarding force is 60N
Therefore, the force exerted on the bullet by the target to stop it is 60N.
9. Certain force ‘F’ units is needed to produced certain acceleration in a sphere of radius ‘r’
units. To produce same acceleration in sphere made of same material of radius ‘2r’ units, force
required is---------.
Sol: Let the acceleration of two spheres be ‘a’ units.
Given that two spheres are made of same material.
 densities of two spheres is same and let it be ‘d’.
Case – I (1st sphere) Case – II (2nd sphere)

Force acting on 1st sphere  F1  ' F ' units Force acting on 2nd sphere  F2 units  ?
Acceleration produced in 1st sphere  a1 acceleration produced in 2nd sphere  a 2
= ‘a’ units = ‘a’ units
Radius of 1st sphere  r1  ' r ' units Radius of 2nd sphere  r2  ' 2r ' units
We know that F = ma -----(1)

How to get mass (m) in terms of given data a, r and F?
We know that mass = volume  density
4   4 
m  v  d   r 3  d  -------(2) Volume of Sphere  r 3 
3   3 
Substituting (2) in (1), we get,
4
F  r 3d  a  F  r 3 (’d’ and ‘a’ are same for both the spheres)
3
 F  kr 3 -------(3) where ‘k’ is proportionality constant.
Applying (3) to both the cases, we have

F1  kr13 F2  kr23
 F  kr 3 --------(4)  F2  k(2r) 3  k  8r 3 --------(5)
Dividing (5) by (4), we get,
 5   F2

k  8r 3
 8  F2  8F
 4 F kr 3
Therefore if ‘F’ units are needed to produce an acceleration of ‘a’ units in a sphere of radius ‘r’ units,
then to produce same acceleration in sphere of radius ‘2r’ units, force required is 8 times the initial
force applied.
10. Gravel is dropped into a conveyor belt at the rate of 0.5kg/sec. The force required in Newtons
to keep the belt moving at uniform speed of 2 m/sec is --------.
m
Sol: Given: Gravel is dropped into a conveyor belt at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec   0.5kg / s
t
m
 Rate of change of mass   0.5kg / sec
t
Uniform speed = 2m/s
We know that, F=Rate of change of mass  uniform velocity
 F = 0.5 (2 – 0) = 0.5  2 = 1N
F = 1N
Therefore, the force required in Newton’s to keep the belt moving at uniform speed of 2m/s is 1N.
11. In a football match between England and Brazil, the Brazilian Star Ronaldo strikes the ball
towards the goal but an England defender exactly in front of him, kicks it back. The ball struck
the defender’s foot at the speed of 10 m/s and it rebounces back after kicking at 20m/s. the time
of impact was 0.2sec and mass of the ball is1/2kg. Find the average force exerted by the
defender on the ball.
Sol: Given: Initial velocity of the ball = u = 10m/s
Final velocity of the ball = v = -20m/s

Time of impact = t = 0.2sec
Mass of the ball = m = 1/2kg
Average force exerted by the defender on the ball = F = ?
When the defender strikes the ball, he is exerting the impulsive force on the foot ball.
We know that, impulse (I) = F  t
mv  mu  vu 
 mv  mu  F  t  average force  F   m  -----------(1)
t  t 
substituting the above value in (1), we have
1 1
kg  20  10   30  15
F 2  2   75N
0.2 0.2 0.2
Therefore average force exerted by the defender on the ball is 75N.(-ve sign indicates that this force
is opposite to the initial direction of the ball.)
12. Two kg and are attached at the free ends of a spring. The bodies are pulled apart and released.
If acceleration of 1st body is ‘a’ m / s 2 , then the acceleration of the 2nd body is------.
Sol: When the spring is released, then m1 pulls m 2 with a certain force, and as a reaction, m 2 pulls m1
with the same force  F1  but in the opposite direction.
 F2   F1 ------(1)
Case – I Case – II
Mass of first body = m1  'm1 'kg Mass of second body  m 2  ' m 2 ' kg
Let force acting on first body F1  F1 N Let force acting on second body  F2  F2 N
Acceleration of the first body  a 1  am / s 2 Acceleration of the second body  a 2  ?
We know that F = ma.
Applying the above formula to both cases, we have,
F1  m1a1 F2  m 2 a 2 ----------(3)
 m1a ------(2)
Substituting values from (2) and (3) in (1), we have,
m 2 a 2   m 1a
 ma
 a 2    1  m / s2
 m2 
 ma
Acceleration of the second body    1  m / s 2
 m2 
(-ve sign indicates that the second body moves in the direction opposite to that of the first body).
13. A bullet of mass ‘x’ units moves with a velocity ‘y’ units, hits a wooden block of mass ‘z’ units
at rest and gets embedded in it. After the impact, the wooden block with the bullet in it starts
moving. With what velocity does the block and bullet move?
Sol: Case – I (before impact) Case – II (After impact)
Bullet Wooden block Total momentum of system after impact = m
M bullet  m b  x units M wooden block  m w  M bullet  M wooden block  m b  m w
 z units Let the velocity of the block with bullet after
u bullet  u b  ' y ' units u wooden block  u w  0 Impact = v = ?
According to law of conservation of linear momentum,

Momentum before impact = Momentum after impact ------(1)
Momentum before impact  m b u b  m w u w --------(2)
Momentum after impact   mb  mw  v -------(3)
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we have,
mb u b  m w u w   m b  m w  v --------(4)
Substituting the above values in (4), we have
x  y  z  0   x  z v
XY
 XY  0   X  Z  V  XY   X  Z  V  V 
XZ
xy
 After impact, the wooden block with bullet moves with a velocity .
xz
14. A cracker explodes into two pieces of equal mass. Show that the two pieces of the cracker fly in
opposite directions.
Sol: Let mass of cracker be ‘m’ units. Before exploding, its momentum is zero as it is rest. After
m
explosion, the mass of the two equal pieces is each.
2
Let v1 be the velocity of first pieces and v 2 be the velocity of second piece
momentum of cracker after explosion = momentum of first piece + momentum of second piece
m m m  v1  v2 
 v1  v2 
2 2 2
According to law of conservation momentum,
Momentum of cracker before explosion = Momentum of cracker after explosion
m  v1  v2 
0  0  m  v1  v2   0  mv1  mv2  v1  v2
2
(-ve sign shows that v1 and v 2 are in opposite direction)
Thus, two pieces of the cracker fly in opposite direction with same velocity
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
ACROSS
2 Law of actions and reactions

3 Created laws of motion
8 Alternate name for first law of motion
10 What 'm' stands for in F=ma
12 The movement goes to the side with the ___ amount of Newton
13 All objects will eventually stop because of this
14 Operation used for force formula
16 Objects will stay at rest or in motion unless acted upon by ___ forces
DOWN
1 Rockets need more __ that a pencil

4 For every action, there is an equal and ___ reaction
5 Force that makes all objects come down
6 Law of rest and motion continuality
7 Law of more, more force
9 Force = mass times ___
11 Balanced forces are when the forces onboth sides are the __
14 What Newton's laws are about
15 The ___ the object, the more force needed to move it
17 Newton created 3
18 Force is measured in these units
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
LEVEL -I
1. Momentum is a ………. quantity.

(a) Scalar (b) Vector (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) NOT
2 9.8 N is equal to:

(a) 1 kgf (b) 1 kgwt (c) both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)
3. A bullet of mass 5g is fired from a gun weighing 5kg. If the initial velocity of the bullet is 250m/s,
Calculate the velocity with which the gun-recoils.
(a) -0.50m/s (b) -0.25m/s (c) +0.05m/s (d) +0.25m/s
4. A cannon after firing recoils due to

(a) Conservation of energy (b) Newton’s third law of motion
(c) Newton’s first law of motion (d) None of these
5. A force 2105 N acts on a body of mass 4104 kg at rest for 10s. The final velocity of the body is
(a) 5ms-1 (b) 50ms-1 (c) 150ms-1 (d) 250ms-1
6 A rifle shoots a bullet of 60g with a velocity 50m/s, the velocity of recoil of the rifle is 2m/s. The
mass of rifle is
(a) 3kg (b) 2kg (c) 1.5kg (d) 1kg
7. A father has mass 60kg and mass of his son is 30kg. The ratio of the inertia of the father of the
inertia of his child is
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:3
8. Newton’s second law of motion gives us a measure of

(a) Force (b) Inertia (c) Mass (d) Acceleration
9. When a bus suddenly takes a turn the passengers are thrown outwards because of
(a) Inertia of direction (b) Acceleration of motion
(c) Speed of motion (d) Inertia of motion
10. A cricketer catches a ball of mass 150gm in 0.1sec moving with speed 20m/s, then he experiences
force of
(a) 300N (b) 30N (c) 3N (d) 0.3N
11. In the first second of its flight a rocket release 1/60th of its mass with a velocity of 2400m s-1 the
acceleration of the rocket is
(a) 19.6ms-2 (b) 30.2ms-2 (c) 40ms-2 (d) 49.8ms-2
12. Galileo’s law of inertia is another name for Newton’s _______ law of motion
(a) First (b) third (c) second (d) any one of the above
13. For how much time should a force of 500 N act on a body of mass 10 kg so that it acquires a velocity
of50 m/s.
(a) 1s (b) 2s (c) 3s (d) 4s
14. China and glass wares are packed with soft material when transported. This is done to:
(a) Increase impulse (b) Reduce Impulsive force
(c) For cost cutting (d) None of these
15. The vector sum of action and reaction:

(a) Is equal to zero (b) Is not equal to zero
(c) May or may not be equal to zero (d) None of these
16. The speed of a car (mass 2000 kg) increases from 54 km/hr to 72 km/hr. What is the change in
momentum?
(a) 5000Kg.m/s (b) 10000kg.m/s (c) 1500kg.m/s (d) NOT
17. Which of the following systems have maximum momentum?

a) Two balls moving with opposite velocity.
b) Two balls moving away from each other with same speed.
c) Two balls at rest
d) All the systems having same momentum.
LEVEL - II
1. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10kg transfer to the floor if it falls from a height of
80cm? Take its downward acceleration to be 10ms-2
(a) 10kg m s-1 (b) 20kg m s-1 (c) 35kg m s-1 (d) 40kg m s-1
2. An automobile travelling with a speed of 60km/hr, can brake to stop within a distance of 20m. If the
car is going twice as fast . . 120km/hr, the stopping distance will be
(a) 20m (b) 40m (c) 60m (d) 80m
3. A block of metal weighing 2kg is resting on a frictionless plane. It is struck by a jet releasing water
at the rate of 1kg/sec and at a speed of 5m/s. The initial acceleration of the blocks is
(a) 7.5m/s2 (b) 1.25m/s2 (c) 5m/s2 (d) 2.5m/s2
4. A motor car of mass 25 quintals is moving with a velocity of 36km/hr. By the application of brakes it
is brought to rest in a distance of 25m. Find the average force of resistance.
(a) 5000N (b) -5000N (c) 2500N (d) -2500N
5. The velocity of a gold sphere of the radius ‘r’ units is ‘v’ units. What is the velocity of another gold
sphere of radius ‘2r’ units, with the same momentum as that of the first one?
(a) v/8 (b) v/4 (c) v/2 (d) v
6. Essential characteristic of equilibrium is

(a) momenta equals zero (b) acceleration equals zero
(c) none of these (d) K. E. equals zero
7. A bullet of mass 10g fired from a rifle. The bullet takes 0.003 second to move through its barrel and
leaves it with a velocity of 300m/s. What is the force exerted on the bullet by the rifle?
(a) 250N (b) 400N (c) 300N (d) 1000N
8. A machine gun of mass M fires n bullets per second, the mass and speed of each bullet is m and v
respectively. The force exerted on the machine gun is
(a) Zero (b) mvn (c) Mvn (d) Mvn/m
9. A ball of mass 500gm moving with a speed of 2m/s hits a wall at right angle. It bounces back with
the same speed. If the ball has been in contact for one milli-second, the average force exerted by the
ball on the wall is
(a) 500 N (b) 1000 N (c) 2000 N (d) 3000 N
10. An object of mass 10kg. Moves at a constant speed of 10ms–1. A constant force that acts for 4 sec on
the object, gives it a speed of 2ms–1 in opposite direction. The force acting on the object is
(a) –3N (b) –30N (c) 3N (d) 30N
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. When we try to get down from a running bus, we usually fall flat on the ground. Explain.
2. When you give a jerk to the branch of a fruit tree, the ripened fruits fall down. Which Newton’s law
of motion is in operation?
3. If two bodies of same mass are moving away from other at equal speeds, then what is the combined
momentum of the system?
4. Momentum of a silver cube of length ‘l’ units is ‘k’ units. Then find the momentum of a silver cube
of length ‘2l’ units which has the same velocity as that of the first cube.
5. Displacement time graph of a moving body is shown in the figure how much force is acting on the
body? (Hint : v is constant)
6. There are two bodies of masses m and 2m respectively. Find the ratio of the force acting on them if
their velocity-time graphs are shown below:
[Hint : slope = tan  ]
7. When two bodies are moving with equal acceleration, then the force acting on it is directly
proportional to mass. T/F.
8. A constant force ‘F’ N is acting on a body starting from rest and producing certain displacement. If
another force acts on same body. Produces double the displacement in the same time to acceleration
it from rest. Find the second force.
9. A constant force is acting on body, the velocity acquired by it after covering a certain distance is ‘v’
m/s, then velocity acquired by it also doubles on covering double the earlier distance. (T/F)
10. A body of mass m kg is moving with a certain velocity and a force ‘F’ is needed to stop it within a
distance. Another body moving with same velocity has mass 2m kg. then force needed to stop it
within the same distance and same time will be _________.
11. a 0.1 kg bullet acquires a speed of 840 m/s in a gun barrel 1.5m long. What is the average force
exerted on the bullet?
12. Following is the data submitted to you after an experiment:

Force acting on a sphere = ‘f’ N
Acceleration produced = a m / s 2
Density of the sphere  d kg / m 3
Radius of the sphere = __________
The print of radius has been washed away due to falling of a water drop on it. With the background
of Newton’s law can you get the blank?
13. A raindrop is striking the top surface of a car at ‘u’ m/s and cones to rest after striking. The mass of
rain falling per second is ‘k’ kg/sec on unit area of the car. Find the force exerted by the rain on the
top surface of the car, if the car has a surface area of x m 2 .
14. Why does a cricket player lower his hands while catching the ball?
15. Explain why a person wearing a seat-belt in a car is less likely to be seriously injured in an accident
than a person who isn’t wearing a seat-belt.
16. Our effort to move is not directly responsible for our walk. It is the ground that is making us
walk. Explain the mechanism of walking.
17. Match the following:
1. I Law (a) The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly

proportional to the force applied on it.
2. II Law (b) To every action there is always an equal and opposite

reaction.
3. III Law (c) A body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform

motion in a straight line, unless a force is applied on it.
18. Why is it difficult to walk on ice?
19. Which law of motion defines force and explains inertia?
20. Two bodies of same mass are moving towards each other with same velocity. On colliding with
each other, will they come to a standstill or rebounce with same velocities?
21. A firecracker explodes into two equal parts of same masses. They always move with same
velocities but in opposite direction (True / False).
22. An astronaut drifts away from his spacecraft and his connecting cord gets disconnected. He is
floating alone in space with nobody to help. In this situation, what does he do to reach the
spacecraft?
23. A gun of mass 1 kg fires a bullet of mass 1g with a velocity of 1m/s. The recoil velocity of the gun is
_________.

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84

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION IX - Physics

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

Force and Inertia

(i) Inertia of rest

(ii) Inertia of motion

Match the following

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

So, momentum is measured as a product of mass and velocity.

Units of momentum i) S.I. unit – kg m/s

Now let us study Newton’s second Law of motion in detail.

Newton’s second law

Mathematical Expression of Newton’s second Law of motion

Force is measured as the product of mass and acceleration of the body.

C.G.S. unit – Dyne

S.I. unit - Newton

Force in terms of rate of change of mass and uniform velocity

Match the following

Impulse (I) = Change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum

Impulse in terms of average force and time of impact

From (1) and (2), we have,

Units of impulse: S.I. unit –newton second

Reducing the impact of impulsive force

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF TIT FOR TAT

When a ball strikes a wall, the following happens:

Due to the reaction force, the ball bounces back.

Special features of Third Law

(c) Action- reaction forces never act on a single body.

Examples of Newton’s Third Law of Motion

The science of walking

The Reaction force (R) has two components as shown below-

The horizontal component of the reaction force is what makes us walk.

Motion in Horse-cart system

The principle behind swimming

Contribution of Newton’s Three Laws

Weight of the body (W)

 Weight of the body ‘W’ = mg

kgwt = weight of body of mass 1 kg gwt = weight of body of mass 1gm

Can we talk about conservation of amount of motion (momentum) in a system?

Rate of change of momentum of ball A = Force acting on ball A  Freaction --------(2)

Colliding bodies coming to a standstill or rebouncing back

(a) Momentum before collision:

Momentum of 1st ball  m  v  mv -----(1)

(b) Momentum after collision:

Application of Conservation of Momentum

Momentum of the system (gun + bullet) before firing is 0

Helping an astronaut to reach his spacecraft

The working of a rocket

Action when a balloon is pierced

Newton and the Falling Apple

1. When a ball of mass ‘m’ kg strikes a wall at ‘u’ m/s:

b) Momentum of the ball after rebouncing:

c) Change in momentum of the ball:

Case – I (First ball) Case – II (Second ball)

 Total momentum of the system = 0

We know that momentum = m  v ------(1)

Given that equal forces are acting on the body

Case – I (1st sphere) Case – II (2nd sphere)

We know that F = ma -----(1)

Applying (3) to both the cases, we have

Final velocity of the ball = v = -20m/s

According to law of conservation of linear momentum,

2 Law of actions and reactions