6.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Q. 1. Fill in the blanks. (Angiosperms, gymnosperms, spores,
bryophyte, thallophyta, zygote)

i) ………………. Plants have soft and fibre like body. ( Thallophyta)

ii) … ……….. is called the ‘amphibian’ of the plant kingdom. ( Bryophyta )
iii) In pteridophytes, asexual reproduction occuars by ………………. ( Spores )
iv) Male and female flowers of ………………. are borne on different sporophylls of
the same plant. v)
Coconut plant isclassified in division --------- ( Angiosperm ) vi)
Funaria plant isclassified in division --------- ( Bryophyta ) vii) Pinus
plant isclassified in division --------- ( Gymnosperm ) viii) Sunflower
plant isclassified in division --------- ( Angiosperm )

Q.2. Find the odd one out.

i) Pteridophyta, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Gymnosperms. Ans – Gymnosperms (
Phanerogams )

ii) Spirogyra, Moss, Ulothrix, Ultra. Ans – Moss (

Bryophyta )

iii) Thuja, Deodar, Cycas, Anthoceros. Ans – Anthoceros (

Bryophyta )

iv) Pteris, Adiantum, Saragassum, Equisetum. Ans – Saragassum ( Algae

)

v) Bamboo, Banana, Onion, Bean. Ans – Been ( Dicot plant )

Q. 3. Find the correlation between the first gien pair and rewrite
the answer.
i) Kingdom plantae : Autotropic : : Kingdom Fungi : HETEROTROPHIC
ii) Protista : Eukaryotic : : Monera : Prokariotic
iii) Asexual reproduction in ferns : Spore formation : : Sexual reproduction
in ferns : ………… iv) Spore formation : Cryptogams : : Seed
formation………… v) Dictot plants :
Pentamerous flower : : Monocot plants : …………….

Q.4. Write characteristics of algae.

Ans. i) Algae are classified under division thallophyta.
ii) All algae are autotropic because they have chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
iii) Few algae are fresh water e.g. spirogyra and few are marine. e.g. ulva,
sargasum iv )
Few algae are unicellular ( e. g. Chlamidomonas, chorella ) while most of algae are
multicellular. e. g. spirogyra, ulva, chara, sargasum
v) All algae are non vascular plants.

Q.5 Write characteristics of division - Thallophyta

i) These plants grow mainly in water.
 ii) This group of plant, which do not have specific parts like root – stem - flowers
but are autotrophic due to the presence of chlorophyll, is called algae. Algae show
great diversity. iii) They may be unicellular or
multicellular, and microscopic or large.
iv) Some of these are found in fresh water while some are found in saline water.
v) These plant usually have a soft and fibre – like body. Various types of fungi like
yeasts and moulds which do not have chlorophyll are also included in
this group.

Q.6. Write characteristics of Pteridophyta

1) Plants from this group have well developed roots, stem and leaves and
separate tissues for conduction of food and water.
2) They do not bear flowers and fruits.
3) They reproduce with the help of spores formed along the back or posterior
surface of their leaves. 4) These plants reproduce asexually by spore –
formation and sexually by zygote formation. They have a well – developed
conducting system. e. g. are ferns like Nephrolepis, Marsilea, Pteris, Adiantum,
Equisetum, Selaginella, Lycopodium, etc.

Q.7 Write characteristics of Gymnosperms.

1) Gymnosperms are mostly evergreen, perennial and woody.
2) Their stems are without branches. The leaves form a crown.
2) All gymnosperms are vascular plants.
3) Most of these plants are unisexual plants therefore they bear male and female
flowers on different sporophylls of the different plant.e.g. Cycus.
4) Seeds of these plants do not have natural coverings, i.g. these plants do not
form fruits and are therefore called gymnosperms. e. g. Cycas, Picea ( Christmas
tree ), Thuja ( Morpankhi ), Pinus ( Deodar ), etc.

Q.8 Which criteria are used for the classification of plants?

Explain with reason.
Ans. 1) The presence or absence of organs : Vascular bundles

a) Vascular plants – pteriodophytes, phanerogams

b) Non-Vascular plants – Thallophyta and bryophyte

2) Number of cells : a) Unicellular plants. Eg. Few algae and fungi

b) Multicellular plants. Eg. All pteridophytes and Phanerogams

3) Depending upon presence or absence of flowers, fruits and seeds: Based on

this criteria, plants are classified as cryptogams and Phanerogams. Phanerogams
have seeds while cryptogams lack flowers, fruits and seeds.
4) Depending upon whether seeds are enclosed within a fruit or not:
Phanerogams are further classified as gymnosperms and angiosperms.In natural
coverings whereas in angiosperms, seeds are covered within fruits.
5) Depending upon number of cotyledons : Depending upon the number of
cotyledons in the seeds: Angiosperms are further classified as dicots and
monocots.

Q.9 Write the characteristics of subkingdom Phanerogams.

Ans. i) Phanerogams have special structures for reproduction. Ie. Flower
ii) They are seed bearing plants.
 iii) Seeds are formed after the process of reproduction and contain embryo and
stored food. iv) Phanerogams are further classified into two division
gymnosperms and angiosperms. v) They show presence of
separate conducting tissues for conduction of water and food.

Q.10 Write the characteristics of the plants belonging to division

Bryophyta.
Ans. i) Plants belonging to division bryophyta are called the amphibians of the plant
kingdom. It is because they grow in moist soil but need water for reproduction.
ii) The plants belonging to this division are
thalloid, multicellular and autotrophic. iii) The
structure of the plant body is flat, ribbon- like long, without true roots, stem and
leaves. iv) Plants body is made up of stem – like or leaf – like parts
and root – like rhizoids.

v) Bryophytes do not have specific tissues for conduction of food and water.
vi) They reproduce by spore formation. vii) e. g. Moss (Funaria), Marchantia,
Anthoceros, Riccia, etc.

Q.11. Write a paragraph in your own words about the ornamental plants called
fern.

i) Ferns are ornamental plants which belongs to subkingdom cryptogams and

division pteridophyta. ii) They are vascular plants therefore they have
well developed roots and stems. iii) They are
green and have feathery structures (hence ornamental). They grow luxuriantly in
moist and shady places.
iv) Ferns do not bear flowers and seed.
v ) Ferns reproduce asexually with help of spores formed at the posterior surface of
their leaves and reproduce sexually by zygote formation.

Q.12. Distinguish the following.

A) Monocots and Dicots

MONOCOTS
i)In their seeds there is one
cotyledon
ii)They have fibrous root system
iii)Their leaves show parallel
venation
iv)Their flowers have pentamerous
or tetramerous symmetry
DICOTS
i)In their seeds there are two cotyledons
ii)They have tap root system
iii)Their leaves show reticulate venation
iv)Their flowers have trimerous symmetry

B) Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

ANGIOSPERMS
i) In these plants seeds are
enclosed in fruits.
ii)They have fibrous root system
iii)Their leaves show parallel
venation
iv)Their flowers have pentamerous
or tetramerous symmetry
GYMNOSPERMS
i) In these plants seeds are naked not
enclosed in fruits
ii)They have tap root system
iii)Their leaves show reticulate venation
iv)Their flowers have trimerous symmetry
 Q.13. Give scientific reasons.
1) Banana( Onion, Lily) plant isclassified under monocotyledonous plant.
Ans – i) In banana plant, there is one cotyledon in seeds.
ii) banana plant has fibrous root system
iii) In banana plant leaves show parallel venation.
iv) It’s flowers has trimerous symmetry
These are characteristic of Monocotyledonous plants.therefore Banana (
Onion, Lily) plant classified under moncots

2) Pea (Sunflower, Mango ) plant is classified under monocotyledonous plant.

Ans – i) In Pea plant, there are two cotyledons in seeds.
ii) Pea plant has tap root system
iii) In Pea plant leaves show reticulate venation.
iv) It’s flowers has pentamerous symmetry These are characteristic of
dicotycotyledonous plants.therefore Pea (Sunflower, Mango ) plant classified
under dicotycotyledonous plant.

3) Spirogyra plant is classified under thallophyta

ii) Spirogyra plants grow mainly in water.
ii) Spirogyra does not have specific parts like root – stem - flowers but are
autotrophic due to the presence of chlorophyll.
iii) It is multicellularplant.
iv) It has slender, soft and fibre like body. These are characteristicsof
thallophytes Therefore Spirogyra plant is classified under thallophyta.

7. Energy flow in an Ecosystem

Q. 1 Fill in blanks.
1. Primary consumers are directly dependent on Autotrops (producers).
2. In energy pyramid, the initial quantity of energy Decreases from the lowest level
to the highest level.
3. Fungi and other micro-organism decompose dead bodies of animals, hence they
are called as Decomposers.
4. The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called the bio-geo-chemical
cycle.
5. Nitrogen forms 78 % portion of the atmosphere.
6. Producers in the living world are autotrophs.
7. Seed eating birds are included in which tropic level ? Second.
8. Which of the following is an apex carnivore? Eagle.
9. In an ecosystem, the first tropic level is producers.
10. The decaying remains of dead organisms are called detritus.
11. Which of the following is detritus eater? Crab.
12. Decomposer dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
13. Plants converts carbondioxide into carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.
14. Conversation of Ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called Nitrification.
Q. 2. Answer in one sentence

1. What is tropic level ?

Ans. Each level in food chain is known as tropic level.

2. How organism are classified on the basis of mode of nutrition ?

Ans : On the basis of mode nutrition organisms are classified as
producers, consumers, saprotrops (saprophytes) and
decomposers.

3. Which element is involved in the formation of ozone ?

Ans: Oxygen is involved in the formation of ozone through various
atmospheric processers.

4. Mention the important processes of nitrogen cycle.

Ans: Nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification and dentrification
are the important processes of nitrogen cycle.

5. What is meant by ‘ ecosystem ‘?

Ans: Bioticfactors, abiotic factors and their interactions with one another
together form an ecosystem.

6. Which are the different types of ecosystems?

Ans: Forest ecosystem, Desert ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystem, Tree
ecosystem etc are different types of ecosystem

7. What is meant by nitrogen fixation?

Ans: The process of conversation of atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrogenous compounds and fixing in the soil is called nitrogen fixation.

Q. 3. Answer the following.

1. Explain in detail the inter-relationship between the food chain and food web.
Ans: a. A definite sequence in the interaction between
producers, consumers and saprophytes is called food chain b. Each food chain
consists of four, five or more links. For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of different
plants but at the same time this insect is the prey for various animals like frog, which is
again a prey for snake, snake is the prey for eagle or kite. In the similar way rabbits are
prey for wild cat and jackals which are again prey for lions. C. An ecosystem consists of
many such food which are interconnected at various levels forming an intricate web
instead of a linear chain. This kind of intricate network is called a ‘ food web ‘.

2. Explain the following with suitable examples. What type of changes occur in the
amount of energy during its transfer from plants to apex consumers ?
Ans: 1) All the plants in the ecosystem are producers.
2) these plants store of the solar energy in the form of food.
3) This stored energy is passed on from one trophic levels to the next.
4) When energy flows from one tropic level to the next, some of the energy is lost as heat
at each step.

5) Apex consumers occupy the 3rd position in trophic level.

6) So the amount of energy decreases during its transfer from plants to apex consumers.

3. State the different types of bio-geo-chemical cycles and explain the importance of
those cycles. Ans: 1. There are two types of bio-geo-chemical cycles; gaseous
cycle and sedimentary cycle. 2. Gaseous cycle : In this type of bio-geo-
chemical cycle, the major reservoir of the abiotic gaseous nutrient exists in gaseous phase
in earth’s atmosphere. The Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen cycles, water vapour are
examples of gaseous cycles.
3. Sedimentary cycle : In the sedimentary type of cycle, the
major reservoir of abiotic nutrient materials is the lithosphere i.e. soil, sediment and
sedimentary rocks etc. it includes soil components like iron, calcium, phosphorous etc.
4. Bio-
geo-chemical cycles are important for transformation of matter from one form to another.
This transformation plays significant role as matter become available for organisms in
specific form. 5. Bio-geo-chemical cycles help to maintain the flow of
nutrients which are required by all organism for their growth.

Q. 4 Explain the following cycles in your own words with suitable diagrams.

1. Nitrogen cycle :

Ans. Definition : The circulation and

recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various
biotic and abiotic processes occurring in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen forms 78% i.e. the maximum portion of the atmosphere. It is necessary
for the maintenance of the cycle of nature.

Important processes of nitrogen cycles:

A. Nitrogen fixation : In this step nitrogen is converted into nitrates and nitrites through
atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.

B. Ammonification : Here, ammonia is released through decomposition of dead bodies

and excretory wastes of organism.
C. Nitrification: In nitrification, ammonia is converted into nitrite and then nitrate.
D. Denitrification : It involves conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen.

Thus atmospheric nitrogen enters again inatosphere.

 2. Carbon cycle :

a) Plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by the process of

photosynthesis.
Similarly, they produce carbon compounds like proteins and fats, too.
b) Herbivores feed upon plants.
c) Carnivores feed upon herbivores. In this way, biotic carbon is
transported from plants to herbivores, from herbivores to carnivores and
from carnivores to apex consumers.
d) Eventally, after death, all types of consumer, are decomposed by
decomposers like
bacteria and fungi and carbon dioxide is released again into the atmosphere
and is used
again by living organism. In this way,
e) carbon is continuously passed on from one living
organism to another. Finally atomopheric Carbondioxide enters again in
atomosphere.

Q. 5 Give reasons :

1. Energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.

Ans. 1. The sun is the most important source of energy in any
ecosystem. 2. Green plants store some of the solar energy
in the form of food by the process of photosynthesis. 3. Before reaching the
decopmosers, this stored energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next i. e. from
producers to herbivores, from herbivores to carnivores and from carnivores to mixed
consumers. 4. Decomposers release some amount of energy in the form of heat.
However, no part of the energy returns to the sun. Therefore, energy flow through an
ecosystem is ‘ one way ‘.
2. Equilibrium is necessary in the various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
Ans. 1. The state of equilibrium in bio-geo-chemical cycles occurs
when there is a balance in the cycling of the elements in biosphere.
2. Various human activities
and climatic changes seriously affect the speed, intensity and equilibrium of these cycles.
3.
Equilibrium in the bio-geo-chemical cycles is important for the continued survival and
existence of organisms and also for the stability of the environment.

Q. 6 Complete the following table (carefully study the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen
cycles).

Bio-geo-chemical Biotic processes Abiotic processes

cycles
1 Carbon cycle Photosynthesis, respiration in
plants and animals, Biotic
decompositions.
2 Oxygen cycle Photosynthesis, animal
respiration, biotic decomposition.
3 Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation by nitrogen
fixing bacteria like Rhizobium.
Burning of fossil fuels,
absorption of carbon
compounds in water.
Combustion, corrosion,
rusting
Industrial and atmospheric
nitrogen fixation

Q. 7 Distinguish between :

1. Autotrops and Heterotrophs

Autotrophs
1. Autotrophs are able to produce
food molecules themselves by
harnessing solar energy.
2. They are producers of the living
world.
3. e.g. Green plants
Hetertrophs
1. Heterotrophs are incapable of producing food
molecules and they feed upon autotrophs or
decaying organic matter.
2. They are consumers of the living world.
3. e.g. Plants such as fungi, bacteria and
animals

2. Gaseous cycle and Sedimentry cycle

Gaseous cycle Sedimentry cycle

1. An accumulation of the main
abiotic gaseous nutrient materials
is found in the earth’s atmosphere.
2. Includes nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, water vapour, etc.
1. An accumulation of the main abiotic
nutrient materials is found in soil, sediment
and sedimentary rocks, etc. of the earth.
2. Includes soil components like iron,
calcium, phosphorus etc.

Q. 8. Answer in short .

1. What is a food web? Construct a food web with the help of the following
organisms. ( Grass, Grasshopper, Rabbit, Snake, Eagle, Mouse, Frog )
Ans:
The interconnections among different food chains at different trophic levels forming
a network is called a food web.

2. Explain in detail the inter-relationship between the food chain and food
web. Ans: Food chain is a linkage of organisms within an
ecosystem. Each link feeds on the one before it and is fed on by the one after it.
Only the first link in the chain is a producer and all the rest are consumers.it is
more commonly seen that an organism may feed on several different organisms
and in turn be fed up on by several different organisms. If this has to be
represented as a diagram we would get a complex branched web. Different food
chains intertwine with one another and form the food webs.

Q. 9. Answer briefly:
1. Observe figure and explain the relationship
between the components.
Ans: In this food chain plants are the producers. They
are eaten byby grasshopper which is a herbivore.
Herbivores are eaten by carnivores the frog – Frogs are
eaten by snakes, both are carnivores but at different
tropic levels. Snakes are eaten by eagle which is an
apex carnivore. Dead bodies of carnivors are
decomposed by decomposers and the nutrients return
back to air, water and soil, in turn these nutrients are
absorbed by the plants.

2. Make a list of the various consumers of the ecosystems around you and
classify them according to mode of nutrition.
Ans: Plants ---------------- produces
Grasshoppers ------------ saprophytes
Fungi, bacteria ---------- decomposers

Q. 10 . Drwa neat labelled diagram

1) Nitrogen Cycle

Grasshopper
FROG

2) Food Chain

SNAKE
GRASS ( Producer)

DECOMPOSERS

EAGLE
 Other IMP QUESTIONS

Q. 1 What is fermentation?
ANS – The microbes like yeast, lactobacilli,Saccharomyces and other useful bacteria
convert sugars like carbohydrates,lactose sugar or other sugar in to glucose, lactic acid,
ethyl alcohol ,cabon dioxide etc. in the process in which they get ther food.such process is
called as fermentation. Eg. Making bread from dough. Formation of curd from milk.

Q.2 What are First aid to disaster victims :

Basic principles of first aid : Life and Rescucitation - ABC
1. Airway : If the victim has difficulty breathing, the head should be held in
a backward sloping position or the chin should be raised so that the
respiratory passage remains open.
2. Breathing : If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given
artificial
ventilation by mouth to mouth rescucitation.
3. Circulation : If the victim is unconscious, then after giving mouth to
mouth respiration twice, the heart should by pressed down hard by
pressing the chest with both the palms. These two actions should be
repeated alternately about 15 times. This is
called cardio-pulmonary rescucitation (CPR). It helps to bring the
circulation
back to normal.

Q.3 Write 7 Principles of solid waste management.

Ans -
1) Reuse
After use materials should be reused for some other proper purposes.
2) Refuse
Refusal to use articles made from non-degradable articles like plastic and thermocol.
3) Recycle
Production of useful articles by recycling solid wastes. For example, paper and glass
can be recycled.
4) Rethink
Rethinking our habits, activities and their consequences in connection with the use of
various articles of daily use.
5) Reduce
Restriction the use of resources to avoid their wastage. Old materials should be
reused. One thing should be shared by many. Use and throw type of objects should be
avoided.
6) Research
Conducting research realated to reuse of materials that are temporarily out of use.
7) Regulation and public awareness
Following the laws and rules related to waste management and motivating others to
do the same.
Q.4 State uses of Rhizobia or Importance of Rhizobium
Rhizobia produce nitrogenous compounds ( Nitrates )from atmospheric nitrogen. This
process is called as nitrogen fixation, Nitrates need leguminous plants like beans, sweet pea,
soyabean, etc. as ‘host’. Beans and pulses are rich in proteins due to the nitrogenous
compounds made available by rhizobia.
Q.5 State uses of Lactobacilli :
1. Various milk products like yoghurt, buttermilk, ghee, cheese, shrikhand,
etc. can be
obtained by fermentation of milk.
2. Lactobacilli fermentation is useful for large scale production of cider,
cocoa,
pickles of vegetables, etc.
3. Lactobacilli and some other useful microbes taken together are used to
treat
abdominal discomfort.
4. Leavened fodder offered to domestic cattle like cows and buffalos, is
fodder
fermented with the help of lactobacilli.
5. The lactobacilli fermentation process is used to make wine and some
types of

Q.6 How Ethyl alcohol ( Ethanol ) is produced from sugarcane

molasses.
Ans -. Molasses is produced from sugarcane juice. It is rich in carbohydrates.
Molasses is fermented with the help of the yeast called Saccharomyces. In this
process, ethanol (C2H5OH) alcohol is produced as a primary product and ester and
other alcohols as secondary products.

Q.7 What precaution should be taken while having Antibiotics..

Ans 1) Don’t purchase any antibiotic from medical stores without a prescription
from a doctor.
2) Don’t consume antibiotics on your own to treat common diseases like a
throat infection, common cold or influenza.
3) Even if you feel well before completing of the prescribed course of the
antibiotic you must continue and complete it.
4) Don’t suggest to others the antibiotics which were useful to you

 IMP STATEMENTS 



 Oil spills in oceans are cleaned with the help of Alcanivorax

bacteria
 Some antibiotics are useful against a wide variety of bacteria.
They are called broadspectrum
 a pathogenic micro-organism is definitely known, then narrow-
spectrum antibiotics are used.
 a pathogenic micro-organism is definitely not known, then broad-
spectrum antibiotics are used.
 Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus,
Penicillium,
 The bacteria which spoil cooked food are Clostridium. Out of about
100 different species of this bacterium,
 Ida Bengston obtained higher education in biochemistry at Chicago
Universityfor this work, she was honoured with the ‘Typhus Medal’ in
1947.