November 2012

DIN 19643-2 
ICS 13.060.30 Supersedes
DIN 19643­2:1997­04 and
DIN 19643­5:2000­09

Treatment of water of swimming pools and baths –

Part 2: Combinations of process with fixed bed filters and precoat filters,
English translation of DIN 19643-2:2012-11

Aufbereitung von Schwimm­ und Badebeckenwasser –

Teil 2: Verfahrenskombinationen mit Festbett­ und Anschwemmfiltern,
Englische Übersetzung von DIN 19643-2:2012-11

Traitement de l’eau des bassins des piscines et des bains –

Partie 2: Combinaisons du procès avec filtres à matériaux granulaire et filtres à couches,
Traduction anglaise de DIN 19643-2:2012-11
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Document comprises 20 pages

Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.
In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.

© No part of this standard may be reproduced without prior permission of English price group 11

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A comma is used as the decimal marker.

Contents
Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................................ 5
3 Principle of the respective process combinations................................................................................... 6
3.1 Flocculation – filtration - chlorination......................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Adsorption by powdered activated carbon – flocculation – filtration – chlorination ................6
3.3 Flocculation – multi-layer filtration using adsorptive carbon – chlorination ...............................6
3.4 Flocculation – filtration – adsorption by granular activated carbon – chlorination...................7
3.5 Flocculation – filtration – ultraviolet radiation – chlorination ........................................................... 7
3.6 Adsorption by powdered activated carbon – filtration using precoat filter – chlorination ....7
4 Process stages ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Acid neutralizing capacity adjustment ........................................................................................................ 7
4.1.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1.2 Compounds used to adjust acid neutralizing capacity........................................................................... 7
4.1.3 Acid neutralizing capacity values .................................................................................................................. 8
4.1.4 Checking the acid neutralizing capacity ...................................................................................................... 8
4.2 pH value adjustment........................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Flocculation ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3.2 Flocculants ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.3.3 Minimum quantity of flocculant to be added ............................................................................................ 9
4.3.4 Checking the flocculation.................................................................................................................................. 9

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4.4 Filtration ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.4.2 Filtration by rapid filters as specified in DIN 19605 ........................................................................... 10
4.4.3 Filtration using precoat filters as specified in DIN 19624 ................................................................ 13
4.5 Eliminating disinfection by-products........................................................................................................ 14
4.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................. 14
4.5.2 Adsorption by multi-layer filtration .......................................................................................................... 14
4.5.3 Adsorption by powdered activated carbon............................................................................................. 14
4.5.4 Adsorption by granular activated carbon ............................................................................................... 15
4.5.5 Ultraviolet radiation........................................................................................................................................ 17
4.6 Testing the flocculation filtration and sorption filtration systems ................................................ 18
4.7 Chlorination ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
5 Load capacity factor, k..................................................................................................................................... 20

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Foreword
This standard has been prepared by Working Committee NA 119-04-13 AA Schwimmbeckenwasser of the
Normenausschuss Wasserwesen (Water Practice Standards Committee).

This revision was prompted by the need to merge Parts 2 and 5 of the DIN 19643 series of standards from
1997 and 2000, respectively, into a new single part, and by the need to take changes in the general
requirements for the treatment of water of swimming pool and baths as specified in DIN 19643, Part 1 into
account.

This new standard focuses largely on describing those basic process combinations that include a fixed bed
filter (referred to in the following as granular media filter) or precoat filter as one of the treatment stages.
The process combinations specified in this standard illustrate various ways to implement methods of
preventing and removing disinfection by-products. In addition to the application of powdered activated
carbon and granular activated carbon in the downstream sorption filters and adsorptive carbon in the top
layer of a multi-layer filter, as was common up to now, the application of ultraviolet radiation as a method of
eliminating chloramine compounds has now been included as well.

The following individual process combinations have been defined:

Flocculation – filtration – chlorination

Flocculation – multi-layer filter using adsorptive carbon – chlorination

Adsorption by powdered activated carbon – flocculation – filtration – chlorination

Flocculation – filtration – adsorption by granular activated carbon – chlorination

Flocculation – filtration – ultraviolet radiation – chlorination

Flocculation – multi-layer filtration using adsorptive carbon – ultraviolet radiation – chlorination

Adsorption by powdered activated carbon – filtration using precoat filters – chlorination.

Other process combinations can be used as a function of the application.

DIN 19643 consists of the following parts, under the general title Treatment of water of swimming pools and
baths:

— Part 1: General requirements

— Part 2: Combinations of process with fixed bed filters and precoat filters

— Part 3: Combinations of process with ozonization

— Part 4: Combinations of process with ultrafiltration

Further parts may be added to this standard in future.

In order to ensure that the requirements set down in this standard are met, and bearing in mind economic
aspects, it is recommended that only experienced specialist companies with appropriate references be

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commissioned to plan, build and install the treatment facilities. Furthermore, effectiveness of the treatment
should be checked at regular intervals by experienced staff.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. DIN (and/or DKE) shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

Amendments

This standard differs from DIN 19643-2:1997-04 and DIN 19643-5:2000-09 as follows:

a) the contents of the two standards have been merged;

b) a detailed description of the methods used to eliminate disinfection by-products has been added;

c) the process combination using UV radiation has been included;

d) the contents of the standard have been brought in line with state-of-the art technology;

e) normative references have been updated.

Previous editions

DIN 19643: 1984-04

DIN 19643-2: 1997-04
DIN 19643-5: 2000-09
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1 Scope
This standard, in conjunction with DIN 19643-1, applies to the treatment of water of swimming pools and
baths by process combinations using granular media filters and precoat filters. It does not apply to
therapeutic baths.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

DIN 19605, Fixed bed filters for water treatment — Structure and components

DIN 19624, Precoat filters for water treatment

DIN 19643-1:2012-11, Treatment of water of swimming pools and baths — Part 1: General requirements

DIN 19645, Treatment of spent filter backwash water from systems for treatment of water of swimming-pools
and baths

DIN 38409-7, German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Parameters
characterizing effects and substances (group H) — Part 7: Determination of acid and base-neutralizing
capacities (H 7)

DIN EN 12904, Products used for treatment of water intended for human consumption — Silica sand and silica
gravel

DIN EN 12913, Products used for treatment of water intended for human consumption — Powdered
diatomaceous earth

DIN EN 12914, Products used for treatment of water intended for human consumption — Powdered perlite

DIN EN 15031, Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water — Aluminium-based coagulants

DIN EN 15075, Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water — Sodium hydrogen carbonate

DIN EN 15362, Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water — Sodium carbonate

DIN EN 15797, Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water — Iron-based coagulants

DIN EN 15798, Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water — Filter media

DIN EN 15799, Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water — Powdered activated carbon

DIN EN ISO 6878, Water quality — Determination of phosphorus — Ammonium molybdate spectrometric
method

DIN EN ISO 7027, Water quality — Determination of turbidity

DIN EN ISO 10304-1, Water quality — Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions —
Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate

DIN EN ISO 15681-1, Water quality — Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow
analysis (FIA and CFA) — Part 1: Method by flow injection analysis (FIA)

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DIN EN ISO 15681-2, Water quality — Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow
analysis (FIA and CFA) — Part 2: Method by continuous flow analysis (CFA)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für das Badewesen e. V.: Zusätzliche Desinfektionsmaßnahmen durch Hochchlorung im
Bereich der Badewasseraufbereitung — Muster einer Dienstanweisung 1) (Additional disinfection measures by
means of high chlorination levels in pool water treatment — Example of work instructions)

DVGW W 240, Beurteilung von Aktivkohlen für die Wasseraufbereitung 2) (Assessment of activated carbon for
water treatment)

TRGS 500, Schutzmaßnahmen 3) (Protective measures)

3 Principle of the respective process combinations

3.1 Flocculation – filtration – chlorination

Dissolved colloidal impurities are destabilized by flocculation using iron(III) and/or aluminium salts, and
orthophosphates are partially precipitated. For this process, the pH value of the raw water is kept within a
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range consistent with the type of flocculant used. The mixture of iron(III) hydroxide and/or aluminium
hydroxide and colloids is then removed by filtration.

The filtrate is chlorinated and fed to the pool or bath. The load capacity factor, k, is 0,5 m-3, equivalent to a
supply water volume of 2 m3 per person.

3.2 Adsorption by powdered activated carbon – flocculation – filtration – chlorination

The disinfection by-products are adsorbed by the powdered activated carbon and possibly chemically
converted.

Dissolved colloidal impurities and finest particles of the powdered activated carbon are destabilized by
flocculation using iron(III) salts and/or aluminium salts, and orthophosphates are partially precipitated. For
this process, the pH value of the raw water is kept within a range consistent with the type of flocculant used.
The mixture of contaminated powdered activated carbon, iron(III) hydroxide and/or aluminium hydroxide
and colloids is then removed by filtration. The filtrate is chlorinated and fed to the pool or bath. The load
capacity factor, k, is 0,5 m-3, equivalent to a supply water volume of 2 m3 per person.

3.3 Flocculation – multi-layer filtration using adsorptive carbon – chlorination

Dissolved colloidal impurities are destabilized by flocculation using iron(III) salts and/or aluminium salts,
and orthophosphates are partially precipitated. For this process, the pH value of the raw water is kept within
a range consistent with the type of flocculant used. The mixture of iron(III) hydroxide and/or aluminium
hydroxide and colloids is then removed by multi-layer filtration. In this process, the adsorptively acting
carbon layer in the filter removes the disinfection by-products.

The filtrate is chlorinated and fed to the pool or bath. The load capacity factor, k, is 0,5 m-3 equivalent to a
supply water volume of 2 m3 per person.

1) Obtainable from: Deutsche Gesellschaft für das Badewesen e.V., Postfach 340201, 45074 Essen.
2) Obtainable from: Wirtschafts- und Verlagsgesellschaft Gas und Wasser mbH, Postfach 140151, 53056 Bonn.
3) Source of supply: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (German Federal Agency for Occupational
Safety and Occupational Medicine; Internet: http://www.baua.de).

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3.4 Flocculation – filtration – adsorption by granular activated carbon – chlorination

Dissolved colloidal impurities are destabilized by flocculation using iron(III) salts and/or aluminium salts,
and orthophosphates are partially precipitated. For this process, the pH value of the raw water is kept within
a range consistent with the type of flocculant used. The mixture of iron(III) hydroxide and/or aluminium
hydroxide and colloids is then removed by filtration.

In the following stage, the disinfection by-products are adsorbed by granular activated carbon and possibly
chemically converted. The filtrate is chlorinated and fed to the pool or bath. The load capacity factor, k, is
0,5 m-3, equivalent to a supply water volume of 2 m3 per person.

3.5 Flocculation – filtration – ultraviolet radiation – chlorination

Dissolved colloidal impurities are destabilized by flocculation using iron(III) salts and/or aluminium salts,
and orthophosphates are partially precipitated. For this process, the pH value of the raw water is kept within
a range consistent with the type of flocculant used. The mixture of iron(III) hydroxide and/or aluminium
hydroxide and colloids is then removed by filtration.

In the following stage, chloramine compounds are eliminated by ultraviolet radiation. The filtrate is
chlorinated and fed to the pool or bath. The load capacity factor, k, is 0,5 m-3, equivalent to a supply water
volume of 2 m3 per person.

3.6 Adsorption by powdered activated carbon – filtration using precoat filters – chlorination

Disinfection by-products are adsorbed by the powdered activated carbon and possibly chemically converted.

The mixture of contaminated powdered activated-carbon and other particles is then removed by filtration.
The filtrate is chlorinated and fed to the pool or bath. The load capacity factor, k, is 0,5 m-3, equivalent to a
supply water volume of 2 m3 per person. It may be necessary to remove phosphates by suitable methods.

Where the filling water has an increased phosphate concentration, it may be necessary to precipitate
phosphates by flocculation filtration before feeding the water into the water tank.

4 Process stages
4.1 Acid neutralizing capacity adjustment

4.1.1 General

To achieve satisfactory flocculation, the acid neutralizing capacity (KS4,3 as defined in DIN 38409-7) of the
raw water shall be maintained at a given minimum value, depending on the type of flocculant used. This can
be achieved by adding suitable filling water and/or chemicals to increase the acid neutralizing capacity.

4.1.2 Compounds used to adjust acid neutralizing capacity

a) Sodium carbonate (soda) as in DIN EN 15362;

b) sodium hydrogen carbonate as in DIN EN 15075;

c) calcium carbonate, in solid form, as in DIN EN 15798 (to be used as filtration medium).

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4.1.3 Acid neutralizing capacity values

a) When applying the respective process combination for bathing facilities other than spa pools (bubbling
pools) (with their own treatment facility): KS4,3 ≥ 0,7 mol/m3;

b) when applying the respective process combination for spa pools (bubbling pools) with their own
treatment facility: KS4,3 ≥ 0,3 mol/m3;

c) when using flocculants with a basicity 4) > 65 %, the acid neutralizing capacity can be adjusted to
KS4,3 ≥ 0,3 mol/m3, as opposed to the value stated in a).

4.1.4 Checking the acid neutralizing capacity

After the reagents added have been thoroughly dispersed, the acid neutralizing capacity of the raw water
shall be determined to check for compliance with the specified minimum values. The value shall be
determined weekly and the results documented in the logbook.

4.2 pH value adjustment

The pH value shall be adjusted as described in DIN 19643-1.

4.3 Flocculation

4.3.1 General

After the acid neutralizing capacity and pH value of the water have been adjusted, the flocculant shall be
added continuously, uniformly and proportionally to the water using a feeder.

The flocculant shall be quickly and thoroughly mixed with the water directly at the feed point. This can be
achieved, for example, by means of an abrupt change in pipe diameter immediately downstream of the feed
point, by the use of another technical device such as a static mixer, or locating the flocculant feed point
upstream of the circulation pumps.

The reaction time up to when the water enters the filter body should be at least 10 s, with the flow velocity of
the water not exceeding 1,5 m/s. Deviations from this rule are only permitted if proof of the specified
effectiveness of the filtration system is provided by analysis.

Provided that the values of the auxiliary hygiene parameters as specified in Table 2 of DIN 19643-1:2012-11
are complied with, addition of flocculant can be stopped at the earliest one hour after the end of the bathing
session until the bathing session re-starts.

The addition of flocculant shall not be interrupted while powdered activated carbon is being added to the
water.

4.3.2 Flocculants

Aluminium sulfate as in DIN EN 15031;

aluminium chloride hexahydrate as in DIN EN 15031;

sodium aluminate as in DIN EN 15031;

4) Basicity is a measure of the pre-neutralization of a product and is defined as: % basicity = (m/3n) x 100 %, where m
is the molar quantity of OH- ions and n is the molar quantity of Al3+ ions.

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aluminium chloride hydroxide or aluminium chloride hydroxide sulfate as in DIN EN 15031;

polyaluminium chloride with a basicity > 50 % as in DIN EN 15031;

iron(III) chloride hexahydrate as in DIN EN 15797;

iron(III) chloride sulfate solution as in DIN EN 15797;

iron(III) sulfate as in DIN EN 15797.

4.3.3 Minimum quantity of flocculant to be added

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Correct dosage can only be maintained if the active substance content of the flocculant is known. The
minimum quantity added shall be as follows:

a) when aluminium salts are used: 0,05 g/m3 (equivalent to 1,85 mmol/m3), as Al;

b) when iron salts are used: 0,1 g/m3 (equivalent to 1,78 mmol/m3), as Fe;

c) when mixed products are used: ≥ 1,85 mmol/m3, in relation to the sum of iron and aluminium
components. The manufacturer shall indicate the iron and aluminium concentrations.

The correct operating of the dosing feeders shall be ensured. Furthermore, the dosing pumps shall be
checked regularly, at the latest during maintenance or servicing work, by measuring the feed volume. The
results of the inspection shall be documented in the logbook. Daily flocculant consumption shall be recorded
in the logbook so that correctness of the settings and dosage can be verified. The values thus obtained shall
also be used to adjust the dosage quantity to the flow rate.

4.3.4 Testing the flocculation

The correct performance of the flocculation process shall be checked by verifying conformity to the filtrate
requirements (see Table 6).

Whenever the system is put into operation or the flocculant is changed, the effectiveness of the flocculation
stage shall be verified by measuring the iron and/or aluminium concentrations upstream and downstream of
the filtration stage.

4.4 Filtration

4.4.1 General

Filtration is used to remove contaminated powdered activated carbon (where used), destabilized colloids
and precipitated and flocculated aluminium or iron compounds, as well as coagulated and encapsulated
microorganisms, from the water. The matter retained by filtration is removed by backwashing the filter.

Filters shall be operated continuously as specified in DIN 19643-1. Rapid granular-media filters as in
DIN 19605 or precoat filters as in DIN 19624 shall be used. The pressure head required to achieve filtration
can be applied either by positive pressures or sub-atmospheric pressures.

Regardless of the filter system used, suitable measures (covers, dividing walls or similar) shall be in place to
prevent humidity or corrosive substances or substances which are hazardous to human health from entering
the equipment and technical equipment rooms.

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4.4.2 Filtration by rapid filters as specified in DIN 19605

4.4.2.1 Particle size ranges, filter bed heights and filtration rates

The particle size ranges, filter bed heights and filtration rates for single-layer filters using sand as described
in DIN EN 12904 shall meet the requirements specified in Table 1.

The particle size ranges, filter bed heights and filtration rates for multi-layer filters shall meet the
requirements specified in Tables 2 and 3.

In sand layers, the undersize is to be removed from the filter while it is being filled or afterwards. This is
particularly important when powdered activated carbon is used.

Table 1 — Particle size ranges, filter bed heights and filtration rates for single-layer filters using
filter sand
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Parameters Unit Open rapid filters Closed rapid filters

Particle size range mm 0,71 to 1,25 / 1,0 to 1,6
Filter bed height m ≥ 0,9 ≥ 1,2
Freeboard m ≥ 25 % of filter bed height + 0,2 m
Filtration rate m/h ≤ 12a ≤ 30a
a If the salt concentration is > 6% mass fraction, then the filtration rate and flocculant dosage and type needed to achieve the
water quality specified in Table 2 of DIN 19643-1:2012-11 shall be determined experimentally.

Table 2 — Particle size range combinations for multi-layer filtersa

Powdered Filter media, upper/ Unit Particle size range, upper/lower layer
activated lower layer
carbon dosage
with without
+ Sand/hard coal mm 0,71 to 1,25 / 1,4 to 2,5
+ Sand/hard coal mm 0,4 to 0,8 / 0,6 to 1,6
0,71 to 1,25 / 1,4 to 2,5
+ Sand/pumice mm 0,4 to 0,8 / 0,6 to 1,6
0,71 to 1,25 / 1,4 to 2,5
+ Sand/lignite coke mm 0,4 to 0,8 / 0,6 to 1,6
(so-called H material)b 0,71 to 1,25 / 1,4 to 2,5
a Other combinations of filter media and particle size ranges shall be tested experimentally and their effectiveness shall be
proved.
b Depending on its origin, lignite coke may contain more or less iron and manganese, which may be leached into the water
during the initial operating phase.

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Table 3 — Filter bed heights and filtration rates for multi-layer filters
Powdered Parameter Unit Open rapid filters Closed rapid filters
activated
carbon dosage
with without
+ + Sand filter bed height m ≥ 0,6 ≥ 0,6
≥ 0,4 for sand/
lignite coke
0,4 to 0,8 / 0,6 to 1,6
+ + Filter bed top layer m ≥ 0,6 ≥ 0,6
≥ 0,4 for sand/
lignite coke
0,4 to 0,8 / 0,6 to 1,6
+ + Freeboard m ≥ 25 % of filter bed height + 0,2 m
+ + Filtration rate m/h ≤ 15a ≤ 30a
a If the salt concentration is > 6% mass fraction, then the filtration rate, the flocculant dosage and the flocculant type
needed to achieve the water quality specified in Table 2 of DIN 19643-1:2012-11 shall be determined experimentally.

4.4.2.2 Filtration

Scouring by water flow shall be prevented during filtration. This shall be ensured by suitable design
measures, e. g. by a functionally-shaped outlet funnel. The filter bed surface unevenness shall not exceed
5 cm/m filter diameter and a maximum total difference in height of 10 cm. Raw water inflow shall be
arranged in such a manner as to prevent any horizontal displacement of filter medium while the filter is in
operation.

4.4.2.3 Backwashing single-layer filters and multi-layer filters

Backwashing procedures for single-layer filters and multi-layer filters shall meet the following
requirements:

— The filter bed of the filter media layers shall be adequately expanded.

— To backwash a filter, the filter media layers shall be fluidized and expanded by at least 10 % in a single-
layer filter, or at least 20 % in a multi-layer filter, in order to remove substances retained in the filter,
including microorganisms.

— All contaminants shall be completely washed out of the filter media layers.

— Contamination adhering to the filter media particles shall be completely removed.

This can be achieved by flushing the filter with air. Air flushing shall be kept as short as possible to
prevent dirt from being spread into the lower filter layers. The process details shall be jointly agreed
upon by the operator, planning engineers and manufacturers.

The backwashing procedure shall follow a specified backwashing program and shall not be interrupted.
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The actual flow rates will depend on the combination of materials used and on the filter design. These shall
be specified by the manufacturer and verified on-site, as required. In this context, it is important to note that
higher flow velocities are required for larger particle sizes and higher backwashing water temperatures.

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The following guide values are examples for backwashing open-gravity filters and closed single-layer and
multi-layer filters with sand media of particle size ranges 0,71 mm to 1,25 mm and a backwashing water
temperature of up to 28 °C:

— Backwashing program 1 (for single-layer and multi-layer filters)

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— 1st phase: Vent the filter and lower the water level to the surface of the filter bed.

— 2nd phase: Flush the filter with air for 1 min to 3 min at an air flow rate of between 60 m/h and
80 m/h.

— 3rd phase: Backwash with water for 4 min to 7 min (depending on requirements) at a water flow
rate of approximately 50 m/h to 65 m/h.

— 4th phase: Discharge the first filtrate as waste.

— 5th phase: Re-establish water treatment operations.

— Backwashing program 2 (for single-layer filters)

— 1st phase: Vent the filter and lower the water level to the surface of the filter bed.

— 2nd phase: Flush the filter with air for 1 min to 3 min at an air flow rate of between 60 m/h and
80 m/h (only necessary if there is an increased risk of caking due to hardened precipitation).

— 3rd phase: Combined air/water backwashing for 3 min to 5 min at an air flow rate of approximately
40 m/h to 70 m/h and a water flow rate of 10 m/h to 25 m/h.

— 4th phase: Backwash with water for 1 min to 7 min at a water flow rate of approximately 50 m/h to
65 m/h (depending on previously determined requirements).

— 5th phase: Discharge the first filtrate as waste, if necessary.

— 6th phase: Re-establish water treatment operations.

When the backwashing process is complete, the filter bed shall be levelled and deaerated.

In order to prevent bacterial contamination and clogging of filter nozzles and filtrate chambers, backwashing
water should be as free of solids as possible. This can be ensured by using backwashing water kept in a
separate tank. However, as an alternative, the backwashing water can be taken directly from the pool or the
raw water tank. If the backwashing water is taken from the raw water tank, this should be done in the
morning hours as the solids and microorganism concentrations are lower at this time. Backwashing water
kept in a separate tank shall be chlorinated to maintain a minimum concentration of 0,5 mg chlorine per litre
in order to prevent bacterial contamination and bio-film formation.

To prevent bacterial contamination of the filter beds, disinfectant should be added to the backwashing water.
A concentration of at least 1 mg chlorine per litre is required for this purpose (or at least 0,6 mg/l ClO2 if
chlorine dioxide is used). In addition, the tank should be rinsed with chlorinated water with a chlorine
concentration of at least 5,0 mg/l (or at least 3,0 mg/l ClO2 if chlorine dioxide is used).

Unhindered flow of the backwashing waste water out of the filter is to be ensured. Local waste
water/sewerage regulations shall be observed when discharging the backwashing waste water into the
sewerage system. As an alternative, the waste water may be treated as specified in DIN 19645 and then re-
used as operating water. Water from lowering the water level during the venting period and first filtrate
water may be fed into the raw water tank.

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4.4.2.4 Testing the filtration

The values specified for the filtrate in Table 6, application type A shall not be exceeded throughout the whole
filtration process.

4.4.3 Filtration using precoat filters as specified in DIN 19624

4.4.3.1 General

The provisions of DIN 19624 shall be observed when using precoat filters.

4.4.3.2 Precoating the filter media

Depending on the system and material manufacturers, the ratio of the amounts of powdered activated
carbon as specified in DIN EN 15799 and kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) as specified in DIN EN 12913, or
perlite as specified in DIN EN 12914, and possibly the supplementary continuous addition of these auxiliary
filter media to the treatment water flow required per square metre for the initial precoat may differ.

To reduce health hazards, care shall be taken to prevent dust emission when adding filter media. When
initially precoating the filters, care shall be taken to ensure that the filter media are added manually under
water, or by a dust-free automated process.

Where direct contact with powdered filter media is unavoidable, occupational health protection measures
against dust inhalation shall be implemented in accordance with the currently valid TRGS 500. To maintain
corrosion protection (prevent evaporation), hygiene (prevent contamination from the surroundings entering
the filter) and occupational safety, even vacuum precoat filters should be covered.

The actual precoating process shall normally be controlled automatically for both vacuum and overpressure
precoat filters.

4.4.3.3 Fundamental filtration principle

The filtration principle is based on cross-section area filtration in which the filter medium thickness is
limited to a few millimetres. Only kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth), perlite and powdered activated carbon
are used. The particle size shall be selected to match the filter cloth used to cover the filter support elements
of the precoat filter.

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The filter media (diatomaceous earth, perlite and powdered activated carbon) shall be evenly deposited on
the entire filter cloth surface to form a new effective filter media layer. This precoating process is to be
implemented fully automatically as part of internal filter operations.

After precoating has been concluded, the filtration process is also started automatically by means of
frequency-controlled circulation pumps.

Vacuum precoat filters normally operate at a filtration rate of up to 4 m/h and overpressure precoat filters at
rates of 5 m/h to 8 m/h.

4.4.3.4 Backwashing precoat filters

The increase of operating pressure or negative pressure is observed in order to determine whether the filter
has to be backwashed or not.

It is not necessary to provide backwashing water storage. In the case of vacuum precoat filters, the waste
water resulting from the backwashing process will partly comprise the water volume in the filter casing and

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partly the spray water used to rinse the filter trays by means of a hose and a row of nozzles inside the filter
casing, whereby the proportions depend on the filter design.

The filter media are always discarded together with the backwashing waste water when the filter is
backwashed.

Discarding the filter media when the filter is backwashed and rinsed eliminates the risk of the filter
becoming microbiologically contaminated.

In view of this, pool-water heating should not be integrated into the precoat filter plant, but shall be
provided externally by a separate heat exchanger, as with other filtration systems.

4.4.3.5 Testing the filtration

The values specified in Table 6, application type A shall not be exceeded throughout the whole filtration
process.

4.5 Eliminating disinfection by-products

4.5.1 General

If the process combination flocculation – filtration – chlorination is not sufficient to sustainably achieve the
water quality parameter limits of combined chlorine and trihalomethanes (THMs) as specified in Table 2 of
DIN 19643-1:2012-11, one of the following treatment stages shall be added. A system design that includes
options for subsequent installation of the stages so as to be prepared for the possibility that the combined
chlorine and THM limits cannot be met is recommended.

4.5.2 Adsorption by multi-layer filtration

If a filter is designed as a multi-layer filter, disinfection by-products can be eliminated using suitable filter
media capable of adsorbing these by-products. The sand/lignite coke combination as described in Table 2 is
suitable for this purpose. If the plant fails to achieve the limits for combined chlorine and THMs specified in
Table 2 of DIN 19643-1:2012-11 over a longer operating period, in spite of adequate replacement of filling
water, this indicates that the adsorptive filter medium is exhausted and has to be partially or completely
renewed.

Granular activated carbon shall not be used since this involves a higher risk of microbial contamination. This
risk is lower if lignite coke is used, which is why this medium should be preferred. Subclause 4.4 contains
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further information on multi-layer filtration.

4.5.3 Adsorption by powdered activated carbon

4.5.3.1 General

Powdered activated carbon shall be introduced into the treatment facility in an amount proportional to the
flow. The powder can be added directly to wetting devices and pumped into the water stream of the
treatment facility. Alternatively, an activated carbon/water suspension can be added, but it will be necessary
to agitate such a suspension constantly and keep its pH value below 2 by adding acid in order to avoid
microbial contamination.

As long as the pool water quality meets the trihalomethane and combined chlorine concentration limits
specified in DIN 19643-1, the addition of powdered activated carbon may be interrupted.

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4.5.3.2 Requirements for powdered activated carbon

Powdered activated carbon suitable for water treatment as specified in DIN EN 15799 shall be used. The
particle size distribution shall be within the ranges listed in Table 4, similar to the values given in DVGW-
Arbeitsblatt W 240.

Table 4 — Particle size distribution of powdered activated carbon

Particle size range Proportion by mass of sieve fraction

mm %
> 0,071 < 25
< 0,045 > 50

To ensure a controlled addition of the powdered activated carbon without interruption, care should be taken
to keep the relative proportion of oversize (specifically that having a diameter greater than 0,1 mm) low. The
iodine adsorption shall be greater than 900 mg/g carbon in order to ensure that the adsorption capacity is
adequate.

Powdered carbon products may be supplied in dry or pre-wetted form. Pre-wetted products shall contain an
acid component that prevents bacterial growth. Only compounds which are permitted for pH value
adjustment in accordance with DIN 19643-1 are allowed for this purpose.

4.5.3.3 Minimum quantity of powdered activated carbon to be added to the treatment volume flow

The minimum quantity of powdered activated carbon to be added is:

a) 0,3 g/m3 to 2 g/m3, when the process combination is used for all types of swimming and bathing pools
except for spa pools (bubbling pools) with their own treatment facility, whereby the concentration
required shall be determined experimentally and the design of the dosing feeder shall permit additon at
a rate of 2 g/m3; and

b) 3 g/m3, when the process combination is used for spa pools (bubbling pools) which are equipped with
their own treatment facility.

4.5.3.4 Testing the dosage

Correct operation of the dosing feeder shall be tested by determining the amount of powdered activated
carbon consumed and the volume of water circulated within a specific period.

4.5.4 Adsorption by granular activated carbon

4.5.4.1 General

To eliminate disinfection by-products in this process combination, a second filter containing an adsorptive
filter medium (granular activated carbon) is integrated into the system downstream of the granular media
filter used for removing particulate contamination.

4.5.4.2 Process description

Filtration by granular activated carbon filters removes most of the disinfection by-products. Closed granular
media filters as in DIN 19605 are used for this purpose. Granular activated carbon filters may be operated in
the full or partial circulation stream.

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4.5.4.3 Stabilization of redox potential of filtrate after flocculation

4.5.4.3.1 General

To prevent microbial contamination of the granular activated carbon filter, the redox potential of the filtrate
leaving the upstream filter shall be at least +650 mV. If this value is not achieved, at least 1 g chlorine per m³
shall be added to the raw water.

4.5.4.3.2 Testing the redox potential

Throughout the entire filtering operation, the minimum redox potential of the flocculation filtrate shall not
drop below +650 mV, measured against Ag/AgCl 3,5 mol/l KCl.

The redox potential should be measured using a stationary measuring device.

4.5.4.3.3 Recording

The redox potential shall be measured at the beginning and end of each bathing session and the results shall
be recorded in the logbook as item 12 of Table 4 as described in DIN 19643-1:2012-11.

4.5.4.4 Filtration

Granular activated carbon made from hard coal or coconut shells shall be used. If activated carbon from
other sources is to be used, its effectiveness shall be proved by testing.

Particle size ranges, filter bed heights, filtration rates and material properties of granular activated carbon
filters shall meet the requirements specified in Table 5.
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Table 5 — Particle size ranges, filter bed heights, filtration rates and material properties of granular
activated carbon filters

Parameter Unit Closed granular media filters

Granular activated mm 0,6 to 1,6 1,4 to 2,5
carbon particle size range
Sand particle size range mm 0,4 to 0,8a 0,71 to 1,25a
Granular activated carbon bed height m > 0,6
Height of supporting sand layerb m > 0,15
Freeboard m 40 % of the filter bed height + 0,2 m
Filtration rate m/h ≤ 50
Iodine value mg/g > 900
a Depending on the nozzle design, other particle size ranges may be needed for the supporting layers.
b A supporting layer can be omitted if the cross-section of the nozzle openings matches the particle size of the granular
activated carbon.

Since the granular activated carbon layer is subject to constant losses due to backwashing, the filter bed
height shall be checked regularly and the granular activated carbon shall be topped up if the height has
decreased by 10 %, but at least once a year.

The granular activated carbon shall be partially or totally replaced if the combined chlorine or THM contents
exceed the maximum values given in Table 6.

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4.5.4.5 Backwashing granular activated carbon filters

In order to prevent microbial contamination, the backwashing water shall be as free of solids as possible.
This can be ensured by using backwashing water that is kept in a separate tank. Backwashing water kept in a
separate tank shall be chlorinated to maintain a minimum concentration of 0,5 mg chlorine per litre in order
to prevent microbial contamination and biofilm formation.

The filter bed of a granular activated carbon filter shall first be loosened using air and then backwashed
using water only. Combined simultaneous air/water backwashing shall not be used. To prevent microbial
contamination of the filter beds, disinfectant shall be added to the backwashing water. A concentration of at
least 1 mg chlorine per litre is required for this purpose (or at least 0,6 mg/l ClO2 if chlorine dioxide is used).
In addition, the filter shall be backwashed once a month with chlorinated water having a chlorine
concentration of at least 5,0 mg/l (or at least 3,0 mg/l ClO2 if chlorine dioxide is used).

The filters shall be operated continuously. The operating time between backwashing operations shall be at
least 48 h, but shall not exceed 168 h (7 days).

— Guide values for backwashing granular activated carbon filters:

— Phase 1: Vent the filter and lower the water level until it is about 5 cm above the surface of the filter
medium.

— Phase 2: Loosen the filter bed for about 1 min to 2 min with air at an air flow rate of at least 60 m/h.

— Phase 3: Allow filter to remain idle for about 3 min to 5 min to deaerate the filter bed.

— Phase 4: Backwash for 4 min to 6 min with water at a water flow rate which is adequate to ensure
complete fluidization of the entire filter media.

— Phase 5: Discharge the first filtrate as waste.

— Phase 6: Re-establish water treatment operations.

4.5.4.6 Testing the filtration

The values specified in Table 6, application type C shall not be exceeded throughout the whole filtration
process.

If the filter bed becomes contaminated by microbes despite correct filter operation, and the microbiology
parameter values specified in Table 6 are exceeded, the filter shall be disinfected by high-level chlorination
as described in “Zusätzliche Desinfektionsmaßnahmen durch Hochchlorung im Bereich der Badewasser-
aufbereitung” published by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für das Badewesen e. V.

4.5.5 Ultraviolet radiation

4.5.5.1 General

An ultraviolet radiation system may be used for reducing the concentration of combined chlorine. To this
end, the filtrate shall be treated using UV equipment fitted with medium pressure UV lamps. The UV-C dose
shall be within the range of 400 J/m2 to 600 J/m2. To prevent the formation of undesirable by-products, it
shall be ensured that the UV system does not emit radiation of wavelengths under 200 nm. The effectiveness
of the UV system shall be verified. Aging of the lamps shall be taken into consideration.

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If the filling water has an increased tendency to generate trihalomethanes (THM), or if the THM
concentration in the pool water is relatively high for other reasons, other measures shall be taken since UV
radiation does not reduce trihalomethane concentrations.

4.5.5.2 Testing the UV radiation system

The effectiveness of the UV radiation system shall be monitored by checking the auxiliary hygiene parameter
values entered in the logbook. The UV radiation system shall be inspected, tested and serviced once a year by
a competent company.

4.6 Testing the flocculation filtration and sorption filtration systems

The requirements specified in Table 6 for the corresponding type of filter shall be used as pass criteria when
testing filtration plants.

Application type A applies to the filtrates of granular media (rapid) filters as described in 4.4.2 and of
precoat filters as described in 4.4.3, both without a downstream sorption filter or with partial-stream
treatment by a downstream sorption filter as described in 4.5.4.

Application type B applies to the filtrates of granular media (rapid) filters as described in 4.4.2 and of
precoat filters as described in 4.4.3, both being with full-stream treatment by a downstream sorption filter as
described in 4.5.4.

Application type C applies to the filtrate of sorption filters as described in 4.5.4.

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Table 6 — Filtration requirements

Subclause as in Parameter Unit Upper limit Application type

Tables 1 and 2 of
DIN 19643-1:2012-11 A B C

5.3.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa CFU/10 0 X — X

0 ml
5.3.2 Escherichia coli CFU/10 0 X — X
0 ml
5.3.3 Legionella spec. CFU/10 0a X — X
0 ml
5.3.4 Colony forming units (CFU) CFU/ml 100 X — X
at (36 ± 1) °C
5.3.6 Turbidity FNUb 0,1 X X —
5.3.7 Aluminiumc mg/l 0,05 X X —
5.3.8 Ironc mg/l 0,02 X X —
5.3.13 Oxidizability of Mn VII → II above mg/l 0,5
that of filling waterd (possibly the
value obtained by mixing primary and
secondary filling water) expressed
as O2 content X X —
Consumption of KMnO4 above that mg/l 2
of filling waterd (possibly the
value obtained by mixing primary and
secondary filling water) expressed
as KMnO4 content
5.3.16 Combined chlorinee, f, g, calculated as mg/l 0,2 X — X
the difference between total chlorine 0,1 — — X
and free chlorine content
5.3.17 Trihalomethanes (THM) mg/l 0,02 X — X
calculated as chloroforme, g, h
content
5.3.20 Arsenici mg/l 0,2 X X —
— Orthophosphate (as P)j mg/l 0,030 X X —
a If the upper limit value is exceeded, corrective measures shall be taken as a function of the detected legionella concentrations
(see Tables 7 and 8 of DIN 19643-1:2012-11).
b FNU (Formazine Nephelometric Unit) is the unit of turbidity specified in DIN EN ISO 7027.
c Permitted only where the appropriate additives are present.
d If the oxidizability of the filtrate is lower than that of the filling water for an unoccupied pool (possibly the value obtained by
mixing primary and secondary filling water), this lower value shall be used as the reference value; if, however, the oxidizability
of the filling water is lower than 0,5 mg/l O2 or lower than 2 mg/l KMnO4, these values shall be used as reference values.
e Does not apply to cold water plunge pools with ≤ 2 m³ through which filling water flows continuously.
f In the case of water containing bromides and iodides, free and combined bromine or iodine shall be expressed as chlorine.
g Values occasionally exceeding the upper limit by up to 20 % (including measurement uncertainty) can be tolerated
in the evaluation.
h Calculated as chloroform (CHCl3): THM = A + 0,728 ⋅ B + 0,574 ⋅ C + 0,472 ⋅ D, whereby A = mg/l CHCI3; B = mg/l CHBrCI2;
C = mg/l CHBr2CI; D = mg/l CHBr3.
i Only where the filling water contains arsenic.
j The methods described in the following standards are permitted as reference methods: DIN EN ISO 6878, DIN EN ISO 10304-1,
DIN EN ISO 15681-1 and DIN EN ISO 15681-2.

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4.7 Chlorination

Chlorination dosage details are given in DIN 19643-1.

5 Load capacity factor, k

When using the process combination described here, a load capacity factor of not more than k = 0,5 m-3 shall
be used to calculate the flow rate as described in Clause 8 of DIN 19643-1:2012-11.

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