System Engineering

and
Reliability
Lab

SUBMITTED TO : Rahul Sir

BY: Megha Kumari

Roll no. : 1120488
E2
 EXPERIMENT-1

AIM : To calculate the reliability of a

a) Series System
b) Parallel System
c) Series-Parallel System
d) Parallel-Series System
e) K-out-of-n system with s-unidentical and s-identical components.

THEORY: -
Fault Coverage is the probability that a system will recover from a failure. This can be
derived approximately by examining the design, and making reliable estimates. This number
will be difficult to determine exactly because it is based on real, and often unpredictable
phenomenon. Reliability can be determined with individual system components as a function
of probabilities. The two main categories of systems are series, and parallel (redundant). In
the best case a high reliability system would have many parallel systems in series.
In terms of design, a system designer must have an intuitive understanding of the concept of
Series/parallel functions. We can consider a series system where if any of the units fails, then
the system becomesinoperative. Here the reliabilities of each of the system components are
chained (ANDed) together.
When a ’parallel’ component fails the reliability of the overall system is reduced, but the
system remains completely or partially functional. This type of reliability adds cost, so it is
normally only used in critical systems where failure is not acceptable.
Examples of systems using parallel reliability include:
- Brakes on a car - 4 brakes
- Electronic brakes also have mechanical backups
- Lights - in dark places multiple bulbs are used so a failed bulb does not leave it dark.
If any of the units fails the system will continue to operate. Failure will only come when all
of the modules fail. Here we are concerned with complements of the chained unreliability.
Also consider the case of a parallel system that requires ‘m’ of ‘n’ identical modules to be
functional, such as a hybrid system, or a voting system that needs two out of three functional
units.

Keeping in mind that many systems are a combination of series and parallel units, to find the
total reliability, calculate the reliability of the parallel units first, and then calculate the series
reliability, replacing the parallel units with their grouped reliability.

PROGRAM :
disp('1.Series 2.parallel 3.series parallel 4.parallel series 5.k out of n')
n=input('enter the choice of system')
switch n
case 1
%series reliability%
a=input('enter the number of units in the series system')
b=zeros(a,1)
sre=1;
fori=1:a
b(i,1)=input('enter reliability')
sre=sre*b(i,1);
end
seriesreliability=sre
case 2
%parallel reliability%
c=input('enter the number of units in the parallel system')
d=zeros(c,1)
q=1
fori=1:c
d(i,1)=input('enter the reliability')
q=q*(1-d(i,1));
end
parallelreliability=1-q
case 3
%series parallel reliability%
m=input('enter the number of units in series')
n=input('enter the number of units of parallel in each series unit')
r=1;
fori=1:m
q=1;
e=zeros(n,1)
for j=1:n
e(j,1)=input('enter reliability')
q=q*(1-e(j,1));
end
pre=1-q
r=r*pre;
end
seriesparallelreliability=r
case 4
%parallel series reliability%

m=input('enter the number of units in series')

n=input('enter the number of units of series in parallel')
q=1;
fori=1:m
f=zeros(m,1)
s=1;
for j=1:n
f(j,1)=input('enter the reliability of each element in series')
s=s*f(j,1);
end
q=q*(1-s)
end
parallelseriesreliability=1-q
case 5
%k out of n sysytem
n=input('enter the number of elements');
r=input('enter number of essential elements');
rc=input('enter the reliability of the components');
s=0;
fori=r:n
s=s+(factorial(n)/(factorial(i)*factorial(n-i))*(rc^i)*(1-rc)^(n-i));
end
disp('reliability of system=');
s
end
OUTPUT :

1. Series

1. Series 2.parallel 3.series parallel 4.parrallel series 5.k out of n

Enter the choice of system1

n=1

Enter the number of units in the series system3

a =3

b=0
0
0

Enter reliability.89

b = 0.8900
0
0

Enter reliability.95

b = 0.8900
0.9500
0

Enter reliability.99

b=
0.8900
0.9500
0.9900

Series reliability = 0.8370

2. Parallel
1. Series 2.parallel 3.series parallel 4.parrallel series 5.k out of n
Enter the choice of system2

n=2

enter the number of units in the parallel system4

c=4
d =0
0
0
0

q=1

Enter the reliability.9

d=

0.9000
0
0
0

Enter the reliability.95

d=

0.9000
0.9500
0
0

Enter the reliability.85

d=

0.9000
0.9500
0.8500
0

Enter the reliability.8

d=

0.9000
0.9500
0.8500
0.8000

Parallel reliability =

0.9999
3. Series parallel
1. Series 2.parallel 3.series parallel 4.parallel series 5.k out of n
Enter the choice of system3

n=

Enter the number of units in series2

m=

Enter the number of units of parallel in each series unit2

n=

e=

0
0

Enter reliability.88

e=

0.8800
0

Enter reliability.90

e=

0.8800
0.9000

pre =

0.9880

e =0
0
Enter reliability.95

e=

0.9500
0

Enter reliability.97

e=

0.9500
0.9700

Pre =

0.9985

seriesparallelreliability =
0.9865

4. Parallel Series

1. Series 2.parallel 3.series parallel 4.parrallel series 5.k out of n

Enter the choice of system4

n=

Enter the number of units in series2

m=

Enter the number of units of series in parallel2

n=

f=0
0

Enter the reliability of each element in series.85

f=

0.8500
0

Enter the reliability of each element in series.80

f=

0.8500
0.8000

q=
0.3200

f=
0
0

Enter the reliability of each element in series.98

f = 0.9800
0

Enter the reliability of each element in series.95

f = 0.9800
0.9500

q = 0.0221

Parallel-seriesreliability = 0.9779

5. k out of n system
1. Series 2.parallel 3.series parrallel 4.parrallel series 5.k out of n
Enter the choice of system5

n =5

Enter the number of elements3

Enter number of essential elements2
Enter the reliability of the components.98
Reliability of system=s =0.9988
 EXPERIMENT-2

AIM: To calculate the reliability of a

a) A bridge network
b) 7 node network
c) 9 node network

Reliability of bridge network by baye's formula

PROGRAM :

display('First enter the reliability of top left element then top right element and so on and
lastly the middle element')
rel=zeros(1,5);
for i=1:5
rel(1,i)=input('Enter the reliability');
end
key=rel(1,5);
a=rel(1,1);b=rel(1,2);c=rel(1,3);d=rel(1,4);
% When key element is in bad state
Rbad=1-((1-a*b)*(1-c*d));
% When key element is in good state
Rgood=(a+c-a*c)*(b+d-b*d);
%baye's formula
R=(1-key)*Rbad+key*Rgood;
display(R)

OUTPUT :

first enter the reliability of top left element then top right element and so on and lastly the
middle element

Enter the reliability98

Enter the reliability97
Enter the reliability96
Enter the reliability95
Enter the reliability87
R=

1.4687e+10

7-Node Network

PROGRAM :

% 7-Node Network
% .--------------.
% / \
% / \
% .---------.----------.
% \ /
% \ /
% .--------------.

r=input('Enter the reliability ');

rel=1-(1-r^3)*(1-r^3)*(1-r*r);
display(rel)

OUTPUT:
Enter the reliability 98
rel =
8.5067e+15

9-Node Network

PROGRAM :

% 9-node Network
% .------.-------.
% / \
% / \
% .---------.----------.
% \ /
% \ /
% .------.--------.
r=input('Enter the reliability ');
rel=1-(1-r^4)*(1-r^4)*(1-r*r);
display(rel)

OUTPUT:

Enter the reliability 98

rel =

8.1699e+19
 EXPERIMENT-3

Aim: To find the reliability using fault tree analysis.

THEORY:
Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top down, deductive failure analysis in which an undesired state
of a system is analysed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events. This
analysis method is mainly used in the fields of safety engineering and reliability
engineering to understand how systems can fail, to identify the best ways to reduce risk or to
determine (or get a feeling for) event rates of a safety accident or a particular system level
(functional) failure.An undesired effect is taken as the root ('top event') of a tree of logic. The
logic to get to the right top events can be diverse.There should be only one Top Event and all
concerns must tree down from it. Then, each situation that could cause that effect is added to
the tree as a series of logic expressions.

Fig. 1 A Fault Tree Diagram

The Tree is usually written out using conventional logic gate symbols. The route through a
tree between an event and an initiator in the tree is called a Cut Set. The shortest credible way
through the tree from fault to initiating event is called a Minimal Cut Set.

Event symbols:Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediateevents. Primary
events are not further developed on the fault tree. Intermediate events are found at the output
of a gate. The event symbols are shown below:

Fig. 2 Event symbols

Fig. 2 shows event symbols. These are described as Basic event, External event,
Undeveloped event, Conditioning event, Intermediate event respectively.
PROGRAM :
clc
pa=input('enter the reliability of element a:');
pb=input('enter the reliability of element b:');
pc=input('enter the reliability of element c:');
pd=input('enter the reliability of element d:');
qa=1-pa;
qb=1-pb;
qc=1-pc;
qd=1-pd;
f1=qa*qc
f2=qb*qd;
fs=f1+f2-f1*f2
R=1-fs

OUTPUT :
enter the reliability of element a: 0.7
enter the reliability of element b: 0.8
enter the reliability of element c: 0.9
enter the reliability of element d: 0.85

f1 =

0.0300

f2 =

0.0300

fs =

0.0591

R=

0.9409
 EXPERIMENT-4

AIM: To calculate the reliability of a complex system using

a) Bays Decomposition Theorem
b) Event Space Method

To find the reliability of a system using Bay’s decomposition theorem.

THEORY:
In Bay’s method a keystone component is chosen. This keystone element can have only two
states viz. good or bad. When keystone is good it is shorted and a new reduced system is
obtained and when keystone is bad then it is opened and again a reduced system is obtained
and when keystone is bad then it is opened and again a reduced system is obtained. This
process is repeated until the reduced system is series-parallel system. Then the reliability of
reduced systems is obtained by methods of series-parallel reliability evaluation and is
multiplied by the probability of proper keystone states and added together to get system
reliability. Let us suppose a bridge system as shown. Let E be the keystone component.

Fig 1
Then two reduced systems are as shown in the figure 2 and fig 3. As these reduced systems
are series-parallel systems, the overall reliability is obtained as:
 When E is good:

Fig 2
RS1=[1-P(A’)P(C’)][1-P(B’)P(D’)] =(1-QaQc)(1-QaQb)
  When E is bad:

Fig 3
RS2=[1-P(A)P(C)][1-P(B)P(D)] =(1-PaPc)(1-PbPd)
Therefore, system reliability is:R=P(E)RS1+P(E’)RS2
Let us suppose another network as shown in Fig 4 and choose element X to be the keystone
element. Two reduced networks by considering X-good and X-bad are shown in the figure.

Fig 4
Firstly we have a series-parallel network whose reliability is easily seen as:

Fig 5
R1=(Pc+PaPy-PcPaPy)(Pd+PzPb-PdPzPb)
Secondly it’s a bridge network which is considered to have two parallel branches Y and Z
and hence R2 can be written as:
 Fig 6
R2=PeRS1+(1-Pa)RS2
Where RS1 and RS2 are given as
Rs1 = [1-P(A’)P(C’)] [1-P(B’)P(D’)] = (1-QaQc) (1-QbQd)
Rs2 = [1-P(A)P(C)] [1-P(B)P(D)] = (1-PaPc) (1-PbPd)
andPe is given as:
Pe=Py+Pz-PyPz
After derivation of R1 and R2 system reliability can be expressed as:
R=PxR2+(1-Px)R1

PROGRAM :
clc
pa=input('enter the reliability of element a:');
pb=input('enter the reliability of element b:');
pc=input('enter the reliability of element c:');
pd=input('enter the reliability of element d:');
pe=input('enter the reliability of element e:');
R1=(1-(1-pa)*(1-pc))*(1-(1-pb)*(1-pd))
R2=1-(1-pa*pb)*(1-pc*pd)
R=pe*R1+(1-pe)*R2

OUTPUT :
enter the reliability of element a: 0.8
enter the reliability of element b: 0.75
enter the reliability of element c: 0.85
enter the reliability of element d: 0.9
enter the reliability of element e: 0.7

R1 = 0.9457

R2 =0.9060
R =0.9338

To find the reliability of bridge network using event space method

THEORY :
The event space method is an application of the mutually exclusive events axiom. All
mutually exclusive events are determined and those that result in system success are
considered. The reliability of the system is simply the probability of the union of all mutually
exclusive events that yield a system success. Similarly, the unreliability is the probability of
the union of all mutually exclusive events that yield a system failure.
The complete listing of states in shown in tables .Each element has either a good state or a
bad state. These elements are grouped together according to bad states. This helps in
generating all possible states and group them having number of elements according to (nk)
where n is the number of elements and k is the group number.

PROGRAM :
% To find reliability of bridge network using event space method.
clc;
e=input('Enter the number of elements\n');
p=input('Enter the probability of success');
q=1-p;
s=zeros(1,e);
rel2=0;
rel3=0;
for k=1:e-1
for l=k+1:e
s=zeros(1,e);
s(1,k)=1;
s(1,l)=1;
a=s(1,1);
d=s(1,2);
c=s(1,3);
b=s(1,4);
f=s(1,5);
if (((a==1) & (b==1)) | ((d==1) & (f==1)))
rel3=rel3+(p^2*q^3);
else
rel2=rel2+(p^3*q^2);
end
end
end

%For group No 0 & 1, all the cases are success.

rel0=p^5;
rel1=5*p^4*q;
% For group no. 4 & 5,all cases are failures.
rel4=0;
rel5=0;
rel=rel0+rel1+rel2+rel3;
display(rel)

OUTPUT :
Enter the number of elements 6
Enter the probability of success 98
rel =
6.1898e+10
 EXPERIMENT-5

AIM: To calculate the reliability of a system using reliability relocation.

THEORY:
Reliability Allocation deals with the setting of reliability goals for individual subsystems such
that a specified reliability goal is met and the hardware and software subsystem goals are well
balanced among themselves.

System Reliability Allocation:

Reliability allocations for hardware/software systems can be started as soon as the system
reliability models have been created. The initial values allocated to the system itself should
either be the specified values for the various reliability metrics for the system, or a set of
reliability values which are marginally more difficult to achieve than the specified values.

Hardware Reliability Allocation:

The allocation of reliability values to lower-tiered hardware elements is a continuation of the
allocation process begun at the system level. The system level hardware reliability models are
used to successively apportion the required reliability measures among the various individual
pieces of hardware and from the hardware equipment level to the various internal elements.

Software Reliability Allocation:

The first step in the allocation process is to describe the system configuration (system
reliability model). Next, trial component reliability allocations are selected, using best
engineering judgment. Compute system reliability for this set of component reliability values.
Compare the result against the goal. Adjust component reliability values to move system
reliability toward the goal, and component reliability values toward better balance. Repeat the
process until the desired goal and good balance are achieved.

Reliability allocation by Basic Allocation method.

PROGRAM :
clc
ls=input('Enter the required failure rate of the system');
l1=input('Enter the failure rate of element 1');
l2=input('Enter the failure rate of element 2');
l3=input('Enter the failure rate of element 3');
Rs=input('Enter the required reliability of the system');
l=l1+l2+l3;
W1=l1/l;
W2=l2/l;
W3=l3/l;
disp('The calculated failure rates of the elements are:')
L1=W1*ls
L2=W2*ls
L3=W3*ls
disp('The reliabilities of the elements are:')
R1=Rs^W1
R2=Rs^W2
R3=Rs^W3
disp('The reliability of the system is:')
R=R1*R2*R3

OUTPUT:
Enter the required failure rate of the system 0.010
Enter the failure rate of element 1 0.002
Enter the failure rate of element 2 0.003
Enter the failure rate of element 3 0.007
Enter the required reliability of the system 0.9
The calculated failure rates of the elements are:

L1 =
0.0017

L2 =
0.0025

L3 =
0.0058

The reliabilities of the elements are:

R1 =
0.9826

R2 =
0.9740

R3 =
0.9404

The reliability of the system is:

R=
0.9000

Reliability Allocation by minimum effort method.

PROGRAM :
clc
P1=input('Enter the reliability of element 1:');
P2=input('Enter the reliability of element 2:');
P3=input('Enter the reliability of element 3:');
Rs=input('Enter the desired system reliability:');
X=ones(4,1);
if P1<P2 && P1<P3
X(1,1) = P1;
if P2<P3
X(2,1) = P2;
X(3,1) = P3;
else X(2,1) = P3;
X(3,1) = P2;
end
elseif P2<P1 && P2<P3
X(1,1) = P2;
if P1<P3
X(2,1) = P1;
X(3,1) = P3;
else X(2,1) = P3;
X(3,1) = P1;
end
elseif P3<P1 && P3<P2
X(1,1) = P3;
if P1<P2
X(2,1) = P1;
X(3,1) = P2;
else X(2,1) = P2;
X(3,1) = P1;
end
end
r1 = Rs/(X(2,1)*X(3,1)*X(4,1));
r2 = (Rs/(X(3,1)*X(4,1)))^(1/2);
r3 = (Rs/(X(4,1))^(1/3));
if r3>X(3,1)
k=3;
elseif r2>X(2,1)
k=2;
elseif r1>X(1,1)
k=1;
end
Z=1;
fori=k+1:4
Z=X(i,1)*Z;
end
R0 = (Rs/Z)^(1/k)
fori=1:k
X(i,1) = R0;
end
disp('The reliability of the elements are:')
R1=X(1,1)
R2=X(2,1)
R3=X(3,1)
disp('The reliability of the system is:')
R = R1*R2*R3
OUTPUT :
Enter the reliability of element 1: 0.8
Enter the reliability of element 2: 0.7
Enter the reliability of element 3: 0.92
Enter the desired system reliability: 0.65

R0 =
0.8405

The reliability of the elements are:

R1 =
0.8405
R2 =
0.8405
R3 =
0.9200

The reliability of the system is:

R=
0.6500
 EXPERIMENT-6

Aim: To find the reliability of a given system using redundancy

optimization.

THEORY:
To build high reliability in to a system, a Design Engineer usually resorts to redundant units
for each stage, but must stay within the resources available, i.e. constraints improved on the
design, such as cost and weight. The optimum redundancy depends on reliability, cost and
weight etc. of each stage. The reliability of a System can be maximized subject to the
resource constraints to determine the optimum number of redundant components for each
stage, when the reliability of each component is known in other situations, the reliability of
the system can be maximized subject to the resource constraint to determine the reliability of
the components in the system when the number of Redundant units in each stage is known.

Assumptions:
1. All the components in each stage are assumed to be identical.
2. The components are assumed to be statistically independent i.e. the failure of one
component does not affect the performance of the other components in the system.
3. A component is either in working condition or non-working condition.

Fig. 1 Series-Parallel Configuration

PROGRAM :
clc
P1=input('Enter the reliability of each element of stage 1:');
P2=input('Enter the reliability of each element of stage 2:');
C1=input('Enter the value of number of resources used in stage 1:');
C2=input('Enter the value of number of resources used in stage 2:');
K=input('Enter the constraint on the total number of resources:');
if P1>P2
Y1=K/(C1+C2);
X1=floor(Y1);
Y2=(K-X1*C1)/C2;
X2=floor(Y2);
else
Y2=K/(C1+C2);
 X2=floor(Y2);
Y1=(K-X2*C2)/C1;
X1=floor(Y1);
end
disp('The number of elements in stage 1 are: ')
X1
disp('The number of elements in stage 2 are: ')
X2
disp('The reliability of the system is: ')
R= (1-(1-P1)^X1)*(1-(1-P2)^X2)

OUTPUT :

Enter the reliability of each element of stage 1: 0.6

Enter the reliability of each element of stage 2:0.65
Enter the value of number of resources used in stage 1:2
Enter the value of number of resources used in stage 2:1
Enter the constraint on the total number of resources:5
The number of elements in stage 1 are:
X1 =
2

The number of elements in stage 2 are:

X2 =
1

The reliability of the system is:

R=
0.5460