Chapter 1: Language and Learning

Before You Read

Choose the best word to substitute for each italicized word in the following sentences.

1. At the most basic level, it (Spanglish) is a "language" which is a hybrid of English and Spanish.
A) relative B) way of writing C) mixture of two things D) idea associated with a word

2. Purists in Spain and Latin America, however, also use the term "Spanglish" to refer to the Anglicisms
that have crept into Spanish in those countries, especially in areas of technology, business, and
teenage slang.
A) been rejected by B) suddenly appeared in C) been accepted in D) gradually entered

3. For those who understand both English and Spanish, Spanglish is often employed as a shortcut, a
linguistic allusion.
A) slip B) reference C) mistake D) invention

4. Another thing that irks Spanglish critics and linguistic purists alike is the variety of Spanglish out
there.
A) annoys B) pleases C) satisfies D) challenges

5. Supporters of Spanglish recognize that it represents the mélange of cultures that makes up the Latino
identity in the United States.
A) mixture B) purity C) fear D) acceptance

6. Spanglish, a way of speaking which straddles two languages, helps forge an identity for those whose
identity bridges two or more cultures.
A) objects to B) ignores the existence of C) is on two sides of D) presents an opinion about

7. This cultural conundrum would be hard for anyone to handle.

A) difficult problem B) easy solution C) sad reality D) celebratory occasion

Read
Take two minutes and skim the following selection. Then look at the following list of ideas. Choose the
ideas that are discussed in the reading. Then read the passage all the way through.

¡Oye! Do You Speak Spanglish?

The cover of this month's Latina magazine shows a tanned model in a blue dress. The headline reads
"Belleza from head to toe." The magazine's Web site includes topics such as "Mujeres on the Move,"
"Welcome to la jungla," and "For your ojos only." (The last two phrases adapted from the English
phrases Welcome to the jungle and For your eyes only.) Targeted at young women born in Spanish-
dominant households but living in an English-dominant United States, Latina magazine sums up the
Spanglish phenomenon in just one page. Spanglish is many things, and therefore hard to capture with a
simple definition. At the most basic level, it is a "language" which is a hybrid of English and Spanish.
The hybridization occurs in a variety of ways. It can be a mix of the two languages in a single sentence
or conversation, as seen in the quotes from Latina magazine. It can be the outright adoption of English
terms, such as e-mail, marketing, or sexy. It can be the fusion of Spanish grammatical structure with
English roots (this happens especially with verbs), for instance, tipear for type (Spanish would
be escribir a máquina) or likear for leak (the Spanish would be gotear). Finally, in many cases, English
cognates are adopted for their English, not Spanish, meaning. For instance, carpeta is used to mean
"carpet" when in actuality it means "folder" or "file"; remover is used to say "remove" when it in fact
means "stir." In the Unites States, Spanglish is recognized as a relatively common form of
communication, especially among first generation Americans of Spanish-speaking parents and Latinos
living in Spanish-speaking areas of the U.S. Purists in Spain and Latin America, however, also use the
term Spanglish to refer to the anglicisms that have crept into Spanish in those countries, especially in
areas of technology, business, and teenage slang.

Many who use Spanglish recognize that it can be useful when the word in question doesn't have a good
equivalent in one language or the other. For instance, while driving through the Central Valley of
California in November, I heard a radio show host ask, "¿Y que van hacer ustedes este Thanksgiving?"
(And what are you going to do this Thanksgiving?). Why say día acción de
gracias when Thanksgiving slides so neatly off the tongue? Spanish can be similarly employed when
English doesn't seem to do the trick. To say, "I can't stand living with my roommate. She has so
many manias," is easier to say than "I can't stand living with my roommate. She has so many quirky and
obsessive habits." For those who understand both English and Spanish, Spanglish is often employed as
a shortcut, a linguistic allusion.

Problems arise when those who employ Spanglish can't functionally speak one language or the other,
and this is where the critics come in. Critics of Spanglish, Latinos and Anglos alike, feel that the
"language" limits its users. Many talk about the "bastardization" of both languages. Spanish purists feel
that the Spanish language in the United States and abroad will not be able to recover from this
corruption and are unable to recognize that language is a living, changing thing. Others worry that since
English is the primary and often most functional language in the United States, those who opt for
Spanglish over English are doing themselves a disservice, especially in the professional realm.

Another thing that irks Spanglish critics and linguistic purists alike is the variety of Spanglish out there.
One has to ask, if Puerto Rican/Bronx Spanglish is different from Mexican/Phoenix Spanglish is different
from Cuban/Miami Spanglish, can it really be considered a language? Can everyone who speaks it be
mutually understood? Probably not, as each brand of Spanglish employs colloquialisms from an infinite
variety of local Spanish and English usages. For them, the fact that Spanglish does not follow a
consistent set of rules means that it cannot be classified as a language.

Supporters of Spanglish recognize that it represents the mélange of cultures that makes up the Latino
identity in the United States. Spanglish, a way of speaking which straddles two languages, helps forge
an identity for those whose identity bridges two or more cultures. Spanglish speakers complain that they
are attacked on all sides: by English-speaking Americans who look down on them for not speaking pure
English, and by native Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Colombians, etc. for selling out, for being disloyal to
their cultural roots. This cultural conundrum would be hard for anyone to handle. Pocho Magazine, and
its affiliate Web site, Pocho.com, have decided to approach the predicament with a bit of satire and
humor. Pocho is a derogatory term used by Mexicans to describe their fellow Chicanos (Mexican-
Americans). The term literally means "cut off," "faded," or "rotton." An editor's note remarks:

Supposedly not authentic enough to be a Mexican in Mexico OR the U.S.,

the "pocho" and "pocha" (his sister) are actually superior beings, able to
straddle two worlds while enjoying the benefits of being bi-lingual, bi-
cultural, and sometimes bi-ignorant.

Pocho.com's name and comments are very tongue-in-cheek, but they deftly point out the difficulties
many Spanglish speakers in the U.S. face.

The critics and supporters may never be able to agree on the validity of Spanglish as a form of
communication, but as the Latino population in the U.S. grows at an exponential rate, it is a topic that
will definitely become prevalent in the coming years.

1/ Choose the ideas that are discussed in the reading. Check all that apply.
A) Examples of Spanglish B) Descriptions of Spanglish
C) Examples of other language hybrids E) Support for Spanglish
D) Criticisms of Spanglish F) Use of Spanglish in the classroom

After You Read 1

In front of each inference, write the letter of the statement from the article that gives the basis for it.

a. English words are used in many Spanish-speaking countries.

b. Most Latinos have a mixed heritage.
c. Spanglish is often rejected as an invalid form of communication.
d. Some Spanglish speakers can't speak English or Spanish fluently.
e. There are Spanglish publications.

1/ ______ Problems arise when those who employ Spanglish can't functionally speak one language or
the other, and this is where the critics come in. Critics of Spanglish, Latinos and Anglos alike, feel that
the "language" limits its users.

2/ ______ The cover of this month's Latina magazine shows a tanned model in a blue dress. The
headline reads "Belleza from head to toe." The magazine's Web site includes topics such as "Mujeres
on the Move," "Welcome to la jungla," and "For your ojos only."

3/ ______ Purists in Spain and Latin America, however, also use the term Spanglish to refer to the
anglicisms that have crept into Spanish in those countries, especially in areas of technology, business,
and teenage slang.

4/ ______ Supporters of Spanglish recognize that it represents the mélange of cultures that makes up
the Latino identity in the United States.

5/ ______ Spanglish speakers complain that they are attacked on all sides: by English-speaking
Americans who look down on them for not speaking pure English, and by native Mexicans, Puerto
Ricans, Colombians, etc. for selling out, for being disloyal to their cultural roots.
After You Read 2
Write T (true) or F (false) for the statements below according to the reading.

1/ Spanglish is an official language.

2/ While many English-speaking Americans reject Spanglish, most Mexicans accept it.
3/ Teenagers in Spanish-speaking countries often use English slang.
4/ Spanglish is more or less the same everywhere.
5/ "Pocho" is a negative term.
6/ Latinos in the United States are culturally diverse.
7/ Latinos are a small population in the U.S.
8/ Spanglish is spoken only by Hispanic Americans.

Chapter 2: Danger and Daring

Before You Read
Skim the first paragraph of the reading quickly. Answer the question.

What are the most dangerous occupations and why do people do them? This is a question that interests
safety officials and the media alike. You might be surprised to hear that along with the obvious choices
such as police officer, detective, or security guard, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has classified
truck drivers, taxi drivers, farmers, and construction workers as having some of the most dangerous jobs
in the United States.
1. What do you think the reading is about?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Read
Scan the reading for the more exact, concise, or colorful synonyms. Answer the questions that follow
the reading. The phrases are listed in the order of their appearance. Then read the passage all the way
through.

Just Doing Their Jobs

What are the most dangerous occupations and why do people do them? This is a question that interests
safety officials and the media alike. You might be surprised to hear that along with the obvious choices
such as police officer, detective, or security guard, a 1995 study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
classified truck drivers, taxi drivers, farmers, and construction workers as having some of the most
hazardous occupations in the United States.

The BLS assesses occupational hazards in a variety of ways. First, it looks at what's called "the fatality
frequency count," which counts the number of fatalities for any given group compared to total fatalities
for the year among all workers. Truck drivers, for instance, have the highest fatality frequency count,
meaning that of all job-related fatalities, the most were among truck drivers. This figure, however, is
influenced by the high number of truck drivers as compared to other occupations.

The BLS study also analyzes "fatality rates," calculated by dividing the fatalities in any given group
(truck drivers, farmers, laborers, etc.) by the total number of workers within that group, expressing the
risk of death within that occupation. Analyzing the data in this manner, it was found that fishers actually
had the highest rate of job fatality, and truck drivers come in only ninth.

Finally, the BLS uses the previous two numbers to calculate the "index of relative risk": the risk of a
certain occupation compared to all workers in general. For instance, a taxi driver's index of relative risk
is 9.4, meaning that in 1995 a taxi driver was 9.5 times as likely to suffer a work-related fatality as the
average worker. The occupation found to be most hazardous, with the highest index of relative risk, was
that of commercial fishers: they are about 21 times as likely as the average worker to suffer a fatal injury
on the job. Of course with this method of analysis, other, less prevalent occupations such as elephant
trainer or bounty hunter could be classified as more dangerous due to the low number of people actually
holding those positions. For this reason it's important to look at the fatality frequency count and fatality
rates as well as the index of relative risk.

In addition to fatality, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also analyzed injuries and illnesses occurring in the
workplace as well as the recuperation time for those injuries. They calculated a "chance of injury" index,
concluding that the highest chance of injury occurs among laborers (through contact with a work-related
object), and nursing aides and orderlies (through overexertion). A study by the U.S. Department of
Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics performed between 1992 and 1996 examined the risk of
violence in the workplace. The results showed that about two million people in the U.S. are victims of
violent crime in the workplace every year. The highest number of violent incidents happened to law
enforcement officers (306 per 1,000 during the five-year period). Also included in the list of most
vulnerable to criminal victimization were taxi drivers (higher even than private security guards),
convenience store clerks, bartenders, and teachers. In the majority of cases, fatalities were caused by
firearms. These violent hazards often increase when a job is performed outside of a factory or office,
alone, or at night. Those who handle money are also at higher risk. According to the BLS, in 1995,
homicide accounted for 16 percent of job-related fatalities—the second leading cause of death.
What makes people choose dangerous jobs? Sebastian Junger holds one opinion. Author of A Perfect
Storm, a book chronicling the final voyage of the doomed fishing boat Andrea Gail, Junger has had his
own experience with dangerous occupations. While working for a tree-cutting company, he tore off part
of his leg with a chain saw. The experience prompted him to focus on dangerous occupations in his
writing. He began to focus on fields such as logging, commercial fishing, fire fighting, journalism (foreign
correspondents), and oil well drilling. In choosing his subjects, he differentiates thrill-seekers, who
engage in risky behavior for the excitement factor, from other, generally less-educated workers, who
take risky jobs because they have to in order to eat and, ironically, in order to survive.

Junger may well have a point. For example, according to the BLS, taxi drivers' index of relative risk is
9.5 and a fatality count of 99 per 100,000. In New York, livery cab drivers, who drive for private car
services across the city, have experienced a high rate of homicide in the past—about two killings per
month—and most car services have had at least one driver who has been killed. Unlike Yellow Cab
drivers, who mostly work the commercial areas of Manhattan, livery cab drivers will drive to more
dangerous neighborhoods in the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn. In fact, out of the 85 total cab drivers
killed in 1992 and 1993, only twelve drove Yellow Cabs. So why do they do it? Because it's their
livelihood. Most of the drivers are immigrants and don't speak English well enough to find other types of
work, and official Yellow Cab medallions are quite expensive. Still, as with many dangerous
occupations, earnings don't seem to compensate for the risk factor. After deducting expenses such as
gas, oil, maintenance, and insurance, many drivers are lucky to take in over $500 a week.

Farmers experience other types of occupational hazards: tractor rollovers, accidents with farm
equipment, highway accidents, and illness stemming from exposure to toxic chemicals and the sun. In
addition to the inherent danger of farming, seasonal farmworkers, many of whom speak little English,
suffer from lack of proper medical care and safety precautions, but for many it's the only life they know.
Danger is something they fear, not seek, and it is a byproduct of a job necessary to survival.

Clearly, many workers have to take risks they may not want to in order to survive—an ironic reality of
many occupations. At the same time, it is important to recognize that these people are doing a service
and that everyone depends on them to take risks in order to make our economy work. Otherwise, who
would enforce the law, grow our food, or shuttle us around town?

1/ ...a 1995 study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classified truck drivers, taxi drivers, farmers,
and construction workers as having some of the most (dangerous) ________________ occupations in
the United States.

2/ The BLS study also analyzes (death) " ________________ rates"…

3/ Of course with this method of analysis, other, less (common) _________ occupations such as
elephant trainer or bounty hunter could be classified as more dangerous…

4/ A study by the U.S. Department of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics performed between 1992
and 1996 (looked at) ___________ the risk of violence in the workplace.

5/ According to the BLS, in 1995, (murder) _______________ accounted for 16 percent of job-related
fatalities—the second leading cause of death.

6/ Author of A Perfect Storm, a book (describing the events of) _______________ the final voyage of
the doomed fishing boat Andrea Gail, Junger has had his own experience with dangerous occupations.

7/ Otherwise, who would enforce the law, grow our food, or (transport) ____________ us around town?

After You Read 1

Complete the summary of the reading with the appropriate words.

1/ In 1995, The BLS (The Bureau of _______________ Statistics) performed a study which classified
many jobs as hazardous, and the findings were surprising.

2/ In the first part of the study, it looked at job-related _______________.

3/ It found that the highest rate of job-related deaths, as well the job with the highest relative risk was
that of commercial _______________.

4/ In the second part of the study, the BLS looked at illnesses and injuries. Another study by the U.S.
Department of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics studied the risk of _______________ in the
workplace, since the BLS had determined that _______________ was the second leading cause of job-
related deaths.

5/ One question which many people ask is, "_________ do people do dangerous jobs?"

6/ Sebastian _______________, author of the book The Perfect Storm, believes that most people take
dangerous jobs in order to survive.

7/ Two examples of this are livery cab drivers and _______________.

After You Read 2

Look at the table below and complete the sentences describing it.

Occupations with the largest number of fatalities, rates, relative risk, 1995.
Employment Index of
Occupation Fatality count Fatality rate
(in 1,000s) relative risk
Truck drivers 749 2,861 4.9 5.3
Airplane pilots 111 114 97.4 19.9
Taxicab drivers 99 213 46.5 9.5
Carpenters 96 1,255 7.6 1.6
Fishers 48 45 104.4 21.3

1/ The occupation with the highest fatality count is _______________.

2/ The occupation with the least amount of people is _______________.

3/ Fishers have the (highest, lowest) _______________ fatality rate.

4/ Truck drivers have a (higher, lower) ___________ relative risk index than taxi drivers.

5/ The index of relative risk for airplane pilots is _______________.

6/ The occupation with the lowest fatality count but the highest relative risk is ________.

7/ Only one occupation, _______________ , has a lower fatality rate than carpenters.

8/ Airplane pilots have a fatality rate that is about 20 times higher than _____________.

*Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupation Injuries, 1995.
Chapter 3: Gender and Relationships
Before You Read/Read
Scan the reading. Answer the question that follows the reading. Then read the passage all the way
through.

Wedding Shmedding
I don't care what anyone says. Weddings have gotten out of control.

Don't get me wrong. I too once had a wedding…well, three actually. You know what they say—third
time's a charm. It wasn't until I was 38 years old that I realized the whole wedding thing is a conspiracy
by Macy's, the Hawaiian tourism bureau, and The Knot.com to try to get us to believe we have to spend
$50,000 to demonstrate the power of our love. My last wedding was a simple affair, set outdoors in a
garden (free flowers), with only a few friends and family. And what a relief it was.

According to the statistics, more than 2.4 million American couples get married every year, and have, on
average, 188 people attend their weddings. That adds up to about $10 billion a year spent on gifts
alone, not to mention the money the bride and groom (or their families) spend on flowers, food, music,
clothes, invitations, napkins, makeup, hair, favors…need I go on?

To add insult to injury, the hot new trend in recent years is the "destination wedding." This basically
means that the friends and family of the bride and groom are expected to fork over not only the $150
wedding gift, but the $1,000 it costs to fly to Maui during peak season and the $250 a night hotel room
(and for those who are single, a $25 single-occupancy penalty on top of the humiliation of coming
without a date). Then, as the bride and groom shuttle off to their private honeymoon location, you are
left with a bunch of people you haven't seen in ten years and, frankly, don't like.

My objective is not to deprive my friends of their special day. My best friend is getting married in six
months, and as the most "experienced" of her friends, she calls me about 3.5 times per hour asking me
questions about the big day.

"Did you know that Melissa Rivers had her groom's family crest sewn into her skirt?"

"Does John even have a family crest?"

"Do you think the guests should throw confetti, rice, or blow wedding-cake shaped soap bubbles after
the wedding?"

"Martha Stewart says that if I make my own stationery, I can save up to $1.50 per invitation."

"Did you know that Lifetime Fantasy Weddings recommends that you keep a food diary in order to lose
those extra ten pounds before the wedding?"

"Do you think I should wear my hair up or down? Anne Heche had ringlets. What do you think about
ringlets?"

"Live band or DJ?"

"Place cards or open seating?"

"Live processional and recessional music?"

"What do you think of the idea of releasing butterflies after the ceremony?"
"Katie, that's just creepy."

You get the picture. Now, I'm not saying "don't get married," nor am I saying "don't have a wedding." I'm
just saying keep it under control, folks. Take, for instance, the bridesmaids. Now, in general, the
bridesmaids are grownups. Let them pick out their own dresses. I have a closet full of taffeta gowns that
I'm never going to touch again, but can't bear to give away because each one cost over $400. The one
thing that I do insist be done well and with plenty of style is the reception. After all, the guests have
shelled out money on your gift and bought new outfits to boot. The least you could do is treat them to
some good grub.

Another popular trend is the fantasy wedding. I read somewhere that a bride had decided to theme her
wedding "medieval masquerade." She actually requested that the guests arrive dressed for a medieval
masquerade ball. And what, did she make the men wear armor and ride to the wedding on horseback?
Did the guests have to eat the wedding dinner with their hands while swigging mugs of warm mead?
Another bride, after getting engaged to her Prince Charming, pulled out binders of wedding ideas that
she had started collecting at age 12. With all the media frenzy surrounding movie star weddings, the
Web sites, books, magazines, and television shows dedicated to the big day, the most important thing to
remember is to make it your special day. After all, it only happens once.

Or three times.

1/ Which statement best describes the author's opinion?

A) Weddings are festive occasions.
B) Weddings have become excessive.
C) A wedding is the most important event of a woman's life.
D) People shouldn't get married.

After You Read 1

Complete the statements with the appropriate answer according to the reading.

1. The author has been married __ times.

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

2. The author is __ years old.

A) under 21 B) 21-30 C) 31-36 D) over 36

3. According to statistics, an average wedding in the United States has __ guests.

A) 88 B) 128 C) 188 D) 258

4. The author's __ is getting married in six months.

A) sister B) cousin C) best friend D) co-worker

5. The author believes that the __ should be well-done and stylish.

A) bridesmaid's dresses B) reception C) honeymoon D) flowers

After You Read 2

Write definitions for the italicized words and expressions in each sentence.

1/ Don't get me wrong. I too once had a wedding…well, three actually. You know what they say—third
time's a charm.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2/ To add insult to injury, the hot new trend in recent years is the "destination wedding." This basically
means that the friends and family of the bride and groom are expected to fork over not only the $150
wedding gift, but the $1,000 it costs to fly to Maui during peak season and the $250 a night hotel room…
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3/ The one thing that I do insist be done well and with plenty of style is the reception. After all, the
guests have shelled out money on your gift and bought new outfits to boot. The least you could do is
treat them to some good grub.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4: Beauty and Aesthetics

Before You Read 1
Look at the title of the reading passage, What Fuels Car Design? Why is the title humorous? What do
you think the article will be about?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Before You Read 2

Guess the meaning of each italicized word below from its context, from the word itself, or from a
synonym or explanation nearby in the text. Skim the text to help you.

1. SUVs—a staple on American streets—are seen as big, bulky, and ill-suited to the narrow, winding
Parisian roadways.
A) small trucks with a flat bed for carrying things
B) large four-wheel-drive vehicles for off road use
C) roomy cars with two or four doors, two sets of seats in front and back, and a closed trunk

2. American tastes, on the other hand, have traditionally generated different design paradigms…Detroit,
also called "Motor City," has always operated according to the mantra "bigger is better."
A) the capital of the American car manufacturing industry
B) the CEO of America's largest car company
C) the most famous car designer in the U.S.

3. SUVs, pickups, and large sedans like Cadillacs and Lincolns appeal to the stereotypical American
values of "rugged individualism," "toughness," and "swagger."
A) small trucks with a flat bed for carrying things
B) large four-wheel-drive vehicles for off road use
C) roomy cars with two or four doors, two sets of seats in front and back, and a closed trunk
4. This revival of the classic American cruiser incorporates a surfeit of chrome and appeals to a wide
cross section of Americans, from hip-hop superstars to conservative businesspeople and young
suburban couples. Ford's new Edge and Fusion designs are also heavy on the "bling," or shiny chrome.
A) bright metal B) bright paint C) dark windows

5. Peter Horbury, Ford's executive director of Design for The Americas, emphasizes the boldness of the
grille. "The three-bar chrome grille is like the nice smile with the great teeth," he said. "You can see it
coming a mile away."
A) a device used for wiping the automobile windshield
B) the metal grate at the front of an automobile
C) the board or panel in the front interior of an automobile that holds the various instruments and
accessories the driver uses

6. Meanwhile, as Europeans are driving their Q7s, Americans are admiring the newly remodeled Audi
A3, a compact hatchback and recent import to the U.S.
A) an automobile with a sloping back and a hinged rear door that opens upward into a storage space
B) a boxy truck or van
C) an environmentally friendly car that uses both gasoline and electricity

7. What makes automakers believe the time is ripe to re-enter the U.S. market with sub-compacts?
A) luxury sedans B) sports cars C) very small sedans or hatchbacks

8. These cars are not only cute and sporty, but they may also be packed with options like iPod docks
and Bluetooth devices.
A) features that can be chosen in addition to the standard features of the car
B) fun but useless accessories for a car
C) types of communication devices

READ
What Fuels Car Design?
In 2004, the Mayor of Paris announced that, upon the urging of the Paris City Council, he was
considering banning SUVs (sport utility vehicles) from the streets of the French capital. The gas-
guzzlers "are not suited to towns," claimed one councilman. "They're polluters, they're space-occupiers,
they're dangerous for pedestrians and other road users. They're a caricature of a car," he said. SUVs—
a staple on American streets—are seen as big, bulky, and ill-suited to the narrow, winding Parisian
roadways. This is the kind of attitude that seems to be reflected in car designs for the aesthetically
inclined European market, where cars are typically smaller, sleeker, and curvier. In Europe, cars are
created for a continent where oil and gas, like parking spaces, are at a premium. European tastes
helped spawn sporty miniatures like the tiny SmartCar two-seater, the diminutive Mini Cooper, and the
cute Renault Twingo.

American tastes, on the other hand, have traditionally generated different design paradigms, known not
for their subtlety, but rather for their excess. Detroit, also called "Motor City," has always operated
according to the mantra "bigger is better." SUVs, pickups, and large sedans like Cadillacs and Lincolns
appeal to the stereotypical American values of "rugged individualism," "toughness," and "swagger."
Cheap oil prices and a strong consumer culture have helped keep these values alive in American car
design. A new breed of sedans, led by the award-winning Chrysler 300, recalls the massive bodies and
sneering grilles of the roaring '20s. This revival of the classic American cruiser incorporates a surfeit of
chrome and appeals to a wide cross section of Americans, from hip-hop superstars to conservative
businesspeople and young suburban couples. Ford's new Edge and Fusion designs are also heavy on
the "bling," or shiny chrome. Peter Horbury, Ford's executive director of Design for The Americas,
emphasizes the boldness of the grille. "The three-bar chrome grille is like the nice smile with the great
teeth," he said. "You can see it coming a mile away." Unconstrained by space or fuel prices, these cars
are meant to call attention by their immense size and brash detailing.

But can we really make such generalizations about "European" or "American" style? Globalization,
urbanization, and the high price of oil are blurring the lines between what are typically seen as
"American" and "European" aesthetics. In Europe, for instance, despite resistance from people like the
Paris city councilors, some SUVs have become popular. Take, for example, the Nissan Murano or the
Audi Q7. Both have been successfully marketed in Europe. Why? Because their design reflects the
values of the European driver: they look smaller and they have the appearance of being more fuel
efficient, even if they aren't. Unlike their strong, boxy American counterparts, these two models are
sleeker and more stylized. Ironically, the Q7 has actually had more success in Europe than in the United
States—its target market.

Meanwhile, as Europeans are driving their Q7s, Americans are admiring the newly remodeled Audi A3,
a compact hatchback and recent import to the U.S. The American version may be less elegant than its
European counterpart, but it exudes more power. It has traded in its soft European curves for harder
edges and stronger lines. In fact, America has seen a popular new breed of car enter the market: small
cars. In cities across the United States, Mini Coopers and Scion xAs are fitting into tiny spaces and
weaving in and out of traffic. Most importantly, as fuel prices rise, they are getting 34 miles to the gallon.

What makes automakers believe the time is ripe to re-enter the U.S. market with sub-compacts? After
all, this is not the first time that small cars are hitting the U.S. market. During the oil shortages of the
1970s, "Pinto," "Vega," and "Datsun 210" became household names, not because these cars were
stylish, but because they lacked styling. Such cars were purely utilitarian, meant only for taking people
from one place to another. The small cars that were successful in the U.S. market, like the Volkswagen
Rabbit, developed followings and offered a sense of playfulness and fun. Designers are remembering
these lessons as they present the next generation of small cars for the U.S. market.

No one has understood the importance of great design better than the Japanese, whose small cars
have already made a big impression in the U.S. small car market with the two-door Toyota Yaris, the
Honda Fit, and the Nissan Versa. Korea will be entering the U.S. market soon with their new small car
models as well. These cars are not only cute and sporty, but they may also be packed with options like
iPod docks and Bluetooth devices. Toyota learned the hard way that with the heightened competition
among the small car market, fueled by rising gas prices, design may make the difference between a
success and a failure. Toyota introduced the Echo to the U.S. market a few years ago, but it lacked
style. It was reminiscent of the anonymous small cars of the '70s and was described by the Washington
Post as "the ugliest car ever made." Only a few thousand were sold. Toyota had to phase out the Echo
and start again later with the Yaris. The Yaris, with its eye-catching design, has received top honors in
Europe. Now Toyota wants to see if it can repeat this success in the U.S., and it seems they are on the
right path.

Globalization, urbanization, and rising oil prices mean that consumers on both sides of the ocean are
straying from what are traditionally seen as "American" or "European" tastes. Yet whether you are
French driving an SUV or American in a hatchback, one thing is sure: good design sells cars.

After You Read 1

1. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the article?
A) Europeans generally drive small cars and Americans generally drive big cars.
B) Culture is the single biggest factor influencing car design in both the U.S. and European markets.
C) Great styling has helped sell small cars in the U.S. market.
D) Design is influenced by culture, globalization, and high gas prices, and great design is necessary for
selling cars.
After You Read 2
Read the sentences below and write True if the words or phrases properly describe the term in italics, or
False if the words or phrases do not properly describe the term in italics.

1. In 2004, the Mayor of Paris announced that, upon the urging of the Paris City Council, he was
considering banning SUVs from the streets of the French capital. (Banning means allowing.)

2. The gas-guzzlers "are not suited to towns," claimed one councilman. "They're polluters, they're
space-occupiers, they're dangerous for pedestrians and other road users." (Gas-guzzlers use a small
amount of gas.)

3. SUVs—a staple on American streets—are seen as big, bulky, and ill-suited to the narrow, winding
Parisian roadways. (A staple is prominent or often used.)

4. European tastes helped spawn sporty miniatures like the tiny SmartCar two-seater, the diminutive
Mini Cooper, and the cute Renault Twingo. (Spawn means produce.)

5. (Diminutive means large.)

6. American tastes, on the other hand, have traditionally generated different design paradigms. (A
paradigm is a model.)

7. Detroit, also called "Motor City," has always operated according to the mantra "bigger is better." (A
mantra is a commonly repeated word or phrase.)

8. A new breed of sedans, led by the award-winning Chrysler 300, recalls the massive bodies and
sneering grilles of the roaring '20s. (Massive means delicate.)

9. (Sneering means antique.)

10. This revival of the classic American cruiser incorporates a surfeit of chrome and appeals to a wide
cross section of Americans, from hip-hop superstars to conservative businesspeople and young
suburban couples. (Surfeit means an excessive amount.)

11. Unconstrained by space or fuel prices, these cars are meant to call attention by their immense size
and brash detailing. (Brash means subtle.)

12. Unlike their strong, boxy American counterparts, these two models are sleeker and more stylized.
(Sleeker means more rectangular.)

13. Such cars were purely utilitarian, meant only for taking people from one place to another. (Utilitarian
means useful.)

14. Toyota learned the hard way that with the heightened competition among the small car market,
fueled by rising gas prices, design may make the difference between a success and a failure. (Fueled
means stimulated.)

Chapter 5: Transitions

Before You Read 1

Scan the excerpt from the passage and answer the question.

Week 1
—OK, I don't know how they expect me to live in a 5 x 9 cell with another person. I don't even have
room for my TV and Playstation.

—Woke up this morning, and yesterday morning, and the morning before with a headache. I feel like all
I do is eat, drink, sleep, eat, drink, sleep…When do people do work around here?

—I think I'm finally learning my way around this place. I now know how to get to the cafeteria, the gym,
all the frat houses, the four buildings where my classes are and …the what? The library?

—Hmmm. My roommate seems to keep different hours from me as I haven't even seen him yet. I know
he exists, though, because girls keep calling and asking for him.

1. Who do you think the speaker is?

A) a prison inmate B) a college student C) an army recruit

Before You Read 2

The passages below are from a college student's journal. Decide if each of the statements can be
inferred from the passage. Select True if the statement can be inferred, and False if the statement
cannot be inferred.

1. "OK, I don't know how they expect me to live in a 5 x 9 cell with another person. I don't even have
room for my TV and Playstation."

The college student enjoys watching television and playing video games. (True/False)

2. "Woke up this morning, and yesterday morning, and the morning before with a headache. I feel like all
I do is eat, drink, sleep, eat, drink, sleep…When do people do work around here?

The writer has been going to classes and studying all day. (True/False)

3. "I think I'm finally learning my way around this place. I now know how to get to the cafeteria, the gym,
all the frat houses, the four buildings where my classes are and …the what? The library?"

There are many different buildings on the college campus. (True/False)

4. "Finally did my laundry. All my socks and T-shirts came out gray. Don't know what went wrong."

The college student used to do his own laundry at home. (True/False)

5. "Still no sign of roommate, although existence is still confirmed by a moldy piece of pizza under the
bed. (Yech!)"

Pizza is the college student's favorite food. (True/False)

6. "Roommate has moved in. Apparently first years aren't allowed to live off campus. Go figure."

Only students in their third year of college are allowed to live off campus. (True/False)

7. "Had first midterm exam today—it was killer. Must find time to study."

The college student did very well on the first midterm exam. (True/False)
Read
College Bound
One of the rites of passage for many American teenagers is leaving home to go to college. Every fall,
students pack up the car and drive off to their new home for the next four years. For some, this
transition is easier than for others, but almost all "college first years" will be facing new, unexpected and
unfamiliar experiences. Here is an excerpt from the journal of a college "frosh."

Week 1
—Ok, I don't know how they expect me to live in a 5 x 9 cell with another person. I don't even have room
for my TV and Playstation.

—Woke up this morning, and yesterday morning, and the morning before that with a headache. I feel
like all I do is eat, drink, sleep, eat, drink, sleep…When do people do work around here?

—I think I'm finally learning my way around this place. I now know how to get to the cafeteria, the gym,
all the frat houses, the four buildings where my classes are and …the what? The library?

—Hmmm. My roommate seems to keep different hours from me as I haven't even seen him yet. I know
he exists, though, because girls keep calling and asking for him.

Week 2
—Help! I have my first paper due tomorrow and I haven't even started. I haven't even done any of the
reading. How can they expect me to fit in study time with all the socializing I've been doing?

—Still no sign of roommate, although existence is still confirmed by a moldy piece of pizza under the
bed. (Yech!)

—Finished the paper just in time, but didn't have time to read it over. Hope it's okay.

—There was a dance tonight for all of the freshmen. Was more like a "stand" since that's all anybody
did. I split with some buddies and went to a frat party instead. I don't understand frat parties. Who wants
to stand around in a dirty house with a bunch of smelly guys playing pool? Ah… me!

Week 3
—I've yet to hit the laundry room, and I'm quickly running out of shirts! Tell me again why I didn't sign up
for that laundry service?

—A friend had a great idea. I've bought seven new shirts (that's a week's worth!) and charged them to
my parents. They'll never know, right?

—Prof gave back papers. Mine was covered in red and said "Please redo."

—I don't know how much longer I’m going to last on dining hall food and pizza. I miss my mom!

Week 4
—Finally did my laundry. All my socks and T-shirts came out gray. Don't know what went wrong.

—Joined the coed intramural soccer team today, and tried out for a singing group but don't think I'll get
in as I don't know how to sing.

—I can't believe I live alone. This room is a pigsty! How can one person be so messy?

Week 5
—The girl down the hall says you're supposed to separate the clothes when you do laundry. I don't quite
know what she means—separate what?

Week 6
—Have finally found said roommate. Turns out he has a car and an apartment off campus that his
parents pay for (couldn't possibly live in such conditions he says). Asked him about the pizza—said it
wasn't his. Ew.

Week 7
—Midterms. Finally found the library, although I don't know how anyone can study there. Two kids were
making out in the stacks, the guy sitting across from me was picking his toes on the table, and two
nerds in the next row were having an argument about images of ingestion in post-modern film. Oh well, I
have lots of studying to do before tomorrow. Must continue cramming. One book down, eighteen to go.

—Had first midterm exam today—it was killer. Must find time to study.

Week 8
—Roommate has moved in. Apparently first years aren't allowed to live off campus. Go figure.

Week 9
—Having a roommate stinks. I did not realize how lucky I was to be living alone. Calls at all hours of the
night, girls at our door, and the constant movement of Prada shoes, cell phones, and dark glasses—
whoosh—in and out, all day and all night. I can barely keep track of the goings on in my own room.

Week 10
—Love having a roommate. He took me to some rockin' parties this weekend. Met a nice girl. We're
going out tonight!

Week 11
—I got dumped.

Week 14
—Winter break! Yeah!

Week 15
—Ugh. This is so boring. I wish I were back at school.

Recalling Information
Write T (true) or F (false) next to each statement according to the reading.

1/ The student studies a lot. 5/ He thinks the library is a good place to study.
2/ He has a small room. 6/ His roommate has a lot of money.
3/ He does his laundry every week. 7/ He hasn't made any friends.
4/ He cooks his meals in his dorm.

After You Read

The speaker in the passage is a "first year" at college, and is making a lot of transitions. Choose the
things you think he had to do for the first time. Check all that apply.

A) Manage his time C) Pay for his books E) Live away from home G) Clean his room
B) Cook D) Laundry F) Study

Chapter 6: The Mind

Before You Read
Use the context to choose the best definition for the words in italics.

1. Facial tics, sudden jerks of the head, blinking, yelping, and clearing of the throat. These are all
symptoms of Tourette Syndrome (TS), a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary physical and
vocal tics.
A) rashes and swelling B) neurological disorders C) uncontrolled movements

2. There are many misconceptions about Tourette Syndrome, the most common being that people with
TS yell out obscenities uncontrollably. In reality, only 15% of those with TS have this symptom of
uncontrollable shouting of curses and racial slurs, known as coprolalia.
A) offensive words B) yelps and screams C) remarks of approval

3. Symptoms actually fall along a spectrum of very mild to quite severe.

A) range B) category C) outburst

4. For many with TS, these inaccurate representations in the media do not reflect the reality of living
with the disorder.
A) helpful B) not exact C) without any mistakes

5. On the show in question, the character with Tourette Syndrome accidentally runs over her boyfriend
when she gets an uncontrollable leg tic while driving. This scenario, she says, is impossible and does a
disservice to people with TS.
A) character B) situation C) accident

6. The movie The Tic Code also tells the story of a person with TS and has been almost universally
hailed as a sympathetic and accurate representation of the disorder.
A) praised B) criticized C) removed from theaters

Read
Uncovering the Truth About Tourette Syndrome
Facial tics, sudden jerks of the head, blinking, yelping, and clearing of the throat. These are all
symptoms of Tourette Syndrome (TS), a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary physical and
vocal tics.

The exact cause of TS is not known. According to the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA), there is
evidence that it stems from the abnormal metabolism of the neurotransmitter, dopamine. Other
neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, are thought to be involved as well. Another, more familiar
neurological disease, Parkinson's, is also thought to be caused by the amounts of dopamine in the
brain.

There are many misconceptions about Tourette Syndrome, the most common being that people with TS
yell out obscenities uncontrollably. In reality, only 15% of those with TS have this symptom of
uncontrollable shouting of curses and racial slurs, known as coprolalia. Symptoms actually fall along a
spectrum of very mild to quite severe. Many cases are so minor they go undiagnosed for years. It is
difficult to get to the "truth" of TS, as the symptoms tend to vary a lot from person to person. For
instance, although the tics and twitches of Tourette Syndrome are classified as "involuntary," that term
can be confusing, as some people with TS can control the symptoms for a time (although they often
have to seek a time and a place to "release" them later).

The media has been known to sensationalize the less common symptoms of TS, such as uncontrollable
cursing, making it even harder for people to truly understand the disorder and those who have it. Unlike
Parkinson's disease, TS doesn't have high-profile advocates like Michael J. Fox or Muhammed Ali
working to publicize it and raise money to seek a cure. For many with TS, these inaccurate
representations in the media do not reflect the reality of living with the disorder.

Yet there is disagreement, even among experts, over the portrayals of TS in the media. For instance,
the Tourette Syndrome Association applauded the depiction of a woman with TS played by Anne Heche
in the FOX series Ally McBeal. TSA even honored the show's producer, David E. Kelley at their annual
Hollywood gala. Kelley had worked TS storylines into his other two shows, Chicago Hope and The
Practice, as well. Cox News Service quoted the director of medical and scientific programs at TSA as
saying the portrayal was "fair, accurate, and sympathetic." Others did not agree. One mother who has
children with TS and has set up an informative Web site about the disorder has criticized Ally
McBealand TSA for associating the tics of TS with manslaughter. On the show in question, the
character with Tourette Syndrome accidentally runs over her boyfriend when she gets an uncontrollable
leg tic while driving. This scenario, she says, is impossible and does a disservice to people with TS.

The movie The Tic Code also tells the story of a person with TS and has been almost universally hailed
as a sympathetic and accurate representation of the disorder. The film was inspired by the life of
Michael Wolff. Wolff, formerly musical director for the Arsenio Hall Show, is a jazz pianist with a touring
and recording career. He also has Tourette Syndrome. The semiautobiographical screenplay was
written by the actress Polly Draper (Wolff's wife in real life) and focuses on a twelve-year-old child―a
gifted jazz pianist with TS. The film has been applauded by those closest to the disorder, including
people with TS and their family members.

So maybe there are some Michael J. Foxes in the world of Tourette Syndrome after all.

Recalling Information
Write True of False for each statement, based on what you have just read.

1. About 50% of people with Tourette Syndrome exhibit coprolalia.

2. Coprolalia is the uncontrollable yelling of obscenities.

3. The cause of TS could be related to other neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's.

4. Most people with TS suffer from severe symptoms.

5. Michael J. Fox is a high-profile advocate for TS.

6. The Tourette Syndrome Association approved of the portrayal of a character with TS in the television
series Ally McBeal.

7. The Tic Code is a movie about a man with TS who is a touring jazz pianist.

8. Critics generally agree that the portrayal of TS in The Tic Code is fair and sympathetic.

After You Read

Answer the questions according to what you learned in the reading.

1. Why do you think the media sensationalizes TS instead of presenting an accurate portrayal?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Judging from the article, can people with TS live normal, functioning lives?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 7: Working
Before You Read 1
1. The title of the following reading is The Dos and Don'ts of Résumé Writing. What do you think the
reading is about? Answer the question.
A) how to conduct a job search C) how to get a job without using a résumé
B) how to construct a good résumé D) how to write an effective cover letter

Before You Read 2

Read the sentences and parts of sentences taken from the article and write the best explanation you
can for the phrase in italics. The expressions are used in the order they appear in the reading.

1. Employers, recruiters, or directors of human resources have so many résumés to look at that they will
take any excuse they can find to throw yours out: misspellings, bad punctuation, poor organization—
even an ugly font can turn them off.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Here are a few tips for crafting a winning résumé, as well as some things to avoid.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Your last ten years of experience should carry more weight and contain more information than your
earlier positions.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Typos and grammatical mistakes are the kiss of death and can get your résumé thrown out
immediately.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Instead of always using words like "developed" or "led," break out that thesaurus and try words like
"leveraged," "delivered," "directed," "established," or "initiated."
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

6. Don't fudge dates or job titles in order to hide that you've frequently switched jobs or that you've held
a number of low-level positions.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Read
The Dos and Don'ts of Résumé Writing
Employers, recruiters, or directors of human resources have so many résumés to look at that they will
take any excuse they can find to throw yours out: misspellings, bad punctuation, poor organization—
even an ugly font can turn them off. So how can you impress your future employers? Here are a few tips
for crafting a winning résumé, as well as some things to avoid.

Dos
• Place your most important achievements and accomplishments in the top three inches of the
page. This is the first place an employer will look, so it should be impressive. Highlight your
qualifications with a professional profile section that succinctly sums up your strong points for the
reader.
• Give priority to your most recent positions. Your last ten years of experience should carry more
weight, and the descriptions should contain more information than those of your earlier positions.
• Quantify your accomplishments using numbers that demonstrate impact. If you cut costs, say by
how much. If you managed a team, say how many people.
• Pay close attention to the format of your résumé—it could be a deciding factor in whether you get
a job or not. Use a common 10 or 12 point font, and take advantage of formatting tools such as
bullets, italics, boldface, and capitals to highlight your accomplishments. Try to contain the text
within one-inch margins. Keep your résumé to one page; however, if you have extensive
experience, it is better to spill over to another page than to squish all the information onto one
page.
• Include professional and academic accomplishments, such as publications, patents,
presentations, honors, and relevant activities or volunteer experiences. These additions not only
show that you are well rounded, but they can be a key factor in winning an interview.
• Edit, edit, edit! Typos and grammatical mistakes are the kiss of death and can get your résumé
thrown out immediately. You can never proofread your résumé too much. Look it over a million
times before sending it off, and give it to as many pairs of eyes as possible, such as friends and
family.
• Use a variety of "action words." Repeating the same ones over and over can get tiresome.
Instead of always using words like "developed" or "led," break out that thesaurus and try words
like "leveraged," "delivered," "directed," "established," or "initiated."
• Spell software names correctly. If your skills include knowledge of Excel, putting "Excell" won't
get you far.
• Remember, your résumé is not a list of duties. It is a list of accomplishments!

Don'ts
• Don't write the word "résumé" at the top. If an employer can't tell what it is, then you're in trouble.
• Don't invent or inflate your accomplishments. Don't fudge dates or job titles in order to hide that
you've frequently switched jobs or that you've held a number of low-level positions. A prospective
employer only needs to do a quick background check to catch you in a lie.
• Don't treat your résumé like an autobiography. The best résumés are succinct one-page
documents. If an employer wants to know about your summer job at the ice cream parlor, he or
she can ask you in an interview.
• Don't assume that you need to include an "objective" line at the top of your résumé. Usually
objective lines are extremely general and use up valuable space at the top of the page. Objective
lines such as, "seeking job placement in a challenging environment where I can apply my
professional skills" are vague and useless.
 • Don't provide personal information. American résumés do not include data such as gender,
marital status, date of birth, or physical descriptions.
• Don't include more information than necessary about a given position. Dense résumés can be
overwhelming and hard read. Include no more than five bullet points per position, and limit each
bullet point to 1-2 lines.
• Don't limit yourself to a chronological format. If you are switching fields, a functional résumé
which organizes your experience by skills can better highlight your relevant experience.
• Don't use corny adjectives like "motivated" or "dynamic" to describe yourself. Let your experience
speak for itself.
• Don't include references at the bottom and don't say "references available upon request." If
employers want references, they'll ask you for them.

Recalling Information
Write True or False according the information you just read.

1. You should space out your important achievements throughout the résumé.

2. Your résumé should include all the positions you've ever held.

3. The format of your résumé could be an important part of obtaining an interview.

4. It is important to fit your entire résumé on one page, even if it means using a small font or having
small margins.

5. You should have a lot of people review your résumé before sending it to potential employers.

6. Your résumé should have the title "Résumé" at the top.

7. Your résumé should not include references at the bottom.

8. Your résumé should include personal information such as age and sex.

9. Words like "motivated" and "dynamic" are good descriptors and are an important part of your résumé.

10. Your résumé does not have to be chronological.

After You Read

Decide which of the following statements from the reading are general and which are specific. Write G
for general and S for specific.

1. Employers, recruiters, or directors of human resources … will take any excuse they can find to throw
yours out: misspellings, bad punctuation, poor organization—even an ugly font can turn them off.

2. Place your most important achievements and accomplishments in the top three inches of the page.

3. Use a common 10 or 12 point font, and take advantage of formatting tools such as bullets, italics,
boldface, and capitals to highlight your accomplishments.

4. Include professional and academic accomplishments, such as publications, patents, presentations,

honors, and relevant activities or volunteer experiences.

5. Don't provide personal information.

6. If an employer wants to know about your summer job at the ice cream parlor, he or she can ask you
in an interview.

7. Let your experience speak for itself.

8. Objective lines such as "seeking job placement in a challenging environment where I can apply my
professional skills" are vague and useless.

Chapter 8: Breakthroughs

Before You Read 1

1. Look at the title of the following reading passage, Is Serendipity the Mother of Invention? What do you
think the word "serendipity" could mean according to the context of the title? Answer the question.
A) boredom B) happy accident C) careful research D) bad luck

Before You Read 2

Read the sentences from the article and select the best word or phrase to replace the word in italics.

1. The king had commissioned the local goldsmith to fashion a crown of pure gold.
A) design B) make C) find D) buy

2. Archimedes, who was a famous mathematician, knew that if he could measure the volume of the
crown, he would know its composition.
A) the distance around a circle C) the amount of space occupied by a solid shape
B) the weight of a solid object D) the amount of time it takes for a metal to melt

3. When this bathing beauty stepped into the tub, he realized that the volume of the displaced water was
exactly equal to the volume of the part of his body he had immersed.
A) put under water B) left out of the tub C) dried off D) washed

4. When he weighed the pure gold against the crown, they did not weigh the same, proving that the
crown was adulterated.
A) impure B) pure C) heavy D) light

5. He believes that a certain amount of mental preparation necessarily precedes invention.

A) is the opposite of B) cancels out C) comes after D) comes before

6. Ironically, the cynical Petrow himself may have experienced what could be called true serendipity
when working on an invention of his own.
A) tired and bored C) negative and pessimistic
B) intelligent and creative D) positive and optimistic

Read
Is Serendipity the Mother of Invention?
Once upon a time, in the ancient seaport of Syracuse, there lived a wealthy king named Hieron. The
king had commissioned the local goldsmith to fashion a crown of pure gold. Because he didn't trust the
goldsmith, the king asked his friend Archimedes to determine whether the crown was made of pure gold
or not. Archimedes, who was a famous mathematician, knew that if he could measure the volume of the
crown, he would know its composition. Unfortunately, Archimedes had not yet discovered how to
measure the volume of irregular solids.

One day, Archimedes went to the local baths. As he got in the tub, water spilled over the edges and all
over the floor. But the mess didn't bother Archimedes who immediately shouted "Eureka!" (I have found
it!), jumped out of the bath, and started running naked through the streets of Syracuse. Why, you might
ask? Because he had seen a way to calculate the volume of an irregular solid. When this bathing beauty
stepped into the tub, he realized that the volume of the displaced water was exactly equal to the volume
of the part of his body he had immersed. If, in the same way, he immersed the gold crown in water, he
would be able to calculate its volume by measuring the amount of water it displaced. Archimedes did
just that. After determining the precise volume of the crown, he made a piece of pure gold of equal
volume (he knew this because it displaced the same amount of water). When he weighed the pure gold
against the crown, they did not weigh the same, proving that the crown was adulterated. Archimedes
presented his findings to the king (unfortunately for the goldsmith, who was beheaded).

Some believe that Archimedes experienced what Horace Walpole would later term "serendipity."
Serendipity is the act or instance of making a fortunate discovery by accident. Many well-known
inventions are attributed to serendipity. However, how much of a role does serendipity truly play in the
process of invention? For legal purposes, the definition of invention includes words such as "new,"
"useful," and "unexpected" and "non-obvious." But is "unexpected" necessarily "serendipitous?" Can
inventions truly occur by sheer accident?

The accomplished scientist Louis Pasteur once said, "In the fields of observation, chance favors only the
prepared mind." One could argue that a "prepared mind" does not leave room for serendipity in that it is
not pure chance that leads to discovery. The case of Archimedes exemplifies Pasteur's quote in that his
mind was ripe for the discovery he made. The supposedly serendipitous event occurred at the same
time that Archimedes was searching for a solution to a specific problem. True, he accidentally came
across the solution, but his mind was prepared for it.

When asked about the role of serendipity in invention, Henry Petrow, a retired chemist and inventor,
was quite critical of the notion. He believes that a certain amount of mental preparation necessarily
precedes invention. He calls it the Edisonian approach, i.e., trial and error. "The closest most inventions
come to serendipity is the 'Edisonian' approach. Thomas Edison knew what he wanted to do—to make
a filament that would give off bright light but which would be able to withstand the high temperatures
necessary to produce the light. He tried hundreds of different approaches and found something that
worked, namely tungsten. It was a hoped-for result, and he found what he wanted" In talking about his
own inventions, Petrow emphasizes the term hoped-for result. In general, he believes that 99 percent of
inventions achieve a desired result.

So what's all the fuss about serendipity then? Well, you might be surprised by the number of products
that were supposedly "accidentally" created. Now, we can't always know what is going on in the
inventors' heads at the time of discovery—were their minds prepared to come across the unexpected
solution? Perhaps, yes. Perhaps, no. Either way, some of the inventions attributed to serendipity are:
penicillin, Velcro, silly putty, WD-40, potato chips, blue jeans, the microwave oven, Post-it notes,
celluloid, and cataract surgery.

Ironically, the cynical Petrow himself may have experienced what could be called true serendipity when
working on an invention of his own. As he was trying to develop a platinum catalyst for a fuel cell, he
came up with a particle size that, by chance, was the ideal particle size for a superior catalyst for an
entirely different use in an entirely different kind of system: cleaning up auto exhaust. Today, that
catalyst is used in the majority of automobile exhaust systems.

So the cynics agree. Maybe serendipity is an important part of invention after all.

Forming Adjectives from Nouns

There are many ways to change nouns into adjectives. Can you recall the adjectives used in the article
that are related to the nouns in italics? Write them in the blanks provided.
1. An invention that involves serendipity is ________________.

2. A person who has a lot of wealth is ________________.

3. If someone is a cynic, he or she is ________________.

4. A person who is a critic is ________________.

5. Something related to the law is ________________.

After You Read

Match each person with the thought or invention that applies to him.
a. Henry Petrow c. Horace Walpole e. King Hieron
b. Louis Pasteur d. the local goldsmith f. Thomas Edison

1. ____ coined the word "serendipity."

2. ____ believes in "hoped-for" results.
3. ____ was a good friend of Archimedes.
4. ____ said, "In the fields of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind."
5. ____ had his head cut off.
6. ____ used trial and error to invent the light bulb.

Chapter 9: Art and Entertainment

Before You Read

Based on the context of the article's sentences below, match the lettered definitions with the italicized
words from the sentences.

a. exist in great numbers d. basic and important g. relating to artistic beauty

b. making commercial e. ideas and taste
c. sets off f. suggest h. specifying in an agreement

1. ____ Although the conceptual art movement really took off in the 1960s, some posit that the first
conceptual artist was Marcel Duchamp.

2. ____ Duchamp, by using everyday objects you would find around the house or at a department store,
was denying the commodification of art, removing its material value altogether.

3. ____ Like Duchamp, conceptual artists challenge all previously held notions of what art is.

4. ____ Accompanying the series were certificates of documentation and ownership (not on display)
stipulating that the pieces could be made and remade for exhibitions as necessary.

5. ____ Kosuth was one of the first artists to so literally spell out the aesthetic shift from things to ideas.

6. ____ In traditional museums, "Do not touch" signs abound.

7. ____ In her 1993 installation titled To Touch, Cardiff has made the act of touching an intrinsic and
essential aspect of the work of art.

8. ____ The installation could have easily been called To Hear, as the motion of spectators running their
hands over the table triggers a layering of pre-recorded voices and familiar sounds.
Read
New Art for a New Age
What is art? Is it an oil painting on the wall? A sculpture in a museum? An etching, a watercolor, a print?
How about a table that makes sounds, a pile of candy on the floor, or nothing at all? To conceptual
artists, the latter group is considered to be more "art" than the former. For them, art is more about what
you think than what you see. According to art critic and theorist Katie Segal, conceptual art is not a
movement, like, for example, impressionism, minimalism, or surrealism. Instead, it is shift in emphasis
from the visual to the intellectual, from object to concept. Artists accomplish this shift by trying to answer
the question, "What is art?"

The Origins of Conceptual Art

Although the conceptual art movement really took off in the 1960s, some posit that the first conceptual
artist was Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp worked in France around the time of WWI and was known for his
"readymades"—found objects, such as a bicycle wheel, a bottle rack, or a shovel, put together in an
artistic way or placed in an artistic context. Duchamp, by using everyday objects you would find around
the house or at a department store, was denying the commodification of art, removing its material value
altogether. In one of his most famous works, The Fountain, Duchamp took a urinal from a men's
bathroom and placed it in a gallery. He signed the piece "R. Mutt," obviously not his own name. With this
act, Duchamp asked some very significant questions about the nature of art. What makes art? Its
context? The fact that it is shown in a museum or gallery? Is it art if the artist did not actually create the
object? Is the artist's signature important? Does the artist's signature define art? Can a different or
absent signature devalue the artwork? Is it the concept that makes a work of art important? Like
Duchamp, conceptual artists challenge all previously held notions of what art is.

Art as Text
In 1966, Joseph Kosuth created a series of artworks called Art as Idea as Idea. It consisted of mounted
photostats of dictionary definitions of words such as "idea," "water," and "painting." Accompanying the
series were certificates of documentation and ownership (not on display) stipulating that the pieces
could be made and remade for exhibitions as necessary. Kosuth was one of the first artists to so literally
spell out the aesthetic shift from things to ideas. Kosuth not only focused on the conceptual idea of art
by reducing it to text, but more importantly, he removed the artist's hand altogether. Traditionally, an
artist's signature, the canvas, and the labor involved, were all important in lending value to a work of art.
The execution of the artwork was of utmost importance. By allowing his work to be limitlessly
reproduced by others, the importance of the object itself disappeared, leaving only the idea of art. If an
artist never touches the work of art, can it still be considered his? Kosuth thought so.

Art as Touch
Conceptual art redefines not only the role of the artist, but the relationship with the viewer as well. The
viewer often becomes implicated in the piece instead of being a mere observer. In conceptual art, the
emphasis that was previously placed on the master—the artist, is now shifted to the viewer and the
viewer's role in interpreting the work. In traditional museums, "Do not touch" signs abound. The most
valuable pieces are usually protected by alarms, and the viewer and the art are separated as if there
were an invisible barrier. Janet Cardiff has a different idea of art. In her 1993 installation titled To Touch,
Cardiff has made the act of touching an intrinsic and essential aspect of the work of art. The installation
consists of a wooden work table standing in the center of a dark gallery. Surrounding the table are
twenty small speakers mounted to the wall. A sign reads, "Move your hands over the table to activate
the installation." The installation could have easily been called To Hear, as the motion of spectators
running their hands over the table triggers a layering of pre-recorded voices and familiar sounds. Some
voices tell scripted details of their lives, others construct graphic tableaus, others talk with private
whispers that can barely be heard. These voices are overlaid with the familiar sounds of a person
walking, tires screeching, and a woman reciting the alphabet. As the spectator interacts with the
installation, he or she begins to ask questions about it: Whose voices are these? Are they describing
truthful events or are they fictionalized? How are the voices related to the artist? How are they related to
the table? What role do I play in controlling these voices? The viewer has now become an accomplice in
the creative process.

Art as Intimacy
French artist Sophie Calle has made herself known in the art world through her intimate portraits of
people she doesn't know. In her piece entitled The Hotel, Calle, while working as a chamber maid at a
Venetian hotel, learned about people by photographing their belongings. When the tenants were out of
their rooms, she searched through everything―baggage, diaries, trash―all the while making notes of
small details about the people and their lives. The photos are accompanied with commentaries about
each person, what she has learned about them, and the personal attachment that she has developed to
them. When one tenant leaves, she writes, "I will try to forget him…I shall miss him."

In one of her most famous works, L'Homme au Carnet, Calle finds an address book and calls every
number inside (over 400) in an attempt to get to know its owner. Eventually, by exploring the man's
"context"—his friends and family—she ends up piecing together his life. The work itself is a weekly
journal of text and photographs published in a French newspaper. In Calle's art, the importance is not
only in the photographs themselves but in what's behind the photographs—the colorful stories she
writes and her personal feelings about people, their friends, and their belongings. Although Calle never
meets her subjects, she creates portraits not only through traditional photography but by creating a
context for them with her writing.

Recalling Information
Based on the reading, tell whether each statement is about Marcel Duchamp (MD), Joseph Kosuth (JK),
Janet Cardiff (JC), or Sophie Calle (SC).

1. Some think this person was the first conceptual artist.

2. This artist's works consisted of photography and text together.

3. This artist drew the spectator into the piece, making him or her part of the installation, not just a
viewer.

4. Gave permission to have the piece Art as Idea as Idea reproduced as needed, thereby removing the
artist's "hand".

5. Tried to remove art's material value by using objects you could find on the street or in a store.

6. Tried to understand people's identities by looking at their context.

7. This artist's famous piece focuses on the sense of touch instead of the sense of sight.

After You Read

Paraphrase the following excerpts from the article. Do not worry if there are some words you do not
understand. Just state the main point briefly in simple, direct words.

1. According to art critic and theorist Katie Segal, conceptual art is not a movement, like, for example,
impressionism, minimalism, or surrealism. Instead, it is shift in emphasis from the visual to the
intellectual, from object to concept.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Duchamp, by using everyday objects you would find around the house or at a department store, was
denying the commodification of art, removing its material value altogether.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Accompanying the series were certificates of documentation and ownership (not on display)
stipulating that the pieces could be made and remade for exhibitions as necessary.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. The viewer often becomes implicated in the piece instead of being a mere observer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. The installation could have easily been called To Hear, as the motion of spectators running their
hands over the table triggers a layering of pre-recorded voices and familiar sounds.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 10: Conflict and Reconciliation

Before You Read/Read

Quickly skim the reading below. Then answer the question that follows.

Can We Talk?
A Jenny and her roommate have been living together for almost eight months now, and she's about to
go out of her mind. Her roommate's destructive attitude really affects her negatively, but she doesn't
know how to approach her about it.

B Kyle and Nancy have been married for six years. Nancy is frustrated because she feels that she
manages all of the family accounts, and Kyle just spends, spends, spends. She wants to say something,
but she doesn't know how to do it without offending him.

C Bob and Jack are old friends. Bob recently hired Jack at his company, and it has been a difficult
struggle. Jack's work is under par, and Bob doesn't really know how to approach him without getting into
a personal confrontation.

D Whether we're living daily with a negative roommate, dealing with an underperforming employee, or
confronting a spouse about money, we find ourselves in the positions of having to have difficult
conversations every day. And one thing that is consistent across the board is that we don't want to have
them. Confrontation is difficult, whether it's with someone you love or someone you hardly know. Some
people would rather avoid it in favor of an uncomfortable silence and seething anger. Others prefer to
have a screaming fit instead of an actual conversation. How can we avoid our natural tendencies and
actually have a constructive dialogue? There's one book that tries to give the answer.
E Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most is about just that: all the conversations we
hate to have, why we avoid them, and most importantly, why, when we finally confront our fears and
dive into the dreaded heart-to-heart, we usually do so in a not so effective way. An erudite self-help
book, its authors, Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen, are associated with the Harvard
Negotiation Project (responsible for the bestseller Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving
In). Difficult Conversations tackles the personal side of negotiating—negotiating your own feelings as
they relate to the situation at hand and the resulting dialogue. By laying out the structure of these
conversations, the authors teach you how to get to the heart of the matter with clarity and compassion,
and with as little pain as possible.

F The book proposes an analytic framework to approach difficult topics. It points out that each difficult
conversation actually has three components or conversations going on at the same time: The "What
Happened" Conversation, The Feelings Conversations, and The Identity Conversation. Each person's
conception of these "three conversations" will affect the course of the conversation. Finally, the book
maps out how to turn all difficult conversations into Learning Conversations. The book offers specific
techniques on how to untangle the web of perception, fact, and emotion, as well as personal stories and
examples.

G Of the many online reviews of Difficult Conversations, only two people give it a negative critique. The
majority of the reviews are resoundingly positive, with people saying things like, "After years of worrying
about the potentially horrific reactions other people might have, I was able to elicit a positive response.
The other party didn't become defensive, but, rather, wonderfully receptive to what had been hounding
me for years." Many have cited their copy's "tattered" or "dog-eared" condition—"I've underlined virtually
every page in the book"—as they have adopted it as a manual for life. The only unfortunate thing is that
in many cases it seemed like the authors are preaching to the converted: many of those reading the
book are professional mediators, interpersonal trainers, psychologists, or other professionals in the field
of mediation and conflict resolution. Too bad, considering the fact that we could all benefit immensely
from its methodology.

1. The writer has a __________ opinion of the book.

A) positive B) negative C) neutral

After You Read 1

Scan the paragraphs of the reading indicated in parentheses for the words described below.

1. two words that mean "below average" (paragraph C)

2. a word meaning "husband or wife" (paragraph D)

3. a noun meaning "dealing with a difficult situation or person" (paragraph D)

4. an adjective meaning "agitated" or "full of rage" (paragraph D)

5. a synonym for "useful" (paragraph D)

6. an adjective to describe something that makes you feel extremely anxious (paragraph E)

7. another word for "conversation" (paragraph E)

8. an adjective meaning "learned" or "showing profound knowledge" (paragraph E)

9. a synonym for structure (paragraph F)

10. a way to say "clarify" or "resolve" (paragraph F)

11. a verb meaning "to obtain" or "to get someone/something to produce" (paragraph G)

12. a four-word phrase that means "trying to persuade someone to believe something they already
believe" (paragraph G)

After You Read 2

Complete the statements according to what you remember from the reading.

1/ Jenny thinks her roommate has a destructive ____________________.

2/ The title of the book discussed in the reading is ____________________.

3/ The book divides every conversation into three conversations: The "What Happened" Conversation,
The _________________ Conversation, and The Identity Conversation.

4/ The goal is to make every conversation a ____________________ Conversation.

5/ ____________________ people gave the book a negative review. [spell out number]

6/ The book has ____________________ authors. [spell out number]

After You Read 3

In the following items, change the adjectives in italics to adverbs used in the reading.

1/ They gave the idea a resounding "yes!" Their approval was _____________ positive.

2/ Her copy of the book is a virtual map of highlighting and underlining. She has underlined something
on ____________________ every page.

3/ Her attitude affects me in a negative way. It really affects me __________________.

4/ An important aspect of the book is that it gives examples of difficult conversations. More
____________________, it explains why we are so bad at having them.

5/ It's usual for her to avoid confrontation. She ________________ avoids having difficult conversations.

6/ There is a potential for backlash in this situation. The situation is ________ explosive.

7/ The book worked in a wonderful way for me. It really worked __________________.
.
8/ The benefits of this book are immense. We could all benefit ______________ from it.