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Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply
in Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria

Article · March 2017

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 University of Maiduguri
Faculty of Engineering Seminar Series
Volume 8, march 2017
Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power
Supply in Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria
A. B. Muhammad, S. Sulaimon and G. M. Ngala
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Maiduguri
abms4real@gmail.com; +2348033326217

Abstract
Hybrid power system (HPS) is a power generating system that combines two or more modes of electricity
generation usually, using renewable technologies such as Solar Photovoltaic (PV) & Wind turbines. In this
research, model for predicting and characterizing wind energy output for Maiduguri was developed. The
developed wind energy output prediction model was compared to the experimental energy output and
another model developed by Fagbenle et al. and the output of the developed model is in good agreement with
the two. Also, the designed wind-solar hybrid energy system was simulated using commercial software
(Homer). The system was designed to satisfy the electricity needs of Faculty of Engineering Teaching
Workshop, University of Maiduguri, Borno state Nigeria with a primary load demand of 370kWh/day and
peak load of 140kW. HOMER simulation results show that the hybrid power system can satisfy the energy
needs of the workshop by generating about 229,000kWh/yr.
Keywords: Energy system, Homer, Modelling and Simulation

1.0 Introduction
Hybrid power system (HPS) is a power generating system that combines two or more modes of
electricity generation together, usually using renewable technologies such as Solar Photovoltaic
(PV) & Wind turbines (Hoque et al., 2012). Wind and solar energy sources are the cheapest available
natural resources for renewable energy and they best complement each other. Solar-wind HPS is
made up of number of solar cells and a wind The aim of this study is to design, model and simulate
a wind solar hybrid energy system that will generate power from wind and solar energy sources
and meet the electricity needs of the faculty of engineering teaching workshop (FETW) university
of Maiduguri, while the objectives include, carrying out energy audit of the workshop, evaluating
of the wind and solar energy potentials of the study area, development of models to predict the
electricity generation potentials of the hybrid energy system and simulation and optimization
analysis of the designed system.

2.0 Materials and methods

Ten (10 years) meteorological parameters (wind speed and solar radiation) of Maiduguri and the
energy consumption rate data of FETW were used in this study. Also Homer software and excel
spread sheet were used for the analysis of the data. Many researches were done in the area of
hybrid energy systems, Elhadidy and Shaahid, 2005; Rehman et al., 2007; Dumitru and Gligor 2010;
Notton et al., 2011; Thakur 2012; Marisarla 2013 and host of others. Although in most of the works
cited above, the authors used either HOMER or Matlab as a modeling tool to actualize their study,
the hybrid system setups were studied using different load demands and the applications, location
of studies as well as climatic data’s they used were different.

The daily load profile of the workshop is presented in figure 1. Daily primary load profile of the
workshop is about 370kWh/day and the scaled peak load is 140kW with a load factor of 0.110.
Seminar Series Volume 8, 2017 Page 99
 Muhammad et al., Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply in
Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria

Fig. 1: Data map of Daily Load Profile of the Workshop

2.1 Modeling of wind-solar hybrid energy system

The load profile of FETW was obtained through energy audit of the workshop; FETW’s energy
consumption is divided into; Lightings, Ventilation, Office equipment and Machining sections.
A precise knowledge of the energy output of a renewable energy system at a particular location is
of great importance to energy systems design. Therefore, a model for preliminary study and
accurate prediction of the energy output from HPS was developed for application in Maiduguri.
The total energy output of a HPS can be calculated as follows (Diaf et al., 2006)
𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃(𝑝𝑣) + 𝑃(𝑤𝑡) 1.0
Where
P(tot) : total power
P(pv) : power from PV system
P(wt) : power from wind system
A model for predicting the wind energy system power output was developed using meteorological
parameters of Maiduguri. In order to have adequate measurement and statistically significant
analysis, wind speed measurements covering a period of 10 years (2002-2011) were used in
developing the model. A Microsoft Excel environment was used in the regression analysis of the
wind energy parameters of Maiduguri using power law. Furthermore, the outcome of the
regression analysis of the wind speed of Maiduguri gives the constitutive relationship between
wind energy and mean speed and the value of R2.
The developed model is as follows:

𝐸 = 55377 × 𝐶𝑝 × 𝜂 × 𝑉 2.7975 2.0

Both Cp and η are taken as unity as suggested by Fagbenle et al. (2012). In order to establish
reliability of the developed model, it was compared with Fagbenle et al.’s model and the
experimental wind energy data and the developed model is in agreement with the Fagbenle et al.’s
model, the Fagbenle et al.’s model is shown as Equation 3.0,
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 12621.80 × 𝐶𝑝 × 𝜂 × 𝑣 2.8 3.0

Seminar Series, Volume 8, 2017 Page 100

 Muhammad et al., Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply in
Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria

2000000 Experimental Energy

Wind energy Wh/year

1500000
New model
1000000
Fagbenle's model
500000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months

Fig. 2. Comparison of new model, Fagbenle et al.’s model to experimental wind energy data

Also a model developed by Hatziargiriou (Hatziargiriou, 2004) for evaluating/predicting power

output from a PV system is adopted for the PV system and is presented as follows
𝐺
𝑃 = 𝐺 𝑖 [𝑃𝑚 + 𝜇𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑇𝑀 − 𝑇𝑂 )] 4
𝑜
𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇−20
𝑇𝑀 = 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 + 𝐺𝑖 800 5
where
Go: Solar radiation in standard condition (1kW/m2)
Gi: Global irradiance (W/m2)
Pm: PV panels maximum power (W)
μpmax = temperature coefficient of power (%/°C)
TM = Cell temperature inside diode (°C) and To = Operating temperature (°C)

Therefore, the model for predicting the power output of a wind-solar HPS is presented as Equation
6.
𝐺
𝑃𝐻 = 𝐺 𝑖 [𝑃𝑚 + 𝜇𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑇𝑀 − 𝑇𝑂 )] + 3240.6 × 𝜂 × 𝐶𝑝 × 𝑉 3.662 6
𝑜
where
𝐺
Ppv : power from PV system (𝑃 = 𝐺 𝑖 [𝑃𝑚 + 𝜇𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑇𝑀 − 𝑇𝑂 )])
𝑜
Pwt : power from wind system (𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3240.6 × 𝜂 × 𝐶𝑝 × 𝑉 3.662 )

It should be noted that this equation is valid for wind speed range of 2.02m/s to 8.65m/s, solar
radiation range of 225W/m2 to 960W/m2 and module temperature range of 3°C to 47°C

Figures 3 and 4 depict the solar radiation availability in Maiduguri. The maximum solar insolation
for Maiduguri is obtained in the month of May (6.96kWh/m2/day) while in the month of
December it was (5.28kWh/m2/day). An average of 6.02kWh/m2/day was obtained for whole of
the year. This value depicts a very good electricity generation potential of the study area
(Maiduguri) using solar radiation.

Seminar Series, Volume 8, 2017 Page 101

 Muhammad et al., Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply in
Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria

Fig. 3: Homer generated monthly average solar radiation and clearness index

Scaled data kW/m²

24
1.20
0.96
Hour of Day

18
0.72
12 0.48
0.24
6 0.00

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Day of Ye ar
Fig. 4: Data map of daily solar resource pattern

Figure 5 depicts the power generation potentials of the solar radiation. Electricity generation is
appreciable; the rated power output is 60kW when sky is clear but below 48kW when is cloudy
or dusty.

Fig. 5: PV panels electricity generation distribution profile

The wind turbine used in this study is PGE 20/25 three bladed 3 phase wind turbine; with rotor
diameter of 20m and a cut in speed of 3m/s as shown in figure 6, it has a capacity of 25kW.
According to the simulation result, the turbine can operate for 7586hrs/yr and produce
121,558kWh/yr.

Seminar Series, Volume 8, 2017 Page 102

 Muhammad et al., Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply in
Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria

Fig. 6: wind turbine electricity generation distribution profile

The energy storage battery chosen in this research work is Surret 4KS25P which is given in
HOMER tool library due to its moderate cost, maturity and high performance. It has a nominal
capacity of 1156Ah (9645kWh) and a single battery can store up to 6.94kWh. As shown in figure
7, the battery is almost fully charged all year round except in the month due to insufficient
charging from the HPS.

Figure 7: storage system state of discharge profile

3.0 Results and Discussion

3.1 Optimization of inputs of the Hybrid system
The developed HPS can meet the load demand of the workshop. Figure 8 presents the predicted
energy output from the PV, wind and hybrid system, the energy output from HPS is around 2-
5MWh/m2yr, this shows that the energy output from HPS is enough to meet the energy needs of
FETW.

6000000
Predicted Energy (Whm²yr

5000000
4000000
3000000 Predicted Electrical Energy From Wind
2000000 Turbine (Wh/m²yr)
1000000 Predicted Electrical Energy From PV
0
System (Wh/m²yr)
Predicted Electrical Energy From Hybrid
System (Wh/m²yr)

Months

Figure 8: Predicted energy output from PV, Wind turbine and Hybrid systems
Seminar Series, Volume 8, 2017 Page 103
 Muhammad et al., Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply in
Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria
1620 simulation runs were performed that lasted for 31 seconds using 304-bit operating system,
3.4GHz processor and 16GB RAM computer. Table 1 presents the simulation results of some
feasible hybrid system configurations and they are ranked from the top, the first row is the
optimum power system configuration according to Homer because it has met the criteria set (low
COE and NPC).

Table 1: Truncated Categorized optimization results from Homer simulation

Total net present cost ($)

Cost of energy ($/kWh)

Capacity shortage (%)

Operating cost ($/yr)

Total capital cost ($)
Converter (kW)
Wind turbine
PV (kW)

Battery

60 1 80 100 276,613 342,043 0.201 0.05 5118

70 1 70 100 279,483 343,765 0.202 0.05 5,029
50 1 100 100 285,443 356,364 0.210 0.04 5,548
60 1 90 100 288,313 358,086 0.210 0.03 5,458
50 1 90 150 291,540 358,118 0.211 0.04 5,208

The cost of generating of power using fossil fuel fired generators in Nigeria is averagely
$0.35/kWh, it is higher than the cost of energy using designed HPS as shown in Figure 9,
therefore, leveled COE from the hybrid system cheaper.

0.4
COE ($/kWh)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
HYBRID GENERATOR
Power Generation Systems

Fig. 9: Comparative analysis of COE

4.0 Conclusion
A model for analytical preliminary assessment and prediction electricity generation

Seminar Series, Volume 8, 2017 Page 104

 Muhammad et al., Modeling and Simulation of Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Power Supply in
Semi-Arid Region of Northern Nigeria
potential of wind energy system was developed in this study. And also the developed model
was merged a model for predicting/evaluating solar energy electricity potential of solar
radiation for tropical regions like Maiduguri developed by Hatziargiriou in 2004 was
adopted. The two models were combined to form the HPS power output prediction model.
Also Homer software was used as a modeling, simulation and optimization tool. The
developed model can be used for predicting wind energy potentials of Maiduguri as well as
the wind-solar hybrid energy generation potentials of Maiduguri and other places with the
same range of wind and solar radiation parameters with Maiduguri.

References
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Seminar Series, Volume 8, 2017 Page 105

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