MoDULE1

acic stbavcture_C ompuey

A compute s a Jast electronic Calculdi
mochine that aceps th ldata) digitlhzed
a s pen he listo itotal
infomation proceas
sBosed instortions & oduces the op.
. Listinstauchions Called phamm.uton
stonage S Colld computea memey

Tapes o Computess
ferseral COmtes
heneal pusrpose , vasiety o soltammo
Subject to Cost perosmanté toaded
ahWankstations -

Mose computinq pouse

4raphicg
Used in enggireesing pplicat'ons,
3nterpAise SysBeml Mainfom
buines dota psocessing
ked on
t Senve9h lomputers-
> Netwasnk bosd
e r l o r a h e ,reliab1bk
High capacitysmalsenvers to buldhg zed
s2ed
Range Jaem
(Hih dnd Korge)-
SSe computea
mumwrica! caleletien
scale
Lasg wethe Janeast1,/ncaali desgn
e d in

6. Embedded ambutena-
Hidden as componenls Senk
stain acht esesþelhemarce /ost orstear
FUNCT IONAL UNITS
Aithmetic
and
Inpt
loqic
Memo
Ovtput Contbol

nocessos|

*Mem0%Y Unit
It staseg tha i/p data h+gaams
I t is basically to types
-auman mem0s
Secondary Mem0J4

BrimaumemO
Fast man memodu.
in memasy uhle
Paog ams must be staed
they a beina execute.
It ContaihS a no. esemmiconducios
lange
Stosage ces. £achcel is Capable o stosin
ne bit o inasmatron,
sie
FHase a poocezsecd ina q*oub o ied
Calod wnad associa ted wih
I t is ha One exclvsi vey
adds.ess
To porovida eocess ,a oistinct
wih ech aprd.
s associatec
bits in each uaad is called he
-

No.
word lenqth of compves,
- Instavchiors gdata can be wuten into tHu
 mCmar y Uhde th Cntool procezSS
Memmor okich Any Socalioy Lah ke, psachr
ined amout tume a l
in a, shol is Calld Jande
speciy adkess
CCCeS meme CRAM)

Th mo
acce time.
callad
cahd memos

MemoyM hich s
Mems enly radeblo hy he u
kch eant ba alteros
conn RoM)
Cold Kend only memoy

-
Caches aro ho Sma da4 RAM nite,
phich o CoUplal wh Hha pAOceLS0 to oe
acherve-
on the Some IC thi
oten, cDntaned
high per,oomanco.
îs esentbl iFFends
Rhovgh aima stesage
to k expensive
Secondary memnDu
- It Ja useo shrs large amoud data &
ave ts e itoivd.
hrooang
Particulasly undormaluen ad is Acce&ed

wnpuguotly
tsMaghebic dids &topes , optical disks ,resek
+Asithmetic heqic_unit
erecled in ALU
- Most o
Most o he comptes operatoas ane

otherocesson like
addition ,sub,divisicn
multiplicathion e,
the om menstu.
Ka oberards are into
brovght
alliol
stovae eleme
stoaed in high speed
egIstea.
to the instavc tors de operadion
Then ac
Then tho e/UIOeol seveCe
penamod n
non
 h i comtol s the ALV are a tim fa
timas
dhon oteo, devws
Conmecis a A mpulo,
Sygtem.
- boung th
Load he oeands into memouy
the poocessO perlorvmm dheralion in ALy
to
e l t back Bo
memoryheta4

Store tho
h dhe oce&sO
o Conbol
dhus eha bes a hgle prOCOLO,
h o . oeclorhal olevucs,

Inpt Unit
piogs.am/high level ang uagos s
#o souce npuldeices
ed o a Computa through
ee
Key boasd is mot w m o n type.
- Lshene a key is pORseod ene corsesporeling
wOnd on ho. branstared into its cuunlod
eihe to procen
binay ods ed
oven a able
binay Keqbera
& Joyshicks, tboackbals, mouse,
Output Unit
-Fae ars he countepashe input devices
resala
uhcth îs to send ha processed
Its basic
+o h ugen.
mohitn efc
-

EPainteer, Speakess,
-Control uhit
to olher unit senses ithui,
It senda sighals
Stales. the
1ming sig hals that
govern
-
The actual pracesse,
thounslen odata
Dw input Uhit,
dhe
memesu4 PUntt are 9enealid by
Contsol Unit.
A h e operatbns ar ontvrolled by dhe
Centtme i.
The Opeahions a CompulD
inlanmation in t t Jom
Jhe cempul ncepts
orogams dlato hrough
on input vnt 6
stanesihthe mCmOu.
letehud
is
I n o r m a t S t o r n d in the
memosry

contaol nto ah Cnith mmetic

ailhmetic
vnde pogaam
Uhitchere it is processa
logic inamatiem leoves te compute,
Processed
hrough ovtft vhit.
en
deructs by h
actjvities in t o ompuler
ore
AN
Conlro vnit

A Instructio pAoce2ing
e)
Add Loc A , Ro locat" LoCA to ho
at m e a y
Ald the operand Ko i n thu processe.
opehahd in
ho Epicre
Sum
ko.unto regixtis Ro.
Place the
Contena o, LocA is reseaved.
A orginas is overdwsiben.
0, Contert oh Ro
heoriginak ha
Ihatauctio is etched om ho memory intofcheek
opeond a locA s e
processo ha R Ho aesulting
anteute o
adoled b h
is stahRd iho eqiste- ko
Sum

Load LocA, RI locat" LocA

operahd àkh tho memory
-

Load ho
the Jegisten
R)
to

Add RI, Ro
at te memany locaf of
A dd tho oerahd
tho epero atthe memou
aegr'ster Ri to
cath o aeqicteite, ko
- lo
store the Jreralt in e t a n Ro
RCOnhection derwen dh bAocesK0 hL HAeM

MEMORRY

MAR L MDR Contaol

PC Ro
R
IR
ALU
Rn-
gena9-al pupose
eg isten
Instsvction JqistesCIR)
o g a m ounten PC)
(R-Ra-)
(reheral purpese Jregister
adolsess registen [MARS
Meme
Memoy data Jegis ter (MDR)
aeisten (IR)
he insavehion belng
that ae eunNenty belna
Holds the instavchions
ezecuted controleihcoit Lokich
available fon he
I s olp is
generates the timina
sig hals,
the phocesin eleman in
varlou
Tt Control
eecuton o i n s f h vctidn.
ne
h s brogom counten[Pc):

Analapecia histen that Kees

hii s prgham.
erecfion o a
tock addaes othe
contans dho memey
instouctiom to Roetchod execulnd
hert
MAR-TE holds thcdels.ess o the loration to
be accesd
dhe daka to G1aiten into
a
MDR- OIt ontaing
ead out m dha addsseze locaton.

Oheratix sheps
heside in ho memars thaough /P devi'ces.
kognams
instaucron.
PC is set to point to t#o ingt
TAa centerrts oPC aro toaAdero.ed to MAR.
-AA Kead sighall is sert to te me masy.
-

He lst instauction is read ovt ad loaded

into MDR
IR
The Conterts o MDR a e brsahalerrdto
ard eceede the instruchion.
Beccdo the ALU,
T tha instavcth inolves, ah operatbn by
the iouis opearoed
it obtain
polhacl by serd inq
ing
An opeard in tha mema
dha Aeadl cycle
toMAR intialiein
its addess
kas been readasm the
the memb
memary
-
an dha operand MDR b AL
to MDR t is b-anslered om
,

o tuo sueh reptaked cycles dhe ALU eyas

ALte on
desined ge s to ba storud n do
Ttho'sesulto this opesa"
the nesult s sent te MDR.
memny,
olbcath ohoe ho aealt is storawl sed
Adelnes
Adldses is intiated
wute cycla
to MAR G a
>Reads MDR to ALU
adress to MAR
Werirgexeadon PC incs@mentd o he het

ingtsuctHen
Interaupt Be
erecution o brogsams mouy Pee
Nooma
device HejuBes vagent Seveng
me
erecuuon
corntpoga
e momaV Aaises h Intes
- ke device
U s a o internuptes
Sigha
Lhtevpt -
Seavice rootine
baoku nestoe
Cwnd sustem inlaamatk sevice b
hpoceReA ptovids ho Aeajuesed
service soutiho
ewecctiny a n apprcpiato inteaupt

Us Stuctre

OutpiMe
Memas Proce0
Input

o simplbst most j inloconet

CommOn

arusas karts otho Compui», achiepe a"

raLOnablo pero oerauon.
ACompul must ahuged s hot a
its nit can Janolh ene ull wod data at
m.
ines that Comeeina
ghsub o Call2 a cs
doyeces
o o eral
the data , dhebus musëE
The lines thal sastuy
od ConBel puwrpese,
hauve i n o oddrass
.nes
Since the us can le ustd for Onby ont dsansfen l
A ume.
Se only uwo uni Con aclwel use dhe bus al
A gMen tim
inas are ugel do abo obitaat.
usoro.ol
mulple Apezt u s e oOno bus.

Single bus Stavctue s

n w cost
Veylecible
Vey for a Hachin eipheal dleyices
jnaeageg th perlomasce=
Multiple bus staucturR cast
but lao 1hCAeass dke .s
A ntereohhecked devices a n hot osame spal
timo may vary.
Coche memery
Thi oblom s Jole
n cache negîste Ci.e bue neiste)

ultors ae electoronie egastas 4 smell capact

when cempaned to he main emary u t of ompaade
&heed
Fhe isbucuons om,tHe r scessa at once ao
Oanda inte dhee bulers 6 dhen ha, complete Yoanfas,
odcta a t a t aso ill take place

Yerosmante
ha mod wmportad masuwo Computes e
hoo Auucely t Coh eceuti piagram.
fertos oed
00 berkormance
Hondusou deigh
htouctien se
Comalen.
to aceen progaam depoesds
ceseo, fimg a
n the ececulion
n dhe Jarcusoe wolyed
ndiidual grachihe nbucluón
 Main Cache Poceso
Mermany Memo

Jelalvely small cache

meme
pnvcessas . a
aingle jligaals
Can Jopricalicl on
Cwcut chib
Speecd
Cost
-Memary manaqement
neeoled to execobe instoucton
Tha total time tim.
& Colleol dkorDCeLSO
instouctons
A tho Start o erecution ,all pregeamha masnmero
in
a r e stoed
data
dtha eauurid inshauch are etchod
the execoten
procecols , pwceson, ¢
As
oveA dhe bus indob the seeond tiao
Cne acka l o ä Jon
tha
copys blaced in
coky
usaag heede!
tho metemwt
execults orlo
A gam blw tho main mema*u
ingtsucuon
dlata
hichis achivedl b
c IS
minimized

e ocess
hHhe
us the acho.

Proce elock:
ontroled by o timing signal
Vrocesso ckt are
Celad clock.
the re Gulas
tîme intesul
clock desigh
he,
a Wes clook cyeles,
 Jo eacecuto
etecutea machine in8ta uclio he proceo di'vidos
.Io
he actK to bo perfo*mid into a sea/uehce obusie
Seps
be amfleted in 0ne elock
Aseach step
each cah

cy cle.
yele is ah impatard
R ergth P o one ctock
mane
orometer dhet allets dthapoceaso
ha cloek ralo olepineel a s the inves
Fhoehore
ofthe leg th of on clock qycle

his S maswesl in Hert2.

&lasic elemance tauation

e t indeperden
dhese au te
T- NS to nch ohes,
ececuke aprgm
Hma Aeuizedvo
T-pnoc esss level lunguage
level lwguage
thet as kaen preparual
in high ns
i t a u c t i ' b needed
n stauctibn heecded
actual machine anguage
N-No. ezection Cloc
complee the to ezecdooho
ezecuto &na
to steps heecleol
no. o besic completes in ns ne yle
tycle
'S-aveage
machineinstauct.
Each steb aompleles

R - clocXsato

peline &Superscalor Operaton eceauid ene all anolke

a net necessasíly
as the hwmke o
Instouctions
S doesnt haye to
Ma
clocR cyclas t ececute e r instsucfion
succees?ve
tha e zecutio
Pibeliniva -Ovelapping
instovctioru
te same imo ^rocesson Aads seat
Add K,,,,Rz a
inatructon in meoy
fetchllerec! etch& lereczfeths exec
Nonbitelineel
pipeled felchl erec
Jekh2 exec 2
Geth 3Terec3
Supescolas. Operatio implemohlrd
AvHipe instavction bipelines
ho pocesso
aeduce S
S o we Can

Clack Rate
ncaeas clock nate to mako he ckt faal,
Impove IC technolog y
Hedice tHha amoud o ocesing den fn on bs
step causeo ay
t i e l cauee
hcrege3 n R Hhat
aro

roveods inin TC techholeg e t a l l asfect

he Arocessor's epeaton eaualy ectept
ti to accesg dhe raln 9memDJu
memory
dhe
CISC ad RISC
Ohsideraion is ha
u o peliaing4
A Key
A Re toeven hough dhs ho. o basie
-
S s close eonsiclerably largo.
angoh
Seps pen instruction m a
elinh
-Iis much easer to iplemud elcient
wi th ihstoucton s
n phccesco
in
Reduced Instaveten set omputes
valua N, Small value o D
Lowge
- Complex Thstavetion set omputeis
LSmall aku N, langs valuo o, )

tComprle high level

Jevel atngunge
laguage pre
pgsam
le tenslates a
Compi machino instwctos
A ihstJwcYos
a Sajuonco iustaucba
into a Suitable machine justzuctonl
educe N,ue heeo
To hat rakes good se eit
Set &a compiles speciko
mayet ko desighol o a

AA Compile hdah 9ualiy Conpslen s tad

poraceso, oueve ,a
Gyod Cea9educo NXS
 Machine Lnstauctions Pooqaamm
man mllors
m illo estorge
StoagesBarage
sBarage-
Memany
Consists ef
cels Cf-lop) ie O o
stao a bit of înonmation
.Fach eell
Can

toa a wo,d
bits is rellerrud
Each gsoup oh unsd length
intarmahon h is cllsol the
e 8 to 6t
be bits.
sed ngth an vary om
The
& bits is calid a bste.
A wit of hah2*
ho. o addressable locatles ,
I 2= s onpud
conshitute he adodreas space
.

addreses
fae O to 21,cellel memoy. ace.
24 bit memay *= 16,t7726 = 16M A g
Ct M-9a
32 bit memar 2"= 4G = C g 3 )

n bits
fistasd
> Secone unrd
Memany
Wosds

3 bit wosd lenpth erample A Simed

bab
b3 O far positive no.

ba son nezative ho. Focu

chaacters
&bis &biis|8bitsl sbit|
 Bte Adola egsabihty
to assgn distinct
ade
impe.nctica
to ndividva bit locatics
in ememou
Pmah
Aighmerd to haye
o mogt aoctica! &uceesise
SucceSUL addresses Aele o
byte locatiens in tho memos byte addbeLsal
memO
0, 1, a.
oealisns Jawe addreues -

lergth is 3 s , tog hen

Ex: sd ataddheg
SU CCe8ive w09ole aR located
0, 4,8, .
haing
with each wOsd haWIVg
t b

and tle-hdian Assigrmeu'

iq-Erndion
ndion- ose byte addzeases ona ud Jo|
b.
He moet signilicand bjts u u l

:H Endioun- owe byte addsesses ae usee

ho leas siqnilicaut byhes ef a
d te odobo abe addhess
addos
32L O
44 |6 1 765

q Endiom t l e krdlirn
Wand Aqh ment
te e akiguo memoy
lords
adlbess ¢hat s
dhey begin at a bytt ,

word
of bytes ih
a
tho uwmbe
multiple ok
wcods
lengthis 16 CRtes, alighed
he uoed
addseses O,24 4, ..
begin at byte
b4 aligned und
length is (8 bytea)
t h o aod .
aldrasces 1 6 .
bepin at te
he wosds ara said to he Unaligned adtses=
adres
arb tay byte
a
a ah

thy begina
Characte-s& Characters stings
Acessirg
Numbers
L10d
ward .
t t c
I CanaA acesed
ke
an acesed
Amo. usay CCcukies On
w a r d addWex
i'n he memouu b bec Can bR acegsed
Similasy ndivrdlug chosacters
address
heo byte
by
by
me hods
epret
a
a tain
ctain
He meanins
Thne
'There au
dhasactes
awih
cohtaol
A shecial he las charart
can
e uaed au

os staing'
e
erol
e staing
n Can Conkun
Conlaun
Aegsten. au
A Seperal wand oca the le
locat"n
e t h o uhu sainu
stai
leah
hO ind iatina
n bytes
Momor Gpera luen
soad eration sahrs a cohy
etha
.
a Dvad meme*yLscat
scat tts the
Cotnta a speciie
Conten nemain vnchangcd
ha memosy
 steps o
Steps load qeationi
headrers o
ha desiuol
the olesi ocath
Proces sends
to ho memoy mmosy h
issuesJeQd sighal fo
Pooce&sO
fetch tha data stared a
date
Mepypsy aeaole de
Mem9
adldrens senods data to ho
eod
MemoIy
bOceA

Stoae dhe inama

The sta oehation toonaess
specilicd meme
stes% to tho
som the
locatien ontett e
hii wil deshaoy the oaiginal
hat memeuy location

Steps fars stose_operalun

nda the addruss kof dho to s t o
Porces9 wants
memb location
ashere i
dal signal to memey
noCeL8O
ISSuO s it e

to stare he docda is 9+/tar nt

egister rDR)
sbecieo
Content
memoy location
and
Ingthvcticn Seouentih
Senuenidng
Tnstauctfon
instouctiors capable o
Cempub, mus hove
A pelomiy tykes ovaion,
egie e
Data tsanle b/w
e
he memay Gdhe.
memaryy (MOY, PUSH, Pot
XCHG
DTV,A
logic qopeation (ADo, sUB, MVL,OR,
A ithmebie noT
roam Seyvencng Gnol CCALL RET, LOOP,
I l o tsanshes (IN,OUT) IN
 ToranseNobation CRTN)
giste
ible
pessible
pass locations in which transte o inas
. Re
occus a r
( emats locat"

Brocesso egile
tehs in I/o devices
Kogis
locaTh a s deroted hy placing
.Conters of a aOUhd ha ham o th
bsackeù
Sqma
h
locat (RI[LOC

Hardueore
Location Bina Exonphe Descxiptiom
Addes_
Contents
Memoy LOC, PLACE,| R,-Loc] LOC a o tahserted
e m loc
NUM
into egis kes R
Adel tha content of
Bocesso k, R,, R egste Rl GRa Elae
Ilo DATAIN, R-DTAIM TA o I/o aeqigle
Hegis ters DATAOUT DATALN asg banslerhe
i'nto egîs t e RI
Assembly_konguogeNotatio
To epgeKt machine ins tauctions poogaams,
Jo-mat is
assembly lang ua4e

Asgenbhy
amg
FoNmmol
e escriplion
data om ZC
memasy locat
Mov LOC, RI
e
to isten R, The Conlents o Zoc
a urchoungcd dy the execution o t s
tnstuct*, b t *d old contente èh giste
R a r 01EN tLaitten

Add Ri,R2, R Add dh Centents e regie Rt ka

ahel ploc th sum into Nsfeq
 CPU Osganization»
Singk Accumvlatan
Kesult ugualgoes dha Accumulala
o mema
momo
Accumuato Aas to ko Javesl
ute
venesa Kegiste
dhus redee
heg istes hold gperandls hus
emo tral
fegiseFe bookkeeping
Stack
Operands ard enlt ara aays in
the tack.
Lnstsvchion Fonmots
Three_Haess Instwctions
R1-[R3+[Rs]
ADD R9, R3,RI
Sym->obcode Soucel, Sousce 2, DestinaBion
Two Addness Instavcfions
ADD Ra, R SRILea]
SnOpcoole Source, destinatien
ne Adodaess_lnstavctios
ADD M AC LA HaA R]
Sgn- opcode Source /destinaton
LoadA Add ß Stosu C
.Zero Addhess Instauctions
ADD PUSH
Syh-obcode
 RISC Tnstau c tiora

is eatricted
Lots egisters . Memosy
o Load sfare
using 3 addses
OEvaluate CttB) *CctD MCA1 t ME
RI RI
ADD A, B, - MECItMLO
A DD , D, R2 R
b RIR
C MUL RR2,X M vSing 2 ddds.ess
CAtB)* (CC+D)
Evalua te -MAI
a. MOV A,RI RI
bMeVB,RI-
RIt ME]
b. ADD B,RI RI
MIe1
C. MoV C, R R2 TRa1 4 MD
d. ADD D, R2 RA
R2,RI RI TR2] DRI
e. MUL
e
MOV Ri,X
ME] 4
-TR
CA+B)*Cc+O)_using
_I_adldsess
O Evaluate AC-MIA]
a. LOAD A
aa. AC< LAc]+ M2B7
b. ADD B
b TAC
C. STORE T MITI
d L0AD AC
AC LAC tMlo
C. ADD D
AL
SFOREF ME -FAEI
TAC]* MEI
MUL T AC
-TA+C7
STORE X; MLx]7
9.
 adel
Evaluati CAtB)*CctD using
Zero

a. PUSH A TOS-LAI
b. PUSH B TOS<[BI
TOS-AHB]
C. ADD
d. PusH C TOS L
TOS-OI
. PUSH D TOS-LC+D]
. ADD
MUVL
TOS-LC+D] * A t7
MAI4-[TOS
h. Pop X ;
sing RISC
Evelvate CA+B)* Ceto)
a . LotD A,RI RI MA
b.2oAD B,R: R2 M[BI
3- M[e]
C.LOAD C, R3
D R4
a. LOAD) R1R, R4 M[D
e. ADD
RI; R)-[Rl+RI
ADD R3, R4, R3 R3 e31+[P
MUL R,R3RI, R1<-[RI*[R
Mk1- [eI
STORE X,RI
DBirg Reqisters:
Kegisters oe Jasters
Shonten ihstauctien

Patenbia shedep
Mini mize breaperey hehwheh data s
dhe
noved back &Sorth blw ho memoru
rocessO e q STOB
 Tnstaucticn hzecutionStraght line Seavencdng
the addaess ol tho st instaucto is loockrd
>Intially
into PC.
Then, he þacesSO contsol cincuits use inomal
he inlaona
af
in he PC to feteh f erecuto instaucth, o o a

tima, in he osdor IncAeasing addrosses .

Thiis cald stoaight linz seqjueueihg

eacA instuuclien, PC is
Jusira ths erecuton
incemerted by to point to hect ins tavction.
2 i n s t a v c h e n Ececylion.
Fre as phoes
etch Phaye
Exec Phase
->Fetth Phase-
oinstavction s letehed rom Hho mnemory
1ocation placu in dhe IR
x ecute Phase- determine
The conlt o
-
IR enrminel to
operatien îs to ke perfoumid th
is then perovmid hy
shich
he sheiied operation
rOcesSEA.
Contet

ldness Move Nun1, Ro

t Alo NUn2,o
Bepin
1
Moy_A, Ro 3istuet Add NON3, Ro
hed Add 8, Ro phom
i+8 Mo v Ro,C Sesmel

th- Ade Nymn,Ro

4nMoV Re SuM
A

SUM
B wUM
NUM

NUMn
 addng a listof kun
h
Consides he g a m do
Ho lwcatr Contalning the
thn
Addzes o ho memo as NuMl, NUt2,N
Sqmoheallgven
Mumbes are

Add instaucf" is used te aodd each

-Separate
h. to tho conerts qisfestes, R
#he ho. hae bee addleo, tte seul
ALtes
s placed in memOry loceion SUM

Yoonching
No. e enfsiesin the list
Move N,R Storod n memay lecf* /
Clan Ro Counte
RDetsnDetemine ob
addsess o
Registea Ri is uged as a
timas te
Nextno. fadl to cletemine dhe ho«
Nextno.oRo loob is ececuTio
Decemerd K N is lpaded uh
C a n t e n t - locaticn
Bsanch>0 LoP he begiing e
Move RoSUM Aeister Rl at

oinstavctbn ececulo as may

SUM Hmes ag needed.
N h
>FRo loop stats at locath Loop
NUNM
NUM ends at ho înstavction Brd>0
uaingq
- addness
he hert list onty is
NV debemngd
entay îs etcheel
Ano that
added to Ro
ino he
instauctiom loods a hew volkue
TRe hesulE he processs (etches
poagnam
Countes. As thus hew addses
ho insttution Gaat
erects
thaBsanch Toaget
Caeol
A oHditiohad Boanch Jnstation Caux a

bspneh eni ib
bopheA
a
secid cobdihon is cahs/hed
dhe cohdifon s a satiie,dtho PC is incyend
i the hDema ua, dhe hee ingtsAvd in gea perhh
 addness
addsess ocen is etched f erealis

Con dition Cocdes

mat/0n about the
brocessp Keebs taack inlon
he h s is accomplished
operationg.
a esulb oaious in
u aeconding tha ne9/uiaed nfarmafh
ondition Code.
bidol
hol
bits , Callucl
Flags
a wnd Sogther in Jaapecia
Fhese n 9 Calleos the conditien Cod
FRgiie9
Aegisten / s tatuu aeqisten
foun commenky
used ags. ae

1 if aesult is neative,.1
Noegative) set b
oivenise cleand toO
i Aeault s O,
4 Z Lzero Set to l
othesuose ,cleaneel to O
get to1 cnith metic ovelbu
3> VCoverlow) ch6rus to o
oCeuwrs , otheuwie
esu
ou
4Clcasn) set o l i otherwise olkaed Bo0
c a y
a

Om ha eraton,

Floatingpeints
85. 135 t e in
IEEE loating point
Oret
Rebhesert
sing Single processos.
us ing
5 . 125 O.125X9= 0 to.g25
O.25X? =O+ O5
242-
O .1 8 5 O . 0 0 a

5-0
al9-1
-

85to10lol0
 S5.190 = 010 101.00 lt
ark 6 bosition oto th
h ekl
Shit deema zero drg't Jen
So dhot e n l y o hoh
tha left
101O 1O1. b0lta
85. 125G
1.010jO100l ca)

Adjust the erbonnert

Cacjusted)-Expoent bna s
xponerd +8-
6t 2
6+19)1o
13310

9/33 133co 10o0o k

&66-I
a33
16

Nosmmalize tha Manssoa

lWovmalized=}.
Ol0lo joo 1
Manhsa
lololtoc (a

O101O1001 0 O0OO0O0000000
Sign Clbit) = O Ca tve he)
Etporect (bitD = t00 001Olca)
O1o 1oo OlOO OOO0 O000 ooa
Man tisa (23 bi)= C