Professional Documents
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Abdulra
علي صادق يحيى العامري
كرار عبد الرزاق السكيني
2016
2016
zzaq
مُنقح
ة
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
BASICS
OF
PETROL
LECTUR EUM
E ONE ENGINE
ERING
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
BASICS
OF
PETROL
EUM LECTUR
ENGINE E TWO
ERING
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Drilling Engineering:
Drilling :is process result preparing the path for oil production
Well : is the path that connect between the reservoir and surface
Bit : equipment used for oil well drilling
Drilling is traditionally done by drill a well limited in some diameters, when the
biggest diameter (16-36’’) is drilled , Casing is throw down (used to keep on the
drilled diameter from Demolition and also as a guide to other diameters ) , this casing
in this stage called (Conductor pipe),every casing ends with casing shoe. The next
3
diameter drilled with (13 8 – 20 ‘’) and the casing that support this diameter is
3
Surface casing, the next diameter drilled with (13 8 – 14’’) and the casing is
intermediate casing. the casing that used for lining penetrate the reservoir called
Production casing and its diameter is (8-10) or (3-7) , sometimes we put instead of
production casing , what’s called (liner ) which extend from the end of intermediate
casing to the reservoir .
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Advantage of casing:
1) To keep the hole open and provide support
for weak formation
2) Isolate porous media with different pressure
region or with different fluids
3) Prevent contamination of grand water
4) Provide a passage for hydrocarbon fluids,
most production operation are achieved
through special pipe called Tubing
5) Provide the hole with known diameter, depth
6) Provide suitable connection for well head
equipment or X-tree or BOP
Christmas tree:
A set of pipe and joints that’s connected to the well head,
the Christmas tree contain many Valvesthat is control
fluid flow from the well to the transportation lines.
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Drilling Bits
machines that the well drilled by it, There are types of bits:
1- Drag bit: consist of conclusive fixed parts or integrated with the drilling machine
body and spin with it.
2- Roller cones bit: consist of two or more of cones that contains smaller parts, the
cones spin about it axis , the small parts be either ;
a) milled teeth made from the same component of the cone.
b) Tungesten Carbide inserted in the cone
3- Diamond bit: the body of drilling machine consist of Tungesten Carbide which
contains lots of diamond parts, this type of bit doesn't have moving parts,
Also, the diamond bit use to do coring process.
Gridding is the method of drilling in Diamond bit.
4- PDC bit:
It is development type of drag bit involves moveable parts used to drill
unconsolidated formation and moderately hard formation, this type of bits also using
in coring process, the drilling by using this type of bit is achieved by the so called
''Shear Stress'' while the diamond bit by gridding, that's mean drilling by using these
types of bits is required small (WOB)* It is inverse in Roller cons bit which used the
compression force in drilling. so, it is required a sufficient WOB .
The cones bit wear rapidly than PDC or Diamond and for that reason we use PDC or
Diamond bits in off-shore drilling (They don't eroding and reduce trap time)
*WOB : weight on bit.
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
BASICS
OF
PETROL
EUM
ENGINELECTUR
ERING E THREE
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Drilling fluid
ان الحافرة تتعرض الى اجهادات كبيره داخل حفرة البئر مما يؤدي, ان عمليه الحفر تتم بما يعرف بالحافرة
لكن هناك بعض اإلجراءات التي تؤخر; تلف الحافرة و من أهمها استخدام سوائل الحفر, الى تلفها.
ويتم االعتماد على لطين او المواد الموجودة في, بي بدء عملية الحفر منذ اكتشافها كان يستخدم الماء فقط
ولكن الحظ العلماء في بعض الطبقات الصماء تأكل الحافرة بصوره, الطبقات الصخرية لتكوين سائل الحفر
ولهذا تم انشاء ما يعرف بعلم سوائل الحفر, اكبر مما هو عليه في الطبقات األقل صالبه.
اثناء االعداد لبرنامج لحر اهم جزء في هذا لبرنامج هو استخدام سائل الحفر األمثل.
ان نوع سائل الحفر المستخدم يؤثر على معدل االختراق وكذلك على سرعة تنظيف; البئر و جودته,
Drilling fluids
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
BASIClS
OF
PETROL
EUM
ENGINE LECTUR
ERING E FOUR
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Geophysical survey
ان عمليات االستكشاف; الجيولوجية سواء كانت لتحديد نوع الصخور; او لنوع الموائع داخل الصخور; تتم بعمليه
;تعرف بإسم المسح الجيوفيزيائي
Types of Geophysical survey
1- Gravity method
2- Seismic method
3- Magnetic method
ان الطريقة الزلزالية هي األهم في العمليات النفطية االستكشافية
Seismic survey
This method based on deference velocity of artificially induced elastic waves through
various sub-surface strata .
The sound waves are generated by explosion or vibrosies sending through the earth
a pattern of geophone arranged at knowing distance from the shot point and
recording the arrival time of reflected and refracted waves .
There two types of this method :
1- Reflection
2- Refraction
And modern methods :
1- 3D seismic survey
2- 4D seismic survey
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
ρs [v m 2 ( ρm 2− ρm 1 ) ]
ρs Vs =
ρ s−ρm 1
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
LECTUR
E FIVE
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
OF
w = 100 ib/sack w = 100 ib/sack
ϒBaSO4 = 4.3 ϒbent = 2.5
100 0.373 100 0.64
V = 4.3∗62.4 = 0.615 ft3/sack V = 2.5∗62.4 = 5615 ft3/sack
PETROL 1
1 bbl = 0.0664 = 15.06
1
1 bbl = 0.114 = 8.77
ρ= 35.82 ppg ρ= 20.8 ppg
EUM
Calculate the number of Barite Sack necessary to increase the density of drilling fluid
ENGINE
by adding barite, The drilling fluid consist of water + Bentonite.
Vm1 = 100 bbl إذا لم يتم إعطاء أي حجم لسائل الحفر ُتبنى الحسابات على أساس مئة برميل
Example
Drilling fluid consist of water and Bentonite its weight 500bbl with density 9 ppg, if
an amount of BsSO4 added to the fluid, density become 12ppg.
أو اعتبار ان الحجم الثاني غير موجود; وعلىVm1 = Vm2 إن حل السؤال بإعتبار زيادة الكثافة بثبوت الحجم
ρsVs / ρm2 Vm2 و النسب الحجميةVs/Vm2 هذا فإن الحسابات تتم بما يُعرف بـ النسب الوزنية
1)Water + Bentonite
v m 2 (ρm 2− ρm 1) Vs ( ρm 2 −ρm 1) Vs ( 9−8.33)
Vs = ρs −ρm 1 vm = ρs−ρ m 1 vm = 20.8−8.33
= 0.053
2 2
BASIClS
OF
PETROL
LECTUR
EUM
E SIX
ENGINE
ERING
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING & ALI SADIQ YAHIA
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
تتراوح نسبة ال shaleمن صفر إلى واحد ,الصفر يعني ان الطبقة نظيفة في حين ان الواحد يعني طبقة طفلية
%100
)3- Spontaneous potential (SP
R mfe
R we
Resistivity SSP = -k log تم إكتشاف هذا المجس صدف َة بواسطة أجهزة الـ
)K = 61 + 0.133T(f
)Rmf: mud filtrate resistivity(ohm.m
Rmfe : equivalent mud filtrate resistivity
Rwe : equivalent water resistivity
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Sw : water saturation
F : formation resistivity factor
Rw : water resistivity
Rt : formation resistivity
a : tortuosity factor
−Δt ¿
𝞥s = Δt log Δt fluid− Δt ¿ ¿ ¿
ρ¿−ρ
𝞥D = ρ ¿ log
¿− ρ ¿ fluid
Schlumberger Co
Δtf = 189 Msec/ft (fresh water) ρ fluid = 1 gm/cc
Δtf = 190 Msec/ft (salt water) ρfluid = 1.1 gm/cc
Archie بعض المالحظات على معادلة
n : saturation exponent m : cementation exponent
ما لم ُتعطى المعطيات في السؤالSchlumberger a = 1 , m =2 , n = 2 تعتبر شركة
( 1) Rw
2 = S w2
Φ Rt
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Φ N +Φ P
𝞥t = for oil
2
2 2
Φ +Φ
𝞥t =( N D )0.5 for gas
2
R mfe
ssp = -k log R
we
4.07
-50 = -80.95 log R
we
Porosity Correction
𝞥NC = 𝞥N – 𝞥NSh * Vsh
𝞥DC = 𝞥D – 𝞥DSh * Vsh
𝞥SC = 𝞥S – 𝞥S/Sh * Vsh
G Rlog −G Rmin
Vsh = G R −G R
max min
2.65−1.98 0.67
𝞥D = 2.65−1 = 1.65 = 0.4
60−55.5 4.5
𝞥S/sh = 189−55.5 = 133.5 = 0.033
1 48.9∗0.098
=F = 48.9 = S w2 17
Sw = 0.52
0.1432
نالحظ ان الفرق كبير بين Swفي حالة استخدام المسامية المُصححة والمسامية غير المُصححة
48.9∗0.407
10.9
= Sxo ولحساب التشبع في المنطقة المغزوه =1.35 = 1 Sxo2
BASIClS
OF
PETROL
EUM LECTUR
ENGINE E SEVEN
ERING
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING ALI SADIQ YAHIA &
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Completion Engineering
Is a process of preparing the well for production
Types of completion :
1- Open hole completion
a- Slotted linear completion
Its benefits : prevent sand production and support the formation
b- Screen completion
Its benefit, prevent sand formation
c- Gravel pack completion
Its benefits: prevent sand production and support the formation
d- Resin injection completion
مادة صمغية يتم حقنها داخل الطبقة المُنتجة لزيادة تماسك الطبقات الصخرية
2- Cased hole completion
a- Production casing completion
b- Cemented liner completion
من اإلكمال افضل من النوع األول حيث يُمكن السيطرة على الطبقة المُنتجة إال انهCased يكون النوع الثاني
Preformation مكلف اكثر ان االكمال بهذه الطريقة يحتاج إلى ما يُعرف بعملية التثقيب
Preformation
1- Bullet
2- Jet
3- Hydraulic
شكلها اسطواني; مربوطة بسلك داخلها الرصاصات; بمجرد; إيصالgunتتم عملية التثقيب بإنزال ما يُعرف بالـ
;التيار الكهربائي تنطلق الرصاصة إلحداث ما يُعرف باإلختراق
BASICS OF PT ENGINEERING & ALI SADIQ YAHIA
KARRAR Abdulrazzaq
Microbialان األبحاث الحالية تبحث في موضوع; حقن بكتريا داخل المكمن النفطي وتوفير الظروف المُالئمة
لتكاثرها وبالتالي ُتساهم في استحصال النفط