Introduc on Science, technology, and innova on have instrumental(Economic Growth) and intrinsic(Social Wellbeing)

value for society.

First use of zero as revealed by the Bakshali manuscript.
WIPO: Seventh largest patent ling o ce in the world. But, India produces fewer patents per capita.
Outsourced R&D ac vi es. Nine Indian ins tu ons played a key role in the discovery of gravita onal
waves. Excellence: Brahmos, Cryogenic, RLV-TD, HSTDV
Third largest country in terms of the number of start-ups: 48 Unicorns
Challenges GERD:.6-.7%(SK: 4.2%) of GDP. Private only 30%(68%).
Research(Youth not available) and Universi es(Only focusing on Teaching) are working in Silos.
Low PhD students in STEM.
Poor Progress in agriculture, agro-processing, micro irriga on.
“Lab to Land” me is too long. CSIR.
Adop on of indigenous innova ons by Indian industry is not very encouraging.
Women in STEM low.
Schemes IMPRESS, PMRF, IMPRINT, SPACR and AIM.
Women: DISHA Programme for re-entry of women to mainstream science who had break due to family.|
DST: women speci c programmes under one umbrella called “KIRAN.| CURIE: Focused to develop state-
of-the-art infrastructure. Women Technology Park (WTP)| UDAAN by MHRD: Girls in Science and
Engineering Collage.|BioCARe is an ini a ve of Department of Biotechnology|SERB Women.
Na onal S&T & To achieve technological self-reliance and posi on India among the top three scien c superpowers in the
Innova on decade to come.
Policy [DRAFT] Gender Equality: 30% Women in decision Making.
Disables: “structural and cultural changes”.
Educa on Research Centres (ERCs) & Collabora ve Research Centres (CRCs) to provide research inputs
to policymakers and bring together stakeholders.
For Public Access to research: Indian Science and Technology Archive of Research (INDSTA)
Way Ahead Net consumer of knowledge to becoming a net producer.
The metrics need to go beyond paper and publica ons to providing value for society.
Link na onal labs to universi es and create new knowledge ecosystems
Scien c diaspora. Schemes like INSPIRE, VAJRA
Mission driven approach to R&D in some areas like agriculture, genomics, cyber physical systems
Greater representa on of younger scien sts in decision making bodies.
District Innova on Fund” with a corpus of about INR 2 crore
GI A GI or Geographical Indica on is a name or a sign given to certain products that relate to a speci c
geographical loca on or origins like a region, town or country. Geographical Indica ons of Goods
(Registra on and Protec on) Act, 1999
4IR Fourth Industrial Revolu on (4IR) is characterised by a fusion of technologies that blur the lines between
physical, digital, and biological spheres.
GM GM crops involves inser on of genes of organism from another biological kingdom in order to achieve
desired results. India is at the 4th global posi on in hectarage under GM crops.
Problem: GM seeds are found to carry a terminator gene that terminates the seed a er a year or two.
Input intensive. GEAC.
Na onal Policy of It aims to achieve a turnover of $400 billion and generate 1 crore jobs in the ESDM sector by 2025.
Electronics, 2019 Trusted Electronics Value Chain
Electronic components Manufacturing ecosystem
Preferen al market access by encouraging states
Super Compu ng Na onal Super Compu ng Mission: Computer with a high level computa onal capacity compared to a
general purpose computer. Performance of super compu ng is measured in oa ng point opera ons per
second (FLOPS). India has 4 supercomputers in the Top-500 list with Pratyush and Mihir.
Compu ng Climate Modelling|Seismic Analysis|Monsoon Predic on.
Bene ts
Cloud Compu ng Cloud compu ng is the prac se of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store and
process data, rather than having a local server or a personal computer.
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Data localisa on Data localisa on is a concept that the personal data of a country’s residents should be processed and
stored in that country. RBI issued a direc ve advising all Payment System Operators (PSOs)
Eco Development: Data new oil in IR 4.0. Localiza on would lead to a larger presence of MNC’s
Data sovereignty and ci zens data privacy. Issue of na onal security
Challenges: Stringent localisa on norms could a ect innova on & ease of doing business in India.|
Security Concerns|Push to protec onism in global trade| Privacy concerns|Cloud Compu ng So wares.
Before universalizing the policy of data localiza on, the Government needs to provide a push to local
capabili es in data storage and processing India should put in place in a cybersecurity law to ensure
protec on of private data of ci zens.
Transfats Trans fats are a form of unsaturated fat associated with a number of nega ve health e ects

Hyperloop Hyperloop is described as a big vacuum sealed tube or a system of connected vacuum sealed tubes having
very low air pressure through which a pod may travel substan ally free of air resistance or fric on.
Space based Use of Satellite technology to provide internet services by pu ng satellites in LEO or Geosta onary orbit.
Internet India uses GSAT-29 to provide internet access in the remote areas. Starlink, OneWeb.
Light Pollu on|Space Debris|Privacy|High Latency|Cost|Stressed Telecom Sector.
5G 5G is the next genera on of mobile broadband which operates in the millimetre wave spectrum.
It provides for high speed and low latency. | Enabling cri cal infrastructures: 5G will require
a fundamental change to the core architecture of the communica on system.|Rural-Urban Gap|
Capital Inadequacy in the telecom sector.|China| India Late Adopter.|Spectrum Price Issue.
IoT Internet Of Things (IoT) is a compu ng concept that describes the idea of everyday physical
objects being connected to the internet and being able to iden fy themselves to other devices.
Be er Connected Life.|Data Driven Future|Challenges: Processing the tremendous amount of
real- me IoT data: Huge Carbon Footprint.
Cyber-physical Cyber-physical systems integrate sensing, computa on, control and networking into physical
System objects and infrastructure, connec ng them to the Internet and to each other. Eg. Driverless
cars.
Na onal Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems: Tech development, Applica on
development, HR development & skill enhancement, entrepreneurship and start-up
development. 15 Technology Innova on Hubs (TIH), 6 Applica on Innova on Hubs (AIH) and 4
Technology Transla on Research Parks (TTRP)

IPR IPRs are legal rights that protect crea ons and/or inven ons resul ng from intellectual ac vity in
the industrial, scien c, literary or ar s c elds. The most common IPRs include patents,
copyrights, marks and trade secrets. These rights are outlined in Ar cle 27 of the Universal
Declara on of Human Rights. “Crea ve India; Innova ve India”.Improvement in GII Ranking:
46th Posi on.Encourages innova on|Economic growth|Safeguard the rights of creators|
Promotes innova on & crea vity
Evergreening, Sec on 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act 1970 |Enforcement of the Copyright act is
weak, and piracy of copyrighted materials is widespread.
#Compulsory Licensing (CL) allows governments to license third par es (that is, par es other
than the patent holders) to produce and market a patented product or process without the
consent of patent owners.
#Evergreening,” is referred to the prac ce whereby pharmaceu cal rms extend the patent life
of a drug for minor reformula ons or other itera ons of the drug, without necessarily increasing
the therapeu c e cacy.
Digital Lending Lending ac vi es by FinTech Companies. 60% of Apps are illegal. High interest rate. Harassment. Digital
Divide. Data Protec on. Comprehensive regulatory framework for Fintech companies. Eg. Neobanks:
RazarPayx.
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