See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/254041840

OPC Unified Architecture: A Service-oriented Architecture for Smart Grids

Article · June 2012

DOI: 10.1109/SE4SG.2012.6225723

CITATIONS READS
23 3,098

4 authors:

Sebastian Lehnhoff Sebastian Rohjans

OFFIS Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg
235 PUBLICATIONS   2,024 CITATIONS    109 PUBLICATIONS   1,848 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Mathias Uslar Wolfgang Mahnke

OFFIS ABB
229 PUBLICATIONS   2,238 CITATIONS    54 PUBLICATIONS   799 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

OFFIS AEI View project

NEDS - Nachhaltige Energieversorgung Niedersachsen View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Mathias Uslar on 31 May 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 OPC Unified Architecture: A Service-Oriented Architecture for Smart Grids
Sebastian Lehnhoff, Sebastian Rohjans, Mathias Uslar
R&D Department Energy
OFFIS - Institute for Information Technology
Oldenburg, Germany
{lehnhoff, rohjans, uslar}@offis.de
Abstract—In this paper, the OPC UA is introduced as a
key technology for realizing a variety of Smart Grid use cases
enabling relevant tasks of automation and control. OPC UA
is the successor of the established Classic OPC specification
and state of the art regarding information exchange in the
industrial automation branch. One of its key improvements
over the Classic OPC is that the area of application is no
longer restricted to industrial automation but OPC UA can be
applied almost in every domain facing challenges in automated
control. This improvement stems from a more generic and
object-oriented approach. For the adoption of OPC UA to
Smart Grids, two of the most important data models – the
Common Information Model (CIM) and the IEC 61850 – have
been identified to be integrated into OPC UA communication.
In this contribution, basic OPC UA features and functionalities
(information modeling, communication services, and informa-
tion security) are introduced and discussed in the context of
Smart Grids.
Keywords-Automation, Communication, Service-Oriented
Architectures, Smart Grids, Standardization, OPC UA
I. I NTRODUCTION
The current transition process in the electric utilities
domain and power systems in general aims at establishing
the so called Smart Grid combining different views, defini-
tions, and aspects of existing concepts in the electric energy
domain. One aspect appears to be a commonality between
all existing definitions: the increasing use of Information
and Communication Technologies (ICT) in order to support
automation and energy distribution functionalities for Energy
Management Systems (EMS) and Distribution Management
Systems (DMS). The result of an integration of those two
technological scopes will be an increasingly complex and
highly dynamic power system with a multi-dimensional
infrastructure.
Looking at other domains, e.g. commerce, manufacturing
or logistics, the introduction of ICT-based technologies and
mechanisms lead to profound changes in the processes
behind core services and businesses. When looking at indus-
trial automation strong parallels to the utility domain become
apparent. Both application domains were, respectively are
characterized by monolithic software systems and their sup-
ported processes. In industrial automation, the introduction
of re-usable software components replaced this approach.
c 2012 IEEE
978-1-4673-1864-8/12/$31.00
1 SE-SmartGrids 2012, Zurich, Switzerland
Wolfgang Mahnke
Industrial Software Systems
ABB Corporate Research Germany
Ladenburg, Germany
wolfgang.mahnke@de.abb.com
However, aside from real and obvious advantages, this
posed novel challenges, e.g. standardized interfaces became
more and more important to avoid costly and labor-intensive
integration work. Furthermore, the need for high perfor-
mance Human Machine Interface (HMI) and Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) applications and
their vendor-specific proprietary interfaces required the de-
velopment of appropriate standards in terms of both syntax
and semantics. For this purpose, joined vendor-driven ini-
tiatives like the OPC Foundation established basic building
blocks.
Initially, the OPC task force aimed at creating a stan-
dard for accessing real-time data based on Microsoft’s
OLE/DCOM technology for Windows operating systems.
This work resulted in the creation of the OPC Classic,
which is the prevailing standard in industrial automation,
today [1]. OPC Classic covers aspects like data reading,
writing and supervision of procedures (OPC Data Access),
sending alarms (OPC Alarms & Events) and accessing
saved historical process data (OPC Historical Data Access).
Furthermore, extensions to those basic building blocks exist
(OPC Complex Data, OPC Batch, OPC Data exchange)
and some first platform-independent specifications for web
service-based interaction (OPC XML-DA).
In [2], the ten most important drivers to create the new
OPC Unified Architecture (UA) are discussed, among which
the end-of-life cycle of COM/DCOM, the rising need for
Internet-based communication, platform-independence, and
using a common information model are listed as the most
prominent factors.
The following sections of this contribution provide an
overview of OPC UA and focus on its application to Smart
Grid communications for both automation and communica-
tion systems. Section II provides two relevant scenarios of
automated control and monitoring in the context of Smart
Grids. Section III discusses the OPC Unified Architecture.
In Section IV, we introduce the mapping of common energy
domain data models onto the OPC UA and finally in Section
V, we argue for OPC UA adoptions to the Smart Grids
scenarios. Section VI provides some concluding remarks and
provides an outlook on our current and future work.
 II. S MART G RID U SE C ASES
Future Smart Grids emphasize the (at least) partial co-
ordination of a large number of stochastic appliances to
balance consumption and generation of electrical energy.
Due to the sheer number and complexity of the overall
system automated means of measurement and (partially
unsupervised) control are indispensable.
A vivid example of the need for automated monitoring and
control is the supervision and operation of offshore wind
farms using the example of the German ”Alpha Ventus”,
which is the first German offshore installation that was
constructed on the high seas. The pilot project is located
some 45 kilometers from the coast of Borkum and pro-
vides fundamental experience not only in the construction
of an offshore wind farm but also on the operation of
such a system that may not be directly accessible due
to varying weather conditions. Twelve 5-megawatt class
wind power turbines are operating at the Alpha Ventus test
field: six AREVA Wind M5000 turbines and six REpower
5M turbines, resting on two different foundations. Whereas
the AREVA wind turbines stand on tripods, the REpower
turbines are mounted on jacket foundations in a water depth
of 30 meters. In order to provide the required wind yield
– which is considerably higher compared to its onshore
counterpart – to compensate for the significantly higher
investment and operational costs individual turbines have to
be monitored in real-time and appropriate control actions
optimizing turbine configuration (angle, speed etc.) have to
be calculated and taken immediately.
A second example that is becoming increasingly important
is distribution grid automation. Future Smart Grids will con-
sist of flexible appliances and controllable operating equip-
ment actively contributing to power quality and guaranteeing
high supply reliability for its customers. Main tasks will be
operation and maintenance of distribution system assets in
order to improve quality of service, reducing operating costs,
and increasing operational efficiency. In liberalized markets,
utilities are sometimes even required to report on reliability
performance and issues of quality, or have to define explicit
performance targets, which may be penalized in case of
violation. Distribution grid automation may also support
applications such as fault detection and location as well
as providing safety-critical ancillary services in real-time.
In order to meet customer expectations of supply reliability
inexpensive technological concepts for system development
and operation are necessary.
Both examples presented here illustrate and exemplify
the need for a service oriented automation and control
architecture within current, respectively future Smart Grid
scenarios and will be picked-up in Section V.
III. OPC U NIFIED A RCHITECTURE
OPC UA defines a set of services in a Service-oriented
Architecture (SOA)-based fashion for communicating data.
2
In order to understand the services’ functionality first the
information modeling capabilities of OPC UA are described
explaining the data the services have to deal with. Af-
terwards, the communication services are explained and
information security is considered. Finally, the approaches
on standardizing information models based on OPC UA are
introduced.
A. Information Modeling with OPC UA
In addition to the transport of data, i.e. the communica-
tion, OPC UA also provides the possibility of information
modeling. Information modeling allows enriching data with
meta-data and thus exchanging information with known
semantic rather than just exchanging pure data. Using the
OPC UA mechanisms the information modeling can be done
vendor-specific or using standardized information models.
Especially when using a standardized information model, a
new level of interoperability can be reached. Not only data
is exchanged in an interoperable way, but information with a
clearly defined semantic. To define information models OPC
UA provides a meta-model, called address space model in
the specification (Part 3 [3]). This model consists mainly
of nodes and references between nodes. Depending on their
meaning the nodes are separated into node classes. For each
node class there is a set of attributes describing the node.
Common attributes cover the name and an unique identifier
(NodeId). Other attributes are only deployed on specific node
classes.
• Objects serve structuring the address space.
• Object types define the semantic of objects, complex
object types also the structure of connected nodes like
variables and methods.
• Variables contain data, provided by the attribute called
value. Another attribute defines the data type of the
value, like String or Int16.
• Variable types define the semantic of variables and
complex variable types in addition the structure of
connected nodes, in case of variables in particular sub-
variables.
• Methods define the signature of methods that can be
called via the OPC UA interface.
• Data types define user defined data types that can be
used in variables. This contains the encoding of the
data type, thus clients can ask during run time for the
encoding and use the user-defined types.
• Reference types define the semantic of references be-
tween nodes. Each reference is assigned to a reference
type. In addition to a set of predefined reference types
like composition and inheritance, user-defined reference
types can be defined with their own semantic.
• Views define an excerpt of the address space by con-
necting only nodes needed for a specific task.
Using complex object types complex structures can be
defined in the address space, reused in each application of
 Base Information Model
BaseObjectType Legende
FolderType BaseDataVariableType
Object

ObjectType
TopologyElementType
DataItemType
MethodSet FunctionalGroupType
Variable
Definition :
DeviceType PropertyType VariableType

Device Information Model ValuePrecision :

PropertyType Subtyping

AnalyzerDeviceType Type Reference

Configuration AnalogType DiscreteType
(DataType: Number) Component
Status
InstrumentRange : Subvariable
FactorySettings
PropertyType (Property)
TwoStateDiscreteType
MethodSet
EURange : (DataType: Boolean)
GetConfiguration
PropertyType
SpectrometerDeviceType TrueState :
SetConfiguration PropertyType
EngineeringUnits :
PropertyType
EngineeringUnits :
Analyser Information Model PropertyType
MultiStateDiscreteType
VendorType XYZ
Vendor-specific (DataType: UInteger)

Configuration Information Model EnumStrings :

PropertyType
Config1
Data Access Model

Figure 1. Example of OPC UA information modeling

the object type. This is comparable to a class in object-
oriented programming languages. Accordingly there is sup-
port for inheritance of object types including the possibility
to add characteristics to subtypes, like methods or variables.
Based on the meta-model OPC UA already provides a base
information model containing for example the base object
type. The introduced concepts provide a variety of extension
mechanisms. This starts at defining subtypes of the base
object type or the base variable type, adding additional
methods, variables or objects to object types or sub-variables
to variable types, goes to the definition of user-defined data
types and ends by defining user-defined reference types to
bring additional semantic into the relations of nodes. Figure
1 contains an example applying information modeling using
existing standardized information models based on OPC UA.
The used notation is standardized by OPC UA and can be
seen as the usage of UML (Unified Modeling Language)
by applying UML stereotypes. The base information model
defines the base types, where the device information model
(also called DI - Device Integration) provides common
types to describe devices like flow meter or temperature
sensor, but also controller or IEDs (Intelligent Electronic
Devices). Derived from that, the analyzer device model (also
called ADI - Analyzer Device Integration) defines types of
analyzer devices having concrete characteristics w.r.t. the
configuration or supported methods (e.g. GetConfiguration
in Figure 1). Each object of that type has the same structure
and thus supports the same method. Finally, using subtyp-
ing vendor-specific extensions can be added, in Figure 1
indicated by VendorTypeXYZ. Variable types are already
defined by the data access model which is part of the OPC
UA specification. Those extended types offer the possibility
to provide standardized information about the engineering
unit ( ◦ C, bar, etc.) or the precision.
B. OPC UA Communication Services
Communication in OPC UA is initially defined by ab-
stract services (Part 4 of the specification [4]) that are
mapped to different technologies (Part 6 [5]). This allows
supporting new arising communication technologies in the
future without changing the information modeling or the
style of communication, just by defining another technology
mapping.
1) Abstract Services: OPC UA provides a client-server
based connection-oriented communication. To start a client
one must establish a session. By doing this certificates and
authentication information are exchanged between client and
server. As soon as a session is established, the client can
read and write data. This includes current data, i.e. attribute
values of a node like the value of a variable but also other
attributes to access the meta-data. The history of the data can
also be accessed, for example the measured values of the last
ten seconds or the last ten years. Using browsing or querying
the structure of the address space can be accessed, including
information about the nodes and references between them. In
addition to those simple access methods OPC UA provides
a subscription mechanism. Here, a value is not only read
once but each change of the value is communicated to the
client. In this exception-based communication approach only
those data are submitted, that are needed. Using mecha-
nisms like dead-band (small changes in the dead-band are
not submitted, e.g. a temperature change from 22.0 ◦ C to
22.00001 ◦ C) and a sampling rate (defines the minimal time
interval when a change should be propagated) the amount

3
of submitted data is further reduced. Using this mechanism
a client can for example easily show the current state of
a wind power plant to the user. Mechanisms like heartbeat
and acknowledgements guarantee a reliable communication,
even if the underlying communication technology does not.
In addition, OPC UA provides alarms and events. Events
are transient and can be accessed via subscriptions. An event
contains fields like Message, Severity and a unique identifier
and can be extended by additional fields. Meta-data about the
types of events are accessible in the server. Alarms contain
states which can be read out of the server. They can be
acknowledged and commented. An event is for example
reaching a certain level of a boiler, whereas an alarm is
reaching a critical level. Alarms and events are often shown
to the user by specific alarm and event lists. The history of
alarms and events is also accessible. The granularity of the
services is service-oriented, i.e. a service call does not access
a single value but a set of values at once. This reduces the
number of service calls and the accompanying overhead.
2) Technology Mappings: To support different require-
ments, OPC UA offers different technology mappings of the
abstract services. The mapping applies to the encoding of
the data as well as the transport protocol. To allow a simple
communication over the Internet to business applications like
ERP (Enterprise-Resource Planning), a mapping to SOAP-
based web services exist. The data can either be encoded
in XML (Extensible Markup Language) or in an OPC
UA specific binary format. The first mapping simplifies
integration into the world of XML whereas the second
option allows a fast and performing transfer of the data. To
further increase the performance, a mapping to a self-defined
TCP/IP based transport protocol is available. Using this
variant the high requirements on communication in control
systems can be fulfilled. In Figure 2 the different profiles and
their technology mappings for transport and encoding are
shown, including the used security mechanisms. The security
mechanisms use the existing WS’ specifications directly (in
case of SOAP-based transport), or an adoption of them to
the TCP/IP based transport protocol. Using an adequate
architecture with a communication stack having interfaces
based on the abstract services an application (client or
server) can be built independent of the technology mapping.
Additional technology mappings can be later added to the
stack only. Such stacks are for example provided by the OPC
Foundation.
C. Information Security
One particular aim during the development of the OPC
UA was the aspect of information security. Unlike the
predecessor Classic OPC and its standards, OPC UA cannot
only be used in closed and isolated automation environ-
ments, which pose new requirements in terms of security.
Automation systems can now be easily linked to company
intranets or Internet-based systems which put them also in
4
XML Web Services Binary encoded Web Services Native Binary
Profile: SOAP-HTTP WS-SC UA XML Profile: SOAP-HTTP WS-SC UA Binary Profile: UA-TCP UA-SC UA Binary
UA XML UA Binary
WS Secure Conversation UA Secure Conversation
SOAP 1.2 UA TCP
HTTP/HTTPS TCP/IP
Figure 2. Technology mapping of OPC UA
the focus of malware and viruses. In order to cope with
those problems, OPC UA provides a secure communica-
tion infrastructure. Within its scope, six protection goals
are recognized: authenticity, authorization, confidentiality,
completeness, availability, and traceability. Possible threats
to OPC UA-based systems include different protection goals
and communication layers and may be prone to message
flooding, eavesdropping, and message spoofing. A generic
approach for the security architecture was chosen at de-
sign time allowing implementing the needed functionali-
ties within the security architecture. Based on the chosen
technology mapping protection goals are addressed on dif-
ferent levels whereas the security architecture differentiates
between transport, communication and application layer.
Session services are used at application level in order to
provide sessions based on secure channels from the com-
munication level. Depending on the layer to be addressed,
established non domain related security technologies are re-
used. SSL/TLS based specifications or WS Security, WS
Secure Conversations, XML encryption, and XML Signature
are used just to name a few.
D. Standardized Information Models
Standardized information models, i.e. specifications for a
certain domain, have already been developed for different
application areas. The OPC Foundation identified several
potential cooperation partners (EDDL, FDI, ISA (S88 and
S95), MIMOSA, PLCopen, and IEC TC 57 WG 13) in
order to jointly develop Companion Specifications. Cur-
rently, (May 2012) three companion specification have been
published but it can be assumed that further Companion
Specifications will follow:
• OPC UA for Devices: Defined in a combined
effort of the FDT-Group, Fieldbus Foundation,
HART-Communication Foundation, OPC Foundation,
and PROFIBUS-Nutzerorganisation (PNO), a generic
model was developed representing devices. This model
is the foundation for FDI (Field Device Integration), the
current solution for field device integration, combining
the advantages of FDT (Field Device Tool) and EDD
(Electronic Device Description) [6].
 • OPC UA Information Model for IEC 61131-3: In a
joint effort of the OPC Foundation and PLCOpen and
information model for the programming model of IEC
61131-3 is defined allowing a standardized mapping of
function blocks, variables etc. defined in IEC 61131-3
to OPC UA [7].
• OPC UA for Analyzer Devices: Developed by a
working group of the OPC Foundation the analyzer
devices model defines a concrete model of several
different types of analyzer devices like spectrometers
or chromatographs [3].
Concluding, this introduction of OPC UA emphasizes
that almost all requirements of a SOA are met. Beside
the obvious service-orientation covering all required service
characteristics, also the interoperability and loose coupling
issues are dealt with.
IV. S MART G RID DATA M ODEL M APPINGS ONTO OPC
UA
With its information modeling capabilities, OPC UA of-
fers a high potential for becoming the standardized commu-
nication infrastructure for various information models from
different domains. In the following, mappings of existing
information models in the power domain to OPC UA are
described: the Common Information Model (CIM; IEC
61970/ 61968) [8] and IEC 61850.
A. Common Information Model IEC 61970/61968
The mapping of CIM to OPC UA is already discussed
within the IEC who are working on a draft version of the
mapping (IEC 61970-502-8). In this context, CIMbaT has
been developed at the OFFIS - Institute for Information
Technology as a publicly available Enterprise Architect Add-
In implemented with C# in Visual Studio supporting the
generation of CIM-based address spaces [9].
In the design steps the user is offered to set OPC UA prop-
erties like IsAbstract, SupportsEvents, Historizing, DataType
etc. for each CIM-class and their attributes and associations.
That means, for example the engineer can override the
default OPC data type integer or float. Furthermore, the
decision whether a CIM-class attribute shall be mapped
to an OPC Property or DataVariable is possible in the
CIM-designer. The manipulable CIM-elements can be easily
selected within a tree-structure. For each setting there is a
specific stereotype within the CIM-UML-model which will
be added to the updated CIM-element. These UA-specific
stereotypes are unique and include a value like true or
false. They will be recognized in the mapping. If the tool
cannot find an UA-specific stereotype for a CIM-element,
then the default values from the configuration file will be
used. It is also possible to design UA Views and manage
them. The Views are used for limiting the visible Nodes
and References. The designed Views will also be saved as
UA-specific stereotypes and mapped to an OPC View-Node.
5
Because the changes can be saved as stereotypes in the CIM-
model, the design choices are preserved without changing
the CIM-model except regarding added stereotypes.
In coordination with the IEC and the decisions from the
engineer the CIM-elements will be mapped as depicted in
Figure 3. Thereby, the two branching arrows mean that the
designer can choose between different options. It depends
on his flavor of modeling and on the overall environment.
Merging arrows only express that different CIM-elements
may be mapped onto the same OPC UA structure.
Figure 3. Mapping of the CIM data structure onto the OPC UA address
space [9]
B. IEC 61850
Unlike the CIM the IEC 61850 does not only provide
a simple data model but in addition mechanisms for the
communication infrastructure like Functional Constraints
(FC) for filtering the data, or timestamps and quality of the
exchanged data. The IEC 61850 uses its own mechanisms to
define its model and is not based on a pure object-oriented
approach using UML (although the latest version of the IEC
61850 uses UML to document their approach [10]). Thus,
the mapping cannot be performed in the same fashion as
with the CIM. Different approaches may be chosen to map
the IEC 61850 model to an OPC UA information model. For
example, it has to be decided whether specific attributes of
the IEC 61850 like quality and timestamp should be mapped
the same way as all other attributes or handled specifically
using the built-in OPC UA mechanisms having status codes
and timestamps on each value. Furthermore, the FC defined
for attributes in IEC 61850 could be made available in OPC
UA using different modeling alternatives. In this section one
possibility for the mapping is introduced. For the introduced
mapping, the following decision were made and depicted in
Figure 4:
• Logical Node (LN) Classes as defined in IEC 61850-
7-x are generally mapped onto UA object types.
• LNodeTypes are generally mapped onto UA object
types subtyping the LN Class.
 • LN are generally mapped onto UA objects as instances
of LNodeTypes.
• LN Data as the attributes of LN are mapped onto UA
objects.
• CDC are also generally mapped onto UA object types.
• CDC DataAttributes as the attributes of CDC are
mapped onto UA variables.
• CDC DataAttribute Types are the types of the CDC at-
tributes and mainly mapped onto existing UA standard
data types like Integer, Float and String.
• FC are mapped onto UA objects.
Figure 4. Mapping IEC 61850 data structure onto OPC UA address space
[11]
In order to structure the objects three standard UA
reference-types are used:
• HasComponent describes a part-of relationship between
LN and its attributes as well as between CDC and its
attributes. Furthermore, it is used for the grouping by
FC.
• Organizes is used to group the CDC attributes by FC.
• HasTypeDefinition connects the LN attributes with the
according CDC.
Mapping Example: The example includes the Logical
Node Class (LN Class) MMXU and the Common Data Class
(CDC) MV as well as their attributes. MMXU is a LN Class
which shall be used for calculation of currents, voltages,
powers and impedances in a three-phase system. It is mainly
used for operative applications. The CDC MV represents
measured values. We focus on only three attributes of
the MMXU: TotVA (Total Apparent Power), TotVAr (Total
Reactive Power) and TotW (Total Active Power). Also for
the MV, we consider a limited number of attributes which
can be divided by the FC. FC shall indicate the services that
are allowed to be operated on a specific attribute. The at-
tributes instMag (magnitude of a the instantaneous value of a
measured value), mag (current value of instMag considering
deadband), q (quality of the measured value), t (timestamp
of the measured value) and range (range of the current
value of instMag) belong to the FC MX (Measurands) and
the attributes subEna (used to enable substitution), subMag
(used to substitute the data attribute instMag) and subID
6
(shows the address of the device that made the substitution)
to the FC SV (Substitution). This is similar to modeling
parameters for devices as defined in [6]. The mapping shows
that it is possible to expose the IEC 61850 model in OPC
UA. By providing the LN Class and the LNodeTypes in the
UA address space, it is possible that pure OPC UA clients
without any previous knowledge of the IEC 61850 can make
use of the type model and design for example specific HMI
elements for any MMXU.
V. A DOPTING OPC UA FOR S MART G RIDS
In the light of the general discussion on features of SOA
and OPC UA in as well as the possibility to map certain data
models relevant in the context of Smart Grids to the OPC
UA, we come back to the scenarios introduced in Section
II.
In order to fulfill the monitoring and control tasks, the
offshore wind turbines of Alpha Ventus have been equipped
with an OPC UA interface by the company Beckhoff Au-
tomation using an SDK by Unified Automation, a software
distribution and development company specialized in OPC-
based solutions and components for industrial automation1 .
Even though the wind turbines are stand-alone (that is self-
controlled i.e. being able to run in basic feasible operation
mode without supervision), onshore monitoring from the
mainland is mandatory for safety reasons and necessary for
optimal configuration and maximum yield. Hence, OPC UA
was chosen due to its security model and mechanisms of
authentication. With the integration of the OPC UA com-
munication into Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), the
risk of failures has been minimized since no additional
software had to be installed. In order to monitor, supervise
and control these wind turbines the SCADA system had to be
expanded by OPC UA client functionality fully supporting
Alpha Ventus control.
An increasing amount of generation from distributed
energy resources (DER) as well as from high-capacity con-
sumption, e.g. from electric vehicles, poses novel challenges
to distribution grid automation in terms of protection as well
as automated control and monitoring. Substation automation
systems in this area have to be modernized considerably.
Major disadvantages to current systems are the high costs
associated with proprietary and single-application-systems
(it often happens that a system supports only a single
function) as well as complex project set-up planning often
causing high follow-up costs for updates and maintenance.
In order to allow for application scenarios in the domain of
substation automation in future Smart Grids. a more flexible
architecture is needed that supports functional detachment
of software, hardware and communication. Thus, rendering
efficient project planning possible. With the application of
1 http://www.automationworld.com/opc-ua-connects-wind-turbines-
offshore-wind-park
 OPC UA capable systems, functions may be migrated on the
fly among different devices supporting scenarios mentioned
in Section II. The most prominent Use Cases in this scenario
are:
• Reconfiguration of protection settings according to cur-
rent DER set points taking into account the real-time
requirements associated with the response characteris-
tics of protection systems.
• Increasing availability through functional redundancy
and dynamic device allocation supported by OPC UA-
based separation of hardware and software (functions)
in a standardized system.
• Adjustment to regulatory updates and directives through
software patches easily deployed within an OPC UA
client server system.
• Easy migration of functions on to new or updated
hardware systems allowing for a more efficient project
planning across hardware life cycles.
A consequent and consistent application of OPC UA
in substation automation enables these use cases amongst
others, due to various provided features. First, the concept
of UA profiles enables both implementing embedded servers
for small devices and complex servers for large SCADA
systems. This also enables modeling simple as well as very
complex information sets. Furthermore, UA fosters backend
integration of different data models like CIM and IEC 61850
[12] which both play a vital role in the context of substation
automation. Components, systems, and devices could be
integrated seamlessly if the representing UA server provides
information about the implemented data model. UA clients
could use that information easily to establish a connection.
Third, a comprehensive use of UA technologies in the con-
text of substation automation offers a use cases dependent
choice between XML-based data exchange for complex in-
formation, e.g. topologies being exchanged beyond firewalls
and binary encoded data for time-critical communication
like real-time control. This automation scenario is subject to
ongoing R&D projects and we will present first exemplary
results in further publications.
VI. C ONCLUSIONS
In this paper we introduced OPC UA as a successor to
the widely-used Classic OPC specification enabling existing,
respectively future Smart Grid scenarios. It represents the
state-of-the-art in communication in the domain of industrial
automation. Due to the advances and upgrades of OPC UA
over the Classic OPC its area of application is no longer
limited to industrial automation. With its object-oriented
generic approach it meets the requirements on data exchange
in even the most challenging areas of application, e.g. future
Smart Grids.
For the adoption of the OPC UA to the energy domain
two dis-similar information models have been discussed,
which rely on core data models for the representation
View publication stats
of information in Smart Grids that can be integrated by
OPC UA. Especially, the progress on the specification of
a CIM-based information model has gone far and yields
an advanced and sophisticated model. As a result, both the
OPC Foundation as well as the IEC (IEC 61970-502-8) are
working on mappings between the UA and CIM. In the same
way, the OPC Foundation aims at implementing working
groups that focus on companion specifications in the domain
of Smart Grids, e.g. a mapping between the ZigBee Smart
Energy Profile (SEP) 2.0.
In conclusion, the application of the OPC UA offers a high
potential in the domain of Smart Grids and it is foreseeable
that many companies will follow successful ”early adopters”
like ABB, Beckhoff and Siemens in implementing the OPC
UA.
R EFERENCES
[1] W. Mahnke, S.-H. Leitner, and M. Damm, OPC Unified
Architecture. Springer, 2009.
[2] J. Lange, F. Iwanitz, and T. J. Burke, OPC: From Data Access
to Unified Architecture. Huethig, 2010.
[3] OPC Foundation, “OPC Unified Architecture Companion
Specification for Analyser Devices - Release 1.00,” 2009.
[4] ——, “OPC Unified Architecture Specification Part 4: Ser-
vices - Release 1.01,” 2009.
[5] ——, “OPC Unified Architecture Specification Part 6: Map-
pings - Release 1.00,” 2009.
[6] ——, “OPC Unified Architecture for Devices (DI) Compan-
ion Specification - Release 1.00,” 2009.
[7] OPC Foundation and PLCopen, “OPC UA Information Model
for IEC 61131-3 - Release 1.00,” 2010.
[8] M. Uslar, M. Specht, S. Rohjans, J. Trefke, and J. M.
González, The Common Information Model CIM: IEC
61968/61970 and 62325 - A practical introduction to the CIM.
Springer, 2012.
[9] S. Rohjans, K. Piech, M. Uslar, and J.-F. Cabadi, “CIMbaT
- Automated Generation of CIM-based OPC UA-Address
Spaces,” in IEEE SmartGridComm 2011, Brussels, 2011.
[10] A. Apostolov, “IEC 61850 Substation Configuration Lan-
guage and Its Impact on the Engineering of Distribution Sub-
station Systems,” in Congreso Internacional de Distribución
Eléctrica (CIDEL2010), 2010, pp. 1–6.
[11] S. Lehnhoff, W. Mahnke, S. Rohjans, and M. Uslar, “IEC
61850 based OPC UA Communication - The Future of
Smart Grid Automation,” in 17th Power Systems Computation
Conference (PSCC’11), Stockholm, 2011.
[12] S. Rohjans, K. Piech, and W. Mahnke, “Standardized Smart
Grid Semantics using OPC UA for Communication,” IBIS
- Interoperability in Business Information Systems, vol. 6,
no. 10, 2011.