Tunnel Series

Modeling Ground 2D
2D tunnels w/ ground elements

In contrast, ground analysis focuses more on the uncertainty of construction step and material itself, rather than the
load and so, it is important to understand physical state inside the ground. As a result, for ground analysis, solid elements
need to be used in modeling to reflect the ground shape and construction situation; and non-linear anisotropic
materials and in-situ stress states need to be considered to reflect the actual on-site conditions as much as possible.

FLAC vs PLAXIS vs MIDAS

Modeling Tunnel Shape and Support
Decide Rockbolts pattern
Spacing (horizontal, longitudinal)

R1=(5.5 m) A1 = (60 deg)

R2 = (5.5 m) A2 = (55 deg)

13 Rockbolts
Length 3.3 m
Pitch 1.3
Modeling Terrain

Simplified Modeling
AutoCAD geometries Import
Meshing in 2D
Select between a triangle, quadrilateral or both.
Elements in 1D and 2D Quadrilateral meshes provide a more stable analysis,
but for complex geometric shapes it is better to
1D mesh same as case 1. generate a triangular mesh.
Thickness into plane
Meshing in 2D
Mesh soil layers with respective materials.
Advanced Meshing
• Mesh size control For our example, mesh all as silty sand
with size of 5m.
Pre-specify the size of elements for
structural elements to 0.8 m.

Mesh lining and rockbolts respectively

(default size)
Excavation Method Comparison

Full Face Excavation vs Bench Cut

1D Case
Comparison
 Support Spacing Comparison

On the GTS NX, spacing is used to calculate the stiffness of the element and output the
member force per each element.

where, f* = member force, n = spacing.

Key points 2D

• Design of lining thickness and support elements spacing based on terrain shape, ground stresses,
excavation type and pore stress.

• Comparison of support spacings to decide lowest demand on lining vs displacements.

• Support spacing is estimate of forces, need 3D analysis to determine ground status.

• Assumes straight tunnel and only 2 types of supports (lining and rockbolts are both 1D).