chemistry

Nomenclature
Sakshi Vora

IIT - Roorkee

10th, 12th CBSE State Topper

7+ Years of Teaching Experience

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 11th / 9, 10

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SAKSHI SAKSHI
IUPAC Nomenclature
COOH
Which one of the following structures has that the IUPAC name 3 -
ethynyl - 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methylhex - 3 - en - 5 - ynoic acid ?

A. B.

[Adv. 2020]

C.
 OH OH O

OH

OH OH
The IUPAC name(s) of the following compound is (are)

[Adv. 2017]
A. 1 - chloro - 4 - methylbenzene
B. 4 - chlorotoluene
C. 4 - methylchlorobenzene
D. 1 - methyl - 4 - chlorobenzene
 IUPAC Nomenclature

The name consists of three parts :

Prefix + Word root + Suffix

Secondary Primary [No. of carbon Primary Secondary

[Details of [Nature of atoms in the [Nature of [Details of
substituents] Carbon chain principal chain] carbon carbon functional
cyclic] bond] group]
Secondary Prefix
2o Prefix

It is used for naming of side chain / substituents

- Cl - Br -I -F - OR - NH2

- CH3 - CH2CH3 - OH - NO2

Chloro Bromo Iodo Fluoro Alkoxy Amino

Methyl Ethyl Hydroxy Nitro
Important points about 2o Prefix

2o prefixes are always written in alphabetical order

Cl

Br

………..Bromo ……….chloro
Important points about 2o Prefix

2o prefixes are always written with their positions

Cl

Br

y - Bromo - x - chloro…..
Important points about 2o Prefix

If same side chain are present twice, thrice & so on …..then use
di, tri, tetra, penta before their names

Br

Cl Cl

y - Bromo - x, x - dichloro…..
Br Br OH
C 2H5

CH3
Cl OH
Primary Prefix
1o Prefix

It is used for nature of main / principle chain

Cl

If this is main chain.

Br

If main chain is acyclic ⇒ no 1o prefix is used

Cl
If this is main chain.
Important points about 1o Prefix

● If main chain is cyclic ⇒ Use cyclo

● if main chain is bicyclic ⇒ Use Bicyclo

● if main chain is spiro ⇒ Use spiro

 Bicyclo

If two rings contain at least two atoms common.

Spiro

If two rings contain exactly one atom common

Cl
Br
Word Root
 Word Root

It is used for naming of number of C atoms in main / principle chain.

No. of C in
Word Root
principle chain

1 meth

2 eth

3 prop

4 but

5 pent
6 hex

7 hept

8 oct

9 non

10 dec

11 undec

12 dodec

13 tridec

14 tetra dec
Example Cl

C
Br Cl

Br
Example
Cl

x
y

Br

y-Bromo-x-chloro X but

20 10 Word
root
Important point about word root

If 1o suffix includes di, tri, tetra, ……. etc.

Then add additional “ a ’’ in word root

prop ⟶ propa
but ⟶ buta
Pent ⟶ Penta
hex ⟶ hexa
Primary Suffix
1o Suffix

It is used for nature of carbon - carbon bond in the

MAIN CHAIN / principle chain

If all single (C-C) ⇒ ane

If one double (C=C ) ⇒ ene
If one triple ( C≡ C ) ⇒ yne
If two single ⇒ only ane
If two double ⇒ diene
If two triple ⇒ triene
1 1o suffix is always written in alphabetical order

1o suffix ( incase of C=C & C ≡ C ) is always written with

2 their position
C =C-C-C-C

C ≡C-C-C≡C-C=C

C =C-C=C
Secondary Suffix
2o Suffix

It is used for naming of main / principle / BAHUBALI functional group

1 2o suffix is always written with their pos

If name of secondary suffix starts from vowel a, e, i, o, u.

2 Then discard last ‘ e ‘ from primary suffix
 Br OH

2 1
5 4 3
Cl

4 - Bromo - 3 - chloro (x) pent - 4 - en - 2 - ol

20 1o WR 1o 20
Example
Example
 Priority order of
Functional Groups
RCOOH > RSO3H > acid anhydride > ester > acid halides
> acid amides > cyanide > isocyanide > aldehyde >
ketone > alcohol > amines > ether, halide , nitro, alkene,
alkyne.
 Functional Prefix suffix Suffix (ss)
Groups

Carboxylic Carboxy -oic acid Carboxylic acid

acid O
O
R-COOH -C
-C
OH OH

Sulphonic acid sulpho Sulphonic

R-SO3H acid
o
||
一 S 一 OH
||
o
Acid anhydride oic Carboxylic
anhydride Acid
anhydride
Ester Main chain -oate carboxylate
o o o
|| || ||
一 C 一 OR 一 C 一 O一 一 C 一 O一
Alkoxyl
carbonyl
o
||
R一C 一 O

Alkyl carbonyl
oxy

Alkanoyloxy
Functional Prefix suffix Suffix (ss)
Groups
Acid halide Halo Oyl halide Carbonyl halide
carbonyl
O O
-C -C
X X

Acid amide carbamoyl Amide carboxamide

O O O
-C -C -C
N一 N一 N一
| | |
 Cyanide Cyano nitrile carbonitrile

R一C☰N 一C☰N 一C☰N

isocyanide isocyano isonitrile

+ -
R一N☰C

aldehyde oxo al carbaldehyde

o
||
R-C-H
O
-C formyl
o
H ||
R-C-H
Ketone oxo one
o o
|| ||
R-C-R R-C-R
alcohol hydroxy ol
R 一 OH

Amine Amino Amine

R一N

Ether Alkoxy they can

Halide Halo never be
nitro nitro main fn. gp

Alkene ene
alkyne yne
Rules for selection of
Main chain/Principle
chain
 Rules for selection of principle chain

For saturated hydrocarbon or its halide, ether, nitro compound.

Rule 1

Select the longest carbon chain as the principle chain

Example
Example

Cl NO2

Br
Example
 Rules for selection of principle chain

For saturated hydrocarbon or its halide, ether, nitro compound.

Rule 2

If more than one longest carbon chains are available then select that
longest chain which contains highest number of side
chain / substituents
Example

If more than one longest carbon chains are available then select that
longest chain which contains highest number of side
chain / substituents

Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl
4C main chain 4C main chain
5 side chains 2 side chains
 Rules for selection of principle chain

For saturated hydrocarbon or its halide, ether, nitro compound.

Rule 3

When compound contains BAHUBALI functional group, multiple

bonds ( C= C / C ≡ C ) & side chain.
BAHUBALI functional group>>> Multiple bonds > side chains
Practise Questions
 OH

OH
 OH OH O

OH

OH OH
 OH O

OH
OH
OH
Important point
For all carbon chains, principle chain either would be cyclic or
acyclic

Mainchain - 3C
Important point
 The BAHUBALI functional group

If the BAHUBALI functional group contains C ie, if C containing

main functional group is there, its C is always counted in main chain

o o

H NH2

o
C≡N
Cl
 If BAHUBALI functional group doesn’t have C

Then the chain should be selected from corners only

OH

OH
 OH

Main chain = ?
 OH

Main chain = ?
 O

OH

Main chain = ?
Important point
 Important point

When C containing functional group

( - CN, -CHO, -COOH, -COOR, -COX, -CONH2)
is directly attached with any ring then principle chain is the
cyclic segment

C≡N
Main Chain = ?
COOH
CN
Rules for numbering
the main chain
 Rules for numbering of main chain

Number the main chain so that lowest locant / position must

follow

BAHUBALI functional group > > Multiple > side chain bond

OH
OH

OR O
 6 3
5 1 4 2

4 2 1
5
3 6
Important point
If numbering is same from left to right & right to left along
with same position of BAHUBALI functional group & multiple
Bond, then numbering is done on the basics of alphabetical
order of names of side chains

Br

Cl F

1-bromo-2- chloro- 3 - fluoro

Nomenclature of
Hydrocarbons
Nomenclature of hydrocarbon
Alkane : Alkene : Alkyne

2
1 3 2, 3 - dimethyl propane

2 3, 3 - diethyl pentane
4 3

5
 Cl
Br

Br
Br
Cl
The correct IUPAC name of the following compound is:

[April 19, 2014]

A. 4 - methyl - 3 - ethylhexane
B. 3 - ethyl - 4 - methylhexane
C. 3, 4 - ethylmethylhexane
D. 4 - ethyl - 3 - methylhexane
The IUPAC name of the following compound is :

[April 8, 2017]

A. 1, 1 - dimethyl - 2 - ethylcyclohexane
B. 2 - ethyl - 1, 1 - dimethylcyclohexane
C. 1 - ethyl - 2, 2 - dimethylcyclohexane
D. 2, 2 - dimethyl - 1 - ethylcyclohexane
The IUPAC name of the following compound is :

[Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]

A. 5 - Bromo - 3 - methylcyclopentanoic acid

B. 4 - Bromo - 2 - methylcyclopentane carboxylic acid
C. 3 - Bromo - 5 - methylcyclopentanoic acid
D. 3 - Bromo - 5 - methylcyclopentane carboxylic acid
The IUPAC name of the following compound is :

[Jan. 10, 2019 (II)]

A. 3- Bromo - 1, 2 - dimethylbut - 1 - ene

B. 3 - Bromo - 3 - methyl - 1, 2 - dimethylprop - 1 - ene
C. 2 - Bromo - 3 - methylpent - 3 - ene
D. 4 - Bromo - 3 - methylpent - 2 - ene
Practise Questions
The IUPAC name for the following compound is :

[April. 12, 2019 (II)]

A. 3- methyl - 4-(3- methylprop - l - enyl) - 1 - heptyne

B. 3 , 5- dimethyl - 4 - propylhept - 6 - en - 1 - yne
C. 3 - methyl - 4 - (1 - methylprop - 2 - ynyl) - 1 - heptene
D. 3, 5- dimethyl - 4 - propylhept - 1 - en - 6 - yne
The IUPAC name of the following compound is :

[April. 15, 2018 (I)]

A. 3- methyl - 4 - methylhex - 4 - ene

B. 4, 4 - diethyl - 3 - methylbut - 2 - ene
C. 4 - methyl - 3 - ethylhex - 4 - ene
D. 4 - ethyl - 3 - methylhex - 2 - ene
Rules for numbering
side chains
Rules for numbering of side chains

Rule 1

Assign 1’ to the directly attached C with principle chain and then find
the longest chain in the side chain.
 2 4 6 8
3 5 7
1
1’ 9
Cl Br
2’

3’
Special Cases
Two cases

Main chain Side chain Main chain Side chain

yl ylidene

2
3 1, 4 - dimethylidene cyclohexane.
1
6
4
5
Types of side chains
 Side Chain Names

一CH3 methyl (Me)

一C2H5 ethyl (Et)
一CH2CH2 CH3 Propyl (Pr)

一CH一CH3 iso propyl ( i - Pr)

l
CH3

一CH2一 CH 一 CH3 iso butyl ( i - Bu)

l
CH3

一CH 一 CH2 一 CH3 sec - butyl ( sec - Bu)

l
CH3
 CH3
|
一 C 一 CH3 Tert - butyl ( tert - Bu)
| (t - Bu)
CH3

CH3
|
一 CH2一 C 一 CH3 neo pentyl
|
CH3
 common IUPAC

一 CH = CH2 vinyl ethenyl

一 CH2 一 CH = CH2 Allyl Prop - 2 - enyl

Phenyl
一 CH2 一 Benzyl

Benzyl
CH 一

| Benzo
一C一
 | |
一 C一C一X geminal
| |
X

| |
一 C 一 C 一 Cl gem dihalide
| |
Cl

| |
一 C 一 C 一 OH gem diol
| |
OH

| |
一 C一C一
| | vicinal diol
OH OH
The hydrocarbon with seven carbon atoms containing a neopentyl
and a vinyl group is:

A. 2, 2 - dimethyl - 4 - pentene
B. 4, 4 - dimethyl pentene
C. isopropyl - 2 - butene [April. 9, 2016]
D. 2, 2 - dimethyl - 3 - pentene
IUPAC of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
IUPAC of aromatic compounds

o
|| Benzene carbaldehyde
一 C一H Benzaldehyde
o
||
C Benzene carboxylic acid
OH Benzoic acid
o
|| Benzene carboxamide
一 C 一 NH2 benzamide
一 CH3 Methyl benzene
Toluene

o
||
一 C 一 OR Alkyl benzoate

一 C≡N Benzonitrile

o
||
一 C Benzoyl halide
X
 o
Br
||
2 C 2 - Bromo - 5 - chloro Benzene
3
1 Br Carbonyl Bromide
4 6
5
Cl
 o
Br ||
C
Br

Br
C
||
Cl o
Special Cases
If double bond comes outside the Benzene ring / cyclic chain,
the segment containing double bond will be the Main chain
Practise Questions
 CH3

Cl
Br
CH3

Cl
 NO2

Br

CH3
The IUPAC name(s) of the following compound is (are)

[Adv. 2017]
A. 1 - chloro - 4 - methylbenzene
B. 4 - chlorotoluene
C. 4 - methylchlorobenzene
D. 1 - methyl - 4 - chlorobenzene
The IUPAC name of the following compound is :

[Sep. 06, 2020 (II)]

A. 2 - nitro - 4 - hydroxymethyl - 5 - amino benzaldehyde

B. 3 - amino - 4 - hydroxymethyl - 5 - nitrobenzaldehyde
C. 5 - amino - 4 - hydroxymethyl - 2 - nitrobenzaldehyde
D. 4 - amino - 2 - formyl - 5 - hydroxymethyl nitrobenzene
 IUPAC NAMING of
Carboxylic Acids
 Naming of carboxylic acid

Prefix Suffix Suffix (ss)

一 COOH carboxy oic acid carboxylic acid

o o
|| ||
一 C 一 OH 一 C 一 OH
 Naming of carboxylic acid

o
||
H 一 C 一 OH
Formic acid Methanoic acid
o
||
CH3 一 C 一 OH Acetic acid vinegar Ethanoic acid

o
3 || Cinnamic acid 3 - phenylprop - 2 -
C OH en - I - oic acid
2
Practise Questions
 OH
1
3 COOH tartaric acid
HOOC 2
4
OH 2, 3 - dihydroxy butane - 1, 4-
dioic acid.
OH Salicylic acid

2 - Hydroxy benzene carboxylic acid

OH
c
||
o
O CH3
C
||
o
COOH
Aspirin

2 - ethanoyloxy benzoic acid

2 - ethanoyloxy benzene carboxylic acid
1 COOH
COOH

COOH
 COOH

COOH
Br Br
The IUPAC name of the following compound is :

[Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]

A. 5 - Bromo - 3 - methylcyclopentanoic acid

B. 4 - Bromo - 2 - methylcyclopentane carboxylic acid
C. 3 - Bromo - 5 - methylcyclopentanoic acid
D. 3 - Bromo - 5 - methylcyclopentane carboxylic acid
Practise Questions
COOH
Which one of the following structures has that the IUPAC name 3 -
ethynyl - 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methylhex - 3 - en - 5 - ynoic acid ?

A. B.

[Adv. 2020]

C.
COOH

COOH
The IUPAC name of the following compound is

[2019 Main, 8 April]

A. 4, 4 - dimethyl - 3 - hydroxybutanoic acid

B. 2 - methyl - 3 - hydroxypentan - 5 - oic acid
C. 3 - hydroxy - 4 - methylpentanoic acid
D. 4 - methyl - 3 - hydroxypentanoic acid
The IUPAC name of the following compound is

[Sep. 02, 2020 (I)]

A. 2, 5 - dimethyl - 5 - carboxy - hex - 3 - enal

B. 2, 5 - dimethyl - 6 - carboxy - hex - 3 - enal
C. 2, 5 - dimethyl - 6 - oxo - hex - 3 - enoic acid
D. 6 - formyl - 2 - methyl - hex - 3 - enoic acid
IUPAC of Acid Halides
Names of Acid Halide

Prefix Suffix Suffix

o
|| Halocarbonyl oylhalide Carbonylhalide
一C-X
 Cl o

2
3 1 Cl
4

Br
2 - Bromo - 3 - Chloro - butanoyl chloride
Practise Questions
o

Br
 o
||
c
Cl

Cl
3 ( 3’ - chlorophenyl ) propanoyl chloride
IUPAC of Esters
Names of Acid Halide

Prefix Suffix Suffix

o
|| Halocarbonyl oylhalide Carbonylhalide
一C-X
Naming of ester

o
||
R 一 C 一 O 一 R’

Prefix Suffix

- Alkanoyl oxy - Oate

- Alkoxy carboxyl - Carboxylate : special suffix
Practise Questions
 o
||

Methyl ethanoate
 2 o
1
Ph Ph
||
o

Phenyl - 2 - phenyl ethanoate

o o
|| ||

o
IUPAC of Acid Amides
 Nomenclature of acid amide

o
|| Prefix - Carbamoyl
一 C 一 NH2 Suffix - amide
Special Suffix - carboxamide

o o o
R
|| || ||
一 C 一 NH2 一 C 一 NH 一 R 一C一N
R’
Practise Questions
 |
2 N
1
3
||
O

N - ethyl - N - methyl propan - 1 - amide

 O
||
C CH3

H N
CH3

Dimethyl formamide
N, N - Dimethyl methan - 1 - amide
 o
||
一 NH 一 C 一 H
 o
||
NH2

NH2
IUPAC of Acid Anhydrides
Acid Anhydride

Search the acids from which anhydride is prepared.

o
|| o
R一C ||
OH R一C

- H2O O
OH
R一C
|| R一C
o ||
o

Alkanoic acid Alkanoic anhydride

 o
|| o
R一C ||
OH R一C
3 2 1

- H2 O O
1 OH
R一C
|| R1 一 C
o ||
o
Alkanoic acid Alkanoic acid (Alkanoic) (Alkanoic) anhydride
Practise Questions
 Cl
Br

|| ||
o o

(2 - Bromopropanoic) - (2 - chloro propanoic ) anhydride

 O

|| ||
o o

( ethanoic ) ( prop - 2- en - oic ) anhydride

 o
||
o

||
o

Benzene -1, 2 - dicarboxylic anhydride

IUPAC of Cyanides
 Naming of 一 C ☰ N

一C☰N Prefix cyano

Suffix nitrile
Suffix carbonitrile
 2 1
CH3 一 C ☰ N Ethanenitrile
CN
 acrylonitrile
CN
1
CN

CN
The IUPAC name of the following compound is

[2009]

A. 4 - Bromo - 3 - cyanophenol
B. 2 - Bromo - 5 - hydroxybenzonitrile
C. 2 - Cyano - 4 - hydroxybromobenzene
D. 6 - Bromo - 3 - hydroxybenzonitrile
IUPAC of Aldehydes
 IUPAC of aldehyde

O
||
一C一H

Suffix al / carbaldehyde
Prefix oxo only = O
O
||
formyl 一C
H
 o
|| formaldehyde
methanal
H一C一H
 o
|| acetaldehyde
ethanal
CH3 一 C 一 H
CHO
Glyoxal
|
Ethane - 1, 2 - dial
CHO
 O
||
PH 一 CH ＝CH 一 C 一 H cinnamaldehyde
 o
|| crotonaldehyde
CH3 一 CH ＝ CH 一 C 一 H
 OH
salicylaldehyde
H
C
||
o
Practise Questions
CHO
o
||
 o|
|
O
 O OH

CN

|| ||
o o
 o
Br OH
6
4
5
Cl
2
|| 3
o || 1
o
NH2
The IUPAC name of C6H5COCI is

A. Benzene chloro ketone

B. Benzoyl chloride
C. Chloro phenyl ketone
D. Benzene carbonyl chloride [2006 - 3M, -1]
IUPAC of Ketones
IUPAC of Ketone

Prefix oxo Suffix one

o
||
acetone Propan - 2 - one
o
||

Acetophenone
o
||

Benzophenone
 CH3
4 Dimethyl Glyoxal
3 C=O

2
C=O

1
CH3
IUPAC of Alcohols
IUPAC of Alcohol

Prefix : hydroxy
Suffix : ol

CH3OH methylalcohol (common)

wood spirit
methanol
CH3CH2OH Ethyalcohol
ethanol
2 OH Ethylalcohol

1 OH
1 OH Glycerol / Glycerine

2 OH

3 OH
IUPAC of Amines
 IUPAC of Amini

Prefix amino
Suffix amine

CH3 一 NH2 methenamine

 1

NH2
2 Pentane - 2, 3 diamine
NH2 3
4
5
NH2
IUPAC of compounds with
Poly functional groups
IUPAC of Poly functional groups

一 COOH
一 COX
一 CONH2
一 CHO
一 CN
一 COOR
3 2 1

CN CN CN

Propane - 1, 2, 3 - tricarbonitrile
CHO CHO CHO

Propane - 1, 2, 3 - tricarbaldehyde
 O

O
Methane -1, 1, 1 - tricarbaldehyde

O
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