NAME REACTIONS

* SANDMEYER’S REACTION

+ -
NH2 + N2 X X
NaNo2 HX Cu2X2
273 - 278K
-N2
Benzene diazonium halide Halobenzene
aniline

* FINKELSTEIN REACTION

dry
CH3CH2X + NaI CH3CH2I + NaX
Acetone
Alkyl halide Alkyl iodides
(X - Cl,Br)

* SWARTS REACTION

CH3CH2X + AgF CH3CH2F + AgX

Alkyl halide Alkyl fluoride

(X - Cl,Br)

* WURTZ REACTION

dry
2CH3CH2X + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaX
ether
Haloethane n - butane
(X - Cl,Br)

* FITTIG REACTION

+ 2 Na dry
2 + 2 NaX
ether

Halobenzene Diphenyl

* WURTZ – FITTIG REACTION

X CH2CH3
+ 2 Na + CH3CH2X dry
2 + 2 NaX
ether

Halobenzene Haloalkane Alkyl arene

* HYDROBORATION - OXIDATION

B 2H6 3H2O 2
3 CH3CH=CH2 (CH3CH2CH2)3B CH3CH2CH2OH
-
H2O,OH
propene propan - 1 - ol

* KOLBE’S REACTION

OH OH
ONa
NaOH (i) CO 2
+
(ii) H
COOH
phenol Salicylicacid

* REIMER – TIEMANN REACTION

OH ONa ONa OH
CHCl3 +
NaOH H
aq.NaOH
CHCl2 CHO CHO
phenol Salicylaldehyde

* WILLIMSON SYNTHESIS

RX + R'ONa R - O - R' + NaX

Haloalkane sodium Ether
alkoxide

CH3CH2X + CH3ONa CH3CH2OCH3 + NaX

* ROSENMUND REACTION

O
CHO
Cl H2
Pd - BaSO4

Benzoylchloride Benzaldehyde

* STEPHEN REACTION

+
H3O
RCN + SnCl2 + HCl RCH=NH RCHO

Nitriles Aldehydes
* ETARD REACTION

CH3 CH(OCrOCl2)2 + CHO

CrO2Cl 2 CH[OCr(OH)Cl2]2 H3O
CS2

Toluene Benzaldehyde

* GATTERMAN – KOCH REACTION

CHO
aq.HCl
Anh.AlCl 3/CuCl

Benzene Benzaldehyde

* ALDOL CONDENSATION

dil.NaOH 
2 CH3CHO CH3CHOHCH2CHO CH33CH=CHCHO
CH2CH2OH
- H 2O
Ethanal But - 2 - enal

* CANNIZZARO REACTION

2HCHO + KOH (CONC) CH3OH + HCOOK
Methanal Methanol

CHO CH2OH COONa


2 + Conc.NaOH +

Benzaldehyde Benzylalcohol Sodium

benzoate

* CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION

H3C H3C
Zn - Hg
C=O CH2 + H 2O
HCl H3C
H3C
Alkane

* WOLFF – KISHNER REDUCTION

 H3C H3C Heat H3C
NH2-NH2 KOH
C=O C=N-NH2 CH2 + N 2
- H 2O Ethylene
H3C H3C glycol H3C

* TOLLEN’S TEST

+ - -
RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2] + 3OH RCOO + 2Ag + 2H 2O + 4NH 3
Aldehyde

* FEHLING’S TEST

2+ - -
RCHO + 2Cu + 5OH RCOO + Cu 2O + 3H 2O
Aldehyde Red ppt.

* HALOFORM REACTION

O
NaOX
R C CH3 RCOONa + CHX3

[X - Cl,Br,I] Haloform

* HELL-VOLHARD-ZELINSKY REACTION

(i) X2,Red P
RCH2COOH RCH - COOH
(ii) H 2O
Carboxylic acid X
having H halocarboxylic acid

* AMMONOLYSIS
+ -
NH3 + RX RNH2 R2NH R3N R4N X
Ammonia Alkyl 1amine 2amine 3amine Quarternary
halide Ammonium Salt

* HOFMANN BROMAMIDE REACTION

RCONH2 + Br 2 + 4NaOH RNH2 + Na 2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H 2O

Amide Amines

* CARBYLAMINE REACTION
 R - NH2 + CHCl 3 + 3KOH RNC + 3KCl + 3H 2O
1° Amines Isocyanide / carbylamine

* GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS

O O O

KOH - + RX
NH NK N-R

O O O
N - Alkyl phthalimide
Phthalimide
NaOH (aq)

COONa
+ RNH 2

COONa 1° amine

* DIAZOTISATION

+ -
NH2 N2 Cl
273 - 278K
+ NaNO2 + 2HCl + NaCl + 2H 2O

Aniline Benzene diazonium chloride

* COUPLING REACTION

-
+ - OH -
N NCl + H OH N=N OH + Cl + H 2O

Benzene Diazonium Phenol p - hydroxy azo benzene

Chloride (Orange dye)

+
+ - H -
N NCl + H NH2 N=N NH2 + Cl + H 2O

Benzene Diazonium Aniline p - amino azo benzene

Chloride (Yellow dye)

ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM

Bimolecular Nucleophilic substitution – SN2

Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution – SN1

CH3
-
* (CH3)3CBr + + Br
H3C CH3

CH3 -
OH
* + (CH3)3COH
H3C CH3

Acid hydration of alkenes

* Protonation of alkene:

+ +
C C + H O H C C + H2O
H

* Nucleophilic attack of water

H H
+
C C + H2O C C O H
+

* Deprotonation to form alcohol

 H H H

C C O H + H2O C C OH + H3O+
+

Acid dehydration of alcohols

* Formation of protonated alcohol:

H H
+
C C OH + H+ C C O H

* Formation of carbocation:

+
C C O H C +
C + H2O

* Formation of alkene by deprotonation:

H
+
C C+ C C + H
.

Acid dehydration of alcohols to ethers

* Protonation of alcohol:

+ +
CH3CH2OH H +
CH3CH2O H CH3CH2 O H
H

* SN2 attack of alcohol:

 + +
CH3CH2O + CH3CH2 O H CH3CH2 O CH2CH3 + H2O

H H H

* Removal of proton:
+
+ H
CH3CH2 O CH2CH3 CH3CH2 O CH2CH3 +

Reaction of ether with conc.HI

* Protonation of ether:
+ -
CH3 O CH2CH3 + HI CH3 O CH2CH3 + I

-
* SN2 attack of I

- +
I + CH3 O CH2CH3 [I - - - CH 3 - - - O - - - CH 2CH3]

H H

CH3I + CH 3CH2OH

* Reaction at high temperature with excess HI:

+ -
CH3CH2 O H + I
CH3CH2 O H + HI

+ -
CH3CH2 O H + I CH3CH2I + H 2O

H
Nucleophilic addition of aldehydes & ketones