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Hualde y Prieto 2002
Hualde y Prieto 2002
Eddington
Stemberger, Joseph Paul (1994). Rule-less morpbology at tbe phonology-Iexicon interface. 'rt:
,;
..,.. On the diphthong/hiatus contrast in
In The Reality o/ Linguistic Rules, Susan D. Lima, Roberta L. Corrigan, and Gregory K.
Iverson (eds.), 147-169. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Spanish: some experimental results*
-( 1996). The scope of Ibe theory: where does "beyond" lie? In Proceedings o/ the
Parasesslon of the Chicago Linguistlc Society's 321ld Meeting, Lisa McNair, Kora Singer,
Lise M. Dobrin, and Michelle M. Aucoin (eds.), 139-164. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic JOSÉ IGNACIO HUALDE and MÓNICA PRIETO
.n,:
Society.
Wheeler, Cathy l. (1980). On the relationship between phonology and psychology. Papers
in Linguistics 13,51-100.
Yngve, Victor H. (1986). Linguistics as o Science. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana
University Press.
Zimmer, Karl E. (1969). Psychological correlates of some Turkish morpheme structure
conditions. Language 45, 309-32 l.
Abstract
Introduction
\
218 J. l. Hualde and M Prieto The Spanish diphthongjhiatus contrast 219
(1) General rule even taking all these factors into acco~ Thus, in the speech of the
a. Diphthong: varias [bárjas] 'several', Santiago [santjáyo], authors, L[wi]sa contrasts with S[u.í]za 'Switzerland', s[wá]ve 'soft' with \ ~
caliente [kaljénte] 'hot', amplio [ámpljo] 'wide', dioses [djóses] Z[u.á]vo 'Zouave', v[jó]/a with b[i.ó}/ogo 'biologist' and v[já]je 'trip'
'gods', guasa [gwása] 'humor', vuelo [bwélo] 'fiight' with m[i.á]ja 'small piece', to give a few examples of w:.ar-minimal pairs
b. Hiatus ifi/u stressed: varías [bari.as] 'you vary', sonríe [sonrí.e] for which there is no identifiable conditioning factillJThis is thus abona
'sfhe smiles', desafío [desafí.o] 'challenge', amplío [amplí.o] fide contrast in syllable structure that cannot be entirely reduced to other
'1 widen', púa [pú.a] 'barb', fluctúe [fluktú.e] lit fluctuate, pr~rties of the phonological or morphological conte&
subjunctive' . The contrast with which we are concerned is not marked in the conven-
tibnal orthography of Spanish - which otherwise does an excellent job
ThNevertheless, it has been noted that, at least in certain dialects, some
J~rds are exceptions to the general rule in (1 a), being realized with hiatus
at representing phonological contrasts - and appears to be subject to a 1
certain amount of dialectal variation. Nevertheless the fact is that very
even though the stress does not fall on the high vowel in the sequenc;1 little is known about the dialectal distribution of the phenomenon. We
~
For instance, the words in (2) are given as exceptions to the general rules still don't know how much consistency there is among speaker s of
in Hualde (1999) (cf. also Real Academia Española 1973: 47-58; Navarro different dialects, or even within a single dialect, in the pronunciation of
Tomás 1977: 159; Monroy Casas 1980; Quilis 1993: 183-188; Harris
S~ifiC lexicaI ite~
1969; Harris and Kaisse 1999; Hualde 1991, 1994, 1997, among others)
on speakers' intuitions (which are not always consistent), and very little
phonetic evidence h~.s~ far been offered for the contrast (Quilis 1993;
Monroy Casas 19821JJThe present paper represents a first attempt to
1
spite of the theoreti-
cal importance of the phenomenon, most previous work has relied solely
hiatus c1ass. First of all, some cases of exceptional hiatus have a morpho- undertake a systematic study of the phenomenon taking both speakers'
phonological explanation, a fact that has also been pointed out by other intuitions and acoustic data into accou.ml
authors. Thus we may find an exceptional hiatus in a given word if the A surface contrast in the syllabification of vocalic sequences of rising
high vocoid is stressed in a morphologically related word; thus, riada sonority is also found in other Romance languages, but with a more
[ri.áóa] 'fíood' with lexical hiatus is explained by río 'river' (cf. Navarro marginal phonological status than in Castilian Spanish. In French (see
Tomás 1977: 159). Similarly, the presence of a morphological boundary Battye and Hintze 1992: 127; Walker 2001: 103-106), as in Spanish, the
may support a pronunciation in hiatus, as in bienio [bi.énjo] 'biennium' diphthong is the non:;!, but these sequences are bisyllabic after a complex
vs., for exampl.:: ~lar viento [bjénto] 'wind', Viena [bjéna] 'Vienna', onset; for exarnple, liez [Ije] 'yo u tie up' vs, pliez [plLje] 'you fold' (with
bien [bjén] 'we.!!J ~side from these cases, some phonological contexts an epenthetic glide). This is not a true phonological contrast since the
also favor the realization in hiatus in the Castilian dialect considered distribution is completely predictable from other factors of syllable struc-
in Hualde (1997, 1999). These inc1ude a preceding trill, especial\y ture (i.e. the presence of. a complex onset). In addition, French also
wJ,l(q-initial, and the word-initial sequences #(C)ia, #(C~ allows a hiatus in these sequences across morpheme boundaries, as in
This is not to say, however, that syllabification is in every case com- anti-aérien. In Italian too the diphthong is the norm in these sequences,
pletely predictable from other factors of morphological structure and but for many speakers there can be a hiatus in cases where the high
position in the word. Certain morphological and contextual factors favor vowel is stressed in other morphologically related forros. For instance, in
(although they do not strictly determine) either hiatus or diphthong, but the minimal pair [spjánti] 'you uproot' vs. [spi.ánti] 'spying' (Lepschy
the syllabification of a number of lexical items remains unpredictable and Lepschy 1988: 89), the latter forro owes its hiatus to the fact that it ~
"',-,
The Spanisb diphthongfhiatus contrast 221
220 J. l. Hualde and M. Prieto
belongs to the same morphological paradigm as, for example, [spía] 's/he dialectal variation (whose extent is still unknown). Much work remains
spies', with stressed li/. As mentioned above, th.is paradigm effect is to be done to determine the consistency of syllabification intuitions both
also found in Spanish. Neither Italian nor French appears to have cases within and across Spanish dialects.
of completely unpredictable syUabification in the sequences under In this pa~{ we primarily wañtt:o address the questions above, which
consideration. relat~ the physical manifestation of the putative contrast in syllabifica-
According to Ch.itoran (1997), Romanian presents a lexical contrast ti0!.lAddressing this issue involves the analysis of speakers' productions.
similar to that found in Spanish, wh.ich the author represents as one Tliís is obviously a much more time-consuming procedure than eliciting
between sequences forming a diphthong, such as C[já] (e.g. [pjátro] syllabification judgments. If, within a given dialect, speakers were to
'stone'), and bisyUabic sequences with a transitional glide, such as C[ijá] show sufficient agreement in their syllabification intuitions regarding
(e.g. [pijástru] 'Turkish coin'). Although the exact manner in which these specific items and, furthermore, the results of taking certain objective
Romanian sequences differ phom;ticaUy from the Spanish ones remains measurements were found to correlate well with speakers' intuitions, in
to be determined, it is c1ear tha~anish shows a somewhat more complex ') future work we could simply rely on the intuitions of the majority of
situation, since in this language C[já] contrasts both with C[iá] and with ( speakers from a given area for the geographical mapping of the phonolog-
C[ijá]. Sequences of the type [ijá] are found in words like pillado [pijáóo] ( ical contrast, just as the intuitions of the majority of speaker s are generally
(~[pija60J) 'caught', wh.ich contrasts with piado [pi.áño] 'chirped', in the judged to be solid enough evidence to determine the position of the
hiatus c1ass, and with limpiado [limpjáño] or viaje [bjáxe] in the diph- syllable with primary stress in a language like Spanish (Ieaving aside for
thong class.' The existence of th.is third contrasting sequence lends this purpose the minority of Spanish speakers who do not have c1ear
the diphthong/hiatus contrast of Spanish even greater theoretical and intuitions regarding stress). But first we must dete.rrnine whether there is
typological importance. such correlation between intuitions and behavior,
For this we must find a feature in the sj>eechSÍgnal that indicates in a
more or less straightforward manner whether a given pronunciation
1. Methodological considerations corresponds to a diphthong or to two vowels in hiatus.ÍQuilis (1988:
178) remarks that in sequences realized as a diphthong there is a smooth
fin this paper we want to initiate an investigation in order to try to answer transition between the beginning and the end of the sequence, whereas
two related questions regarding the diphthong/hiatus lexical contrast: in sequences in hiatus there is a more abrupt discontinuity in vowel
a. Are there c1ear acoustic corre1ates of the diphthong/hiatus contrast? forrna~(see also Monroy Casas 1980; Quilis 1993: 187-188; Aguilar
b. To what extent do speakers' syllabification intuitions agree with 19972JWhereas for the smoothness vs. abruptness in the change of
their behavior as reflected in objective measurernent forrnant values it is not easy to obtain reliable measurements, the same
=.
Investigation of th.is phenomenon so far has been for the most part sources point out that under equal conditions there also seems to be a
limited to reports on intuitions, as mentioned above. A problem with
durational difference between dip~ng and hiatus for the Spanish
relying on the methodology of asking speakers for their intuitions about
sequences we are considering here. In principie, we may assume that a
how specific words are divided into syUables is that, whereas some speak-
'giVen sequence will be longer if r;;:jized as a hiatus than as a
ers appear to be able to perform this task with great ease, others c1early
We may thus try to deduce the hiatus/diphthong contrast from durational
do not do as well in th.is type of task. This is the situation that one [
typically finds in other similar lin~istic tasks, such as identifying stressed
syllables. The difference is thatlregarding Spanish stress, we know that
f
2, Procedures and subjects initial hiatus have been provided with a preceding stress1ess syllable,
generally a c!!!5Thus, for instance, el piano is matched with Ulpiano
2.1. Test materials (example takenTrom Monroy Casas 1980) and con Diana is matched
with Indiana+ The experimental items where the hiatus has a rnorphologi-
\In this paper we begin our investigation of the diphthong/hiatus contrast ¡.- cal explanation are the following: iban piando 'they went along chirping'
with the dialect spoken in Madrid. For the reasons mentioned above, we (cf. pía 's/he chirps') , los vaciamos 'we empty them out' (cf. vacío 'empty'),
start from the hypothesis that the diphthong/hiatus contrast is refiected lo enviamos 'we send it' (cf. lo envía 's/he sends it'), los guiamos 'we lead
in durational differences. Since different vocalic segments have different them' (cf. los guía 's/he leads them'), la riada 'the flood' (ef. río 'river'),
intrinsic durational properties, it is important to control for vowel quality diario 'daily' (cf. dla 'day') and semiviable 'semiviable' (ef. v/a 'path, traek,
when performing durational measurements. For this reason, we have h
way'). The other items, piano, Diana, liana have morphologically unex-
decided to concentra te 00 words with the sequence ia. (In future work plained hiatus (they are pure lexical exception.ll:1The complete list of test
other sequences will be tested.) Words with a hiatus sequence [i.á) have items is shown in Table 1.
been reported to fall into three classes: (a) words morphologically related
to other words where the high vocoid is stressed (like riada 'fiood' related
to río 'river'), (b) compounds (like boquiancho 'wide-rnouthed', from 2.2. Subjects
boca 'mouth' + ancho 'wide'), and (e) other words, without a morphologi-
cal explanation, the majority of which contain the sequence in initial Ine subjects for this experiment are six Spanish speakers, three male (JL,
position (Hualde 1997, 1999). (But not all words with initial Cia necessar- JC, and JT) and three female (IP, MH, and AH), in their thirties or
ilvJ2.elong to the hiatus class.) early forties who have lived in Madrid since childhood. None of the
primarily in Madrid) designed a list of ten words that, according to his 2.3. Data-gathering procedures
intuitions, contained the hiatus sequence [i.áJ, and paired them with ten
other words containing the diphthong [já) matching for phonologieal The subjects eompleted both a production task and a test of syllabification ~
context to the extent that that was possib~e twenty words were then intuitions, in this order.
presented to the second author (also a native speaker of Castilian Spanish,
from the Bilbao area) in written forro and in a random order. She was Table 1. Experimental materials [separation in columns is according to the authors'
asked to classify these words as belonging to the hiatus or to the diph- intuitions )
thong class according to ber intuitions. The agreement between the intu-
i-a ja
itions of both authors was complete. It was thus decided to use this list
of twenty items to test the consistency io intuitions aod behavior of el piano [elpi.áno) 'tbe piano' Ulpiano [ulpjáno) 'a name'
semal naive speakers from Madrid.\ iban piando [íbampi.ándo) y limpiando [ilimpjándo]
Of the twenty test items, ten thm contain a hiatus sequence [i.á) and 'they went along chirping' 'and c1eaning'
con Diana [kondi.ána) 'with Diana' Indiana [indjána] 'Indiana'
the other ten a diphthong [já) according to the shared linguistic intuitions
los vaciamos [lozñaüi.ámos] los saciamos [los:a9jámos]
of the authors. The quality of irnmediately preceding and following 'we empty them out' 'we saciate them'
I segments has be en matched as much as this was possible. Ease of segmen- lo enviamos [Ioembi.ámos] 'we sent ir aliviamos [alipjámos) 'we soothe'
tation (for taking the relevant durational measurements) has also been lo guiamos [loyi.Amos] 'we guide it' elogiamos [eloxjárnos] 'we praise'
taken into account in the selection of examples. In our test materials, la riada [lari.áóa] 'the ñood' barriada [barjáña] 'town district; slum'
semiviable [serniPi.áPle) 'serniviable' envidiable [embiñjállle] 'enviable'
seven of the ten examples with postulated hiatus present this sequence
casi diario [kasiñi.árjo] 'almost daily' presidiario [presiéjárjo] 'prisoner, inmate'
word-initially, whieh are matebed with other words with a word-medial y la liana [ilali.ána) 'and tbe liana' -- italiana [italjána] 'Italian, remo sg.'
diphthong. To obtain greater homogeneity, the exarnples with word- ~
~.,
224 J. 1 Hualde and M. Prieto The Spanish diphthonglhiatus contrast 225
rFor the production task, the test words were typed embedded in the ) Table 2. Syttabificatíon 1IIIIIitloIIS
fr'ame digo __ porque sí '1 say __ just because' and pasted en indivi- \
,J!gal index cards. Thirty distractors were added, using the same frame.
n. IF JT MH AH le
Test sentences and distractors (50 cards) wer~.interspersed in an arbitriry Hypotbesized diphtbong
way before being presented te the subje~ The recordings took place U1piano x
under quiet co.nditio.~ing a Tascam digital recorder and a head- aliviamos
mounted micro.pho.m;jThe subjects were all naive as te the purpose o.f italiana x .'
presidiario
the experiment. Subjects were told te read the typed senteoces at a
envidiable
comfortable speed and in a natural manner. The experimenter presented limpiando
the 50 cards te the subject one by ene. This procedure was repeated three saciamos
times with each subject. Between repetitions, the experimenter reshuffled barriada x
tl;!uards and, after a short pause, presented them again te the subject. . elogiamos
After this task was completed, the subjects were presented with a liSt Indiana x
containing the target words in an arbitrary order, together with a number Hypotbesized hiatus
o.f distractors, and were asked te either divide the words into syllables piano
or count the syllables by tapping and write their answer next te each enviamos X
1;'
word, whichever task they found easier te perform, The purpose of this liana X
diario
second task was te determine te what extent the intuitions of the subjects
semiviable X
abo.ut syllabification matched their behavio.r in the production task. piando X
The results of the production and the syllabificatio.n-intuitio.n~sks .jt)~ vaciamos X x
~;
are presented in the next section in reverse order te that in which they '. riada X
were co.mpleted. guiamos
Diana X
3. Results
measurements
I
Table 3. Durational
indicated above, based on our previous experience, we expected to find
some subjects with less clear intuitio~ Speaker i.a ja t-test, p =
JL(ro)
3.2. Production task rocan value 138.23 114.36 2.39511 E-06
(standard deviation) (in ms.) (15.10) (19.89)
rrn all, 360 tokens were obtained (20 test sentences x 3 repetitions x 6
range 106.6-170.1 83.3-179.9
f
IF (f)
subjects). Of these only one token (by speaker IF) had to be discarded. mean value 168.27 138.59 3.93007E-05
The data were transferred to a personal computer and analyzed with (standard devialion) (in ms.) (15.22) (32.57)
PCQuire, cornmercially available speech-analysis program developed range 121.6-195.9 86.1-220.3
JT(m)
y ciconrd, For each token, the ia portion was segmented from spectro-
mean value 176 118.16 1.34327E-10
grams and measured. For the segmentation, standard procedures were (standard deviation) (in ms.) (27.08) (30.29)
followed. As rnentioned, examples were chosen in part considering range 105.2-218.3 58-188.1
ease of segmentation of the re1evant sequence from the surrounding MH(f)
mean value 167.08 131.27 7.18533E-ll
consonantal conteillExamples are given in Figures 1 and 2.
(standard deviation) (io ms.) (15.03) (19.53)
e measurements are first surnmarized in Table 3 in terms of means
range 142.5-205 106.4-195
(with standard deviations) and ranges. The result of a two-tailed t-test is AH (f)
also shown, for each of the speaker~fAs can be seen, for all speakers mean value 194.74 133.29 1.7494E-17
(standard deviatioo) (in ms.) (23.93) (14.22)
range 138.9-22S.8 101.5-156.2
Je (m)
mean value 151.63 112.88 3.68959E-07
(standard deviation) (in ms.) (27.37) (24.89)
range 106.2-221.2 69.5-178.4
10
10
j j
•• e
I
z
1-- -
j e
1-- ~ - f-
I í r 1
100-110110.1- 120.1- 130.1- 1-40,'- 150.1- 181.1- 170.'-
m m ~ ~ ~
n
m ~
11
~
11
-
I .11 I I
80-90 90.1- l00.t- 110.1- 120.1- 130.1- 1<40.1-1SO,t- 181.t- 170.1- 180.1- 190.1. 200.1- 210.'- 220.1.
100 110 120 130 1040 uso 180 170 1&0 180 200 210 220 230
I~~I .~t-
';'i
IO~~1
.01
Figure 3. AH ;p
~;"I
Figure 5. IF
. '
~"'J'.
10
~}:;.
i~'J
f"t.1'.
tr
r-
i
15 r-- - j
.. ••
j
5 f-
t
i· 1-
f--
f--
-
-
I. f-
1-- r- r--
If
-
.-
r- r-r- f-- f-- :¡i- - ¡- r--
140.1-150
1--
150.1-180
r
teU-170
f--
110.1-180
f--
180.1-190
111
190.1-200 200.1-210
r.;'.¡
~) 150-90 90,1-100
I
100.1-110 110.,-120
- -
120.1-130 130,'-140
-
11 11
1040.1-150 1SO.1·1&O181.1.170 170.t-180
ICH~ I
.00phthong lL{~' lCHMw
.01_
I
.~~,
Figure 4. MH Figure 6. JL ~
"b
'):.j
230 J. 1. Hualde and M. Prieto The Spanisñ diphthongfhiatus contrast 231
rrr we observe the histograms of our su speakers, the one whose data 1
most closely approach the hypothesized distribution is AH (Figure 3). In [
the data for this speaker, the hypothesized hiatus and diphthong tokens
forro almost completely separate groups, withjust four tokens with hypothe-
sized hiatus falling within the durational range of the hypothesized diph-
thong class. To the extent that there is almost perfect separation in the
! 5
tokens for the two word c1asses along the duration dirnension and, in
2 particular, that there are no diphthong words in the durational range for
"& •
hiatus, this subject's data are consistent both with her own syllabification
! 1-- .. . tuitions and with the hypothesized distribution of item~
For the other five speakers, the two hypothesized cJasses also have I
¡
, ,.- - f-- clellIly distinct distributions, but there is a greater degree of overlaEJ
Besides AH, the other two speakers whose answers in the syllabification
I
,
70
II
00.1- 10,1.
ea
&0.1-
90
90,'-
100
1
100.1-
110
,,0."
120
1-- r--
r 11 11
120.'- 130.'- 1.40.1- 150.1- tflt.t- 170.1- 180.1- 190.1- 200.1- 210.1- 220.1-
130 1<40 150 100 170 180 100 200 210 220 230
.~~
intuitions task coincided completely with the expected intuitions are MH
and Il::J~r MH (Figure 4) there is one token in the hypothesized
diphthong c1ass that falls well outside the normal range. This corresponds
to barriada (195 ms.), alth~u the other two repetitions of this item are
much shorter (138.2, 133.3). For IF (Figure 5), the histograms show that
ID~AM
."'ptrthong
I '~~
the two longest tokens be ong to the hypothesized diphthong c1ass. These
~~
. are a repetition of presidiario (220.3) and arepetition of barriada (209.6) .
Figure 7. le Other tokens of the same words, however, fall within the expected ran~
[speaker JL differed from the hypothesized intuitions in the syllabificatlon \
12 of vaciamos (syllabified as diphthong, against the hypothesized syllabifica-
tion). His production data, however, do not reflect this difference. His data
10
show a similar pattem to those of the other speakers discussed above. In I
Figure 6 we see that there is one token in the hypothesized diphthong cJass
that in fact has the longest duration of all tokens. This corresponds to
I barriada. His three tokens oi vaciamos, on the other hand, are not conspicu-
j o¡'wy different in their duration from other tokens in the hiatus cJa~
s
"& , For JC (Figure 7) as well, the longest hypothesized diphthong token
!E is a repetition of barriada. In the intuitions test, this subject proposed
l diphthong syllabifications for three items in the hypothesized hiatus cJass.
• A look at the data sheets from which the histograms were drawn does
not reveal anything special about these items. Crucially, though, none of
2
o
I
so-so eo.r-
70 80
I
10.1- ea.1-
90
90.1-
100
I~I
100.1-110.1-
110 120
f-- - -
• • r f--
hiatus and in the diphthong class was JT. This is the subject who had thehypothesized diphthong items employed, barriada, appears to belong (
the lowest agreement with the predicted distribution in the test of syllabi- to hiatus class instead for one of the subjects and perhaps to show
fication intuitions. When we consider rus production data in Figure 8, variation in c1ass membership for other subjects. But even leaving this
on the other hand, what it is immediately apparent is that his results do item asid e, the variation and overlap between the two hypothesized classes I
not differ greatly from those of the other speakers. In the production in production shows that it is not possible to simply rely on durational
data for JT there are four hypothesized diphthong tokens within the ;f"J .••••
measurements in order to determine whether some specific item belongs
hiatus durational range. Consulting the data sheets, it turns out that ¡L,;
to the hiatus or to the diphthong c1ass for a given group of speakers. A
these four tokens correspond to al1 three repetitions of barriada and one ~~ possibility that we leave for further research is that a combination of /
repetition of U/piano (the shortest one among the four, 152.8 ms). We duration and formant va!ues may yield a more clear separation between
may tentatively conclude that for this speaker the word barriada belongs hiatus and diphthong sequences,
to the hiatus class (although he did not syllabify it as such in the task of In conclusion, fue goal oftliis paper has been to provide a deeper
syl1abification intuitions). Ofthe two possibilities that we suggested above understanding of the nature of the lexical contrast between hiatus and
to explain the deviant responses of this subject to the syl1abification task: diphthong sequences in Spanish. We have shown that the contrast has a
1'" ,~
that his idiolect differs in this respect from that of the other speakers or durational basis. Words with lexical hiatUstend to have greater duTation
t."
that he is in some sense "deaf'" to the contrast, it appears that the second ,r•.
~-:.~
of1he sequenCe'"than words where the relevant sequence is "felt" as being It ~~(tJ
explanation is the correct one. In production, this speaker's performance
is similar to that of the other subjects, but he is not aware of the
Ir~ tautosyllabic by most speakers.
The combination of taskSthat we have used in this paper may be "1' tl"iv-
honologica! contrast in syl1abification to the same extent. employed profitably to determine the geographical extension of the
l';'.
inally, it is clear that if we excluded the word barriada, the data 'J':;~
:' diphthongfhiatus contrast by examining data from speakers of other
( ould show greater conformity with the predictions. This word may
belong to the hiatus c1ass for some speakers (JT) and may fiuctuate
between the two c1asses for other speakers. We may note that although
.u\
,[1
dialects. For instance, in some South American dialects, speakers' intu-
itions regarding the syl1abification of the sequences with which we have
been concerned here appear to be very different. In particular, the speak-
the realization of ia as a diphthong in this word is suggested by its ers that we have informally consulted from severa! South American
morphological relatedness to barrio, fue context fol1owing a trill favors regions do not establish any syllabification contrasts among the test items
the hiatus (Hualde 1997, 1999). Nevertheless, even if we leave this item used in this paper. We expect this intuition to be reflected in production
aside, the segregation between the two hypothesized groups is not perfect as a much greater (or complete) durational overlap among the two groups
for any speaker of items tested in this paper than for Madrid speakers. That is, our
hypothesis is that, using the same materials, speakers of other Spanish
dialects will perform in a very different way from the Madrid speakers
4. Conclusions
:rt· whose data we have reported here. We willleave this for future researc~ I
the intuitions of the authors, but the syllabifications prpposed by one of • Correspondence address: Department of Spaoisb, Italian aod Portuguese, 4080 FLB,
the speakers deviate considerably from the hypothe~ Uoiversity ofIllinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail: j-bualde@uiuc,edu.
1, Therealization of ortbograpbic y and 11 in prevocalic positioo varies a great deal among
The durational measurement test, in its turn, while confirrning the
Spanisb dialects. For most younger speakers of Castiliao Spanisb both ortbograpbic
basic premise about the separation of the items into two lexical c\asses, letters represent a palatal pbooeme $-very variable constriction, includiog a glide or
has also revealed the existence of a certain amount of variation. One of approximaot (j 1 as a common inlervocalic allopbooe; see AguiJar (1997). ~
"",
--
.. ~~
234 J. L Hualde and M. Prieto ;'\
'b-.,
,1.
2. An anonyrnous reader suggests that speakers may assign some stress to word-initial
syllables, which could result in lengthening of tbe sequences under consideration in
.'..
f;"
The time-course of inflexional
morphological priming*
examples like con Diana (vs. Indiana) and el piano (vs. Utpiano) even in the absence of
phonological contrast. Although the possible existence of word-initial lengthening in
.~
,1,\
Spanish cannot be ruled out a priori and in the absence of experimental results, tbe fact ,i
is tbat Spanish speakers and linguists generally agree tbat sequences such as se para 's{be ALBERTO DOMINGUEZ. JUAN SEGUI, and FERNANDO CUETOS
stops' and separa 's{he separates', contabas 'you counted' and CO/1 tabas 'with knuckle-
bones' or ti cano 'the gray-haired one' and Elcano 'a surname' are completely bomopbo-
nous. Thus, the differences in duration tbat we find in tbe test items cannot be purely
attributed to a word-initial effect.
3. The experimental work reported in Aguilar (1999) carne lo our attention wben Ibis article
was already al tbe proofs stage. Her results appear to be largely compatible with ours.
References
Abstract
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-(1999). Hiatus and diphthong: acoustic cues and speecb situation differences. Speech In Spanish. the contrast between the suffixes -a and -o in pairs oJ words
Communication 28, 57-74. such as loc-a/loc-o 'mad woman'l'madman' has a morphological value
Battye, Adrian; and Hintze, Marie-Anne (1992). The French Language Today. London:
because it allows the gender selection oJ the stem loc. However, in pairs
Routledge.
Cbitoran, loana (1997). The phonology and morphology of Rornanian glides and such as rat-a/rat-o 'rat'l'moment' this contrast has a lexical value, permit-
dipbthongs: a constraint-based approach. Unpublisbed doctora I dissertation, Cornell ting the selection of two different words. The use o/ these two c1asses oJ
University. word relationship, together with semantically related pairs sucb as saña-
Harris, James W. (1969). Spanish Phonology . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
odio 'anger='hate', permits the study pJ the time course oJ morphological,
_; and Kaisse, Ellen (1999). Palatal vowels, glides, and obstruents in Argentinian Spanisb.
Phonology 16,117-190. _.c: ~ orthographic, and semantic priming at 32, 64, and 250 ms. SOAs. Two
Hualde, José Ignacio (1991). On Spanisb syllabification. In Current Studies in Spanish experiments were carried out in whicñ the priming effects Jor the previous
Linguistics, Héctor Campos and Fernando Martínez-Gil (eds.), 475-493. Washington, categories were compared with unrelated priming and identity priming in a
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-(1999). Patterns in tbe lexicon: biatus with unstressed bigb vowels in Spanisb.ln Advances
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Gutiérrez-Rexach and Fernando Martínez-Gil (eds.), vol. 1, 182-197. SomervilJe, MA: comparable magnitudes Jor the 32 ms. masked primes, whereas for the
CascadilJa. 64 ms. masked priming, orthographic priming was half the magnitude of
Lepscby, Anna Laura; and Lepschy, Giulio (1988). The Italian Language Today, 2nd ed. morphological and identity priming. To what extent the [acilitatian for
London: Routledge. morphological pairs is due to a morphological stage oJ processing or, rather,
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Quilis, Antonio (1988). Fonética acústica de la lengua española. Madrid: Gredos.
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Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Some of the most important word-recognition models support the
Roca, Iggy (1997). Tbere are no "glides," at least in Spanisb: an optimality account. Probus
requirement of a morphological treatment of the input at some level of
9.233-265.
WaJker, Douglas C. (2001). French Sound Structure. Calgary, A1berta: University of processing (see McQueen an~utler 1998 for a review). The Jull parsing
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"'"
Linguistics 40-2 (2002), 235-259 0024-3949/02/0040-00235
e Walter de Gruyter