Globalization Module Overview

Module 1 Globalization
Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide.
As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of

capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global,
unregulated market economy.
Globalism vs. globalization
Globalism is the idea that events in one country cannot be separated from those in another and

that economic and foreign policy should be planned in an international way.
the attitude or policy of placing the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations.
Another is viewing the entire world as a proper sphere for one nation to project political influence.
American political scientist Joseph Nye, co-founder of the international relations theory of
neoliberalism, argues that
 globalism refers to any description and explanation of a world which is characterized by networks
of connections that span multi-continental distances;
 while globalization refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.
Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history to
long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World, and some even to the
third millennium BC.
The term first appeared in the early 20th century,
developed its current meaning some time in the second half of the 20th century,
came into popular use in the 1990s.
Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s,
in the late 19th century and early 20th century drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the
world's economies and cultures.
TYPES
Political Globalization
Cultural Globalization
Economic Globalization
Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across

the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, and
capital.
the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a
global marketplace or a single world market.
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in
such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.
This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the
Internet, popular culture media, and international travel.
The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross
national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely
observed on a material level.
Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people
associate their individual and collective cultural identities.
It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.
Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and
complexity.
That system includes national governments, their governmental and intergovernmental organizations
as well as government-independent elements of global civil society such as international non-
governmental organizations and social movement organizations.
One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state and
the rise of other actors on the political scene.
William R. Thompson has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions,
in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed".
Political globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in
academic literature, with the two other being economic globalization and cultural globalization.
Financial globalization: can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with international
financial exchanges and monetary exchanges.
Stock markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially connected global world since when
one stock market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as well as the economy as a
whole.
Sociological globalization: information moves almost in real-time, together with the interconnection
and interdependence of events and their consequences. People move all the time too, mixing and
integrating different societies;
Technological globalization: the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected

thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype or
Youtube.
Geographic globalization: is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world
that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so easy and affordable,
apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any
restrictions;
Ecological globalization: accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global entity –
a common good all societies should protect since the weather affects everyone and we are all
protected by the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries that have
been polluting the least will suffer the most from climate change.
Positive Aspects of Globalization:
1. improved standard of living;
2. competition results to low prices and good product quality;
3. developing countries reap benefits without going through the growing pains;
4. governments cooperate to achieve common goals; and

5. greater access to foreign culture creating more choices.
Negative Aspects of Globalization:

1. outsourcing take away jobs;
2. some cultural beliefs fade or disappear;
3. diseases spread;
4. lack of regulation lead to environmental degradation;
5. poor countries adopt policies not applicable to them.
Module 2: IDEOLOGIES
An ideology is a consistent pattern of opinion on particular issues that stems from a core belief or set
of beliefs.
The term was coined by French philosopher Count Antoine Destutt de Tracy who used it to refer to a
new science of ideas.
An ideology is basically a plan to improve society.
IDEOLOGY – PARTY PLATFORM - GOVERNMENT POLICIES – GOVERNEMENT

PROGRAMS/POLICIES
In this discussion, we will talk about your view regarding giving the government a bigger role in the
area of your economic/financial life; whether you are in favor, or opposed;
and your view regarding giving the government greater role in the area of our social lives/values;
whether you are in favor, or opposed.
People who favor giving the government a bigger role in the area of economic security are Fiscal
Liberals.
People who oppose giving the government a bigger role in the area of economic security are Fiscal
Conservatives.
People who favor giving the government a bigger role in the area of social lives are
Social Conservatives.
People who oppose giving the government a bigger role in the area of social lives are Social
Liberals.
Classical Liberalism
 began in 1776 with the publication of the book The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.
 The central thesis of The Wealth of Nations is that capital is best employed for the production
and distribution of wealth under conditions of governmental non-interference, or laissez-
faire, and free trade.
In Smith's view,
 the production and exchange of goods can be stimulated, and a
 consequent rise in the general standard of living attained,
 only through the efficient operations of private industrial and commercial entrepreneurs acting
 with a minimum of regulation and control by governments.
To explain this concept of government maintaining a laissez-faire attitude toward commercial

endeavors, Smith proclaimed the principle of the “invisible hand”: Every individual in pursuing his or
her own good is led, as if by an invisible hand, to achieve the best good for all.
Therefore any interference with free competition by government is almost certain to be injurious.
 He refuted mercantilism by saying that the true wealth of nations is not in the amount of bullion
but in the amount of goods and services produced by the people of a country.
 Under mercantilism, the government supervised the economy with plans, grants monopolies,
subsidies, tariffs, and other restraints on trade.
 This became the ideology of liberalism (from the Latin liber, meaning free).
The view of liberalism is that :

 the market will regulate the economy,
 with the result that efficient producers will prosper and the inefficient will die,
 so the public will get the best products for the lowest prices.
 Prices will be determined by supply and demand and the economy will be regulated by the “invisible
hand” (the desire for profit).
 The ideology believes in the maxim, “that government is best that governs less,” (Thomas
Jefferson).
In the late 19th Century, it split into two ideologies: modern conservatism and modern liberalism.
Modern Liberalism was a reaction to the defects of the laissez-faire system.
it argued that since the free market was not completely self-regulating , and the competition was not
perfect (for manufacturers tend to rig the market and monopolies arose},
it proposes that the government should step into the marketplace to guarantee a level playing field for
everyone.
The laissez-faire system produced an underclass (the poor) who suffered the most during economic
depressions.
Even class positions turned out to be inherited because children of better-off families got a good
education and the right connections.
Thomas Hill Green an advocate of liberalism in the 1880s argued that while liberalism tries to achieve
a free society, economic developments take away that freedom.
Contracts prove to be unfair if the bargaining power of the two parties is unequal.
Classic conservatism proposes that the best practices and institutions in history should be conserved
and change should be gradual.
Edmund Burke argued that people are only partly rational, because they also have widely irrational
passions.
Therefore society needs traditions, institutions and standards of morality in order to contain the
irrational passions of man.
In his classic treatise Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argued that man’s natural state was war.
Governments, particularly a monarchy, was necessary to restrain man’s bestial tendencies because
life without government was a “state of nature.”
Without written, enforceable rules, people would live like animals—foraging for food, stealing and killing
when necessary.
To escape the horrors of the natural state and to protect their lives, Hobbes argued men must give up
to government certain rights.
Governments had to intrude on people’s rights and liberties to control society and provide the
necessary safeguards for property.
Modern Conservatism is the ideology that continues its allegiance to Adam Smith’s original doctrine
of minimal government.
Milton Friedman (Nobel Laureate) argued that Smith was right and that the free market is still the best
environment.
Conservatism emphasize the marketplace as

the means of distributing economic benefits.
It also looks up to the government in upholding conservative values.
Advocates included US President Ronald Reagan and British PM Margaret Thatcher.
Socialism/Communism can be defined as an ideology that rejects individualism,

private ownership, and private profits in favor of a system based on economic collectivism,
governmental, societal or industrial group ownership of the means of production and distribution of
goods and social responsibility.
François-Noel Babeuf who advocated economic equality and common ownership of land is the
Father of modern socialism.
His ideas were adapted and moderated by the so-called utopian socialists including Claude Henri de
Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simonde (1760-1825) and François Marie Charles Fourier (1772-1837).
Louis Blanc (1811-1882), was active in worker uprisings in 1848, advocated a more down-to-earth
form of socialism, including the establishment of worker-controlled councils and workshops.
Out of this ferment evolved the theories and methods espoused by most left-wing ideologies of the
20th century, from revolutionary communism to democratic socialism.
 Socialism/Communism is sometimes labeled Marxism after its founder, Karl Marx (1818-1883).
 Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels broke with the more benign utopian socialists, asserting
that a radical transformation of society could only be attained by open class conflict
Marx and Engels opened their Communist Manifesto (1848) with the bold assertion “All history is
the history of class struggle.” This statement is based on two premises:
Economic or material forces are behind all human activity; and

In history, change and progress are produced by a constant clash of conflicting economic forces—or,
to use the term borrowed from German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), by
a process Marxists call dialectic materialism.
Marxist theory:
Main feature of modern industrial capitalism is the streamlining of society into two antagonistic
classes—the capitalists who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who have no choice
but to work long hours for subsistence wages.
The difference between those wages and the value of the products created through the worker’s labor
is surplus value, or excessive profits, which the capitalists pocket.
In this way, capitalists systematically exploit the workers and unwittingly lay the groundwork for a
proletarian revolution.
The overthrow of capitalism comes as a result of the widening of the gap between the rich and
the poor.
As human labor is replaced by more cost-effective machine labor, unemployment grows, purchasing
power dwindles, and domestic market shrink.
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), the founder of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the
foremost leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917;
violent mass action is necessary to bring about radical change.
Lenin argued that parliamentary democracy and “bourgeois legality” were mere super structures
designed to mask the underlying reality of capitalist exploitation.
As a result, these revolutionaries disdained the kind of representative institutions prevalent in the
United States and Western Europe.
Social Democracy as an ideology was articulated in the book The Quest for Evolutionary
Socialism by Eduard Bernstein.
He concluded that Marx has been wrong about the necessity for collapse of the system and
revolution.
He was criticized as a revisionist for revising Marxism in this way.
No longer advocate nationalization of industries but the use of welfare measures to improve living
conditions.
Such welfare measures include employment insurance, national medical plans, generous pensions,
and subsidized food and housing.
Nationalization is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them
under the public ownership of a national government or state.
Social democracies are no longer socialist states as much as they are welfare states.
Welfare states however, have to impose high taxes in order to pay for welfare measures.
Anarchism is an ideology that stresses belief in the ability of men and women to establish functioning
communities without the need for the apparatus of state.
 It advocates the destruction of the existing society by revolution for the birth of a new and better one.
Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) and Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) claim that the state is a parasite and
an enemy of the people.
They encouraged the abolition of private property and the exposition of fraud in the guise of religion.
They glorify revolution as the only way to effect change.
Classical Anarchy. This is a kind of anarchy where violence is a necessity to uproot the old system to
counter resistance of the ruling class. It is intensely critical of social and political roles of religion in
deceiving the people.
Anarcho-individualist. One’s protest may be in the form of radical pacifism, renouncing revolutionary
violence against the state.
Anarcho-syndicalist. This praises the role of trade unions, advocates general strikes and prefers civil
disobedience.
Its basis is the supreme value and importance of individual freedom.
This freedom is deemed as the superior moral right of man against any law or policy of the state.
An individual bases his civil disobedience on personal and ethical consideration.
 Nationalism is defined as devotion to the interests or glory of one’s own country.
 It has been described as an “exaggerated belief in the greatness and unity of one’s country.”
 It began as a mass movement with the French Revolution.

 It generally arises when a population perceives that there is an enemy or an “other” to despise and
struggle against.
 It is fired by the passionate feeling that it is wrong to be ruled by others.
It is weak on content as an ideology because it does not take a definite ideological position on such
issues as unemployment, economic growth or mass poverty.
In the past it was explosive as it sought to free a nation from foreign domination; today it is implosive
because the more common thrust is to break up a state into many nations.
The extreme form of nationalism is fascism which held sway in Italy and Germany in the 1930s to
the 1940s. In both, it was identifiable by “the uniform, the flair for spectacle, the hatred for
democracy, the one party state, and the single dictator.”
Hitler utilized German racism by extolling the Germans as a distinct and superior race.
Fascism is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power,

forcible suppression of opposition, as well as strong regimentation of society and of the economy.
is a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual
and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe
economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition.
Classifications of Ideologies
Ideologies follow a system of classification described as left, right, and centre.
This is based on the sitting arrangement of the French National Assembly of 1789 where members
are seated in a semi-circular chamber.
The conservatives who favoured the retention of the monarchy were seated to the Speaker’s right.
The radicals (who favoured abolition) to the left.
The moderates were seated in the centre

Today, “left” means an ideology that favors equality, welfare programs and sometimes, government
intervention in the economy.
The “right” stresses individual initiative and private economic activity.
The “centre” tries to moderate the views of the left and the right.
Role for the government in the area of economic security.
Role of the Favor-Favor – Populist

government Favor-Oppose – Conservative
in the area of Oppose-Favor – Liberal
upholding Oppose-Oppose - Libertarian
traditional values.
Populism is an ideology that favours an activist government as a means of promoting economic

security as well as the personal values of people.
Libertarianism is an ideology that rejects the view of the government as an instrument of traditional
values and of economic security.
Module 3: STATES, ELEMENTS, ORIGINS, RIGHTS, NATIONS, AND FACTORS
A State is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion
of territory, having a government to which the great majority of people render obedience and enjoys
freedom or sovereignty from external control.
Elements of a State
1. People – its population.
2. Territory – the definite portion of the earth over which the state’s jurisdiction extends.
3. Government – the agency through which the will of the state is enforced.
4. Sovereignty – is the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is
governed.
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATES
1. Divine Right Theory. The state is of divine creation and the rulers were ordained by God to rule.
Dictators throughout history used this theory to justify their tyrannical rule.
2. Force or Necessity Theory. The state was created when some strong warrior imposed his will on
the other members of the community. He protects them; they support him.
3. Paternalistic Theory. The state was formed through the enlargement of the family.
4. Social Contract Theory. The state was created when people entered into a voluntary agreement
to live together (the social phase) and to establish a government (the political phase).
The contract calls for the people to support the state and for the state to protect the people.
Should the government become corrupt and decadent, then the people could rise up and overthrow
that government and replace it with a better one.
The social contract theory encourages a revolution if it would result to the betterment of the state.
State distinguished from Nation

1. A state is a political concept; While a nation is an ethnic concept.
Under international law state is not equivalent to nation.
Nation refers to a people existing in an organized society, inhabiting a portion of the earth, speaking
the same language, having the same customs, possessing the same historic continuity and
distinguished from other groups by their racial origins and characteristics, and generally living under
one government and sovereignty.
Nation-state properly refers to a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a
distinct nation or people, or at least, whose population shares a general sense of cohesion and
Adherence to a set of common values.
2. A State could not exist without people. A nation could exist stateless.
The Kurds live in at least four states: Syria, Iraq, Iran & Turkey.
3. A nation could be living in many states; A State could be composed of many nations.
The Arabs, divided into many states
The United States, a multi-national state.
Rights of a State:
1. Right of existence and self defense- the right of a state to use force against an aggressor state
when and to the extent it appears to it and it reasonably believes that such conduct is
necessary to defend itself from such aggressor’s imminent or act of unlawful force .
2. Right of Independence- It is the right of a state to be free from dependence, dictation,
subjection, control and intervention of another state or exterior power.
3. Right of Equality- based on the doctrine that states are equal as international persons
regardless of differences in size, population, power, degree of civilization etc.
4. Right of legation- it is the right of a state to enter into diplomatic relations with other states by
receiving and sending diplomatic representatives.
5. The Right of Property and Domain;
Domain, in Anglo-American law, the absolute and complete ownership of land, or the land itself
which is so owned. Domain is the fullest and most superior right of property in land.
6. The Right to Acquire Territory and Increase of Domain;
7. The Right of Jurisdiction;
Jurisdiction refers to the power of a state to affect persons, property, and circumstances within
its territory.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT STATE POWER:

1. Area & location;
2. Climate and natural resources;3. Size and quality of population;
4. Events in history
5. Institutions and policies;
6. alliances and other factors such as international prestige, military strength, etc.
Modes of acquiring territory
1. Discovery
oldest method of acquiring title to territory; not sufficient to establish legal title; discovered area
must be physically occupied. Related to title by discovery is the hinterland doctrine or
the principle of continuity.
If a state has made a settlement, it has a right to assume sovereignty over all adjacent vacant
territory, which is necessary to the integrity and security of the settlement.
2. Occupation is the intentional acquisition by a state over a territory which at the time of claim
not under the sovereignty of any state.
Two requirements:
(1) the territory subject of claim must not be under the sovereignty of any state (terra nullius); and
(2) the state must have effectively occupied the territory, that is, the state claiming the territory must
have exercised immediate occupation (corpus occupandi) on the territory after it displayed its
intention to occupy (animus occupandi).
3. Prescription means continued occupation over a long period of time by one state of territory
actually and originally belonging to another state.
Four requirements of prescription:
1)the possession must be exercised in the form of actual exercise of sovereign authority;
2) the possession must be for a long period of time;
3) the possession must be public; and
4) the possession must be peaceful and uninterrupted.

The peaceful and continuous display is also an essential element although as compared to
occupation, prescription requires a stricter proof and longer period of the display of authority.
Moreover, any protest or objection by the losing state destroys the peaceful display of authority of the
claiming state.
4. Cession is the transfer of territory usually by treaty from one state to another.
Concomitant of transfer of territory is the transfer of sovereignty from the owner state to another state.
And since cession is a bilateral transaction, the parties involved are states.
Cession may also be in the form of exchange of territory or in the form gift or donation or devise.
5. Conquest is acquiring territory by the use of force. The practice before was after conquest, the
conqueror annexed the conquered territory to his state.
Thus, conquest first takes place followed by annexation.
But with the establishment of the United Nations, conquest is no longer acceptable in the international
community.
6. Accretion is the attainment of sovereignty over new land due to slow movement of natural forces.
Example of this is the gradual movement of a river bed.
On the other hand, if the natural forces happened suddenly, like creation of an island in territorial
waters due to volcanic eruption, it is referred as avulsion.
7. Reclamation is the process of creating new land from oceans, riverbeds, or lake beds.
Module 4: THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Treaty of Westphalia, origin of the present-day concept of sovereignty;

a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years War;
after years of war, the powers designed a system that would avert wars
for them to have control over their own affairs and not to meddle in other states' affairs
The Thirty Years' War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It
remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties
resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict
The Napoleonic Code is also called the "French Civil Code of 1804" defined the concept of equality
before the law and also secured the right to property.
This code abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues as well
as improvement in the Transport and communication systems.
provided stability in Europe until challenged by Napoleon.
He wanted to spreads the ideals of the French Revolution--liberty, equality, fraternity,

The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) spread the Napoleonic Code:
forbade birth privileges
encouraged freedom of religion
promoted meritocracy in government.
Meritocracy is a political system in which political power is vested in individual people on the basis of
talent, effort, and achievement, rather than wealth or social class.
System shocked the monarchs of Europe; they worked to push back Napoleon
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until
abdication.
Anglo and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon in Waterloo;

Concert of Europe (United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia) was established to restore
monarchical, hereditary and religious privileges; restore state sovereignty;
under this Metternich system, the Concert's power lasted from 1815-1914
• The Metternich System was a series of meetings among the more powerful European nations
between the Napoleonic War and World War I; its objective was to resolve disputes between
European nations.
• Following a summit meeting in Vienna in 1814 (the "Vienna Congress") under the architecture
of Klemens von Metternich, a series of Congress meetings were held among the greater
European powers in an attempt to maintain European peace.
• Amid increasing disagreements between the major powers the Congress system collapsed just
prior to the start of World War I.
The present world system has traces of this history;

sovereignty is valued;
occupation is frowned upon.
The United Nations has its basis on the Westphalian and Concert models;
Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation

among states and nations.
Internationalism
The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into separate sovereign entities;
since the existence of the interstate system, attempts were made to transcend it;
nations imagined a system that would heighten interaction, cooperation and unity among nations.
This is called internationalism.
Immanuel Kant was the first major thinker of international liberalism.
He likened states to people living in a territory, with a government to prevent lawlessness;

without a government, the world would be in chaos;
States must give up their some of freedoms and “establish a continuously growing state consisting of
nations that would ultimately include all nations of the world;
Jeremy Bentham (coined the term international, 1780) advocated the creation of International Law
that would govern interstate relations.
He believed that legislators should make laws that would create “the greatest happiness of all nations
taken together;”
it created concern that a world government would threaten state sovereignty;
Giuseppe Mazzini was the first thinker to reconcile nationalism with international liberalism;
advocated of unification of Italian-speaking states and a critic of the Metternich system.
Nationalism, ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-
state surpass other individual or group interests.
He believed in republican governments and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with
each other to create an international system;
For him, free and independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international
system.
Mazzini influenced US President Woodrow Wilson, the century's most prominent internationalist.
Republican system, a government composed of elected representatives of the people rather than
government by a king or queen.
Form the Latin “res publica,” loosely meaning 'public affair'
Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite to internationalism;
He forwarded the principle of self-determination--the belief that the world's nations have the right to
be free.
He hoped that these free nations would become democracies, only by being such would they be able
to build a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating the creation of the League of Nations, a
venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.
The League collapsed due to opposition in the US Senate;
it failed to prevent World War II (Axis Powers vs. Allied Nations); internationalism was eclipsed;
Led to creation of international organizations like World Health Organization and International Labor
Organization;
provided blueprint for future forms of international cooperation.

Module 5. The United NAtions
Internationalists like Bentham and Kant imagined the possibility of a world government, nothing of
the sort exists today;
There is no one organization where states are accountable to.
No organization can militarily compel a state to obey predetermined global rules.
There is some regularity in the behavior of states though; it becomes a global concern when they
don't.
Global governance refers to various intersecting processes that create global order.
There are many sources of global governance--treaties and charters of organizations.
NGO's though not having formal state power, can lobby individual states to behave in a certain way.
Transnational corporations can likewise have effects on world governance.
A transnational corporation is an enterprise that is involved with the international production of

goods or services, foreign investments, or income and asset management in more than one country.
Transnational corporations share many qualities with multinational corporations, with the subtle
difference being that multinational corporations consist of a centralized management structure,
whereas transnational corporations generally are decentralized, with many bases in various countries
where the corporation operates.
Non-Governmental Organizations are organizations which are independent of government

involvement.
NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and associations that
provide services to their members and others.
NGOs are usually nonprofit organizations, and many of them are active in humanitarianism or the
social sciences.
International Organization is an organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed

by international law and possessing its own international legal personality, such as the United
Nations, the World Health Organization and NATO.
One major fallacies of IO's is that they’re merely amalgamations of various state interests.
In the 1960s and the 1970s scholars believed IO's are just talk shops.
IO's however can take on lives of their own
Powers of International Organizations

(Micahel N. Barnett, Martha Finnemore)
IO's have the power of classifications; they can invent and apply categories such as “refugees.”
IO's can fix meanings such as in the concepts of “security” as referring to safety from military violence
as well as from environmental harm.
IO's have the power to diffuse norms, which are accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict law,
but nevertheless produce regularity in behavior.
IO powers can be sources of great good like promote human rights or great harm, such as in the
IMF's “one-size-fits-all” approach when its economists make recommendations to developing nations.
The UNited Nations
Brief History
idea for the UN, elaborated in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow and
Tehran in 1943.
US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt suggested the name "United Nations"
first official use of the term occurred on January 1, 1942 with the Declaration by the United Nations.
During WW II, the Allies used the term "United Nations" to refer to their alliance.
From August to October 1944, representatives of the U.S., United Kingdom, France, USSR, and
China met to elaborate the plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington, D.C.
Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership
and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international
economic and social cooperation.
These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.
came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent
members of the Security Council - China, France, USSR, UK, and the United States - and by a
majority of the other 46 signatories.
The U.S. Senate, by a vote of 89 to 2, gave its consent to the ratification of the UN Charter on July
28, 1945.
In December 1945, the Senate and the House of Representatives, by unanimous votes, requested
that the UN make its headquarters in the U.S.
The offer was accepted, UN headquarters building was constructed in New York City in 1949 and
1950 beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5 million dollar donation from John D.
Rockefeller, Jr.
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked with
maintaining international peace and security,

developing friendly relations among nations,
achieving international co-operation, and
being a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
It was established after World War II, with the aim of preventing future wars, and succeeded the
ineffective League of Nations.
Its headquarters, which are subject to extraterritoriality, are in Manhattan, New York City, and it has
other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.
UN HQ officially opened on January 9, 1951. The land is now considered international territory.
Under special agreement with the U.S., certain diplomatic privileges and immunities have been
granted, but generally the laws of New York City, New York State, and the U.S. apply.
CHAPTER II: MEMBERSHIP

Article 3
The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the
United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously
signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in
accordance with Article 110.
Article 4
Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the
obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and
willing to carry out these obligations.
The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of
the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
Currently are 193 members.
Article 5
A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by
the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership
by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these
rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.
Article 6
A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the
present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security Council.
The official languages of the UN are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which
all official UN documents are written. In alphabetical order, they are:
Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic)

Chinese(Written character: Simplified Chinese)
English (British English with Oxford spelling)
French
Russian
Spanish
New proposed languages:

Bengali
Hindi
Malay
Portuguese
Swahili
Turkish
The General Assembly (GA) is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the
UN.
Established in 1945 , the General Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberative,
policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations.
Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, it provides a unique forum for multilateral
discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter.
It also plays a significant role in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international
law.
Each country has one vote. Some Member States in arrear of payment may be granted the right to
vote.
The Assembly has adopted its own rules of procedure and elects its President and 21 Vice-
Presidents for each session.
Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members
and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority.
Decisions on other questions are by simple majority.
The Assembly meets from September to December each year, and thereafter from January to
August, as required.
The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
security.
It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. Under the Charter of the United Nations, all
Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of
aggression.
It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of
adjustment or terms of settlement.
In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of
force to maintain or restore international peace and security.
The UN Charter established ECOSOC in 1945 as one of the six main organs of the United Nations.
The Economic and Social Council is at the heart of the United Nations system to advance the three
dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental.
It is the central platform for fostering debate and innovative thinking, forging consensus on ways
forward, and coordinating efforts to achieve internationally agreed goals.
It is also responsible for the follow-up to major UN conferences and summits.
In setting up an International Trusteeship System, the Charter established the Trusteeship Council as
one of the main organs of the United Nations.
The UN assigned to it the task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed under the
Trusteeship System.
The main goals of the System were to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust
Territories and their progressive development towards self-government or independence.
The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council --
China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The aims of the Trusteeship System have been fulfilled to the extent that all Trust Territories have
attained self-government or independence, either as separate States or by joining neighbouring
independent countries.
Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is authorized to examine and discuss reports from the
Administering Authority on the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the
peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to examine petitions
from and undertake periodic and other special missions to Trust Territories.
The Trusteeship Council suspended its operations on 1 November 1994, a month after the
independence of Palau, the last remaining United Nations trust territory.
The International Court of Justice, which has its seat in The Hague, is the principal judicial organ of
the United Nations.
It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of
International Law, a private centre for the study of international law.
The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related
to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues.
The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions.
It is the only organ that is not located in New York.
The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General
Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.
The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by the Deputy Secretary-General

and a staff of international civil servants worldwide.
It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings.
It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and
Social Council, and other UN bodies.
The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is
defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer“
Article 99 of the charter states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention
"any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security",
a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad
scope for action on the world stage.
The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and
mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues
Secretaries-General serve for five-year terms that can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far
has held office for more than two terms; most have served two terms.
The Charter provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the General Assembly upon the
nomination of the Security Council.
Therefore, the selection is subject to the veto of any of the five permanent members of the Security
Council.
In practice, the Secretary-General cannot be a national of any of the Permanent Members of the
Security Council.
An accepted practice of regional (continental) rotation has also been adopted in the selection of
successive candidates.
The ability of candidates to converse in both English and French is also considered an unofficial
qualification for the office.
Most Secretaries-General are compromise-candidates from middle powers and with little prior fame.
High-profile candidates are often touted for the job, but are almost always rejected as unpalatable to
some.
For instance, figures like Charles de Gaulle, Dwight Eisenhower, and Sir Anthony Eden were
considered for the first Secretary-General position, but were rejected in favor of the uncontroversial
Norwegian Trygve Lie.
Gladwyn Jeb Oct 45-Feb 46, UK Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982-91), Peru
Trygve Lie, 1946-1952, Norway Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-96), Egypt
Dag Hammarskjöld (1953-61), Sweden Kofi Annan (1997-2006), Ghana
U Thant, (1961-19710, Burma Ban Ki-Moon (2007-2016), South Korea
Kurt Waldheim (1972-81), Austria Antonio Guterres (1917-) Portugal
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for
international public health.
its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.“
It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with six semi-autonomous regional offices and 150 field
offices worldwide.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
a specialized agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world peace and security through
international cooperation in education, the sciences, and culture.
has 193 member states and 11 associate members, as well as partners in the nongovernmental,
intergovernmental, and private sector.
headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions
that facilitate its global mandate.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a UN agency mandated to aid and
protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary
repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.
It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with over 17,300 staff working in 135 countries.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to
environmental issues within the United Nations system.
was established by Maurice Strong, its first director, after the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972.
Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues,
including climate change, the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and green
economic development.
The organization also develops international environmental agreements, publishes and promotes
environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and
improve nutrition and food security.
Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates to "let there be bread". It was founded in October 1945.
UNICEF, also known as the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund,
is a United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children
worldwide
UNICEF's activities include providing immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment
for children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation,
promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to disasters.
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population
Activities, is a UN agency aimed at improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide.
Its work includes developing national healthcare strategies and protocols, increasing access to birth
control, and leading campaigns against child marriage, gender-based violence, obstetric fistula, and
female genital mutilation.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to
inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
The International Labour Organization (ILO)
is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting
international labour standards.
The World Food Programme[a] (WFP) is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations.
It is the world's largest humanitarian organization, the largest one focused on hunger and food
security,and the largest provider of school meals.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development
network.
It promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations and advocates for change and
connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life for
themselves.
The UNDP provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with
increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries.
UNDP works with nations on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As
they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and its wide range of partners.
However UNDP offers to help only if the different nations request it to do so.
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) was a functional commission within the
overall framework of the United Nations from 1946 until it was replaced by the United Nations Human
Rights Council in 2006.
It was a subsidiary body of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and was also assisted
in its work by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR).
It was the UN's principal mechanism and international forum concerned with the promotion and
protection of human rights.
Module 6 Intergovernmental Organizations
International organization, institution drawing membership from at least three states, having
activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement.
Organizations grouping almost all the countries in their respective continents. Russia is member of
both the Council of Europe and the Asian Cooperation Dialogue
Several smaller regional organizations with non-overlapping memberships
International organizations that largely represent the independent states formed after the breakup of
an empire. La Francophonie has overlapping membership with all three of the other organizations
shown in the map
Several non-overlapping large alliances.

Softer colors indicate observer/associate or candidate countries
GUAM member state EU member state EEA member or EU candidate state EurAsEC member
state
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Module 7 Peace Studies
PEACE
is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence.
In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from
fear of violence between individuals or groups.
Negative peace refers to the absence of direct, or "hot" violence, which refers to acts that impose
immediate harm on a given subject or group.
Positive peace refers to the absence of both direct violence as well as structural violence. Structural
violence refers to the ways that systems & institutions in society cause, reinforce, or perpetuate direct
violence.
Just peace refers to the absence of all three types of violence enumerated above: direct, structural,
& cultural.
Cultural violence refers to aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or
structural violence—the ways in which direct or structural violence look or feel "right" according to the
moral fabric of society
Peacekeeping is one among a range of activities undertaken by the United Nations to maintain
international peace and security throughout the world.
Peacekeeping prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict
The other activities are:
conflict prevention & mediation

peacemaking
peace enforcement
peacebuilding
Conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace enforcement rarely occur in a linear or
sequential way.
Experience has shown that they should be seen as mutually reinforcing.
If they are used piecemeal or in isolation, they fail to provide the comprehensive approach required to
address the root causes of conflict and hence reduce the risk of conflict recurring.
Peacekeeping prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict.
Conflict prevention
Conflict prevention involves diplomatic measures to keep intra-state or inter-state tensions and
disputes from escalating into violent conflict.
It includes early warning, information gathering and a careful analysis of the factors driving the
conflict.
Conflict prevention activities may include the use of the Secretary-General’s “good offices,”
preventive deployment of UN missions or conflict mediation led by the Department of Political Affairs.
Peacemaking
Peacemaking generally includes measures to address conflicts in progress and usually involves
diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement.
The UN Secretary-General may exercise his or her “good offices” to facilitate the resolution of the
conflict.
Peacemakers may also be envoys, governments, groups of states, regional organizations or the
United Nations.
US Sec of State Clinton Meeting with Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak
Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin, US Pres. Clinton and Yasser Arafat at Camp David
Peace-making efforts may also be undertaken by unofficial and non-governmental groups, or by a

prominent personality working independently.
Peace enforcement
Peace enforcement involves the application of a range of coercive measures, including the use of
military force.
It requires the explicit authorization of the Security Council.

Jets enforcing a No Fly Zone order
It is used to restore international peace and security in situations where the Security Council has
decided to act in the face of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression.
The Council may utilize, where appropriate, regional organizations and agencies for enforcement
action under its authority and in accordance with the UN Charter.
Peacebuilding happens before a conflict starts or once it ends.
Peacebuilding aims to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national
capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and
development.
It is a complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for sustainable peace.
Peacebuilding measures address core issues that effect the functioning of society and the State, and
seek to enhance the capacity of the State to effectively and legitimately carry out its core functions.
There are many different approaches to categorization of forms of peacebuilding among the
peacebuilding field's many scholars.
Barnett et al. divide post-conflict peacebuilding into three dimensions:
1. stabilizing the post-conflict zone,

2. restoring state institutions, and
3. dealing with social and economic issues.
Role of peacekeeping
The boundaries between conflict prevention, peace-making, peacekeeping, peacebuilding and peace
enforcement have become increasingly blurred.
Peace operations are rarely limited to one type of activity.

While UN peacekeeping operations are, in principle, deployed to support the implementation of a
ceasefire or peace agreement, they are often required to play an active role in peacemaking efforts
and may also be involved in early peacebuilding activities.
MODULE 8 NORTH-SOUTH
The North–South divide
socio-economic and political divide.
Global North: the US, Canada, Europe, Israel, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan as well

as Australia and New Zealand.
Global South: Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East.
North: home to the G8 and to four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council. The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of the Second
World, while the South largely corresponds With the Third World.
The Cold War was a period of ideological and geopolitical tension between the US and the USSR,
and their respective allies, after World War II; the period is generally considered to span the 1947
Truman Doctrine (12 March1947) To the 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union (26 December 1991)
First World, the West; definition has largely shifted to any country with little political risk and a well
functioning democracy, rule of law, capitalist economy, economic stability and high standard of living;
Second World, used during the Cold War to refer to the industrial socialist states that were under the
influence of the USSR.;
Third World, during the Cold War, Third World referred to the developing countries of Asia, Africa,
and Latin America, the nations not aligned with either the First World or the Second World. following
the fall of the USSR and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the term Third World was used
interchangeably with developing countries;
Is now outdated.
History
idea of categorizing countries by their economic and developmental status began during the Cold
War (East and West);
The USSR and China represented the East, and the US and its allies represented the West;
'Third World' came into parlance in the second half of the 20th century, originated in a 1952 article
by Alfred Sauvy entitled "Trois Mondes, Une Planète;
Early definitions of Third World emphasized its exclusion from the East-West conflict as well as the
ex-colonial status and poverty of the nations it comprised.
1955 Bandung Conference, meeting of Third World states, alternative to alignment was promoted.
the first Non-Aligned Summit was organized in 1961;
a mode of economic criticism which separated the world economy into "core" and "periphery" was
developed;
given expression in a project for political reform, "moved the terms 'North' and 'South' into the
international political lexicon.“
In 1973, the pursuit of a New International Economic Order, to be negotiated between the North and
South was initiated at the Non-Aligned Summit held in Algiers.
in 1973, the oil embargo by Arab OPEC countries (the Yom Kippur) increased world oil prices;
Led to a worldwide recession, industrialized nations increasing economically protectionist policies;

contributing less aid to the less developed countries of the South;
Western banks, provided loans to Third World countries which were not able to pay back their debt;
led the IMF to extend further loans, if they undertake certain liberalizing reforms;
came to be known as structural adjustment, and was institutionalized by International Financial

Institutions (IFIs) and Western governments
a break from the Keynesian approach to foreign aid which had been the norm from the end of the
Second World War;
After 1987, reports on the negative social impacts of structural adjustment policies on affected
developing nations led IFIs to supplement structural adjustment policies with targeted anti-poverty
projects;
at the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the USSR, some Second World countries joined the
First World, and others joined the Third World.
A new and simpler classification was needed; use of the terms "North" and "South" became more
widespread.
The Brandt Line

visual depiction of the north–south divide,
proposed by West German former Chancellor Willy Brandt in the 1980s.
encircles the world at a latitude of approximately 30° North, passing between North and Central
America, north of Africa and the Middle East, climbing north over China and Mongolia, but dipping
south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the "Rich North".
High Income Countries
(World Bank)
The World’s Largest States

1. Russia
Area 17,098,242 sq km
Population 146,793,744
Density 8.4/km2
2.Canada
Area 9,984,670 sq km
Density 3.41/km2
3. People’s Republic of China
Population 1,397,880,000
Density 145/km2
4.United States of America
Area 9,147,593 km2
Density 34.2/km2
5.Brazil
Area 8,515,767 km2
Density 23.8 km2
6. Australia
Density 2.8/sq km
7. India
Population 1,348,750,000
Density 382.2/km2
8. Argentina
Density 14.4/sq km
9. Kazakhstan
Density 5.94/sq km
10. Algeria
Density 15.9/sq km
The Smallest States in the World
1. Vatican City, 0.2 square miles - The world's smallest state, the Vatican has a population of 825,
none of whom are permanent residents. The tiny country is the spiritual center for the world's Roman
Catholics (over 1 billion strong). It is surrounded by Rome, Italy.
2. Monaco, .7 square miles - lies along the French Riviera on the French Mediterranean coast near
Nice. An impressive 38,100 people live in this state known for its Monte Carlo casinos. It has been
independent off-and-on since the 13th century.
3. Nauru. 8.5 square miles - The 11,000 residents of the Pacific island Nauru rely on diminishing
phosphate deposits. The state became independent in 1968 and was formerly known as Pleasant
Island.
4. Tuvalu. 9 square miles - composed of 9 coral atolls along a 360 mile chain in Polynesia. Gained
independence in 1978. The former Ellice Islands are home to 10,507 people.
5. San Marino. 24 square miles - Located on Mt. Titano in north central Italy, San Marino has 33,630
residents. The country claims to be the oldest state in Europe, having been founded in the fourth
century.
6. Liechtenstein, 62 square miles - This microstate of 38,749 people is located on the Rhine River
between Switzerland and Austria in the Alps.
7. Marshall Islands, 70 square miles - The atolls (including the world's largest, Kwajalein), reefs, and
34 islands (population 55,500) gained independence in 1986.
8. St. Kitts & Nevis, 104 square miles - This Caribbean country of 52,823 residents gained
independence in 1983. Nevis is the smaller island of the two and is guaranteed the right to secede.
9. Seychelles, 107 square miles - The 98,462 residents of this Indian Ocean island group have been
independent of the UK since 1976.
10. Maldives, 115 square miles - Only 200 of the 2000 Indian Ocean islands which make up this
country are occupied by 383,135 residents. The islands gained independence from the U.K. in 1965.
11. Malta, 122 square miles, south of the Italian island of Sicily. Became independent from the United
Kingdom in 1964 and the British military were completely gone by 1979. The population is 514,564.
12. Grenada, 133 square miles - This Caribbean country (population 112,519) became independent
of the U.K. in 1974.
The World
The World’s Newest States
1. South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan on July 9, 2011 following a January 2011
referendum. Sudan itself was the first to recognize South Sudan and did so one day early.
2. Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008.
3. Serbia became its own entity on June 5, 2006 after Montenegro split.
4. Montenegro was part of Serbia and Montenegro (also known as Yugoslavia) but gained
independence on June 3, 2006 after a referendum.
5. East Timor (Timor-Leste) declared independence from Portugal in 1975 but did not became
independent from Indonesia until May 20, 2002.
6. Palau was part of the Trust Territory of Pacific Islands (administered by the United States) and
gained independence October 1, 1994 as a former colony.
7. Eritrea was a part of Ethiopia but seceded and gained independence on May 25, 1993 .
8. & 9. The Czech Republic and Slovakia became independent states on January 1, 1993 when
Czechoslovakia dissolved.
10. Micronesia, previously known as the Caroline Islands, became independent from the United
States on September 17, 1991.
10. The Marshall Islands was part of the Trust Territory of Pacific Islands (administered by the United
States) and gained independence as a former colony on September 17, 1991 .
11. Germany unified (from East Germany and West Germany) on October 3, 1990 after the fall of the
Iron Curtain.
12. Yemen was formed when North and South Yemen merged on May 22, 1990 .
13. Namibia became independent of South Africa on March 21, 1990 .
Bosnia and Herzegovina, February 29, 1992

Croatia, June 25, 1991
Macedonia (officially The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) declared independence on
September 8, 1991 but wasn't recognized by the United Nations until 1993 and the United States and
Russia in February of 1994
Serbia and Montenegro, (also known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), April 17, 1992 Slovenia,
June 25, 1991
Fifteen new countries became independent with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Most of these
countries declared independence a few months preceding the fall of the Soviet Union in late 1991.
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Happiest Countries
World Happiness Report Update 2020, by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network for
the United Nations.
The data used to rank countries in each report is drawn from the Gallup World Poll, as well as other
sources such as the World Values Survey, in some of the reports. The Gallup World Poll
questionnaire measures 14 areas within its core questions: (1) business & economics, (2) citizen
engagement, (3) communications & technology,
(4) diversity (social issues), (5) education & families, (6) emotions (well-being), (7) environment &
energy, (8) food & shelter, (9) government and politics, (10) law & order (safety), (11) health, (12)
religion and ethics, (13) transportation, and (14) work.
1. Finland
2. Denmark
3. switzerland
4.Iceland
5. Norway
6.The netherlands
7. Sweden
8. New Zealand
9. LUXEMBOURG
10.Austria
11. Canada
12. Australia
13.UNITED KINGDOM
14.Israel
15.Costa Rica
Ten Strongest Military Powers

1. USA
Defense Budget: $601 billion
Active frontline personnel: 1,400,000
Tanks: 8,848
Total aircraft: 13,892
Submarines: 72
2. Russia
Defense Budget: $84.5 billion
Active frontline personnel: 766,055
Tanks: 15,398
Submarines: 55
3. China
Tanks: 9,150
Submarines: 67
4. Japan
Tanks: 678
Submarines: 16
5. India
Tanks: 6,464
Submarines: 15
6. France
Tanks: 423
Submarines: 10
7. South Korea
Tanks: 2,381
Submarines: 13
8. Italy
Tanks: 586
Total aircraft: 760
Submarines: 6
9. UNITED KINGDOM
Tanks: 407
Total aircraft: 936
Submarines: 10
10. Turkey
Tanks: 3,778
Submarines: 13
QUIZ NO.1
1. It argued that because monopolies arose, the government should step into the marketplace and
regulate it. – MODERN LIBERALISM
2. Classical Liberalism preaches laissez-faire which is contained in the book The Wealth of Nations
written by this man, -ADAM SMITH
3. He claimed that the state is a parasite and an enemy of the people, thus he advocated its
destruction. -Mikhail Bakunin
4. Socialism and this ideology came from the same social movement, thus their tenets are similar. –
SOCIALISM
5. Social Democracy held sway in countries located in this region. –WESTEN EUROPE
6. His Communist Manifesto predicts the collapse of the present system and the establishment of a
dictatorship of the proletariat which shall oversee the elimination of all forms of capitalism from
society. – KARL MAX
7. He advocated economic equality and common ownership of land and is dubbed as the Father of
modern socialism. – FRANCOIS-NOEL BABEUF
8. This man and his associate Friedrich Engels broke with the more benign utopian socialists,
asserting that a radical transformation of society could only be attained by open class conflict.–KARL
MAX
9. Liberalism came from the Latin word “liber” which means this. –FREE
10. Adam Smith argued the economy will be regulated by the “invisible hand” which refers to this. –
THE DESIRE FOR PROFIT
11. He claimed religion is the opium of the masses because it tricks them to believe change will come
even if they don’t fight for it. –KARL MAX
12. The system of classification of ideologies was patterned after the seating arrangement of this
assembly during the French Revolution.
– THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT
13. He concluded that Marx has been wrong about revolution as what were needed in his view are
welfare measures to improve living conditions the nationalization of industries.
– EDUARD BERNSTEIN
14. This ideology claims man is inherently evil and needs to be restrained by a strong government. –
CLASSIC CONSERVATISM
15. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith wrote mercantilism based the wealth of a country on this.
–GOLD BULLION RESERVES
16. Praising the virtues of a smaller government, he said, “that government is best that governs less.”
– THOMAS JEFFERSON
17. He was credited with coining the term “ideologies” referring to a new science of ideas.
-Antoine Destutt de Tracy
18. This ideology believes all forms of authority are evil and should be destroyed.
–ANARCHISM
19. This ideology claims that human freedom is more supreme than any law of the land.
-ANARCHISM
20. This ideology believes that since man is inherently evil, society therefore needs traditions,
institutions and standards of morality in order to contain the irrational passions of man.
- CLASSIC CONSERVATISM
21. This ideology came about in reaction to the defects of the laissez-faire system.
-MODERN LIBERALISM
22. This ideology advocates the nationalization of privately-owned industries.
-COMMUNISM/SOCIALISM
23. This ideology advocates governmental non-interference on business.
–CLASSIC LIBERALISM
24. Ideologies which favor equality, welfare programs and sometimes, government intervention in the
economy can be found on this part of the political spectrum. –LEFT
25. Today ideologies which stress individual initiative and private economic activity can be found on
this part of the political spectrum. -RIGHT
QUIZ NO.2
1. The establishment of the United Nations made conquest unacceptable as a way of acquiring
territory. TRUE
2. Leaders who rule through Divine Right usually possess godly virtues.- FALSE
3. In the cession of a territory, the parties involved are states.- TRUE
4. Once a state ha entered into diplomatic relations with another state, it cannot breal away from
such relations. –FALSE
5. The divine right theory has been used by dictators throughout history to justify their oppressive
rule. –TRUE
6. There are states inhabited by many national and linguistic groups. –TRUE
7. A nation or an ethnic group can exist without a state of their own. –TRUE
8. A state has the right to use force against an aggressor state when it reasonably believes that
such conduct is necessary to defend itself from aggression. –TRUE
9. The right of independence is not absolute as small states will always a state be under the
dictation, subjection, control or intervention of bigger states. –TRUE
10. The term territory came from the Latin/French "terre" which means seas.
–FALSE
11. This is said to be the oldest method of acquiring title to territory. – DISCOVERY
12. This state right is based on the doctrine that states have the same rights as international
persons regardless of differences in size, population, power, degree of civilization
–RIGHT OF EQUALITY
13. Title over a piece of territory is acquired through continued occupation over a long period of
time by one state of territory actually and originally belonging to another state.
-PRESCRIPTION
14. This refers to the definite portion of the earth over which the state’s jurisdiction extends.
-TERRITORY
15. This theory encourages a revolution if leaders become corrupt and abusive.
-Social Contract Theory
16. This state element refers to the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an
independent state is governed. – SOVEREIGNTY
17. This refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated and enforced.
-GOVERNMENT
18. According to experts, this theory is the origin of the economic and political system known as
feudalism. -Force or necissity theory
19. While the term "state" refers to a political entity with four elements, the word nation refers to this.
-a group of people
20. This is the right of a state to be free from dependence, dictation, subjection, control and
intervention of another state or exterior power. -Right of independence

QUIZ NO. 3
1. In the 17th Century, European powers approved Napoleon's effort to spread the ideals of the
French Revolution. –FALSE
2. Napoleon forwarded the the idea that states must have control over their own affairs and not to
meddle in other states' affairs -FALSE
3. Birth privileges and freedom of religion are almost always absent in an absolute monarchical
form of government. –TRUE
4. People are free to elect their leaders in an absolute monarchical form of government. -FALSE
5. Internationalism is good in the sense that it brings various nations to live in peace with each other.
–TRUE
6. President Wilson believed in the idea that only in being democracies would nations be able to build
a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation. –TRUE
7. The League of Nations was a useless organization as far as promoting internationalism is
concerned. –FALSE
8. Countries like China, Russia and Afghanistan, being dictatorships have practices which are outside
of internationally-approved norms. –TRUE
9. Having a system of birth privileges is discriminatory since the system judges people based on their
blood and not on their abilities. –TRUE
10. The great powers of Europe opposed Napoleon because the ideals he was promoting were
considered "ungodly." –FALSE
11. He was the first thinker to reconcile nationalism with international liberalism,
-Giuseppe Mazzini
12. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating the creation of the League of Nations. -
Woodrow Wilson
13 He coined the term international in 1780 and advocated the creation of International Law that
would govern interstate relations. -Jeremy Bentham
14.Treaty of Westphalia was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end this war.
-Thirty Years War
15. This event was said to have spread the ideas of forbidding birth privileges, encouraged freedom
of religion promoted meritocracy in government.
– THE NAPOLEONIC WARS
16. Also known as the French Civil Code of 1804, this code defined the concept of equality before the
law and also secured the right to property. - THE NAPOLEONIC CODE
17. This is a political system in which political power is vested in individual people on the basis of
talent, effort, and achievement, rather than wealth or social class.
–MERITOCRACY
18. This is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among states
and nations. – INTERNATIONALISM
19. This is said to be origin of the present-day concept of sovereignty.
- Treaty of Westphalia
20. The first major thinker of international liberalism, he likened states to people living in a territory,
with a government to prevent lawlessness. –IMMANUEL KANT
QUIZ NO. 4
1. A provision for membership withdrawal is explicitly included in the UN Charter. –FALSE
2. UN members have the option of solving disputes through armed force if necessary.
-FALSE
3. The civil war in Syria is an example of an inter-state conflict. –FALSE
4. The war between Armenia and Azerbaijan is another example of an inter-state conflict. -TRUE
5. Permanent members of the Security Council could block Resolutions deemed unacceptable to
them. –TRUE
6. Candidates for UN Secretary-General are selected from the five permanent members of the
Security Council. –FALSE
7. When voting on substantive matters the nine affirmative votes of Security Council members are
required and must include those of the five permanent members. –TRUE
8. Envoys and governments may also serve as peacemakers between warring parties. –TRUE
9. This aims to reduce the risk of warring parties lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening
national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable
peace and development. –PEACEBUILDING
10. This is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations. –GENERAL ASSEMBLY
11. Membership in the UN is open to all states, which bear this quality.
–PEACE LOVING
12. This involves diplomatic measures to keep tensions and disputes from escalating into violent
conflict. –CONFLICT PREVENTION
13. He brokered peace between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in 1994
- BILL CLINTON
14. He brokered the peace talks between Israel and Egypt in 1979.
- President Jimmy Carter
15. He was assassinated for making peace with PLO leader Yasser Arafat.
- Yitzhak Rabin
16. This generally includes measures to address conflicts in progress.-PEACEMAKING
17. He was assassinated for signing a peace treaty with Israel in 1979 and recognizing Israel's right
to exist. –ANWAR SADAT
18. This involves the application of a range of coercive measures to force conflicting parties to resort
to peaceful means in resolving conflicts. –PEACE ENFORCEMENT
19. The US enforcing a "No Fly Zone" in southern Iraq to prevent the Shia and Sunni forces apart is
an example of this. . –PEACE ENFORCEMENT
20. This organ which has its seat in The Hague, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. -
The International Court of Justice

Assignment 1
1. The US Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage in the United States.
Social Liberalism
2. The Roman Catholic Church strictly enforces sexual abstinence among the clergy.
Social Conservatism
3. Congressmen rejected the passage of a bill granting franchise to ABS-CBN.
Economic/Fiscal Liberalism
4. Beauty contests featuring women in swimsuits were prohibited from being held.
-Social Conservatism
5. Swedes who lose their jobs undergo government training so they get better jobs.
-Economic/Fiscal Liberalism
6. Under Taliban rule, men can be executed for engaging in homosexual activities.
Social Conservatism
7. Under the rule of the Taliban, Afghan women were told to cover their bodies from head to toe.
Social Conservatism
8. China made a law limiting the number of hours per day children can play video games.
Social Conservatism
9. The government orders an oil-price freeze in typhoon-hit areas to protect the interests of the
typhoon victims.
Economic/Fiscal Liberalism
10. The Divorce Bill was reintroduced by Senator Risa Hontiveros in the Philippine Senate.
-Social Liberalism
11. Jeepney drivers were given gasoline subsidies by the government to augment their
incomes.
- Economic/Fiscal Liberalism
12. The Duterte administration allowed the entry of imported fish into the Philippine market.
Economic/Fiscal Conservatism
13. Jeepney drivers and operators were prohibited from going on strike so as not to disrupt
business operations of factories and malls.
- Economic/Fiscal Conservatism
14. The Department of Education requires all teachers in public schools to start classes with a prayer.
-Social Conservatism
15. The Philippines joined the World Trade Organization effectively lowering tariffs on most food
items.
-Economic/Fiscal Conservatism
16. During the Ramos Administration, Congress passed a law deregulating the Oil Industry in the
country.
17. Under the Rice Tariffication Law, foreign rice was allowed to enter the Philippines without much
restrictions.
18. Sweden helps people who lost their jobs by providing them social security money to until they
find a new job.
--Economic/Fiscal Conservatism
19. President Obama abolished the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell Policy finally allowing gay people to serve in
the military.
Social Liberalism
20. The Reproductive Health Bill, a bill designed to protect women’s health was signed by President
Aquino into law.
-Social Liberalism

Assignment 2
A. The following has a major impact on the power of a state
1. Its electoral system –FALSE
2. The area of its territory –TRUE
3. The size of its population -TRUE
4. The form of its government-FALSE
5. The quality of its population -TRUE
6. Its available natural resources-TRUE
7. The language the people speak -FALSE
8. The size of its territorial waters –FALSE
9. The homogeneity of its population –FALSE
10. The region of the earth where it is located -TRUE
B. The following state actions are legal under International Law:

11. The US claimed the area at the Mississippi delta.-TRUE
12. Israel annexed Palestinian lands it won in the 1967 War.- FALSE
13. China invaded and annexed Tibet, an independent Kingdom. –FALSE
14. Russia invaded the Ukrainian territory of Crimea and annexed it. –FALSE
15. The Philippines claimed Benham Rise, an unclaimed territory, by applying for it at the UN.-TRUE
16. The UAE reclaimed parts of the Persian Gulf within its territorial waters.-TRUE
17. The Netherlands reclaimed lands near its shores to widen its living space.-TRUE
18. The United States exercised sovereignty over Alaska after purchasing it from Russia.-TRUE
19. Russia invaded Georgia’s South Ossetia region and declared it an independent country.-FALSE
20. China reclaims islands in the South China Sea, 700 miles away from its nearest province. –
FALSE
ASSIGNMENT 3
Listed are member states of the United Nations. From the choices given, select the international
organization of which they are a member.

1. United States of America- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
2. United Kingdom- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3. China –United Nations
4. France- Le Francophonie
5. Russia- The Council of Europe
6. Italy -European Union
7. Germany- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
8. Japan -Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
9. Saudi Arabia- Arab League
10. Australia -Pacific Islands Forum
11. India -South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation
12. Philippines -East Asia Summit
13. Amnesty International- NGO
14. Crawford & Company –TNC
15. Tesla – TNC
Tell whether the listed item is an example of an inter-governmental organization (IGO), a
transnational corporation (TNC) or a non-governmental organization (NGO).
16. World Health Organization – IGO
17. Verizon Wireless- TNC
18. Trans-Pacific Partnership- IGO
19. World Vision International- NGO
20. Doctors Without Borders- NGO

Globalization Module Overview

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Module 1 Globalization

As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of

Globalism vs. globalization

Globalism is the idea that events in one country cannot be separated from those in another and

 while globalization refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.

The term first appeared in the early 20th century,

came into popular use in the 1990s.

Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s,

Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across

It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.

Technological globalization: the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected

Positive Aspects of Globalization:

1. improved standard of living;

2. competition results to low prices and good product quality;

4. governments cooperate to achieve common goals; and

Negative Aspects of Globalization:

2. some cultural beliefs fade or disappear;

4. lack of regulation lead to environmental degradation;

5. poor countries adopt policies not applicable to them.

An ideology is basically a plan to improve society.

IDEOLOGY – PARTY PLATFORM - GOVERNMENT POLICIES – GOVERNEMENT

 the production and exchange of goods can be stimulated, and a

 consequent rise in the general standard of living attained,

 with a minimum of regulation and control by governments.

To explain this concept of government maintaining a laissez-faire attitude toward commercial

The view of liberalism is that :

Modern Liberalism was a reaction to the defects of the laissez-faire system.

Conservatism emphasize the marketplace as

It also looks up to the government in upholding conservative values.

Advocates included US President Ronald Reagan and British PM Margaret Thatcher.

Socialism/Communism can be defined as an ideology that rejects individualism,

Economic or material forces are behind all human activity; and

violent mass action is necessary to bring about radical change.

Its basis is the supreme value and importance of individual freedom.

An individual bases his civil disobedience on personal and ethical consideration.

 Nationalism is defined as devotion to the interests or glory of one’s own country.

 It began as a mass movement with the French Revolution.

Fascism is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power,

Ideologies follow a system of classification described as left, right, and centre.

The radicals (who favoured abolition) to the left.

The moderates were seated in the centre

The “right” stresses individual initiative and private economic activity.

Role for the government in the area of economic security.

Role of the Favor-Favor – Populist

Populism is an ideology that favours an activist government as a means of promoting economic

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATES

State distinguished from Nation

FACTORS THAT AFFECT STATE POWER:

Four requirements of prescription:

2) the possession must be for a long period of time;

3) the possession must be public; and

4) the possession must be peaceful and uninterrupted.

Treaty of Westphalia, origin of the present-day concept of sovereignty;

provided stability in Europe until challenged by Napoleon.

He wanted to spreads the ideals of the French Revolution--liberty, equality, fraternity,

Anglo and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon in Waterloo;

The present world system has traces of this history;

Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation

He likened states to people living in a territory, with a government to prevent lawlessness;

it created concern that a world government would threaten state sovereignty;

Form the Latin “res publica,” loosely meaning 'public affair'

Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite to internationalism;