Soil Mechanic and Geotechnical 2018

2018
Lecture notes in Soil Mechanics

and Geotechnical Engineering
SAYAR CHAN
SAYAR CHAN 095046641
Soil Formation and Basic-Relation ships
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soil + air = dry soil
soil +water =fully saturated soil
soil + air +water = partially saturated soil
Void ratio(e)
Void ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to volume of solids.
e=
Porosity(n)
Porosity is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of soil.
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n=
Degree of saturation(S)
Degree of saturation is defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids.
S=
S= 0% for dry soil

S= 100% for saturated soil
Moisture content (m) or Water content (ω)

Water content is defined as the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids in the soil.
ω=
Relationship between void ratio and porosity
e = = = =

n=
Unit weight(γ)
Unit weight is the weight of soil per unit volume.
γ=
[ ]
γ= = = =
Dry Unit weight(γd)
Dry unit weight is defined as the weight per unit volume of soil ,excluding water.
γd =
γd =
Mass Density(ρ)
Mass density is the ratio of total mass to total volume.
ρ=
Dry Density(ρd)
ρd =
γ = ρ.g
γd = ρd . g
Specific Gravity (Gs)
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the unit weight of a given material to the unit weight
of water.
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Gs = (or) Gs =

Relationship among Unit Weight,Void Ratio,Moisture Content and Specific Gravity
( )
γ= = = =

γd = =

e= − 1
S= =
If the soil sample is saturated .
S = 100%
S =1
1=
e=
( )
γsat = = = =
E.g-1. A moist soil has these values V = 0.25 ft3 ,W = 30.75lb, ω=9.8% and Gs =
2.66.Determine
the following
(a) γ (b) (c)e (d)n (e) S% (f)Volume occupied by water
Solution
.
(a)γ = = = 123 lb/ ft3
.
(b) γd = = .
= 112.02lb /ft3
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. × .
(c)Ws = ( )
= .
=28.01 lb
Gs =

.
2.66 =
× .
Vs = 0.17 ft3
. .
e = = = = 0.48
.
.
(d) n = = =0.324
.
. × .
(e) S = = = = 0.54 = 54%
.
(f)Wω = W – Ws =30.75-28 = 2.75lb
.
Vω = = .
= 0.044 ft3
E.g-2.The dry density of a sand with a porosity of 0.387 is 1600 kg / m3.Find

the void ratio the soil and the specific gravity of soil solids.
solution
n = 0.387 , ρd = 1600kg/m3
e = ? , Gs = ?
.
e = = = 0.631
.

ρd =
ρd (1+e)
Gs =
1600(1+0.631)
= = 2.61
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Cone- penetrometer method
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.A liquid limit test carried out on a sample of inorganic soil taken from below the water table
gave the following results;
Penetration(mm) 15.6 18.2 21.4 23.6

Moisture content(%) 34.6 40.8 48.2 53.4
A plastic limit test gave a value of 33%.Determine the liquid limit and plasticity index of this
soil.
solution
Cone penetration(mm)
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Water content(ω) %
L.L =46%, P.L = 33%

P.I = L.L – P.L = 46 -33 =13%
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Soil Compaction
Compaction of soil:
Compaction is the process of increasing the density of a soil by packing the particles
closer together with a reduction in the volume of air only. Compaction increases the dry
density and decreases the void ratio.
Purpose of compaction:
1- Increase shear strength of soil
2- Reduce void ratio thus reduce permeability
3- Controlling the swell-shrinkage movement
4- Reduce settlement under working load
5- Prevent the buildup of large water pressure
Factors affecting compaction:

• Water content
• Type of soil
• Compaction energy or effort
Effect of Water Content-

1. With increase in water content, compacted density increases up to a stage, beyond which
compacted density decreases.
2. The maximum density achieved is called MDD and the corresponding water content is
called OMC.
3. At lower water contents than OMC, soil particles are held by the force that prevents the
development of diffused double layer leading to low inter-particle repulsion.
4. Increase in water results in expansion of double layer and reduction in net attractive force
between particles. Water replaces air in void space
5. Particles slide over each other easily increasing lubrication, helping in dense packing.
6. After OMC is reached, air voids remain constant. Further increase in water, increases the
void space, thereby decreasing dry density.
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Flow of Water through Soils
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Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity
Constant-Head Test
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Effective Stress
σ = σ' +u
σ' = σ – u
= H ×γ'
γ'= γsat – γw
E g 1.A soil profile is shown in fig; Calculate the total stress , porewater pressure and
effective stress at points A ,B and C.
. × .
γd = = = 103.1 lb/ft3
.
( ) . ( . . )
γsat = = = 132.4 lb/ft3
.
Point Total stress(σ) Pore water Effective stress(σ')
(lb/ft2) pressure(u) (lb/ft2)
(lb/ft2)
A 0 0 0
B 12x103.1=1237.2 0 1237.2
C 1237.2+(15x132.4)=3223.2 62.4x15=936 2287.2
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4m
5m
sand r = 19
sat
Clay
6m
r sat= 20
(a)
depth Total stress(σ) Pore water Effective stress(σ')
(kN/m2) pressure(u) (kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
2.5 20x4+19x2.5=127.5 9.81x2.5=24.525 103
8 19x5+20x3=155 9.81x5+9.81x3=78.48 76.52
(b)
depth Total stress(σ) Pore water Effective stress(σ')
(kN/m2) pressure(u) (kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
2.5 20x4+19x2.5=127.5 9.81x2.5=24.525 103
8 20x4+19x5+20x3=235 9.81x5+9.81x3=78.48 156.52
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Settlement and Consolidation

Categories:
1. Immediate settlement - elastic deformation of dry soil and moist and saturated soils
without change to moisture content
a. due to high permeability, pore pressure in clays support the entire added load and
no immediate settlement occurs
b. generally, due to the construction process, immediate settlement is not important
2. Primary consolidation settlement - volume change in saturated cohesive soils because
of the expulsion of water from void spaces
a. high permeability of sandy, cohesionless soils result in near immediate drainage
due to the increase in pore water pressure and no primary consolidation settlement
occurs
3. Secondary compression settlement - plastic adjustment of soil fabric in cohesive soils
Preconsolidation Condition
1. normally consolidated - present effective overburden pressure = maximum pressure
the soil has been subjected to in the past (pc)
2. overconsolidated - present effective overburden pressure < maximum pressure the soil
has been subjected to in the past (pc)
Normally consolidated Overconsolidated

e
Non-linear
Void ratio, e
rebound when b
load is removed a f
log p log p
d
Preconsolidation pressure determination c

g
(Casagrande, 1936)
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pc h
log p
1. Establish point a at which e-log p has minimum radius of curvature

2. Draw horizontal line from a (line ab)
3. Draw tangent to curve at a (line ac)
4. Draw line ad to bisect angle bac
5. Project the straight-line portion of gh back to intersect ad at f
6. Abscissa of point f is the preconsolidation pressure, pc
Compression index Cc = slope of the e-log p curve:

e1  e2 e
Cc  
p p  p 
log 2  log o
 p 1  po 
Calculation of Ultimate Primary Consolidation
normally consolidated clays
Cc H  p  p 
S log o 
1  eo  p o 
overconsolidated clay
(pc  po + p)
Cs H  p  p 
S log o 
1  eo  po 
(pc < po + p)
CS H p  CH  p  p 
S log c   c log o 
1  eo  po  1  eo  pc 
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Swell Index… determined from lab tests, generally C S  101 CC to 15 CC
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Consolidation
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∆ =310-185=125kPa
S=∆ =0.00025× 125 × 4 = 0.125
S=1 × 10 × 8 × 100 = 0.08
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= . × ( ) =555555.55min=385.5days
( )
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Shear Strength Of Soil
∆σ
σ
σ3 ‫ז‬f
σ3 σ3
θ
σ3
τf = c+σ tan Ø
C = cohesion of soil
Ø = angle of friction
τf = c'+σ tan Ø'
∆σd =Deviator stress

∆μd = Pore water pressure
σ3 =all round pressure (or) minor principle stress
σ1 = ∆σd + σ3 = major principle stress
σ1'= σ1 - ∆μd
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σ3'= σ3 - ∆μd
θ = angle of failure plane
τf = ( )
sin2θ
( ) ( )
σ= + 2
Ø
θ = 45 +
Ø Ø
σ1 = σ3 tan2 (45 + ) + 2c tan (45 + )
(σ1 - σ3 )/2
Ø
2θ
c
σ3 σ1
(σ1 + σ3 )/2
The Direct Shear Test
Triaxial Shear Test

∆
A = Ao ∆
Stress Path
The effective stress path (ESP)
The total stress path (TSP)
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(σ1 - σ3 )/2
Ø’
ESP TSP
C’
(σ1 ‘ + σ3 ‘)/2
(σ1 + σ3 )/2
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----------------------------------88888888888888888888--------------------------------
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Slope Stability
Fs =
Ø
Fs = Ø
Fc =
Ø
FØ = Ø
Infinite slpoe
Ø
Fs = +
if Fs = 1 ; H = Hcr
Hcr = ( Ø)
Finite slope
( Ø )
Cd = Ø
( Ø )
. =m= Ø
m = stability number
Ø
max: height Hcr = ( Ø )
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Ans 140lb
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. × . × × . ×
= .
= 44.88
( ) ×
=44.88 × . ×
=55.66
Ans b
Ans d
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( ) ×
=7 × × .
=9.71
Ans b
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= (2 × 18.3) + (6 × 19) = 150.6 / 2

= (2 × 18.3) + [6 × (19 − 9.81)] = 91.74 / 2
− 0.6 × 10 − 150.6
= = = 29.96 / 2 ( = 15)
15
. .
. × .
OCR=0.37 =0.37 .
= 1.84
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Soil Mechanic and Geotechnical 2018

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2018

Lecture notes in Soil Mechanics

Soil Formation and Basic-Relation ships

soil + air = dry soil

soil +water =fully saturated soil

soil + air +water = partially saturated soil

S= 0% for dry soil

Moisture content (m) or Water content (ω)

E.g-2.The dry density of a sand with a porosity of 0.387 is 1600 kg / m3.Find

Cone- penetrometer method

Penetration(mm) 15.6 18.2 21.4 23.6

L.L =46%, P.L = 33%

Factors affecting compaction:

Effect of Water Content-

Flow of Water through Soils

Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity

C 1237.2+(15x132.4)=3223.2 62.4x15=936 2287.2

8 19x5+20x3=155 9.81x5+9.81x3=78.48 76.52

8 20x4+19x5+20x3=235 9.81x5+9.81x3=78.48 156.52

Settlement and Consolidation

Normally consolidated Overconsolidated

Preconsolidation pressure determination c

1. Establish point a at which e-log p has minimum radius of curvature

Compression index Cc = slope of the e-log p curve:

Calculation of Ultimate Primary Consolidation

normally consolidated clays

(pc < po + p)

Swell Index… determined from lab tests, generally C S  101 CC to 15 CC

S=∆ =0.00025× 125 × 4 = 0.125

S=1 × 10 × 8 × 100 = 0.08

Shear Strength Of Soil

∆σd =Deviator stress

The Direct Shear Test

Triaxial Shear Test

= (2 × 18.3) + (6 × 19) = 150.6 / 2

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