University of Guyana

Faculty of Engineering and

Technology Department of Geology
and Petroleum

PEG4105 – Basic Well Logging

Assignment#2
Lecturer: Dr. Neal Alleyne

Name: Harvey Stoll

USI: 1033784
Date of Submission: 18th October 2022
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Basic Well Logging - FMEV3002 / PEG4105

Semester 1 2022/23
Homework Assignment 2
The assignment is due on October 18, 2022 @ 11:59 PM

The objective of this homework assignment is to provide practice in solving

problems based on the electrical resistivity of rocks

Question 1 (10 marks)

Given the values below, calculate water saturation, assuming zero shale volume, and
values of a = 1, m = 2 and n = 2. Rw = 0.05 ohm-m at formation temperature.

Rt Porosity (%) Sw (%)

Zone A 55 22 14
Zone B 20 12 42
Zone C 220 8 19
Zone D 8 18 44
Zone E 5 10 100

Zone A

𝒂 𝟏
𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹𝒘 ∗ ∗
𝝓𝒎 𝑺𝒏𝒘
𝑛 𝑅 ∗
𝑎
𝑤 𝜙𝑚
∴ 𝑆𝑤 = √
𝑅𝑡

0.05 1
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
55 0.222
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒

Zone B

0.05 1
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
20 0.122
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐
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Zone C

0.05 1
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
8 0.182
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗

Zone D

0.05 1
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
220 0.082
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒

Zone E

0.05 1
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
5 0.102
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎

Question 2 (32 marks)

Given the values below, calculate water saturation, assuming zero shale volume, and
values of a = 0.81(the Ridgefield relation), m = 2, and n = 2. Rw = 0.12 at formation
temperature. Then recalculate Sw changing m to 2.15 and a to 0.62, (the Humble
relation). The Ridgefield and Humble relations are for the formation factor, F.

Rt Porosity (%) Ridgefield Humble

Sw (%) Sw (%)
Zone A 20 28 24.9 24.0
Zone B 1 30 103.9 99.5
Zone C 15 15 53.7 54.1
Zone D 12 12 75.0 76.9
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1. For Ridgefield

Using archie’s equation:

𝑛 𝑅 ∗
𝑎
𝑤 𝜙𝑚
𝑆𝑤 = √
𝑅𝑡

Zone A

0.12 0.81
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
20 0.282
𝑺𝒘 = 0.25

Zone B

0.12 0.81
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
1 0.302
𝑺𝒘 = 1.04

Zone C

0.12 0.81
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
15 0.152
𝑺𝒘 = 0.54

Zone D

0.12 0.81
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
12 0.122
𝑺𝒘 = 0.75
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2. For Humble

Zone A

0.12 0.62
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
20 0.282.15
𝑺𝒘 = 0.24

Zone B

0.12 0.62
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
1 0.302.15
𝑺𝒘 = 1.00

Zone C

0.12 0.62
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
15 0.152.15
𝑺𝒘 = 0.54

Zone D

0.12 0.62
𝑆𝑤 = √ ∗
12 0.122.15
𝑺𝒘 = 0.77

Question 3 (8 marks)
Does a high formation resistivity necessarily indicate the presence of hydrocarbons?
Explain your answer.

From the archie’s equation:

𝑎 1
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑤 ∗ ∗
𝜙 𝑚 𝑆𝑤𝑛
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If there is a high presence of hydrocarbons, that therefore means the water saturation (𝑆𝑤 )
will be lower. Since 𝑆𝑤 decreases, the formation resistivity (𝑅𝑡 ) will increase. Hence,
there is a possible indication of hydrocarbons present with a high resistivity.

Also, hydrocarbons do not conduct electricity well, which therefore means they will have
a high resistivity.

Question 4 (20 marks)

The questions below relate to the same rock sequence
a. A clean limestone water-bearing formation displays a true resistivity of 7.0 Ω-m
and formation water resistivity of 0.02 Ω-m. Give your best estimate of the
formation porosity.

Assuming:
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟏 since it is water bearing
∴ 𝑹𝒐 = 𝟕. 𝟎 Ω-m
𝑹𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 Ω-m
𝒂 = 𝟏 since it is a limestone (carbonate)
𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 since it is a carbonate that generally has an m>2

𝑅𝑜
𝐹=
𝑅𝑤
7.0 Ω − m
𝐹=
0.02 Ω − m
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎

From F = 350;
𝑎
𝐹=
𝜙𝑚
𝑚 𝑎
𝜙= √
𝐹
1
1 2.13
𝜙=( )
350
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒

Hence, the estimated porosity is 6.4 %.

b. An adjacent oil-bearing limestone zone displays a true resistivity of 28 Ω-m. Give

your best estimate of the oil saturation.
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𝑹𝒕 = 𝟐𝟖 Ω-m
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟕. 𝟎 Ω-m

The saturation index of the reservoir was found to determine the oil saturation:
𝑅𝑡
𝐼𝑅 =
𝑅𝑜
28 Ω − m
𝐼𝑅 =
7.0 Ω − m
𝑰𝑹 = 𝟒

1
𝐼𝑟 =
𝑆𝑤2
1
𝑆𝑤 = √
𝐼𝑟

1
𝑆𝑤 = √
4
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓

Since 𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 1 − 𝑆𝑤 = 𝑆𝑜 ;
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟓

Hence, the oil saturation is 50%.

c. To estimate the value of oil saturation in Part b, you had to make several
assumptions. What are these assumptions and how do you justify each of them?

First, to find the saturation index of the reservoir (Ir), the Ro from part A was used
since it is assumed that both limestones from Part A and B are apart of the same
reservoir.

Finally, it was assumed that this limestone reservoir is not also saturated with gas.
Thus, from determing the water saturation, the oil saturation was determined.
7.1
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Question 5 (15 marks)

The following data pertain to a carbonate formation:

Formation thickness = 15 ft.
Formation water salinity = 95000 ppm.
Formation temperature = 200 deg F.
Cementation factor = 2.2
The vertical resistivity profile of the formation is shown in the figure above.
a. If Zone B is water-bearing, estimate its porosity.
• 𝑺𝒘 = 𝟏
• 𝑹𝒐 = 𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎-m since it is water bearing the Sw=1
• 𝑹𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒐𝒉𝒎-m read off from Gen-9 chart using data provided
• 𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟐
• a = 1 since it is a carbonate reservoir

𝒂
𝑹𝒐 = 𝑹𝒘 ∗
𝝓𝒎
1
5 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚 = 0.03 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚 ∗
𝜙 2.2
1
0.03 2.2
𝜙=( )
5
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖 or 9.8%
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Hence, the porosity is 9.8%.

b. If Zone A is an oil zone, estimate the oil saturation.

𝑹𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎 ohm-m
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎-m

30 ohm − m
𝐼𝑟 =
5 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚
𝑰𝒓 = 𝟔

From Ir = 15;
1
∴ 𝑆𝑤 = √
6
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖%

Hence, 𝑆𝑜 = 1 − 0.408 = 0.592. Oil saturation is 59.2%.

c. Using qualitative and quantitative reasoning, give a complete explanation of the

relatively high resistivity displayed by Zone C of the formation.
Judging from the formation resistivity of Zone C that has a formation resistivity of 15
ohm-m, since it is above Zone A but less than Zone B there is an indication of
hydrocarbon presence.

For instance, finding the saturation index of that formation:

𝑹𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓 ohm-m
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎-m

15 ohm − m
𝐼𝑟 =
5 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚
𝑰𝒓 = 𝟑

From Ir = 3;
1
∴ 𝑆𝑤 = √
3
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕%
Hence, 𝑺𝒉 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 or 42.3%.
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Therefore, this confirms that there is possible indication of hydrocarbons in Zone C

which gives a lower water saturation. A lower water saturation means it will have an
inverse effect on the formation resistivity.

However, since Zone B is a water bearing formation, it cannot exist above the
hydrocarbon bearing Zone C naturally due to difference in specific gravity. Unless, Zone
C is a solid formation like a seal to trap the water and above it, in this case being a shale
formation.

Question 6 (15 marks)

a. You are evaluating a sand where the porosity, m and Rw remain constant. The
lower part of the sand is water-bearing (Sw = 100%) and has a resistivity of 1 Ω-
m. The upper part of the sand has a resistivity of 7.4 Ω-m. If n=1.75, what is the
water saturation in the upper part of the sand?

𝑹𝒐 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒉𝒎-m since the tested formation is 100% Sw

𝑹𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟒 𝒐𝒉𝒎-m
n = 1.75

𝟏
𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹𝒐 ∗
𝑺𝒏𝒘
1
7.4 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − m = 1 𝑜ℎ𝑚-m ∗ 𝑆1.75
𝑤
1
1 1.75
𝑆𝑤 = ( )
7.4
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗%

Hence, the water saturation for the upper part of the sand is 31.9%.

b. If n can vary from 1.6 to 2.2, what is the possible range of water saturation in the
upper part of the sand?
From archie’s equation, using the same parameters from part A:
𝑛 𝑅𝑜
𝑆𝑤 = √
𝑅𝑡

When n = 1.6;
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1
1 1.6
𝑆𝑤 = ( )
7.4
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟔%

When n = 2.2;
1
1 2.2
𝑆𝑤 = ( )
7.4
𝑺𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑%

Hence, the possible range of water saturation is from 28.6% to 40.3%.

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 Index of comments

7.1 You should take Ro apart to see the parameters which it includes and justify why these can be the same between A
and B.

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