Example 1.

A cylindrical reservoir with a diameter of 6m is supported by a ring beam, which is

supported on 8 equidistant columns. Analyze and design the ring beam to support the load from
the superstructure. Use C20/25 concrete grade and S460 steel grade.

• Dimensions of a beam=300 × 450𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• Dimensions of columns=300mm circular columns
• Thickness of reservoir walls=250mm
• Thickness of reservoir slab=250mm
The plan view of the structural disposition of the reservoir is as shown below

6m
C

B D

2θ

A E

H F

Plan view of a ring beam

 250mm

5m

4.75m

250mm

6m

Sectional view of a reservoir

 Stored water

Reservoir

Columns

3D view of a reservoir supported

on a ring beam & 8 columns

Step 1 Material Properties

Concrete Rebar
C20/25 S460

f cu = 25MPa f yk = 460 MPa

f yk 460
f ck = 20 MPa f yd
= = = 400 MPa
1.15 1.15
f ck 20
=f cd 0.85
= 0.85
= 11.33MPa
1.5 1.5
Step 2 Loading & Analysis
2.1 Loading
a) Density of materials

Unit weight of water, ϒ𝑤𝑤 = 10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 -Unit weight of concrete, 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 =25kN/m3
b) Dead loads

weight of the walls =𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 25 × 𝜋𝜋 × 6 × 4.75 × 0.25 = 559.596𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

weight of bottom slab=𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋(𝐷𝐷2 /4)𝑡𝑡 = 25𝜋𝜋 × (62 /4) × 0.25 = 176.715𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐷𝐷2
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 𝜋𝜋 � � ℎ = 10п × (5.52 /4) × 4.5 = 1069.123𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
4

total=559.596+176.715+1069.123=1805.434kN
now transfer this load to the ring beam based on the perimeter
perimeter of the ring beam =п𝐷𝐷=6п=18.849m then w=1805.434/18.849=95.784kN/m
self-weight of the beam= 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏=25×0.3×0.45=3.375kN/m
Total dead load on beam =95.784+3.375=99.159kN/m
Factoring the load at ultimate limit state gives Pd=1.35X99.159=133.865kN/m

133.865kN/m

Loading diagram
2.2 Analysis
Number of supports, n =8
2π 360 π
2θ = = = 450 ∴ θ = 22.50 or θ = rad
n 8 8

π
k1 = 1 − θ cot(θ ) 1 − cot(22.50 ) =
k1 = 0.052
8
π
θ 8 =
k2
= = −1 − 1 0.026 because 𝛼𝛼 = 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘2
sin(θ ) sin(22.5)
 θ sin(θ − α )
=k3 + (α − θ ) let’s first calculate α, the angle corresponding to the maximum
sin(θ )
torsional moment which is given by

 
 sin(θ )  π 
−1 sin(22.5)

α=
θ − cos −1   = − cos   9.530
=
 θ  8 
π 
 8 

θ sin(θ − α ) π sin(22.5 − 9.53) π

=k3 (α − θ )
+= + (9.53 − 22.5)
= 0.004
sin(θ ) 8sin(22.5) 180
2
Maximum negative moment at the supports= k1wu r =−0.052 ×133.865 × 32 =−62.649kNm
2 2
Maximum positive moment at the spans= k2 wu r= 0.026 × 133.865 × 3= 31.324kNm
2 2
Maximum torsional moment= k3 wu r= 0.004 × 133.865 × 3= 4.819kNm

Number of 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝛼𝛼° for 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢

supports, n 2𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝐾𝐾2 𝐾𝐾3
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 (max)
4 90 45 0.215 0.1107 0.0331 19.20
5 72 36 0.135 0.0690 0.0166 15.31
6 60 30 0.093 0.0472 0.0095 12.73
8 45 22.5 0.052 0.0262 0.0039 9.53
9 40 20 0.041 0.0206 0.0028 8.47
10 36 18 0.033 0.0166 0.0020 7.62
12 30 15 0.023 0.0115 0.0012 6.35

Step 3 Flexural Design

3.1 At the Span
MEd=31.324kNm
Assume nominal cover to reinforcement=30mm and Ø=12mm bars for longitudinal and Ø=8mm
bars for transversal reinforcement are used
Effective depth, 𝑑𝑑 = 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − Ø/2 − Ø𝑠𝑠=450-30-12/2-8=406mm.

M Ed 31.324 ×106
=k = = 0.0317 < 0.167 no compression reinforcement is required
f ck bd 2 20 × 300 × 4062
 z  60 
0.5 1 + 1- k  =<
= 0.97 0.95
d  17 

z
= 0.95, z = 0.95d = 0.95 × 406 = 385.7 mm
d

M Ed 31.324 ×106
As1
= = = 203.03mm 2
z × f yd 385.7 × 400

Provide 2Ø12Bot (Asprov=226mm2)

3.2 At the Support
MEd=62.649kNm
Assume nominal cover to reinforcement=30mm
and Ø=16mm bars are used for longitudinal and Ø=8mm bars for transversal reinforcement.
Effective depth, 𝑑𝑑 = 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − Ø/2 − Ø𝑠𝑠 = 450 − 30 − 14/2 − 8 = 405𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

M Ed 62.649 ×106
=k = = 0.064 < 0.167 no compression reinforcement is required
f ck bd 2 20 × 300 × 4052

z  60 
0.5 1 + 1- k  =<
= 0.94 0.95
d  17 

z
= 0.94, z = 0.94d = 0.95 × 405 = 379.76mm
d

M Ed 62.649 ×106
As1
= = = 411.292mm 2
z × f yd 379.76 × 400

Provide 3Ø14Top (Asprov=462mm2)

Step 4 Design for Shear
2rθ wu
VEd = = 3 π ×133.865 =
rθ wu =× 157.7 kN
2 8

4.1 Check if shear reinforcement is required

 1

=VRd ,c CRD ,c k (100 ρ1 f ck ) 3 + k1σ cp  bw d ≥ ( vmin + k1σ cp ) bw d were
 
0.18 0.18 200 200
C=
RD , c = = 0.12 1+
k= 1+
= 1.703 ≤ 2 ok
=
γc 1.5 d 405
 vmin = 0.035k 1.5 f ck

Asprovided 462
=ρ1 = = 0.0038 ≤ 0.02 ok
bw d 300 × 405
σcp=Axial force/Area of concrete section=NEd/Ac<0.2fcd=0 for non-prestressed concrete
 1

VRd ,c = 0.12 ×1.703 (100 × 0.0038 × 20 ) 3 + 0.15 × 0  300 × 405 = 48.82kN
 

(vmin + 0)bw d = 0.035k 1.5 f ck bw d = 0.035 ×1.7031.5 × 20 × 300 × 405= 42.27 kN

=VRD ,c max
= (VRd ,c ,Vmin ) max=
( 48.82, 42.27 ) 48.82kN
V=
RD , c 48.82kN < V
=Ed 157.7 kN ∴ shear reinforcement is required

4.2 Design of Shear Reinforcement

Assuming that Ø8mm stirrups with the yield strength equal to the longitudinal reinforcement are
used.

82
π
Asw 2=
= 100.53mm 2 assuming 2 legs
4
f
υ1 =
0.6(1 − ck
250
)=
0.552

=α cw 1=
and z 0.9d
The design shear resistance for vertical links is the lesser of the following
a) The maximum shear force that can be resisted without crushing the concrete in the struts
which is given by

α cw ⋅ bw ⋅ z ⋅υ1 ⋅ f cd
VRd ,max =
cot(θ ) + tan(θ )
b) The shear resistance due to stirrups alone which is given by

Asw ⋅ z ⋅ cot(θ ) ⋅ f ywd

VRds =
S
To determine the value of θ, one can equate VEd and VRd,max and solve for θ.
 α cw ⋅ bw ⋅ z ⋅υ1 ⋅ f cd sin(2θ )
VEd= VRd ,max= = α cw ⋅ bw ⋅ z ⋅υ1 ⋅ f cd
cot(θ ) + tan(θ ) 2
1 sin(2θ )
because =
cot(θ ) + tan(θ ) 2
Rearranging gives

2VEd 1  2VEd 
sin(2θ ) = and θ = sin −1  
α cw ⋅ bw ⋅ z ⋅υ1 ⋅ f cd 2  α cw ⋅ bw ⋅ z ⋅υ1 ⋅ f cd 

1 −1  2 × 157.7 × 103 
θ =sin   13.73
0

2  1× 300 × 0.9 × 405 × 0.552 × 11.33 

cot(θ ) = 4.09 which is outside of the limits 1 ≤ cot(θ ) ≤ 2.5
The value of cot θ is outside the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. The minimum value of shear steel is
needed when cotθ= 2.5 and the maximum value of shear steel is needed when cotθ = 1.0.

The compression capacity of the strut, VRd,max assuming cotθ= 2.5 then becomes

α cw ⋅ bw ⋅ z ⋅υ1 ⋅ f cd 1× 300 × 0.9 × 405 × 0.552 ×11.33

=VRd ,max = = 235.82kN
cot(θ ) + tan(θ ) 2.5 + 0.4

Since VEd <VRd,max the section is adequate

4.3 Check Minimum Shear Steel Required

f ck 20
ρ w min 0.08
= = 0.08
= 000778
f yk 460

Asw 100.53
ρw
= = = 001106 ρ w > ρ w min ok
S max bw 303 × 300
Minimum Shear resistance of links
The design shear resistance at maximum spacing or at minimum steel is obtained by equating VEd to
VRds and solve for S
Asw ⋅ z ⋅ cot(θ ) ⋅ f ywd
V=
Rds V=
Ed
S
 Asw ⋅ z ⋅ cot(θ ) ⋅ f ywd 100.53 × 0.9 × 405 × 2.5 × 400
S = = 232.35mm
VEd 157.7

Asw VEd 157.7 ×106

= = = 0.433mm 2 / m
S f yd z cot(θ ) 400 × 0.9 × 405 × 2.5

Check maximum spicing Smax=0.75d=0.75(405) =303.75mm

For VRds to be greater than VEd, S should be less than 231.78mm and should not be greater than
Asw
Smax=303mm. or ≥ 0.433mm 2 / m
S
try S=220mm

Asw ⋅ z ⋅ cot(θ ) ⋅ f ywd 100.53 × 0.9 × 405 × 2.5 × 400

VRds
= = = 166.56kN >=
VEd 157.7 kN ok
S 220
Provide Ø8 links c/c 220mm.
For sections with VEd<VRD,c, provide minimum shear reinforcement and for sections with
VEd>VRD,C provide the design shear reinforcements. Note that this link must be properly closed
with adequate anchorage length, because it will assist in resisting torsion.
Step 5 Design for Torsion
TEd=4.819kNm
5.1 Convert the section into an equivalent hollow box section of thickness t

t=90mm
h=450mm
• TEd

b=300mm
Area of section A
t =
Perimeter of section u
 bh 300 × 450
=
For a rectangular section t = = 90mm
2(b + h) 2(300 + 450)
Calculate Ak within the centerline of the equivalent hollow box section.

Ak = ( b − t ) ⋅ ( h − t ) = ( 300 − 90 ) ⋅ ( 450 − 90 ) = 75600mm 2

And the perimeter of the centerline uk is

uk= 2 ( b − t + h − t )= 2 ( b + h − 2t )= 2 ( 300 + 450 − 2 × 90 )= 1140mm

The maximum value of the torsional moment of resistance, TRd,max is given by

TRd ,max = 2ν × α cw × f cd × Ak × t × sin(θ ) × cos(θ )

TRd ,max = 2 × 0.6(1 − 20 ) ×1×11.33 × 75600 × 90 × sin(21.8) × cos(21.8) = 29.345kNm

250
5.2 check that the concrete section is adequate to resist the combined shear and torsion using
the interaction condition. To avoid crushing of the concrete struts, for a section in combined shear
and torsion, the following interaction equation must be satisfied:

TEd VEd
+ ≤1
TRd ,max VRd ,max

The maximum torsion occurs at an angle of 9.530 from the support, Therefore, the actual shear
force at that section (VEd)=shear force at the support-wrα
9.53𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 157.7 − 133.865 × 3 � � = 90.9𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
180
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑇𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 90.9 4.819
+ = + = 0.55 < 1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 235.82 29.345
5.3 Calculate the area Asl of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion

TEd ⋅ uk ⋅ cot θ 4.819 ×106 ×1140 × 2.5

=Asl = = 227.1mm 2
2 Ak ⋅ f yd 2 × 75600 × 400

Provide 2 Ø12mm bars

5.4 Calculate the additional stirrup reinforcement required to resist torsion.
The additional transverse reinforcement required in each wall of the idealized thin-walled cross-section is
determined
 Asw TEd
=
s 2 Ak ⋅ f yd ⋅ cot θ

Asw 4.819 ×106 A

= = 0.03187 mm 2=
/ m < sw 0.4337 mm 2 / m
s 2 × 75600 × 400 × 2.5 s
Therefore, links provided for shear will be adequate for torsion.
The design value of the torsional resistance moment of a concrete section with no shear
reinforcement, TRd,c is given by 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = 2𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 × 𝑡𝑡 × 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,0.05
Where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐
2
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,0.05 = 0.7𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.3𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 ≤ 𝐶𝐶50/60
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2.12 ln �1 + � > 𝐶𝐶50/60
10

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 8
If the maximum torsional moment, TEd acting on the beam is less than the ignorable torque limit,
then no further calculations are necessary.
ESEN 1992-1:2015 section 6.3.2(5) states that, for approximately rectangular solid sections only
minimum reinforcement is required provided that the following condition is satisfied:
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑇𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
+ ≤1
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐
2
0.7 �0.3 × 203 �
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 1.032𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
1.5
𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = 2 × 75600 × 90 × 1.032 = 14.04𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
157.7 4.819
+ = 1.04 > 1 (𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)
235.82 14.04
This shows that shear reinforcement calculations were required
Step 6 Reinforcement Detailing
Reinforcement Sketch

3φ14

405mm 450mm
2φ12 Torsion side
2φ14
bars

300mm
Section at Support

2φ12

2φ12 Torsion side 406mm 450mm

bars 2φ12

300mm
Section at Span