Numbers

Important Formulae:

Types of Definition Example Points to remember

Numbers

Natural Numbers used for counting and ordering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -----

Numbers natural numbers

Whole Numbers All counting numbers along with zero form a set of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ------ whole Any natural number is a
whole numbers numbers whole number
0 is a whole no. which is not
a natural no.

Integers Counting numbers + negative counting numbers + -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ---- Positive integers: 0, 1, 2,
zero, all are integers integers 3, -------
Negative integers: -1, -2, -
3, -4, ---------

Even Numbers Number divisible by 2 is called as even number 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ------ even

numbers

Odd Numbers Number not divisible by 2 is called as even 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ------ odd

number numbers

Prime Numbers A number having exactly two factors i.e 1 and itself 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, -----
is called as prime number prime numbers

Composite Natural numbers which are not prime numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, -----
Numbers called as composite numbers composite nos.

Co Primes Any two natural numbers x and y are co-prime if (4, 5), (7, 9), ---Co-
their HCF is 1 prime numbers

Divisibility of Numbers

1) Number divisible by 2
Units digit – 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
Ex: 42, 66, 98, 1124

2) Number divisible by 3
Sum of digits is divisible by 3
Ex: 267 ---(2 + 6 + 7) = 15
15 is divisible by 3

3) Number divisible by 4
Number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4
EX: 832
The last two digits is divisible by 4, hence 832 is divisible by 4

4) Number divisible by 5
Units digit is either zero or five
Ex: 50, 20, 55, 65, etc

5) Number divisible by 6
The number is divisible by both 2 and 3
EX: 168
Last digit = 8 ---- (8 is divisible by 2)
Sum of digits = (1 + 6 + 8) = 15 ----- (divisible by 3)
Hence, 168 is divisible by 6

6) Number divisible by 11
If the difference between the sums of the digits at even places and the sum of digits at odd places is
either 0 or divisible by 11.
Ex: 4527039
Digits on even places: 4 + 2 + 0 + 9 =15
Digits on odd places: 5 + 7 + 3 = 15
Difference between odd and even = 0
Therefore, number is divisible by 11

7) Number divisible by 12
The number is divisible by both 4 and 3
Ex: 1932
Last two digits divisible by 4
Sum of digits = (1 + 9 + 3 + 2) = 15 ---- (Divisible by 3)
Hence, the number 1932 is divisible by 12

Basic Formulae: (Must Remember)

1) (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
2) (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3) (a + b) (a – b) = (a2 – b2 )
4) (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
5) (a3 - b3) = (a - b) (a2 – ab + b2)
6) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
7) (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
Decimal Fractions
Points to Remember

1) Fraction: It represents a part of a whole or more generally, any number of equal parts. If a unit is divided
into any number of equal parts, then one or more of these parts is termed as a fraction of the unit.

The numerator in a fraction represents a number of equal parts and denominator (≠0) represents how many of
those parts make up a unit or a whole.

2) The value of fraction (x/y) = 1, if numerator = denominator

3) The value of fraction is zero,if numerator=0 and denominator ≠0
4) The value of fraction is infinity,if the denominator=0
5)The value of fraction remains unchanged,even if the numerator and denominator are multiplied or
divided by same number
6) Pure recurring decimal: In a decimal fraction, if all the numbers after decimal point repeat, then it is called
as pure recurring decimal.
7) Mixed recurring decimal: In a decimal fraction, if some numbers are repetitive and some are not, then it is
called as mixed recurring decimal.

Operations on decimal fractions:

Here different operations performed on decimal fractions along with certain examples are given. Clear
the concepts point by point and then move further to quick tips and tricks.

Points covered:
1) Addition and subtraction of decimal fractions
2) Multiplication of decimal fractions by power of 10.
3) Multiplication of decimal fractions.
4) Decimal fraction ÷ Counting number
5) Decimal fraction ÷ Decimal fraction

1) Addition and subtraction of decimal fractions

To add or subtract the decimal fractions, numbers are placed under each other in such a way, that the decimal
points lie in one column.
Eg: 12.361 + 0.236 + 1236.1

2) Multiplication of decimal fractions by power of 10.

The decimal point in the given number is shifted as many places as is the power of 10.
Eg: 4.236 × 100 = 423.6 or 0.563 × 1000 = 563

3) Multiplication of decimal fractions.

Multiply the given numbers without considering the decimal points. Now mark the decimal point in the product
by calculating the sum of number of decimal places in the given numbers.

Eg: 0.5 × 0.03 × 0.83

5 × 3 × 83 = 1245
No. of decimal places = 1 + 2 + 2 = 5
Now mark the decimal point after 5 places starting from left.
Answer = 0.01245

4) Division of a decimal fraction

Divide the given numbers without considering the decimal points. Now mark the decimal point in the quotient
obtained, by calculating the number of decimal places in the dividend.
Eg: (0.0133 ÷ 19)
(133 ÷ 19)=7
Dividend contains 4 places of decimal. Hence, the answer is 0.0007

5) Decimal fraction ÷ Decimal fraction

Eg: Divide 0.00025 by 0.5
Convert 0.5 without decimal place i.e. 5. Multiply numerator and denominator by 10.
Therefore, we get
=0.0025 ÷ 5
=0.0005

Comparison of fractions

4 7
If fraction in the form ,
5 8

are to be compared or are to be arranged in ascending of descending order,Then simply convert these
fractions into decimal form and then compare.

4 3 6
in descending
Eg: Arrange , ,
order
5 5 8

4/5 = 0.8, 3/5 = 0.6, 6/8 = 0.75

0.8 > 0.75 > 0.6, hence (4/5) > (6/8) > (3/5)

Concept of Pure Recurring Decimal

If in a decimal fraction all the numbers after decimal point repeat, then it is called as pure recurring decimal.

In decimal fraction 23.6666, 6666 are repeating and hence the fraction is called as recurring decimal.
How to convert a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fractions?

In a decimal fraction, if there are n numbers of repeated numbers after a decimal point, then just write
one repeated number in the numerator and in denominator take n number of nines equal to repeated
numbers you observe after the decimal point.

Let’s see an example, to easily understand the conversion

8
Example:
0.8 =
9

0.8 =0.8888…,this means only one number repeats.

As discussed, numerator is taken as 8 which is the single repeated number after the decimal point and
denominator is taken as 9, because there is only one number which repeats after decimal point.

57
Example:
0.57 =
99

0.57 =0.575757…..,this means 57 is a set of number which repeats

Numerator is taken as 57 (one repeated set) and denominator is taken as 99, (because two numbers 5 and 7
repeat after the decimal point)

How to convert Mixed Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction?

REMEMBER:
Numerator = (All digits after decimal point) Repeated digits only once – (Non-repetitive digit after decimal
point)

Denominator = Take 9 as many times the repetitive digit, followed by zeros equal to number of non-
repetitive digits.

Check whether you have got the correct answer, by dividing the numerator by denominator of the
obtained vulgar fraction.

Example: 0.23434
This is an example of mixed recurring decimal, because after the decimal point number 2 does not repeat and
numbers 3 and 4 repeat. This type of number can be converted into fraction as follows:

0.23434… =0.234

= 234 – = 232
2
 990 990

232
0.234 = conversion of mixed recurring decimal into vulgar fraction
=
990