OVERVIEW

This course focuses to provide students with

general introduction to omitted measurements of a
closed traverse, subdivision of lots, principle of the stadia,
contouring, hydrographic surveys with area and volume
computations, and astronomical observation.

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 OMITTED MEASUREMENTS
Module 1

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OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this modules, you should be able to:
• Recall the parameters and characteristics of a Closed Traverse
• Comprehend and compute for the omitted information of a closed traverse.
• Embody the principles in computing omitted measurements in any given case.

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INTRODUCTION

A traverse is a form of control survey used in a

wide variety of engineering and property surveys.
Essentially, traverses are a series of established stations
tied together by angle and distance. Traverses can be an
Open Traverse or Closed Traverse. In this chapter we will
focus more on closed traverse.

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DISCUSSION
A closed traverse is one that either begins and ends at the same
point or begins and ends at points whose positions have been previously
determined. Used often in computing land areas. The principle of a closed
traverse is that the sum of latitude must be equal to zero as well as the sum
of the departures. The traverse shall be adjusted when this condition isn't
satisfied.

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DISCUSSION
Recall that the important components of a traverse computations are Latitude
and Departure. The latitude of a line is its projection onto the reference meridian or a
north-south line. Latitude are sometimes referred to as northings or southings. Latitude of
lines with northerly bearings are designated as being north (N) or positive (+); those in a
southerly direction are designated as south (S) or negative (-). On the other hand, the
departure of a line is its projection onto the reference parallel or an east-west line.
Departures are east (E) or positive (+) for lines having easterly bearings and west (W) or
negative (-) for lines having westerly bearings.

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DISCUSSION
In a closed traverse if lengths and bearings of all lines could
not be measured due to certain reasons, the techniques
developed in the computation of latitudes and departures can be
used to solve for missing course information. The omitted or the
missing measurements can be computed provided the number of
missing quantities shall not exceed two in number.

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DISCUSSION
There are several other reasons why measurements are omitted in
the field and are computed later in the office. Conditions or problems
encountered may also be due to the presence of obstacles, rugged terrain,
lack of time, unfriendly or hostile landowners, etc. The following are some of
the common types of omitted measurements:
1. Length and Bearing of One Side is unknown.
2. Missing Data on two adjoining sides.
3. Missing Data on two non-adjoining sides.

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DISCUSSION
Closing line is the side of the traverse that closes a loop of traverse
which directly implies that there's no error of closure (known sides are
presumed to be correct without error). With that given, we know that in a
given closed traverse, Σ𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒=0 &Σ𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒=0, therefore, if we assume
that the omitted measurement in a closed traverse is the closing line itself.
We can get the algebraic sum of Latitude and Departures of known sides of
the traverse to be the value of latitude and departure of the closing line but
shall be in opposite sign to satisfy the principle of closed traverse.

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DISCUSSION

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DISCUSSION
If the algebraic sum of the latitudes and the algebraic sum of departures of the
known sides are designated by ‘𝐶𝐿 ’ and ‘𝐶𝐷 ’, respectively, then the length ‘L’ of the unknown
side (assumed as closing line) is:

𝐿= 𝐶𝐷 2 + 𝐶𝐿 2

and the tangent of the bearing angle (𝛼), which is taken with due regard to sign, is:
−𝐶𝐷
tan 𝛼 =
−𝐶𝐿
For a closed traverse with omitted measurements on two adjoining sides,
establishment of closing line using the known sides of the traverse shall be executed.
Thereafter, the omitted measurements shall be obtained using basic principles of
Trigonometry and Geometry.

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DISCUSSION
With an added graphical solution, the determination of missing data as explained
above are also applicable even though the sides with two unknown quantities are non-
adjoining; for different cases of omitted measurements involving non-adjoining sides, the
following principles are adapted:
1st Principle: A line may be moved from one location to a second location parallel with the
first, and its latitude and departure will remain unchanged.
2nd Principle:The algebraic sum of the latitudes and the algebraic sum of the departures
of any system of lines forming a closed figure must be zero, regardless of the order in
which the lines are placed.

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ACTIVITIES
1. A traverse forming a close loop characterizes the lot of Mr. Romulo. Survey data are
tabulated below with a missing measurement due to a mad dog that has bitten a
surveyor. Determine the length and bearing of the missing line.

LINE BEARING DISTANCE

AB 𝑁 53°27′ 𝐸 59.81 m
BC
CD 𝑆 29°08′ 𝑊 76.63 m
DA 𝑁 52°01′ 𝑊 95.75 m

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ACTIVITIES
1. SOLUTION:

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE

AB 𝑁 53°27′ 𝐸 59.81 m +35.62 +48.05
BC 𝑆 66°54′ 𝐸 70.37𝑚
CD 𝑆 29°08′ 𝑊 76.63 m -66.94 -37.31
DA 𝑁 52°01′ 𝑊 95.75 m +58.94 -74.46
TOTAL +27.61 -64.73

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐵𝐶 = −27.61 2 + +64.73 2

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐵𝐶 = 70.37 𝑚
−𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐵𝐶 = 𝛼 = tan−1 = −66.9°
−𝐶𝐿

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ACTIVITIES
2. From the given closed traverse shown below. Determine the bearing of course DE and
EA.

LINE BEARING LENGTH

AB 𝑆 35°30′ 𝑊 44.37 m
BC 𝑁 57°15′ 𝑊 137.84 m
CD 𝑁 1°45′ 𝐸 12.83 m
DE 64.86 m
EA 106.72

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 ACTIVITIES
2. SOLUTION:

LINE BEARING LENGTH LAT DEP

AB 𝑆 35°30′ 𝑊 44.37 m -36.122 -25.766
BC 𝑁 57°15′ 𝑊 137.84 m 74.568 115.929
CD 𝑁 1°45′ 𝐸 12.83 m 12.824 .392
DA 𝑆 70°3′ 26.8"𝐸 150.317 𝑚
TOTAL 51.27 -141.303
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐷𝐴 = −51.27 2 + +141.303 2 = 150.317 𝑚

−1
−𝐶𝐷 141.303
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐷𝐴 = 𝛼 = tan = = 70.057
−𝐶𝐿 −51.27

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 ACTIVITIES
2. SOLUTION:
LINE BEARING LENGTH
AB 𝑆 35°30′ 𝑊 44.37 m
BC 𝑁 57°15′ 𝑊 137.84 m
CD 𝑁 1°45′ 𝐸 12.83 m
DA 𝑆 70°3′ 26.8"𝐸 150.317 𝑚
DE 𝑁 72°9′ 58.72"𝐸 64.86 m
EA 𝑆 48°12′ 4.77"𝐸 106.72
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐷𝐸 2 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐸𝐴 2 + 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐴𝐷 2 − 2(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐸𝐴 )(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐴𝐷 ) cos 𝛼𝐴
𝛼𝐴 = 21.856 𝑜𝑟 21°51′ 22.03" 𝛼𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 70°3′ 26.8" − 21°51′ 22.03“ = 𝑆 48°12′ 4.77"𝐸
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐷𝐴 2 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐸𝐴 2 + 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐷𝐸 2 − 2(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐸𝐴 )(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐷𝐸 ) cos 𝛼𝐸
𝛼𝐸 = 120.37 𝑜𝑟 120°22′ 13.49"

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