GEng 111g

General Surveying I
REVIEW
Solving for the area of the triangle:
a. If the triangle have known base and altitude:

𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒃𝒉
𝟐
where:
A = area of the triangle
b = base of the triangle
h = altitude or the perpendicular distance from the corner
opposite the base.
REVIEW
Solving for the area of the triangle:
b. If the two sides and included angle of the triangle are known:

𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟐
where:
A = area of the triangle
𝑎 and 𝑏 = sides of the triangle
𝜃 = angle between sides 𝑎 and 𝑏
REVIEW
Solving for the area of the triangle:
c. If the three sides of the triangle are known:
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒔 𝒔−𝒂 𝒔−𝒃 𝒔−𝒄

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝒔=
𝟐
where:
A = area of the triangle
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = sides of the triangle
s = semi − perimeter of the triangle
REVIEW

Law of Sine A

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪

= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 c b
where:

a, b, and c = sides of the triangle

A, B, and C = angles of the triangle B a C

REVIEW
Law of Cosine A
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
c b
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨

where:

a, b, and c = sides of the triangle

B a C
A, B, and C = angles of the triangle
REVIEW
Degree
• 1 degree = 60 minutes
• 1 minute = 60 seconds Mil
• 1 revolution = 6400 mils
• 1 revolution = 360°
Grad Radian
• 1 revolution = 400𝑔 • 1 revolution = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
• 1 grad = 100𝑐
• 1 centesimal minute = 100𝑐𝑐
REVIEW
Adjustment of Open Compass Traverse
STEPS:
1. Determine the ‘best line’. When the forward and back bearing
are equal or of least difference in the course of line, it is
referred the ‘best line’.
2. Perform adjustment of successive lines starting from either
end of the best line.
Note: If two or more non-adjoining lines appear to be free from
local attraction, only one of these lines is arbitrarily chosen as the
‘best line’ and adjustment of succeeding lines originate from it.
REVIEW
Adjustment of Closed Compass Traverse
STEPS:
1. First, compute for the initial interior angles (if unknown) and
calculate for the corrected interior angles.
2. Select the best line or the line in the traverse which is
unaffected by local attraction.
3. Adjust the observe bearings of successive lines.

Note: The sum of all interior angles in a given polygon is

computed by the formula 𝒏 − 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎° where n is the number
of sides or interior angles in the polygon.
REVIEW
Compass Rule
• It is based on the assumption that all lengths were measured
with equal care and all angles taken with approximately the
same precision and that the errors are accidental.
• The formula are the following:

𝒅 𝒅
𝒄𝒍 = 𝑪𝑳 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄𝒅 = 𝑪𝑫
𝑫 𝑫
REVIEW
Transit Rule
• It is based on the assumption that the angular measurements
are more precise than the linear measurements and that the
errors in traversing are accidental.
• The formula are the following:

𝑳𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝑳
𝒄𝒍 =
σ 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 − σ 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆

𝑫𝒆𝒑 𝑪𝑫
𝒄𝒅 =
σ 𝑬𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 − σ 𝑾𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
REVIEW
Linear Error of Closure
𝑳𝑬𝑪 = 𝑪𝟐𝑳 + 𝑪𝟐𝑫
Angular Error of Closure
−𝟏
−𝑪𝑫
𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
−𝑪𝑳
Relative Precision
𝑳𝑬𝑪
𝑹𝑷 =
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
REVIEW
Adjusted Length

𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝟐

Adjusted Bearing

−𝟏
𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆
 REVIEW
Differential Leveling
• It is the process of determining the difference in elevation between
two or more points some distance apart.
• The formula are the following:
• 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝑴𝟏 + 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
• 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝑷𝟏 = 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 − 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
• 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝑷𝟏 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝑴𝟏 + 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 − 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
PROBLEMS

Conversion of Angular Measurements:

1. Convert 230°35′ 25" into grads, radians, and mils.
2. Convert 450 𝑔 into degrees, mils, and radians.
3. Convert 4570 mils into degrees, grads, and radians.
140𝜋
4. Convert into degrees, grads, and mils.
17
5. Convert 21°3′ 45" into decimal degrees.
PROBLEMS

Conversion from Azimuth to Bearing.

1. 453°12′ 43" reckoned from North.
2. 112°24′ reckoned from South.
3. 56°03′ 35" reckoned from North.
4. 954°23′ 50“ reckoned from South.
5. 888°51′ 45" reckoned from North.
PROBLEMS
Magnetic Declination
A field is in the form of regular
pentagon. The direction of the
bounding sides were surveyed with
an assumed meridian of 4°45′ to the
left of the true meridian. As surveyed
with an assumed meridian, the
bearing of one side AB is N 46°27′ E.
Regular Pentagon
Determine the bearing of all the lines
in the polygon.
PROBLEMS
Magnetic Declination
The side AB of an equilateral field ABC with an area of
745.44 𝑚2 has a magnetic bearing of N 24°47′ E in 1990
when the magnetic declination was 2°12′ E. Assume B
and C is on the north east side.
a. Find the true bearing of AB.
b. Find the length of AD with point D on the line BC and
making the area of the triangle ABD one-third of the
whole area.
c. Compute the bearing of line AD.
PROBLEMS
Magnetic Declination
The side XY in the equilateral triangle XYZ has an
assumed bearing of N 34°32′ E. At the time of
observation, it was found out that the declination is
4°15′ W.
a. Determine the true bearing of line XY.
b. Determine the bearing of YZ and ZX.
c. Determine the bearing of the dividing line from corner
Z to the point within line XY.
PROBLEMS
Adjustment of Open Traverse
FORWARD BACK
LINE
BEARING BEARING
AB S 40°25′ W N 40°30′ E
BC S 55°40′ W N 55°50′ E
CD N 36°15′ W S 35°55′ E
DE N 73°10′ W S 73°30′ E
EF S 44°45′ W N 44°45′ E
FG S 20°30′ E N 21°00′ W
PROBLEMS
Adjustment of Closed Traverse
LINE Length Forward Bearing Back Bearing
AB 330.75 m 𝑁 34°55′ 𝐸 𝑆 35°00′ 𝑊
BC 305.43 m 𝑁 56°30′ 𝑊 𝑆 56°45′ 𝐸
CD 325.28 m 𝑆 75°45′ 𝑊 𝑁 76°00′ 𝐸
DE 201.10 m 𝑆 42°15′ 𝑊 𝑁 42°15′ 𝐸
EF 225.25 m 𝑆 38°45′ 𝐸 𝑁 39°00′ 𝑊
FA 375.55 m 𝑆 85°15′ 𝐸 𝑁 85°30′ 𝑊
PROBLEMS
Interior Angle Traverse,
Deflection Angle Traverse,
and Angle to the Right
Traverse
Determine the interior
angle, deflection angle,
and angle to the right of
the five-sided traverse
shown below.
PROBLEMS
Compass Rule and Transit Rule
Adjust the closed traverse using compass and transit rule. Also,
determine the linear error of closure, angular error of closure, and
relative precision.
Line Distance Azimuth from South
AB 357.20 m 99°45′
BC 183.19 m 154°00′
CD 430.05 m 242°30′
DA 425.18 m 353°15′
PROBLEMS
Differential Leveling
STA B.S. F.S. ELEV. a. Find the elevation of station
1 8.72 298.56 5.
b. Find the elevation of station
2 3.24 6.34
6.
3 2.90 4.36 c. Find the difference in
4 3.78 8.89 elevation of station 6 and 3.
5 5.45 9.97 d. Find the difference in
6 4.46 elevation between station 2
and 3.
PROBLEMS
Differential Leveling
STA. B.S. H.I. F.S. ELEV.
a. What is the elevation of TP3?
BM1 1.25 88.74
b. What is the difference in
TP1 0.98 88.85
elevation between BM1 and
TP2 2.07 90.20 0.72
TP3 1.46
BM3?
BM2 89.07 1.59 88.60 c. Find the difference in elevation
TP4 0.59 0.45 of station 6 and station 3.
TP5 1.26 89.68 0.79 d. What is the foresight at TP1?
TP6 2.23 88.12 e. What is the backsight at BM2?
BM3 1.61