Surveying

Taping Error
Problem 1
The distance between two points is 360 m. with
a grade of 1 % the line is to be laid out using a
100 m tape which is 0.02 m too long.
Determine the correct length of the line due to
slope to be laid out.
Ans: 359.935
 Taping Error
Problem 2
A 100 m tape weighing 3 kg was standardized and found to be
0.02 m short at temperature of 10°C and a 30 N pull when
supported throughout. It was used to measure a distance
which was recorded as 3245.68 m when the temperature was
15°C and the pull was 40 N supported only at quarter points.
E=200 Gpa. Density of material is 7500 kg/m^3, coefficient of
thermal expansion =11.6x10-6/°C. Find the correct distance
between the two points.
Ans: 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑺 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎
𝑾 = 𝟑 𝒌𝒈 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓 °𝑪
𝒆𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 (𝒕𝒐𝒐 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕) 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑵
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 °𝑪 𝒌𝒈
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑵 𝝆𝒔 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟑
𝒎
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑮𝒑𝒂
 Adjustment of Weighted
Observation
Case 1: Weight of observation is proportional
to the number of observation
Case 2: Weight of observation is inversely
proportional to the square of the probable error
Case 3: Weight of observation (except from
distance) is inversely proportional to distance
where measurement is taken
 ADJUSTMENT OF WEIGHTED
OBSERVATION
Problem 1
Three groups with different number of trials measured
distance AB as follows.
Ave. dist. no. of trials
Group A 1234.54 3
Group B 1234.67 6
Group C 1234.59 5
Find the most likely value of the distance from A to B.
• Ans: 1234.614 m
 Ave. dist. no. of trials 𝑿 𝑾 𝑿𝑾

G.A 1234.54 3 1234.54 3 3703.62

G.B 1234.67 6 1234.67 6 7408.02
G.C 1234.59 5 1234.59 5 6172.95
𝚺𝐖 = 𝟏𝟒 𝚺𝐗𝐖 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟗
 ADJUSTMENT OF WEIGHTED
OBSERVATION
Problem 2
Three different groups with the following probable
errors measured distance AB.
ave. dist. Probable error
Group A 1234.54 0.3
Group B 1234.67 0.2
Group C 1234.59 0.15
Find the most probable value of distance AB.
Ans: 1234.6079 m
 Ave. dist. Prob Error 𝑿 𝑾 𝑿𝑾
𝟏
G.A 1234.54 0.3 1234.54 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 13717.1111
𝟏
G.B 1234.67 0.2 1234.67 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 30866.7500
𝟏
G.C 1234.59 0.15 1234.59 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 54870.6667
𝚺𝐖 𝚺𝐗𝐖 = 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟖
= 𝟖𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟔
 ADJUSTMENT OF WEIGHTED
OBSERVATION
Problem 3
The difference of elevation between BM1 and BM2 was taken by
a survey party using three different trials taking the length of
each path alongside with it. Assuming that the distance taken
were accurate, find the most probable value of the difference
in elevation between BM1 and BM2
Ans:
34.85 m

Difference in elevation distance

Trial 1 34.54 3 km
Trial 2 35.67 4.6 km
Trial 3 34.59 3.5 km
 D. E. Dist. 𝑿 𝑾 𝑿𝑾
𝟏
T. 1 34.54 3 km 34.54 3 11.5133
𝟏
T. 2 35.67 4.6 km 35.67 4.6 7.7543
𝟏
T. 3 34.59 3.5 km 34.59 𝟑. 𝟓 9.8829
𝚺𝐖 𝚺𝐗𝐖 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟔𝟒
 ELEVATION CORRECTION DUE TO
EARTH’S CURVATURE AND
REFRACTION
Problem 5
a.) Find the farthest distance that a man aboard the
titanic (whose eye level is 6 m above water line)
can go so that a lighthouse 50 m high will still be
visible (at least of it is visible)?
b.)What if 2m allowance for tides/waves will be
provided, find the farthest distance that he can
reach.
Ans: a.) 36.65 km; b.) 34.37 km
6m

50m
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING
Problem 6
The top of a mast signal 2000 meters away was
sighted through a transit with recorded vertical
angle of 4°10’. The height of the mast is 6 m and
the height of the transit above the point where it is
set is 1.2 m. the elevation of the base of the signal
B is 171.17 m. compute the elevation of the point
under the transit A with due allowance for
curvature and refraction correction.
Ans: 30.002 m
 𝒀 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟎𝟏
𝑯𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎

𝟔𝒎

𝟒°𝟏𝟎’

𝑲 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
 THREE INTERVISIBLE
POINTS
Problem 7
A 5m triangulation observation tower is on top
of hill B 925 m above sea level. What would be
the height of equal towers to be erected at A
and C located 15 km from B respectively if the
elevations of A is 960 m and that of C is 900 m
in order that transceivers at A, B and C will be
inter-visible?
Ans: 15.075 m
𝟓𝒎

𝟏𝟓 𝑲𝒎
𝟏𝟓 𝑲𝒎
 Peg Method of Adjustment
of Dumpy or Wye Level
Problem
In the two peg test of a dumpy level, the following observations were
taken
a.) find the difference in elevation between A and B.
b.) what is the error in the line of sight from A to B?
c.) with the instrument at A, what should be the rod reading at B to
make the line of sight level?
Ans: 1.445; 0.0995; 2.4235

Instrument at A Instrument at B

Rod reading at A 1.203 0.324

Rod reading at B 2.523 1.445

 Horizontal line
e

1.203
m Actual line of sight
2.523
A

B
 Horizontal line

Actual line of 1.445

0.324 m
sight

B
Actual line of
sight

Horizontal line
2.4235

A
2.523

B
 Differential Leveling
Problem
Using the following notes, what is the elevation of BM14?
Ans: 235.95 m
Station BS FS Elevation
BM12 4.64 209.65
1 5.80 5.06
2 2.25 5.02
BM13 6.02 5.85
3 8.96 4.34
4 8.06 3.22
5 9.45 3.71
6 12.32 2.02
BM14 1.98

𝚺𝑩𝑺 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝚺𝑭𝑺 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟎

 Angles and Direction
Declination
angle that the compass needle at a particular place and
time makes with the true north

Azimuth
clockwise angle measured either from the north or south
meridian .

Local Attraction
an unusual large deviation of the compass needle from
the true north present at a particular place.
 Angles and Direction
Problem 8
In 1960 a line had at magnetic bearing be
N80°23’E. at that time the magnetic declination
was 05°15’W. in a new survey performed in 1987,
the declination in the same locality changed to
02°50’ east.
• a.) Determine the magnetic bearing on new
survey
• b.) determine the true bearing based on new
survey
Ans: a.) 72°18’; b.) 75°08’
 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟎
TN 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟕

MN1 MN2

𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎𝟐°𝟓𝟎’
𝑫𝟏 = 𝟎𝟓°𝟏𝟓’
MW ME
𝜽 𝟖𝟎°𝟐𝟑’

𝜽 = 𝟕𝟐°𝟏𝟖’

MS
 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟎 TN 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟕

MN2
MN1 𝜷 𝜷 = 𝟕𝟓°𝟖’

𝑫𝟏 = 𝟎𝟓°𝟏𝟓’
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎𝟐°𝟓𝟎’

MW ME
𝟖𝟎°𝟐𝟑’

MS
 Angles and Direction
Problem 9
A line has a magnetic bearing of a S41°30’E
when the declination was 1°30’E. What is the
true bearing of the line if there is a local
attraction of 3°30’ to the east of the vicinity?
Ans: 36°30’
 TN

𝑳𝑨 = 𝟑°𝟑𝟎’ MN
𝑫 = 𝟏°𝟑𝟎’

MW ME

MS

𝟒𝟏°𝟑𝟎’ 𝜽 = 𝑻𝑩
𝜽 = 𝑻𝑩 = 𝟑𝟔°𝟑𝟎’
Deflection Angle
Angle subtended by the
prolongation of one side to the next
side
 𝑹𝑫𝟓
𝑹𝑫𝟏
L1

𝑳𝑫𝟏 L2

L6
L4
𝑹𝑫𝟒 L5 L3
𝑹𝑫𝟐

𝑹𝑫𝟑
 Traverse Correction;
Deflection Angle Traverse
Problem 10
Given a field notes as follows. Correct the clockwise deflection
angle of the 5-point traverse.
STATION Deflection Angle
A 45°R
B 123°R
C 48°L
D 100°R
E 141°R

𝜮𝑹𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓° + 𝟏𝟐𝟑° + 𝟏𝟎𝟎° + 𝟏𝟒𝟏° = 𝟒𝟎𝟗° 𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

𝒆=
𝜮𝑳𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟒𝟖° 𝒏
𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝜮𝑹𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 − 𝜮𝑳𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏° −𝟏°
=
𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 − 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝑨𝒄𝒕 𝟓

𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝟑𝟔𝟏° = −𝟎°𝟏𝟐′

𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = −𝟏°
𝑹𝑫𝒄𝒐𝒓 = 𝑹𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 + 𝒆
𝑳𝑫𝒄𝒐𝒓 = 𝑳𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 − 𝒆

𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒇 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

𝑨 45°𝑅 −0°12’ 44°48′𝑅

𝑩 123°𝑅 −0°12’ 122°48′𝑅
𝑪 48°𝐿 +0°12’ 48°12′𝐿
𝑫 100°𝑅 −0°12’ 99°48′𝑅
𝑬 141°𝑅 −0°12’ 140°48′𝑅

𝚺𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
 Traverse Correction;
Interior Angle Traverse
Problem 11
The following are bearings taken on a closed compass traverse.
Compute the interior angles and correct them for observational errors.
Assuming the observed bearing of line AB to be correct, adjust the
bearings of the remaining sides.

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑨𝑩 𝑆37°30’𝐸 𝑁37°30’𝑊

𝑩𝑪 𝑆43°15’𝑊 𝑁44°15’𝐸

𝑪𝑫 𝑆73°00’𝑊 𝑁72°15’𝐸

𝑫𝑬 𝑁12°45’𝐸 𝑆13°15’𝑊

𝑬𝑨 𝑁60°00’𝐸 𝑆59°00’𝑊
𝑳 𝑭. 𝑩. . 𝑩𝑩
N
𝟓𝟗°𝟎𝟎’
A
𝑨𝑩 𝑺𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’𝑬 𝑵𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’𝑾

𝑩𝑪 𝑺𝟒𝟑°𝟏𝟓’𝑾 𝑵𝟒𝟒°𝟏𝟓’𝑬
W E
𝑪𝑫 𝑺𝟕𝟑°𝟎𝟎’𝑾 𝑵𝟕𝟐°𝟏𝟓’𝑬 𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’
𝑫𝑬 𝑵𝟏𝟐°𝟒𝟓’𝑬 𝑺𝟏𝟑°𝟏𝟓’𝑾
S
𝑬𝑨 𝑵𝟔𝟎°𝟎𝟎’𝑬 𝑺𝟓𝟗°𝟎𝟎’𝑾 𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’

N 𝜽𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝟔𝟎°𝟎𝟎’ N
E
𝟏𝟑°𝟏𝟓’
W E
B
𝜽𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕 W E

𝟏𝟐°𝟒𝟓’ S
𝜽𝑬𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝜽𝑪𝒂𝒄𝒕 S
N
𝟒𝟑°𝟏𝟓’
𝟒𝟒°𝟏𝟓’
𝜽𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 W E
N C
S
W E
𝟕𝟑°𝟎𝟎’
D
S
𝟕𝟐°𝟏𝟓’
𝜽𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 59° + 37°30′ = 𝟗𝟔°𝟑𝟎′
N
𝜽𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 180° − 37°30′ + 43°15′ = 𝟗𝟗°𝟏𝟓′
𝜽𝑪𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 44°15′ + 90° + 90° − 73° = 𝟏𝟓𝟏°𝟏𝟓′
A
W E
𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’
𝜽𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 72°15′ − 12°45′ = 𝟓𝟗°𝟑𝟎′
𝜽𝑬𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 13°15′ + 90° + 90° − 60° = 𝟏𝟑𝟑°𝟏𝟓′ S
𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’

𝑺𝒖𝒎𝑨𝒄𝒕 = 𝟓𝟑𝟗°𝟒𝟓′ N
𝟔𝟎°𝟎𝟎’
𝜽𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕 N
E
𝑽𝑺 B
𝑺𝒖𝒎𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎° W E 𝟓𝟗°𝟎𝟎’
𝜽𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕 W
E

𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 − 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝑨𝒄𝒕 𝜽𝑬𝒂𝒄𝒕

S 𝜽𝑪𝒂𝒄𝒕 S
N
𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎°𝟏𝟓′ 𝟏𝟑°𝟏𝟓’
𝟒𝟒°𝟏𝟓’ 𝟒𝟑°𝟏𝟓’
𝑬
𝟎°𝟏𝟓′
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝒆= = 𝟎°𝟑′ 𝜽𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕 W E
𝒏
𝟓 N C
𝟏𝟐°𝟒𝟓’ S
W E
𝟕𝟐°𝟏𝟓’ 𝟕𝟑°𝟎𝟎’
D
S
𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒕 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

𝑨 𝟗𝟔°𝟑𝟎′ +0°3’ 96°33′

𝑩 𝟗𝟗°𝟏𝟓′ +0°3′ 99°18′
𝟏𝟓𝟏°𝟏𝟓′
𝑪 +0°3′ 151°18′
𝑫 𝟓𝟗°𝟑𝟎′ +0°3’ 59°33′
𝑬 𝟏𝟑𝟑°𝟏𝟓′ +0°3’ 133°18′

𝚺𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎°
 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

𝑨 𝟗𝟔°𝟑𝟑′ N

𝑩 𝟗𝟗°𝟏𝟖′
𝜷𝑬𝑨 = 𝟓𝟗°𝟑′ A
W E
𝑪 𝟏𝟓𝟏°𝟏𝟖′ 𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’

𝑫 𝟓𝟗°𝟑𝟑′ S
𝜷𝑬𝑨𝜷= 𝟓𝟗°𝟑′
𝑬𝑨 𝟑𝟕°𝟑𝟎’
𝑬 𝟏𝟑𝟑°𝟏𝟖′
N
𝟔𝟎°𝟎𝟎’
𝜽𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒓 N
E B
W E 𝟓𝟗°𝟎𝟎’
𝜽𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒓 W
E

𝜽𝑬𝒄𝒐𝒓
𝜷𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟐𝟏′
𝜷𝑫𝑬
S 𝜽𝑪𝒄𝒐𝒓 S
N
𝟏𝟑°𝟏𝟓’
𝜷𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟐𝟏′ 𝟒𝟒°𝟏𝟓’ 𝟒𝟑°𝟏𝟓’
𝜷𝑩𝑪 = 𝟒𝟑°𝟏𝟐′
𝜽𝑫𝒄𝒐𝒓 W E 𝜷𝑩𝑪
N C
𝜷𝑩𝑪 = 𝟒𝟑°𝟏𝟐′
𝟏𝟐°𝟒𝟓’ S
W E 𝜷𝑪𝑫 = 𝟕𝟏°𝟓𝟒′
𝟕𝟐°𝟏𝟓’ 𝑪𝑫 =𝜷𝟕𝟏°𝟓𝟒′
𝜷𝟕𝟑°𝟎𝟎’
𝑪𝑫
D
S