Field and Laboratory Results of Carbon Dioxide and
Nitrogen in Well Stimulation
G. H. NEILL
MEMBER AIME
J. B. DOBBS
G. T. PRUITT
JUNIOR MEMBER AIME
H. R. CRAWFORD
MEMBER A/ME
Abstract
Carbon dioxide and nitrogen have both proven to be
useful aids in well stimulation. Laboratory data are pre-
sented showing the effect of carbon dioxide on foaming
agents, corrosion, reaction rate of hydrochloric acid, fluid-
loss additives and clay swelling. Carbon dioxide is gen-
erally beneficial for all of these except the fluid-loss ad-
ditives. The corrosion rate of carbonated water is very low
compared to inhibited hydrochloric acid.
A chart of the viscosity of carbon dioxide is present-
ed. It is estimated that carbon dioxide can reduce friction
loss of oil-base fluids by 29 to 60 per cent.
Individual field results and conclusions from other sum-
maries are presented. Both nitrogen and carbon dioxide
are effective in removal of stimulation fluids. Carbon
dioxide has proven useful in removing water or emulsion .
blocks.
Introduction
The use of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in well stimula-
tions has grown rapidly in the past two years. The uses
and advantages of these gases have been described pre-
viously"·"" for well stimulation, testing and cementing
programs. Because of the differences in physical and chem-
ical properties between nitrogen and carbon dioxide, One
gas is usually better suited than the other for a specific
application. Generally speaking, nitrogen is superior in
low injection rate applications and when precise volume
control is critical. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is
better adaptable to high rate fracturing and acid treat-
ments.
Gases were introduced to the oil and gas industry pri-
marily as an aid to recovery of stimulation fluids. This
application still accounts for the major usage of nitrogen
and carbon dioxide. Special applications, however, which
utilize specific properties of the gases, are being discovered
continually. The development of these methods is open-
ing the door to better controls over well performance.
Origina'l manuscl'ipt received in Soeiety of Petroleum Engineers office
Aug. 5, 1963. Revised manuscript received Feb. 10, 1964. Paper presented
at Annuai SPE Fall Meeting, heId in New Orleans, Oct. 6-9, 1963.
'References given at end of paper. (SPE 738)
244
THE WESTERN CO.
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FORT WORTH, TEX.
THE WESTERN CO.
DALLAS, TEX.
Effect of a Foaming Additive with
Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
By the nature of the solubility-pressure relationship of
carbon dioxide, an induced solution-gas-drive mechanism
is created when the pressure is lowered and the gas comes
out of solution.
To demonstrate this effect the apparatus shown in Fig.
1 was constructed. The 160-cc cell was filled to 100 cc
with the fluid to be tested, a gas pressure (nitrogen or
CO 2) of about 800 psi was applied and allowed to come
to equilibrium.
The valve was then opened and the amount of liquid
carried over was measured in a graduated cylinder.
These tests were also conducted using various amounts
of foaming additive to see if the additive would enhance
the recovery.
The results of these tests are given in Table 1. As ex-
pected, the recovery of fluids was substantially greater
when using CO2 than when using nitrogen. For example,
at 80F the recovery with CO, and no foaming additive
was 40 per cent, while with nitrogen it was essentially
zero.
The addition of the foaming agent increased the recov-
ery substantially. With CO 2 the recovery increased from
40 per cent to 70 per cent when 0.2 per cent foaming
additive was used.
With nitrogen the recovery at 80F increased to 50 per
cent when using 0.2 per cent additive; however, this de-
Rec;elvlng
ves.el
Fig. I-Apparatus for dmnonstrating solution-gas recovery
Inechanism.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
 TABLE I-FLUID RECOVERY BY SOLUTION-GAS MECHANISM
T".I Fluid In Cell
action of hydrochloric acid on calcium carbonate in which
Toiol
Foaming Fr"sh Crude Fluid a gas (C0 2) is evolved, the reaction rate can be influenced
Addili... Wol"r Kerosene Oil Recpvered if the system is operated under pressure. However, if the
Ga. T"mp. (gol/l ,000 gal) ("!ol ~ ("!oJ. --0-.5- ("!ol
~ ----aoF None 100 pressures were to ,be obtained using carbon dioxide, then
N, 80F 2 100 50 an additional factor of the cornmon ion effect might also
N, 120F 2 100 13
N, 160F 2 100 0 enter the picture, and indeed this is the case.
CO, 80F None 100 40
CO, 80F 2 100 74 Shown in Fig. 2 is a drawing of the apparatus used
CO, 120F 2 100 73 to determine the reaction rates. The cell was charged with
CO, 160F 5 100 69
Co.. 80F 5 95 5 88 acid and CO, at about 800 psi pressure, or acid and N 2 •
N, 80F 5 95 5 0
CO, 80F 5 95 5 80 The total pressure was maintained at 1,200 psi with nitro-
N, 80F 5 95 5 0 gen. The lower cell was charged with sized calcium car-
CO, 80F 5 80 20 83
CO, 80F 5 20 80 84 bonate particles. At timed intervals following the injec-
CO, 80F None 20 80 69
tion of the acid, samples were withdrawn and titrated for
creased to zero at 160F. Even with the addition of large strength of HCI.
quantities of kerosene or oil, recovery when using CO, and Fig. 3 shows a plot of the reaction vs time. These data
0.5 per cent foaming additive was very good. For example, show that the time required to spend the acid (to 15 per
at 80F and 80 per cent crude oil, with 0.5 per cent foam- cent of its original strength) is increased about 75 per
ing additive, the recovery was 84 per cent. cent.
There appeared a discontinuity in the curves at approxi-
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Corrosion Rate mately two to four minutes after the reaction was initiated.
On one 24-hour test on an N-80 coupon at 160F and Both curves exhibited this same phenomenon, and due to

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850 psi pressure with carbon dioxide above fresh water,
no weight loss was detected.
Data from another laboratory" indicated that a typical
corrosion rate for a carbon dioxide-water system was about
8 mils/year. Corrosion rates of inhibited 15 per cent hy-
drochloric acid are generally more than 10 times this value.
Hence, it is concluded that the corrosion rates of water-
carbon dioxide systems are low; that is, for well stimula-
tion treatments, where the exposure time is measured in
hours, the corrosion caused by carbon dioxide in water
is not significant.
Effect of CO2 on Reaction Rates
In any chemical reaction the point of equilibrium or
reaction rate can be influenced by a change of the environ-
ment or the addition of cornmon ions. Therefore, in the re-
the per cent acid remaining at this point, it is speculated
that this was caused by the formation of bicarbonates.
Therefore, these data show that the introduction of
carbon dioxide to the system does retard the reaction rate
of hydrochloric acid on limestone. However, it should be
pointed out that this retardation is less, by an order of
magnitude, than that obtainable with special emulsions
designed to retard acid reaction rate.
Effect of CO2 on Fluid-Loss Additives
In order to determine the effect of carbon dioxide on
fluid-loss additives, fluid-loss determinations were made
using water with one fluid-loss additive and kerosene with
IOO,.----~--.,---_.__--_r_--_r_--.,...--_.
90

80

Cell Containing 70
15% HCI + CO 2 ------l
or Nitrogen
C
~60
U
«
w
a:
I- 50
Z
w
u
a:
1t 40

30
Reaction Rate Of 15%
Hel On 5-10 Mesh
Cell Containing
Limestone
Limestone 20
1200psi

10

Sampling °O~--'!---~---:----:---~--7---::!7
Valve
Fig. 2-Apparatus for measuring acid reaction rate on Fig. 3-Reaction rate of 15 per cent hydrochloric acid on
limestone. 5 to 10 mesh limestone.

MARCH, 1964 245

one, using either nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the drivmg
gas. These tests were conducted at 125F and 1,000 psi
pressure, using filter papers and 1 in. long cores. The
results are presented in Table 2.
Since carbon dioxide reduces the viscosity of both water
and kerosene, it was anticipated that the fluid-loss results
would be somewhat higher. This was true for all cases us-
ing filter paper and for water through the 1-in. core. The
only exception was with kerosene plus 25 lb of fluid-loss
additive/1,000 gal, where this fluid loss with carbon dioxide
was 30 per cent less than that with nitrogen.
The addition of 50 per cent more fluid-loss additive to
the carbon dioxide systems gave fluid-loss values of. 20
per cent to 45 per cent lower than the original amount
of fluid-loss additive using nitrogen.
Hence, it is concluded that the use of carbon dioxide
decreases the effectiveness of fluid-loss additives by per-
haps 25 per cent.
It should be pointed out that the flow through the filter
cake in these tests was single phase and that the total fluid
loss into a formation using an excess of either nitrogen
To get a good estimate of the viscosity of CO 2 under
these conditions the method of Uyehara and Watson'· was
used. This method is based on the law of corresponding
states, and requires only one experimental evaluation of
the viscosity of a substance to establish its viscosity at any
other temperature and pressure.
This correlation is based on the equation
J!. = J!.r p'e • (1)
where ,p. = viscosity at any temperature and pressure,
p'r = reduced viscosity at this temperature and
pressure,
p.. = viscosity at the critical temperature and pres-
sure.
Uyehara and Watson present a chart of the reduced
viscosity vs reduced temperature and reduced pressure.
The reduced temperature refers to the actual temperature
divided by the critical temperature of the CO 2 , and sim-
ilarly for the reduced pressure.
Based on this correlation and a value for the critical
viscosity for carbon dioxide of 0.0343 cp, the viscosity of

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or carbon dioxide could be less than that without the carbon dioxide was calculated over the range of 0 to 300F
gases because of the increased resistance of two--phase and 100 to 30,000 psi. The results of these calculations
flow. are presented in Fig. 4.
Effect of CO2 on Clay Swelling
It has been predicted" that carbon dioxide would de- Friction Loss of Carbon Dioxide
crease the swelling of bentonite clays. In order to calculate the friction loss of carbon dioxide
In one test of bentonite, the sample was subjected to fresh it is necessary to know the density and viscosity of the
water saturated with CO 2 at 880 psi for 80 minutes. The carbon dioxide.
volume of the bentonite increased 25 per cent. On a sam- The density of carbon dioxide is calculated from the
ple of the same bentonite at atmospheric pressure without equation:
carbon dioxide the volume increase was 360 per cent. PV = 0.243 z TM . (1)
On another bentonite sample the volume increases were
120 per cent with carbon dioxide and 840 without carbon where P = pressure, psia, V = volume, cu ft, z = com-
dioxide. pressibility factor, T=temperature, oR, M=weight, lb.
On tests using a 2 per cent calcium chloride solution This procedure is best illustrated by an example.
the volume increases of two bentonite samples were 29 EXlUIlple
per cent and 25 per cent when subjected to about 800
psi CO 2 pressure. The volume increases of the same sam- Calculate the pressure drop of carbon dioxide for the
ples when using nitrogen pressure were 72 per cent and following conditions: tubing=3.548 in. ID, temperature=
57 per cent, respectively. 140F (600R), pressure = 6,000 psia, and rate= 15 bbI/min.
These data show that the use of carbon dioxide reduced
the swelling of these bentonite clays by 93 per cent and Solution
85 per cent in fresh water and $5 per cent to 60 per cent For carbon dioxide: critical temperature = 547R, and
in a 2 per cent calcium chloride solution. critical pressure = 1071 psia. Hence:
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide Reduced Temperature T r = TIT. = 6001547 =1.1.
In some well stimulation treatments it has been found Reduced Pressure P r = PIPe = 6,00011,071 =5.6.
desirable to pump pure carbon dioxide into the well. In Utilizing a compressibility chart such as that given by
order to calculate the pressure drop that will beencoun- Hougen and Watson: the compressibility factor is z=0.74.
tered, it is necessary to know the viscosity of the CO 2 at Hence, the density is:
the temperatures and pressures that will exist in the pump-
ing operation.
Data on the viscosity of carbon dioxide are not avail-
able over the range of pressures and temperatures that
occur during these stimulation treatments. .
i
TABLE 2-FLUID LOSS TESTS
Concentration
of Additive Gas Filter
Fluid Loss
(ec's in
~
(Ib/l ,000 gal) Test Fluid Saturation Mec:lium 16 min.)
-1-9-- i '"'l-----I-~-7~---=47"7'1r---___+-_j
40 A*
40 A
Fresh Water
Fresh Water
N2
C02
Filter Paper
Filter Paper 33 ~
en
60' A Fresh Water C02 Filter Paper 15 ;;;
40 A Fresh Woter N2 Berea Cores 11
40 A Fresh Water C02 Berea Cores 13
6() A Fresh Water C02 Berea Cores 6
25 B* Kerosene N2 Filter Paper 12
25 B Kerosene C02 Filter Paper 28
40 B Kerosene C02 Filter Paper 8
25 B Kerosene N2 Berea Cores 9
25 B Kerosene C02 Berea Cores 6 'k-----!----,jlor-----t.--.l_;;;-----+-~ .....
The above tests were performec:l at 125F and 1,000 psi. PRESSURE. psla
*Commerclol Fluid-Loss Additives
A-Aoiditive for water-bose fluids
B-Additive for all-base fluids Fig. 4-Viscosity of carbon dioxide.

246 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

 6,000 55.6 Ib
M/V (0.243) (0.74) (600) - cu ft
or, specific gravity = 0.89. From Fig. 4 the viscosity of
carbon dioxide at 6,000 psi and 140F is 0.105 cpo
Using Crittendon's' correlation for pressure drop in oil-
field conductor pipe:
t.P _ 518 p".7. p.0.20. Q"'. (2)
Y- D·· 7•
t.P
wherey= pressure drop per 1,000 ft,
.p = density, gm/ cc,
,po = viscosity, cp,
Q = injection rate, bbllmin.,
D = pipe diameter, in.
AP 518 (0.89)"·7. (0.105)"-207 (15)1.7·
-r:- = (3.548)··7.
AP
-r:- = 88 psi/ 1,000 ft.
It is interesting to note that the pressure drop for CO,
under these conditions (with a viscosity of 0.1 cp) is only
43 per cent less than that of water with l-cp viscosity.
Some recent data by WeIker and Dunlop" on the effect
of carbon dioxide on the viscosity of crude oils indicate
that at 80F and 800 psi the viscosity of crudes is reduced
from 80 per cent to 98.7 per cent with an increas~ i~
volume of approximately 10 per cent. These data mdi-
cate that the friction loss of these oils is reduced from 29
per cent to 60 per cent under these conditions.
Applications and Field Results
Nitrogen
The addition of nitrogen to acid and fracturing fluids
has been extremely effective in giving faster well clean-up
and, in most cases, in eliminating the need for swabbing.
Dual completions in the Devonian and Ellenburger
formations in the Block 31 field of West Texas presented
a challenge to the remedial operations engineer. The Ellen-
burger is produced through the tubing by gas-lift, the
Devonian through the annulus. To acidize the Devonian
conventionally it was necessary to pull the tubing and
gas-lift equipment, run a bridge plug, run tubing, acidize,
swab back, pull tubing and bridge plug, then re-install gas-
lift equipment. This operation normally took two weeks.
With nitrogen the Devonian was acidized down the an-
nulus without changing the down-hole equipment. The
well was flowing back into the tank battery within six
hours.
In cementing operations nitrogen is being placed in the
mud ahead of the cement to reduce the over-all hydro-
static head of the mud-cement column. The resulting low-
er bottom-hole pressure during pumping permits much
better control over the cement placement.
Because of high cement losses to the Spraberry forma-
tion in Upton County, Tex., attainable cement tops were
only 6,000 to 6,500 ft in the 7,800-ft wells. By nitrifying
the mud ahead of the cement, the tops have been raised
about 1,000 ft on an average, with the highest to the depth
of 4,600 ft.
The specialized uses of nitrogen are many-fold. The
following applications illustrate the broad scope over
which the properties of nitrogen are being utilized:
1. As an additive to the sand-fluid mixture in hydraulic
perforating. The addition of nitrogen will increase the
depth of penetration three to four times.
MAKCH, 19'64
2. As an annular insulating material to reduce paraffin
deposition. Nitrogen, with its low hea~-transfer ~oefficient,
prevents rapid cooling of the well f1mds travelhng up the
tubing.
3. For displacement of tubing and drill pipe to obtain
natural formation tests of well capabilities.
Carbon Dioxide
The easy-to-handle physical properties of liquid carbon
dioxide make it ideal for use in conjunction with stimula-
tion treatments. With the general trend toward higher
fracturing pump rates, the injection rates of the gases m~st
keep pace. Pumped as a liquid with standard fractunng
equipment, carbon dioxide places no limits on flow rates.
Injection in excess of 45,000 scf/min is not uncommon.
Carbon dioxide, by improving well cleanup through its
physical and chemical properties, has been extremely ef-
fective with acid and fracturing treatments.
A producing well in a five-spot waterflood pattern in
Ward County, Tex. had declined to 2 to 5 BOPD. After
fracturing with 20,000 gal gelled brine water containing 450
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scf/bbl of CO" the well flowed the load back, then levelled
off at 90 BOPD. The offset producing well after a com-
parable treatment without CO, flowed .only 25 BOPI?
Nine months later the well fractured With CO, was still
producing 52 BOPD, the offset, 15 BOPD.
Production increases from remedial fracturing treatments
in the Strawn sand in the Jameson field, Coke County,
Tex., were almost nil. Fracturing with water plus CO. re-
sulted in an increase from zero to a settled production of
21 BOPD in one old well. Another was increased from 4
to 15 BOPD by a similar treatment.
A dual gas producer from the Chester and Morrow
formations was completed in 1957 in Harper County, Okla.
After acidizing, the Chester tested about 3,000 Mcf/D,
but was damaged by water while completing the Morrow
above. Attempts to regain the original production by acid-
izing were futile and the Chester zone potentialled for
only 280 Mcf/D. During the entire year of 1962, the
zone produced only 3,000 Mcf. The well was treated in
the early part of 1963 with 25,000 gal of acid containing
1,000 scf CO./bbl. After clean-up the Chester has been
producing 1,500 Mcf/D to the pipeline at a line pressure
of 750 psi.
Ten water injection wells in the Aneth field, San Juan
County, Utah, were each treated with 1,500 gal acid plus
CO•. After treatment the wells were flowed back to recover
the spent acid, then placed back on the injection .stre~.
Water injection rates were increased two to four times ill
each well.
Straight carbon dioxide has been used effectively as a
clean-up fluid. A new well in Grayson County, Tex., did
not respond well to a 20,000 gal gelled water treatment. ~t
was flowing intermittently 16 BOPD. Twenty tons of h-
quid carbon dioxide were pumped into the well and dis-
placed with lease oil. After this treatment, the well pro-
duced 31 BOPD.
The surfacta..lt properties of CO. were utilized to remove
emulsion blocks in the San Andres formation from three
wells in Andrews County, Tex. Refined oil-carbon dioxide
treatments increased production from 30 to 96 BOPD,
from 3 to 18 BOPD, and from 0 to 41 BOPD.
Selection
The decision to use carbon dioxide or nitrogen must
be based on the requirements of each specific application.
When used in conjunction with stimulation treatments, for
example, the type and concentration of gas will be de-
247
termined by a number of factors: the reservoir pressure,
the treating fluid, the injection rate, etc.
Charts, similar to that shown in Fig. 5, are available
for both nitrogen and carbon dioxide to determine the
proper gas concentrations to effect flow-back after stimu-
lation treatments.
By thorough consideration of the properties of nitro-
gen and carbon dioxide in relation to the need, the en-
gineer can approach optimum utility of the gases. One
engineer soundly applied the properties of both CO2 and
nitrogen to the treatment of one well.
Because of extremely high pressures and frequency of
sand-outs, fracturing of Connell sand wells in Crane Coun-
ty, Tex., presented quite a problem. The low viscosity,
high penetrating properties of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
were applied to successfully re-stimulate one old well. The
fracture treatment was conducted in the following steps:
(1) 190,000 sci of nitrogen, (2) 75 tons of CO2 , (3) 10,000
gal of lease oil with 400 scf of CO2/bbl and (4) 20,000 gal
lease oil plus walnut shells with 400 sci of CO2/bbl.
The nitrogen-C0 2 treatment boosted production on this
well from 5 to 30 BOPD. The estimated pay-out for the
job is nine months.
In the Permian Basin a large amount of water was lost
into the Ellenburger formation while completing an upper
zone. The Ellenburger formation produced 11 BOPD on
a pump. This formation was treated with 2,000 gal of acid
with de-emulsifier and 171,200 sci of carbon dioxide. Fol-
lowing this treatment the Ellenburger was flowing 43
BOPD when this report was written.
Based on three summaries totaling 138 jobs using CO 2
in the stimulation fluid, compiled by one service company
and two suppliers of carbon dioxide, 89.4 per cent of the
jobs were successful. That is, the wells flowed back without
swabbing.
Relative Activity
From a survey made in June, 1963, the estimates of
activity in Table 3 were made.
Generally, one-third to one-half of the nitrogen treat-
ments were in conjunction with acidizing and fracturing
treatments. The remainder were displacement, formation
testing and miscellaneous operations.
With carbon dioxide about 60 per cent were used in
conjunction with fracturing, 35 per cent with acidizing
and about 5 per cent miscellaneous, such as emulsion and
water-block removal.
FLUID CHART
2 1959) XI, No. 10, 21.
FRESH WATER
4 Lake, Ill. (1963).
~ 6
0
0
Q 8
I Meeting, Columbus, Ohio (May 17, 1962) .
...
:I:
~IO
oJ
~ 12
14
16
18
0 4 8 40
PRESSURE - 100 PSI
Fig. 5-Carbonated fluid chart.
248
TABLE 3-NiTROGEN AND C02 TREATMENTS (JUNE. 1963)
Jobs Pe,r Month
Area Nitrogen CO2
Texas Pan,ha,ndle Nil 14
Permian Basin 30 35
Texas & Louisiana Gulf Coast 67 No Estimate
The average amount of carbon dioxide used was about
25 tons per treatment.
Conclusions
Both nitrogen and carbon dioxide have proven to be
useful acids in oilwell stimulation.
Carbon dioxide and foaming agents in water combine to
give better fluid removal than either separately.
The corrosion rate of carbonated water is of the order
of one-tenth that experienced with inhibited hydrochloric
acid.
Carbon dioxide reduces the reaction rate of hydrochloric
acid on' limestone, but this retardation is very much less
than that obtainable with emulsions.
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Carbon dioxide reduces the effectiveness of fluid-loss
additives to a minor extent.
The use of carbon dioxide can reduce clay swelling by
as much as 50 per cent in a 2 per cent calcium chloride
solution and 90 per cent in fresh water.
A chart of the viscosity of carbon dioxide is presented.
It is estimated that CO 2 can reduce the friction loss of oil
by 29 to 60 per cent.
Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are both effective in re-
turning stimulation fluids to the surface. Both have been
used as a low viscosity breakdown fluid. Carbon dioxide
has proven effective in removing water or emulsion blocks.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to express their appreciation to The
Western Co. for permission to prepare and publish this
paper. We also wish to thank Harold Purdom of Nitrogen
Oil Well Service Co. and Tom Carroll of Helmerich and
Payne for their assistance in supplying field results.
References
1. Bloom, D. F.: "Nitrogen as Used in Production of Oil", API
Paper No. 801·38·H, Presented at Los Angeles Meeting (May
9, 1962).
2. Carbon Dioxide Engin1eering, The Western Co., P. O. Box 186,
Fort Worth, Tex. (1962).
3. Crawford, H. R., Neill, G. H., Bucy, B. J. and !Crawford, P. B.:
"Carbon Dioxide-A Multipurpose Additive for Effective Well
Stimulation", Jour. Pet. Tech. (March, 1%3) 237.
4. Crittenden, B. C.: "The Mechanics of Design and Interpreta-
tion of Hydraulic Fracture Treatments", Jonr. Pet. Tech. (Oct.,
5. Holm, L. W.: Personal Communication, Pure Oil Co., Crystal
6. Hougen, O. A. and Watson, K. M.: Chemical Process Princi·
ples, John Wiley and 'Sons, N. Y. (1947) 469.
7. Hurst, R. E. and Henry, K. D.: "Nitrogen-A New Tool for
Well Stimulation", API Paper No. 826·33-A, Presented at API
8.NOWSCO'Technical Manual, Nitrogen Oil Well Service Co.,
Box 3047, Houston, Tex. (962).
9. Thompson, G. D.: _"Effects of Formation Compressive Strength
on Perforator Performance", API Paper No. 926·7.M, Presented
to Houston Meeting (March 1, 1962).
10. Uyehara, O. A. and Watson, K. M.: Nat. Pet. News, Tech. Sec.
(Oct. 4, 1944) 36, R764.
11. Welker, J. R. and Dunlo'p, D. D,: "Physical Properties of Car-
bonated Oils", Jour. Pet. Tech. (Aug.,1963) 873. ***
44 48
EDITOR'S NOTE: PICTURES AND BIOGRAPIDCAL SKETCHES
OF G. H. NEILL, J. B. DOBBS, G. T. PRUITT AND H. R.
CRAWFORD ApPEAR ON PAGE 296.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
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