event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence

lord curzon to restrict freedom of press, espionage, sedition. • Categorisation of official information into –
official secret act,
Top secret, secret, classified and restricted
1904
lord curzon • greater govt control over universities-breeding • improvement in the field of Primary Education.
ground for revolutionaries • Number of upper primary and lower primary
schools sprang up.
Indian university act, • The grant-in-aid to the primary schools also
1904 increased from rupees 40 lakhs in 1905 to 75
lakhs by 1912.
• The curriculum and methods of teaching at the
primary level improved to a great extent.
lord curzon bengal • too big to be administered • By moderates: petitions to the Government, • Western Bengal +provinces of Bihar and Orissa,
(Before partition) Moderates • development of Assam public meeting and Eastern Bengal and Assam.
partition of bengal, Agitation (1903- • to weaken nerve centre of Indian nationalism. • Dacca became the capital of Eastern Bengal
1905 05:Surendranath Benerjea, • Creating rift b/w hindu muslim-Dacca as capital of
K.K. Mitra and the new Muslim majority province
Prithwishchandra Ray • reducing the Bengalis to a minority in Bengal
Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanyabengal then • against reactionary policy of curzon. • Boycut of foreign goods, • Extremist-moderate dispute over pace and
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin poona • Partition of bengal. • promotion of swadesi goods and indian technique of movement.
Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat bombay- • Divide and rule policy of british. industries- Public meetings and processions • Extremist rise in prominence in freedom struggle.
Rai, V. O. Chidambaram tilak, punjab- • Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’-Swadesh • Real face of british came in public.
Pillai, Babu Genu lajpat rai, Bandhab Samiti of AshwiniKumar Dutta • Moderate’s method proved ineffective.
delhi-syed • use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas- • Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation,”-
haidar raza, ganpati festival, Aurbindo ghosh
swadeshi
madras- • traditional folk theatre • estb TISCO,1907, Swadeshi Steam Navigation
movement,1905
chidambara • Nationalist song- Amar Sonar Bangla, Sudesha Company—at Tuticorin,
m pillai Geetham-Subramania Bharati • The cradle of future struggles
• Painting-Abanindranath Tagore • growth of militant nationalism
• Scientific research- jadish Chandra bose
• National Education in vernacular medium. -
Bengal National College, National Council of
Education, 15/08/1906
presidentship of Dadabhai culcutta • goal of the Indian National Congress was “self-
Congress session Naoroji government or swaraj like the United Kingdom or
Calcutta(1906) the colonies of Australia or Canada”

Dadabhai Naoroji surat Moderate-Extremist dispute • party split

Congress session
• Momentum of swadesi movement got badly
surat (1907)
impacted.
Lord Minto Rising nationalism due to swadeshi movement • Seditious Meetings Act, 1907; • Tilak, the main Extremist leader, was tried in 1909
• Indian Newspapers (Incitement to for sedition and Mandalay (Burma) jail for six
Offences) Act, 1908 years.
Reactionary laws
• Explosive Substances Act (1908) • Swadesi movement fizeled out
• Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1908;
• the Indian Press Act, 1910.
Agha khan, • Wanted separate electorate • Communalism grows
Nawab Salimullah of Dacca • Trying to be loyal to the crown • Conception of Pakistan
Formation of muslim
along with Nawabs Mohsin- • to keep the Muslim intelligentsia away from the • communal violence and partition.
league, 1906
ul-Mulk and Waqar-ul-Mulk Congress.
• Supported Bengal partition,
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event Person/leaders
Satyendra P Sinha as the first
Indian member of the Viceroy’s
Executive Council.
Morley-Minto
Reforms—1909
Promotha mitter,jatindranath
Banerjee, Barindra kumar
gupta,Bhupendranath dutta,
Rash bihar ghosh, Sachin sanyal,
Under ground Praful chaki, Khudiram bose
revolutionary
activities. Chapekar brothers, Damodar
Maharashtra
Balkrishna, Lakshman Kanhere,
Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar, Syed
Haider Raza, Bhai Parmanand,
Punjab
the radical Urdu poet, Lalchand
‘Falak, Lala Hardayal
Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar,
Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh
Bhakna , Lala Hardayal,
Gadar movement, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh,
1913 Kartar Singh Saraba,
Barkatullah, and Bhai
Parmanand
Virendranath Chattopadhyay,
Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala
Hardayal
Berlin Committee
for Indian
Independence
Jamadar Chisti Khan, Jamadar
Mutiny in
Abdul Gani and Subedar Daud Singapore
Singapore
Khan
WW1
place Reason
• checking the growth of unity among Indians
• rallying the Moderates and the Muslims against the
rising tide of nationalism
• Reforming legislative council at centeraland
provincial level.
Bengal • Failure of top leadership to tap newly released
revolutionary energy among youths.
• Extreme measures by britishers to crush rising
nationalism
• Notion that british can be thown only by force-
• Creating terror among English officials
• Irish nationalism and Russian nihilism
• to organise assassinations of officials,
• publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist literature,•
• work among Indian troops stationed abroad,
• procure arms
• bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British
colonies
• Komagata Maru incident
• outbreak of the First World War
Europe • Zimmerman Plan
• Method
• Indian council act, 1909
• Anushilan samite-Promotha
mitter,jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra
kumar gupta,Bhupendranath
• Yugantar(journal)-Bhupendranath dutta,
Rash bihar ghosh
• Assasination of unpopular officers
• Swadesi dacoity to raise funds
• Mitra mela- Savarkar
• Abhinav Bharat
• Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan
• Bharat Mata-journal
• ‘United India House’ at Seattle1911
‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver1911
• Newspaper – THE GADAR
• Plan of an armed revolt in Ferozepur, Lahore
and Rawalpindi garrisons on 21 feb 1915
• Indian revolutionaries in Europe sent missions
to
• Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul( to work
among Indian troops and the Indian prisoners
of war (POWs) to incite anti-British feelings
among the people of these countries)
• Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, Barkatullah
• and Obaidullah Sindhi went to Kabul to
organise a ‘provisional Indian government’
there with the help of the crown prince,
Amanullah
• A fierce battle of Muslim 5th Light Infantry and • 37 persons were executed and 41 transported for
the 36th Sikh battalion with English
• cosequence
• Size of legislative council at center and province
increased
• Element of election introduced
• Indirect election
• Official majority maintained at center.
• Non official majority at province
• Separate electorate
• Deliberative function of legislative council
increased-can move resolution on budget and any
matter of public interest, except specified
subjects like armed force, foreign policy and
indian state.
• Alipore conspiracy-1908
• Barrah dacoity-1908
• first Christmas Day plot-1909
• Delhi conspiracy-1912
• second Christmas Day plot-Zimmerman plan-1915
• A.M.T. Jackson, the Collector of Nasik killed by
Lakshman Kanhere 1909
• non-payment of revenue and water rates
among Chenab colonists and Bari Doab
peasants
• Ajit singh turned to extremism
• Defence of India Act, 1915- march
• Rebellious regiments were disbanded
• It preached militant nationalism with a completely
secular approach
life.
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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
Home Rule Bal gangadhar tilak • Minto- morely reform, 1909, failed to • 1915, Annie Besant had • prepared the masses for politics of
Movement Besant’s League - meet indian aspiration. launched a campaign to demand the Gandhian style.
Besant’s League • War time miseries self-government for India after • emphasis from the educated elite to
George Arundale, • War as manifestation of imperialist the war the masses
B.W. Wadia competition, exposed the myth of • New India and Commonweal- • permanently deflected the
and C.P. Ramaswamy white superiority newspaper movement from the course mapped
Aiyar • Tilak was released in June 1914 • Tilak’s Home Rule League- by the Moderates.
• Annie Besant decided to build a a restricted to Maharashtra • created an organisational link
Later movement for home rule on the lines (excluding Bombay city), between the town and the country
Motilal Nehru, of the Irish Home Rule Leagues Karnataka, Central Provinces • Moderate-Extremist reunion at
Jawaharlal Nehru, • August declaration( it was declaration and Berar Lucknow (1916)
Bhulabhai Desai, given by Montague) • Besant’s League - in Madras and • August 1917 declaration of Montagu
Chittaranjan Das, covered the rest of India & Montford reforms were
Madan Mohan (including Bombay city). influenced.
Malaviya, • S. Subramaniya Aiyar renounced his
Mohammad Ali Why faded by 1919 knighthood
Jinnah, Tej Bahadur
Sapru and Lala Lajpat • Communal riots
Rai. • Montagu’s statement of August
Gokhale’s Servants of 1917 pacified moderates
India Society • Besant unable to give a positive
lead and Tilak away in England,
Anglo-Indians, most the movement was left leaderless
of the Muslims
and non-brahmins
from the South did
not join- for them
home rule= hindu
rule
Lucknow Session of Ambika Charan Lucknow • Moderates and the Extremists • Readmission of Extremists to
the Indian Majumdar realised negative impact of split . Congress
National Congress Annie Besant and • Annie Besant and Tilak- Tilak had • Lucknow Pact between Congress
(1916) Tilak- declared that he supported a reform and Muslim League
of administration • INC accepted Muslim League's
• death of two Moderates, Gokhale and demand of separate electorate.
Pherozshah Mehta,
• WW1 treatment of turkey by allied
resented by muslims

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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
Montagu’s Statement of British india • Coming together of moderates and extremist in • Demand for self rule no more sedecious
August 1917 congress __________________________________________
• Luckhnow pact brought league and congress __
together • establishment of a Public Service Commission in
Montagu-Chelmsford • Home rule movement • Government of India Act, 1919 India for the first time
Reforms and • To further divide the nationalist ranks. • Secretary of State for India was henceforth to be
Government of India Act, • India’s contribution in WW1 created an paid out of the British exchequer
1919 expectation of political gain from british • majority of elected representative at both center
• Coming of Gandhi in Indian political scene and provinces
province
• Introduction of Dyarchy- rule by executive
counciler and popular minister
• Subjects were divided into reserved-by governor
and transferred subjects – popular executive.
• only ministers were to be responsible to the
legislature, not the executive counciler
• case of failure of constitutional machinery-
governer rule
• The secretary of state for India and the
governorgeneral could interfere in respect of
reserved subjects
legislative
• Provincial legislative councils expanded with 70%
elected members
• separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians,
Anglo-Indians and Europeans
• General election(direct)
• Legislative council could initiate bill with
governor’s assent,
• veto power to governor
• legislative councils could reject the budget but
the governor could restore it
Center
• two lists for administration— central and
provincial
• viceroy’s executive council of eight, three were
to be Indians
• Over riding power to governor general over
central legislative council and ordinance making
power
legislative
• Bicameral legislature-lower house 145 member
3 years, upper House 60 members 5 years
• Allocation of seats for central legislature to the
provinces was based on ‘importance’ of
provinces
• legislators could ask questions and
Supplementaries, 75 % budget non votable

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event Person/leaders
Champaran Satyagraha
M.K Gandhi
(1917)—First Civil
Disobedience Rajkumar Shukla
Brajkishore Prasad,
Anugrah Narayan Sinha,
Ramnavmi Prasad
and Shambhusharan
Varma
Rajendra Prasad,
Mazharul-
Haq, Mahadeo Desai,
Narhari Parekh, and J.B.
Kripalani
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Anusuya Behn,
(1918)—
First Hunger Strike M.K Gandhi
Kheda Satyagraha
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ,
(1918)—First Non-
Cooperation Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal
Pandya and
Ravi Shankar Vyas
Satyagraha Against the
Rowlatt Act—
First Mass Strike
place Reason
bihar • Exploitation of farmers in champaran by
europian planters(teen kathiya system)
• German synthetic dyes replaced indigo
hence planter extracted illegal due from
farmers.
gujrat • discontinuation of the plague bonus • Hunger Strike(non-violent)
• Refusal of demand for 50% wage hike for
worker
gujrat • Crop failure in kheda dist.
• Adament behaviour of british to collect
tax
confiscation of personal property as well as
livelihood
• Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes
Act,1919 (Rowlatt act)
• Method • cosequence
• civil disobedience • tinkathia system abolished
• 25 per cent of the money taken compensated
• 35 % increase in wages instead of 50 %.
• Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association in 1920
• Non- Cooperation • tax for 1919 and 1920 suspended
• All confiscated property returned
• Increse in tax rate reduced
• nationwide hartal • masses had found a direction; now they could
• fasting and prayer, and civil disobedience act’ instead of just giving verbal expression
against specific laws, • peasants, artisans and the urban poor were to
• courting arrest and imprisonment play an increasingly important part in the
struggle.
• Orientation of the national movement turned to
the masses permanently
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)

Jallianwala Bagh punjab • Marshal law in place • Beginning of the end of the British Raj
Massacre (April 13, • On going protest against rowlatt act • Gandhi declare that “cooperation with a ‘satanic
1919) • Psycic of general dyer regime’ was now impossible”
• Nation wide resentment
• Rabindranath tagore renounced his knighthood
• Gandhi gave up the title of Kaiser-i-Hind
• the movement on April 18,1919. was withdrawn

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event Person/leaders
The Non-Cooperation
M K Gandhi, Motilal Nehru,
Khilafat
Movement-1920 Jawaharlal Nehru, Saifuddin
Kitchlew, Vallabhbhai Patel,
Asaf Ali,
T. Prakasam and Rajendra
Prasad
Acharya Narendra Dev, C.R.
Das, Lala Lajpat Rai
Maulana Azad, Mukhtar
Ahmed Ansari, Hakim Ajmal
Khan, Abbas Tyabji,
Maulana Muhammad Ali
Jauhar and Maulana
Shaukat Ali.
place Reason
India • Treatment of khalifa during WW1
• Rowlatt act
• Jalliyawaln massacre
• No penalty to General dyer by Hunter
committee
• Endorsement of dyer’s action by british
parliament
• Lucknow Pact (1916) united hindu muslim as•
single front against britishers
• Gandhi’s action to take all section together •
in national movement
• Establishment of Swaraj
• withdrawal
th
• Chauri Chaura Incident on 5 feb1922
• people had not learnt or fully understood
the method of non-violence.
• Turkey was made a secular state, thus
khilafat issue lost evidence
• Method
• boycott of government schools and colleges;
• boycott of law courts and dispensation of
justice through panchayats instead;
• boycott of legislative councils;
• boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi
instead;
• also practice of hand-spinning to be done
renunciation of government honours and
titles
work for Hindu-Muslim unity
• Gandhi accompanied by the Ali brothers
undertook a nationwide tour
• attainment of self-government through
constitutional means Congress changed goal
to have swaraj through peaceful
extraconstitutional mass struggle.
• cosequence
• Nationalist sentiments reached every nook and
corner of the country
• politicised every strata of population—the artisans,
peasants, students, urban poor, women, traders
• imparted a revolutionary character to the national
movement
• the masses lost the all-pervasive fear of the
• colonial rule
• congress working committee (CWC) of 15 members
was set up
• Provincial congress committees on linguistic basis
were organised.
• entry fee to congress was reduced to four annas.
• Many national education institutions were opened
• Thousands of students left government schools and
colleges and joined around 800 national schools and
colleges
• spirit of defiance and unrest gave rise to many local
struggles- Sikh agitation for the removal of mahants
in Punjab, Awadh Kisan Movement, Eka Movement
• non-cooperation proovedto be a viable political
alternative to terrorism in order to fight against a
colonial government.
• peasants turned against the landlords and the
traders
• Women gave up purdah
• brought the urban Muslims into the national
movement

Simon Commission, 1928 1. John Simon, MP for Spen Valley • Government of India Act, 1919 • Statutory Commission • complete independence as the goal of the
(Liberal, chairman) • To show the people that British were Congress.
2. Clement Attlee, MP for Limehouse sincere in the efforts in giving people the • Birkenhead’s constitutional challange
(Labour) self rule Recommendations
3. Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount • Creating fedral constitution with weak • North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan
Burnham center to promote regionalism as an should get local legislatures
4. Edward Cadogan, MP for Finchley antidote to nationalism • Separation of Sindh from Bombay, and Burma from
(Conservative) India
5. Vernon Hartshorn, MP for Ogmore • abolition of diarchy
(Labour) • discretionary power to governor in relation to
6. George Lane-Fox, MP for Barkston internal security and administrative powers to
Ash (Conservative) protect the different communities
7. Donald Howard, 3rd Baron • rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre
Strathcona and Mount Royal Report submited in May 1930

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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
Nehru Report • All white commission-Simon • ‘Delhi Proposals by Muslim The report
Motilal Nehru, Ali
Commission league.:- • Dominion status
Imam, Tej Bahadur • joint electorates with • Rejection of separate electorates
• answer to Lord Birkenhead’s reserved seats for Muslims instead, a demand for joint
Sapru, Madhav
challenge • one-third representation to electorates with reservation of seats
Shrihari Aney, Muslims in Central only in muslim minority province
Legislative Assembly • Nineteen fundamental rights
Mangal Singh,
• Propotional representation including equal rights for women,
Shuaib of muslims in Punjab and right to form unions, and universal
Bengal adult suffrage
Qureshi, Subhas
• formation of Sindh, • Responsible government at the
Chandra Bose, and Baluchistan and North-West Centre and in provinces –
Frontier Province as muslim • Indian Parliament at the Centre
G. R. Pradhan.
majority province to consist of a 500-member
Shuaib Qureshi House of Representatives 5 years
elected on the basis of adult
suffrage,
• a 200-member Senate 7 years to
be elected by provincial councils
• Center heade by governor
general appointed by british but
paid from indian revenue
• Resedury power to center

• Linguistic provinces
• Full protection to cultural and
religious interests of Muslims
• Complete dissociation of State from
religion
_________________________________
_________

• Jinnah’s 14 point demand

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event Person/leaders place
Civil disobedience – • C. Rajagopalachari- • Dissatisfaction of younger leader with
march 12th 1930 Tamil Nadu
• K. Kelappan, P. • Rejection of demand made in “Delhi
Krishna Pillai-
Malabar
• Gopalbandhu
Chaudhuri- orrisa
• Subhas Bose and J.M.
Sengupta- culcutta
• Ambika Kant Sinha –
bihar
• Bonga Majhi and
Somra Majhi –Now • Calcutta Congress Session (December 1928) 1
Jharkhand
• Khan Abdul Gaffar
Khan- Peshawar
• Sarojini Naidu, Imam • Lahore session of the Congress 1929 under
Sahib and Manilal –
Dharasana • Rejection of Gandhi’s 11 demands(one
• Rani Gaidinliu,
Haipou Jadonang -
Manipur and
Nagaland
• Chandraprabha
Saikiani - assam
Reason
dominion status envisaged in Nehru report.
manifesto” by Irwin.
1. Purpose of Round table conference is
to daraft constitution for Dominion
India.
2. Congress to have majority at round
table conference
3. Amnesty for political prisioners and
policy for Conciliation.
year ultimatum to British to grant dominon
status.
J L Nehru-Purna Swaraj adopted
demad was abolistion of salt tax) by Irwin • Choolai mills strike and peasent roit against
• Method • cosequence
• Salt chosen as central theme • Imports of foreign cloth and other items fell.
th th
• Dandi march from march 12 to april 6 1930 • Government suffered a loss of income from
to disobey the salt law liquor, excise and land revenue
• Disobey and non cooperation with govt as • Elections to Legislative Assembly were largely
much as possible boycotted.
• Truth and non-violence as means to attain • Gandhi arrested
Swaraj Gandhi-Irwin Pact- 5 March 1931
After Gandhi’s arrest • immediate release of all political prisoners not
• massive protests in Bombay, Delhi, convicted of violence
Calcutta and in Sholapur • right to make salt in coastal villages for personal
• CWC sanctioned Consumption only
1. non-payment of revenue in ryotwari • right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
areas; • withdrawal of emergency ordinances
2. no-chowkidara-tax campaign in • remission of all fines and return of all lands not
zamindari areas yet sold to third parties
3. violation of forest laws in the Central
Provinces Irwin not accepted
movement across india • public inquiry into police excesses
• commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’
death sentence
fallin agri price- Tamil nadu
• District salt marches and sibirams (military Gandhi accepted
style camps) were set up, mass support not as • to suspend the civil disobedience movement
much as was in non cooperation- Andhra • to participate in the next Round Table
region Conference( indian responsibility, reservations
• conflicts between Assamese and Bengalis, and safeguards)
Hindus and Muslims, and the inflow of Muslim
peasants affected the movement – Assam
• salt satyagraha and chaukidari tax. Muslims
did not took part with enthusiasm – Bengal
• Nochaukidari tax agitation replaced the salt
satyagraha – Bihar
• Boycott of foreign goods and meat , use of
khadi, Santhals took up illegal distillation of
liquor on a large scale – Jharkhand
• volunteer brigade ‘Khudai Khidmatgars”/ Red
shirts by Gaffar khan, Garhwal Rifles soldiers
refused to fire on an unarmed crowd.
• raid on the Dharasana Salt Works –
Dharasana
• No-tax movement, Villagers crossed the
border into neighbouring princely states to
escape police repression. – Gujrat
• defiance of forest laws- Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Central Provinces
• no-revenue campaign for Zamindars an no
rent campagian to tenant . Since Zamindars
were loyalist ,it became essentially no rent
campagian – United Province
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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
• Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed
Sardar Patel • karanchi
• goal of purna swaraj was reiterated
• Resolution on:-
• Fundamental Rights
• National Economic
Programme
Were adopted.

Fundamental Rights

• Right to free speech and free press

• right to form associations
• right to assemble
Karachi Congress
• universal adult franchise
Session—26th march • to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• Right to equality
1931
• free and compulsory primary education
• protection to culture, language, script of
minorities and linguistic groups

National Economic Programme

• relief from agricultural indebtedness

M K Gandhi • Indian National Congress nominated Gandhi •
A. Rangaswami as its sole representative
Iyengar and Madan • Representative of –
Mohan Malaviya princely states, Muslims, Hindu groups •
Justice Party, Depressed Classes, Sikhs
Parsis, Indian Christians, Labours,
Industries, Women , Universities, Sindh, •
Assam, Central Provinces and NWFP,
• Lord Irwin also promised a Round Table Burma, government of India was
Conference after the Simon Commission submitted represented by C.P. Ramaswami Iyer,
Second Round Table
its report in the Indian Gazette on October 31, Narendra Nath Law and M. Ramachandra
Conference-September
1929
7, 1931
• Decision on constitutional question of india • Gandhi (and therefore the Congress) claimed
• Failure of 1s RTC to represent all people of India against
imperialism
• Because of the participation of a large number
of groups, the British government claimed
that the Congress did not represent the
interests of all of India.
• deadlocked on the question of the minorities “•
minority Pact”
• exemption from rent for uneconomic holdings
• control of usury
• right to workers and peasants to form unions
• Good and human workig condition
• state ownership and control of key industries,
mines and means of transport
two Mulsim majority provinces—NWFP and
Sindh
• Indian Consultative Committee setup
setting up of three expert committees—
1.finance, 2.franchise and 3.states
• unilateral British Communal Award
basic Indian demand of freedom refused
• Civil disobedience movement resumed
• British policy to achive :-
1. Gandhi would not be permitted to
build up the tempo for a mass
movement again
2. Goodwill of the Congress was not
required
3. The national movement would not be
allowed to consolidate itself in rural
areas
• ‘Civil Martial Law’ imposed
• Congress organisations at all levels were banned
Gandhi ashrams were occupied

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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
Communal Award Ramsay • findings of the Indian Franchise Committee • Fast unto death by Gandhi-20 September
August 16, 1932. MacDonald • Demand by many sectional leaders like Dr. B.R • British policy of divide and rule 1932
Dr B.R. Ambedkar Ambedkar • separate electorates for Muslims, • Poona pact
• Ambedkar Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-
• wanted to solve the problem of untouchability Indians, depressed classes, and even to
through laws and constitutional methods the Marathas for some seats in Bombay
• arrangement for the depressed classes
was to be made for a period of 20 years.
• In the provincial legislatures, the seats
were to be distributed on communal
basis.
• 3% reservation for women in all provinces
except in NWFP
• Minority status to depressed class
• Depressed class to have 2 votes one for
separate electorate other for genral
electorate.

Poona Pact, Dr B.R. Ambedkar • Gandhi viewed the depressed class • Fast unto death by Gandhi • Idea of separate electorate abandoned.
September 24, 1932 (untouchables) as an integral part of the Hindu • seats reserved for the depressed classes
Madan Mohan whole were increased from 71 to 147 in provincial
Malviya and some legislatures
other leaders • 18 % reservation in the Central Legislature
• Probablity of gettingtrue representative of
depressed class in legislature reduced .
• All India Anti-Untouchability League in
September 1932 and weekly Harijan in
January 1933 set up by Gandhi

Govt of india act 1935 • Outcome of third round table conference
• To play on asspiration of various communal
groups in india(Divide and rule)
• To revive the political standing of
constitutionalist liberals and moderates
• To offset the set back faced by british in
civildisobediance movement and Irwin pact.
• To make leaders taste the power.
• To weaken the central leadership offered by
congress in national movement
Government of India Act, 1935
• Introduction of all india federation
incorporating british provinces and
princely states
• replaced “Council of india” to secretary of
stae for india with a advisory body.
• Only british parliament made competent
to amend it.
Center
Executive
• introduction of Dyarchy.( same way as in
govt india act 1919 for province)
• Discrectionary power to governor general
for discharge of special responsibility
• The Act enfranchised 14 per cent of British
Indian population.
• Estd. Federal court
• Estd. Federal Railway Authority
• Seperation of Sindh from Bombay, splitting
Bihar and Orissa as separate provinces,1936
• Burma was separated from india ,1937
• Provincial autonomy
• Responsible govt at province
• Promoted separatist tendencies = partion

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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
Govt of India act 1935 Legislature
• Bicameral –
• upper house 260, 1/3rd members to be
replace every 3rd year, partly directly elected
from British Indian provinces and partly (40
per cent) nominated by the princes .
• Lower house-375, 5years , partly indirectly
elected from British Indian provinces and
partly (one-third) nominated by the princes

• Provision of no confidence motion in lower

house
• Division of power in 3 lists – central, provincial
and concurrent
• Separate electorate based on religion and
class
• 80% budget non votable
• Governor General had over-riding power over

countinuation
legislature.
Province
• Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy-
provinces derived direct authority from Crown

• Provincial governments could borrow money

on their own security
• Independent financial powers and resources
Executive
• Governor became crown’s nominee
• Governor could take over and indefinitely run
administration

Legislature
• All members were to be directly elected.
• Franchise was extended to women on the
same basis as men
• Separate electorate based on religion and
class (optional)
• Provision of no confidence motion
• 40% budget non votable
• Overriding power to governor for discharge
special responsibility, ordinance, etc.

World war II

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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
• It became clear that the British government had
no intention of loosening its hold, during or after
Linlithgow’s statement the war
• The government refused to define British war
aims beyond stating that Britain was resisting
aggression

• The government consult “representatives of

several communities, parties and interests in
India, and the Indian princes” as to how the
Act of 1935 might be modified
Resignation of congress
ministries, • The government would immediately set up a
October 23, 1939, “consultative committee” whose advice could
be sought whenever required.

Government’s Hidden Agenda-

• emergency powers
• had been acquired for the Centre in respect of
provincial subjects by amending the 1935 Act.
• Defence of India ordinance
• top secret Draft Revolutionary Movement
Ordinance

• dominion status as the objective for India • Congress rejected the August Offer
Lord Linlithgow • expansion of viceroy’s executive council which • Dominion status concept dead as doornail
• Hitler’s astounding success and the fall of
would have a majority of Indians • veto assurance given to the league- lauded for
Belgium Holland and France
• setting up of a constituent assembly after the partition
• Bitish needed india’s support
August Offer, 1940 war where mainly Indians would decide the • first time, the inherent right of Indians to frame
• Congress decided to give support to british ( in
constitution their constitution was recognised
Ramgad session) if immediately national govt
• no future constitution to be adopted without • British inted to play role in indian constitution
were to be formed
the consent of minorities drafting” mainly Indians “ .

Vinoba Bhave was the
first to offer the
satyagraha,
then J L Nehru
Individual Satyagrahas
• adamant position of govt that no • satyagraha on an individual basis by a few • 25,000 people had been convicted for individual
constitutional advance could be made till the selected individuals in every locality civil disobedience
Congres came to an agreement with the • Delhi Chalo Movement’. • Prepared masses for quit india movement
Muslim leaders
• Ordinances issued taking away the freedom of
speech and that of the press and the right to
organise associations
• to express people’s feeling that they were not
interested
• in the war and that they made no distinction
between Nazism and the double autocracy
• to show that nationalist patience was not due
to weakness
• to give another opportunity to the
government to accept Congress’ demands
peacefully
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event Person/leaders place
Cripps Mission, March
1942
Quit India Movement M K Gandhi
Rammanohar Lohia,
Jayaprakash Narayan,
Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha
Mehta, Biju Patnaik,
Chhotubhai Puranik,
Achyut Patwardhan,
Sucheta Kripalani and
R.P. Goenka
Reason
• Indian support became crucial
• pressure on Britain from the Allies (USA,
USSR, China) to seek Indian cooperation
• the Japanese threat to invade India
• Fall of singapore
• demands of Indian nationalists of immediate
transfer power and complete independence •
after the war.
• Rejection of August offer
• failure of the Cripps Mission to solve the •
constitutional deadlock
• popular discontent because of war time
hardship
• because of factors such as commandeering
of boats in Bengal and Orissa
• Fear of scortch earth policy by british in
Assam , bangal and Orissa
• Defeat of british in south east asia
• Indian subjects in South-East Asia exposed
the racist attitude of the ruler
• possible Japanese invasion
• Method • cosequence
• Indian Union with a dominion status- free to •
take care of its international relation
• constituent assembly after war- with partly •
elected member from provincial assembly
and prtly nominated member from princely
state.
right to provinces to secede
• representation of the princely states by
nomineesBritish government to play role in •
power transfer and minority matter
civil disobedience movement against British •
rule
• Do or Die call by Gandhi
• His instruction to –
Government servants- Do not resign but
declare allegiance to the Congress
Soldiers- not to leave army but not to fire •
on compatriots
Students – if confidented leave collage
Peasants – support nationalist zamindars
Princes – acknowledge subject’s
soverienity
Princely states’ people- support anti govt
ruler
• underground activity- underground radio by
usha Mehta
• Parallel Governments-
• Ballia (in August 1942 for a week)—under
Chittu Pandey
• Tamluk (Midnapore, from December 1942
to September 1944)—Jatiya Sarkar
• Satara (mid-1943 to 1945)-Y.B. Chavan,
Nana Patil
constitution was to be solely in Indian hands
now(not ‘mainly’ in Indian hands)
Option was available to any province to have a
separate constitution
Failed:-
Congress criticised
• offer of dominion status only
right to provinces to secede
• viceroy’s veto
• representation of the princely states by
nominees instead of electd representative
• absence of any plan for immediate transfer of
power
• absence of any real share in defence
Muslim league criticised
• idea of a single Indian Union
• rigid “take it or leave it” attitude of govt.
added to the deadlock
• procedure of accession was not well-defined
According to Gandhi it was “a post-dated cheque”
August 9, 1942, in a single sweep,all the top
leaders of the Congress were arrested and taken
to unknown destinations
• CWC,AICC and Provincial Congress Committees
were declared unlawful associations under the
Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908
It was estd that it is impossible to rule india
without the wishes of indians
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event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence
Rajagopalachari C. Rajagopalachari • to solve the ongoing constitutional crisis • Muslim League to endorse Congress
Formula demand for independence
• League to cooperate with Congress in
forming a provisional government at
centre
• After war muslim majority areas to
decide by plebicide on the question of
separate nation
• Joint control of defence, commerce,
communications, etc in case of partition.
• operative only if England transferred full
powers to India

Jinnah wanted-
• Only the Muslims of North-West and
North-East to vote in the plebiscite and
not the entire population.
• Congress to accept the two-nation
theory
Desai-Liaqat Pact Bhulabhai Desai • to end the deadlock. • an equal number of persons nominated
by the Congress and the League in the
central legislature
Liaqat Ali Khan • 20% reserved seats for minority.
Wavell Plan • Japanese threat in india • Except Governor General and
• general election in England in mid 1945 Commander in chief all members of the
• pressure from the Allies to get india’s executive council were to be Indians
support • Hindus and Muslims were to have equal •
representation
• The reconstructed council was to
function as an interim government within
the framework of the 1935 Act
• The governor-general was to exercise his
veto on the advice of ministers
• Joint list / separate list by political parties
for nominations to the executive council •
to viceroy
Cabinet mission plan, Sir Pethick Lawrence, • British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent  Demand for a full-fledged Pakistan rejected •
March 24, 1946 Secretary of State for • to find out ways and means for a  Grouping of existing provincial assemblies
India. negotiated, peaceful transfer of power into three sections:
Sir Stafford Cripps, to India
President of the Board of • Congress and the League could not • Section-A: Madras, Bombay, Central
Trade, come to any agreement on the Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar and
Alexander, the First Lord fundamental issue of the unity or Orissa (Hindu-majority provinces)
of the Admiralty partition of India • Section-B: Punjab, North-West Frontier
Province and Sindh (Muslim-majority
provinces)
• Section-C: Bengal and Assam
• Muslim League wanted all muslim to be its
member. Wanted to cast itself as sole
representative of muslims
League claimed veto in council - two-thirds
majority for clearing decision opposed to
muslim/league
• Congress termed it as”an attempt to reduce
the Congress to the status of a purely caste
Hindu party”
breakdown of talk gave league virtual veto.
• League’s position streangthen
July 1946 Elections were held in provincial
assemblies for the Constituent Assembly.
• July 10, 1946 Nehru’s statement about
grouping
• July 29, 1946 The League withdrew its
acceptance of the long-term plan in response
to Nehru’s statement, call for “direct action”
from August 16 for Pakistan.
• 14 Ministers of Interim Government
(September 2, 1946–August 15, 1947)
1. Jawaharlal Nehru: Vice President of
Executive Council, External Affairs and
Common Wealth Relations
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 GEOGR
APHY
event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence WITH
Cabinet mission plan, 2. Vallabhbhai Patel: Home, Information
SHABB
March 24, 1946  Three-tier executive and legislature at and IR

provincial, section and union levels. Broadcasting

 A constituent assembly was to be elected
by provincial assemblies by proportional
representation
 Princely states were no longer to be under
paramountcy of the British government
(right to secede).
3. Baldev Singh: Defence
4. Dr. John Mathai: Industries and
Supplies
5. C. Rajagopalachari: Education
6. C.H. Bhabha: Works, Mines and
Power

countinuation
 After the first general elections, a 7. Rajendra Prasad: Agriculture and
province was to be free to come out of a Food
group 8. Jagjivan Ram: Labour
 after 10 years, a province 9. Asaf Ali: Railway
 was to be free to call for a reconsideration 10. Liaquat Ali Khan (Muslim League):
of the group or the union constitution. Finance
 interim government was to be formed 11. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Muslim
from the constituent assembly League):
Commerce
12. Abdur Rab Nishtar (Muslim League):
Communications
13. Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Muslim
League): Health
14. Jogendra Nath Mandal (Muslim
League): Law
League boy cotted constituent assembly.
Attlee’s Statement of • The British House of Commons declared the British intention of leaving the Indian subcontinent.
February 20, 1947 • A deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power
• The British would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some areas to the existing provincial governments if the constituent assembly was not fully
representative, i.e., if the Muslim majority provinces did not join.
• British powers and obligations vis-a-vis the princely states would lapse with transfer of power
• Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy.
Mountbatten Plan Mountbatten • Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies • Creation of Pakistan
June 3, 1947 would meet in two groups, Hindus and • Acceptance of Dominion status by Congress
Muslims, to vote for partition.
• In case of partition, two dominions and
two constituent assemblies would be
created
• Sindh would take its own decision.
• Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district
of Bengal
• ruled out
• independence for princely states - have to
join either India or Pakistan
• independence for Bengal
• accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan
• freedom to come on August 15, 1947
• boundary commission to be set up, under
Radcliffe
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 GEOGRAPHY
WITH SHABBIR

event Person/leaders place Reason • Method • cosequence

Indian Independence Act • For implementing June plan and Attlee’s • creation of two independent dominions of India and
1947 statement Pakistan
• The constituent assembly of the each new
dominion was to exercise the powers of the
legislature
• Existing legislature was dissolved

• till a new constitution was adopted governance

according to GOI act, 1935.
• Independence of Pakistan- 14 august 1947- jinnah
as governoer gen

• Independence of India -15 august 1947.-

mountbaten countinued
Partition Muslim league, congress, • Uncompromising demand of Pakistan by • Mountbatten plan and Radcliffe Boundary • 14.5 million people displaced
• British
British crown muslim league commission • ~1.5 million people died
india • Direct action call of jinnah • Sentiment of enemity b/w two new dominion

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