GEC 008-ARCH32S2 – Ethics

1. Define virtue, character, and moral character.

- Virtue is the quality of being morally good. Virtue can also mean
excellence in general.
- Character refers to the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an
individual. Your
character determines how you value, treat and build trust with others.
- A moral character trait is a character trait for which the agent is morally
responsible.
Moral character is perhaps best described as the totality of a person’s
dispositions or
characteristics that play a role in how the person, morally speaking,
behaves.

2. How to develop one’s virtue?

- Virtues are developed through learning and through practice. As the
ancient philosopher
Aristotle suggested, a person can improve his or her character by
practicing
self-discipline, while a good character can be corrupted by repeated self-
indulgence.

3. Differentiate Ethics with Values.

- Ethics refers to the guidelines for conduct, that address question about
morality. Value is
defined as the principles and ideals, which helps them in making the
judgement of what
is more important. Ethics is a system of moral principles. In contrast to
values, which is
the stimuli of our thinking.

4. Identify the concept of moral development

- Moral development involves the acquisition of the attitudes, dispositions,
sentiments, and
cognitive competencies involved in the process of moral judgment and
action.
- Moral development involves the acquisition of the attitudes, dispositions,
sentiments, and
cognitive competencies involved in the process of moral judgment and
action.

5. Enumerate the levels of moral reasoning.

According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, moral reasoning
has three levels:
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional

6. Identify conscience and conscience-based moral decision.

- The conscience is a person's judgment about a given action's ordering to
man's ultimate
end based on the person's knowledge of the action, its end, and
circumstances.
- A conscience-based moral decision is an efficacious practical judgment. It
is a decision
based on conscience, by your moral standards.
7. Differentiate human act with act of human.
- Human act is an act that is performed only by a human being and thus is
proper to man.
When a human being does such acts, they are called acts of man but not
human acts.
Acts of man, therefore, are acts shared in common by man and other
animals, whereas
human acts are proper to human beings.

8. Enumerate the elements of human act.

- Voluntariness: When it falls under the efficacious determination of the
agent, or voluntary
in something else, as in its cause
- Human Freedom: Ability to initiate and control our own actions
- Knowledge, Freedom, and Actual Choice

9. What are the classifications of human act?

Human acts can be classified either as ELICITED or COMMANDED:
- Elicited Acts - simply will-acts - acts begun and completed in the will.
example of this is
INTENTION.
- Commanded acts - actions that are carried out by the mind and body that
are ordered by
the will.

10. Enumerate the kinds of human acts in relation to the will.

- Moral/Morally Good Acts - accordance to the dictates of right reason.
- Immoral/Morally Evil Acts - not in accordance to the dictates of right
reason.
-Amoral/Morally Indifferent Acts - acts that are neither good nor evil.

11. What are the different classifications of elicited acts, and commanded
acts?
- ELICITED ACTS:
Wish - the tendency of will towards something, whether this be realizable or
not.
Intention - something that is attainable but without necessarily committing
oneself to
attain it.
Consent - the acceptance of the will of those needed to carry out the
intention.
Use
- COMMANDED ACTS
Internal Acts - done by the MIND through the command of the will.
External Acts - done by the BODY through the command of the will.
Mixed Acts - acts done by both the body and the mind.

12. Enumerate the kinds of human acts in relation to reason.

- Good – when they are in harmony with the dictates of right reason.
- Evil – when they are in opposition to these dictates
- Indifferent – when they stand in no positive relation to the dictates of
reason.