CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The consumption of energy resources for the past fifteen years was

unprecedented. The energy sector in developing countries in terms of investments, new

capacity, and high growth rates were unexpected with established technology

improvements for all forms of energy. This leads to low prices and the increased

decoupling of economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Most countries have

achieved a more diversified energy mix with growth in community ownerships and

microgrids' evolution. (Schiffer, 2016).

Energy is a very important commodity to a country's machinery for progress and

development. The global energy demand for both social and economic development is

steadily increasing. Power utilities worldwide constructed many fossil fuel-based power

plants, which led to the generation of very large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. These GHG emissions

increase global average temperature (Marland, Pielke, Apps, Avissar, Betts, Davis

2003).

It is in this vein that renewable energy systems, besides their potentials to mitigate

rapid climate change, also have other benefits if properly implemented, such as social and

economic development, energy access, secure energy supply, thereby reducing negative

impacts on the environment and health (Renewable Energy and Mitigation, 2012).
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World Energy Resources (2016) report highlights the key trends and identifies the

energy sector's implications. Different fuel types have been used for many years to

produce electricity for industries, business establishments, offices, and residential

consumptions and these are the following names; solar, e-storage, uranium and nuclear,

waste to energy, hydropower, natural oil, gas, wind, coal, carbon capture and storage

(CCS) or low carbon energy, geothermal, and bioenergy.

According to Delina (2016), renewable energy, especially solar power, must be

used in electricity production to avoid climate change's worst effects. Solar technology

has evolved rapidly, with solar panels' price falling to the point where the new and large

solar installation is now considered a sound investment and even cheaper than new global

coal plants. If political support is given, solar power could give much electricity a strong

political impetus.

A typical house in the Philippines requires about 5 to 20 kWh of electricity per

day and about 30 to 70 kWh of electricity per day for a four-story building. The cost of

the electricity billing declaration registered in the residence ranges from Php8-10 per

kWh. But for large establishments like schools, businesses, and the like, Php12-17 per

kWh. Considering all these, an average of 12kWh per day for home use from an amount

mentioned earlier will cost around Php96-120 per day and result in Php2,880-3,600

consumable per month. But for the establishments such as schools with an average usage

of 50kWh per day from the Php12-17 per kWh, it will fall between Php600-850 per day

and multiplied by 30 days, that establishment is wasting energy cost around Php18,000-

25,500 per month.

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At present, the monthly electricity used by Bulacan State University Hagonoy

Campus is around 50kWh per day, translating to a total electricity cost of Php. 25,000 per

month. In this scenario, Solar panel use will be a great help in minimizing the cost of

electricity. Although the solar panel is not free and expensive to invest in, solar power is

free and should be used to save electricity. Solar panels can generate electricity from 10-

50kWh per day. For example, the BSU Hagonoy uses 2500kWh per month (average

83kWh per day). The 50kWh of solar panels produced per day will minimize 83kWh per

day by direct electricity. The remaining 33kWh then multiply into Php17 per kWh; the

estimated amount of Php561 per day is the only budget to be paid for by the electricity

bill. The savings of Php850 per day will result from the investment paid to buy solar

panels.

This underlines the importance of energy conservation and other economic

initiatives, which can be implemented in the University as long as it does not prejudice

their clients' service. In this line, the use of a photovoltaic (PV) system in the University

can also help in the noble undertaking to reduce the power consumption of the various

offices of BulSU.

The current PV system can be combined into virtually every conceivable structure

for houses or commercial buildings that can be used outdoor for safety lighting in

gardens, parking, and bus shelters. It can be used for all electrical systems, including

lights, cooling systems such as ceiling fans and appliances. PV Solar electrical systems

should be sized according to electricity and budget requirements.

It has already been thought that investing much money for solar panels in a few

years could save money from an institution or building or house's electric invoice
 4

declaration. The number of savings and the years to wait before a return of investment.

After considering how the Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus is wasting much

money on electricity, the researcher thought of developing an energy-saving device. The

researcher wants to help the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University effectively

manage its energy consumption by installing PV systems.

Statement of the Problem

The study's major problem is how a Solar Electricity Management System could

be developed for the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University?

Specifically, the following questions will be answered:

1. What phases may be considered in the design and development of a solar-

powered classroom?

1.1. lights;

1.2. electric fans

1.3. power outlet

2. What are the required components to implement the project in terms of:

2.1. solar panel;

2.2. solar charge controller

2.3. battery.

2.4. circuit breaker

2.5. inverter, and

2.6 WI-FI home controller?

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3. Using a cost-benefit analysis, how could the Solar Electricity Management

System help decrease the Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus's power

expenses?

4. How may the use of a Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State

University HC be evaluated based on the following criteria, namely:

4.1. Functionality

4.2. Reliability

4.3. Usability

4.4. Efficiency

Significance of the Study

The study findings are useful for the following individuals or groups of

individuals:

Administrators. The gathered data can be made as additional information for

utilizing the power-saving device for electricity generation. Administrators can be made

aware to discuss whether solar energy in one or two classrooms at Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus can reduce power consumption costs.

Faculty. The faculty members can use the classrooms with adequate ventilation

since high electricity costs are no longer a problem due to the project's energy-saving

construction. They can benefit in the requisition of other resources of the Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus, coming from the money saved from reducing electricity

bills. It can also increase their interest and motivation in teaching through greater

diversity by improving their teaching skills.

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Students. Students can use classrooms with adequate ventilation, and they can

also benefit from the acquired savings using the system. It may then be used for other

needs that would otherwise be used for electricity bills.

Future Researchers. The study results may serve as a source of useful

benchmark information when conducting related studies in other research areas in the

field of Industrial Technology or other related courses. Benchmarking is the next step in

improving the solar classroom energy management system. The study can serve as a

reference for future developers to improve this project or get ideas.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study is limited to developing a Solar Electricity Management System for the

Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University. The researcher is an instructor teaching

in the institution as mentioned above, and it will be the research locale of this study.

This research aims to build a Solar Electricity Classroom Management System for

the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University. The study also aimed to evaluate the

project's functionality, reliability, usability, and efficiency. A cost-benefit analysis will

also be carried out to determine the cost-effectiveness of luminaires, ceiling fans, and

sockets. Sockets can be used for laptops/desktops, amplifiers, and other devices.

Given the different attributes of this study, the project also has limitations. The

project can support a current rating of 30 amperes only depending on the capacity of the

battery. This project's maintenance must be monitored regularly after implementation to

check its functionality and functional standards constantly.

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The research will only cover students, teachers, staff, and administrators from

different departments to evaluate the project. In selecting the respondents, only forty (40)

percent of the sample size out of the total 100 respondents will be randomly selected

using the fishbowl approach for a total number of 40 respondents.

Definition of Terms

The following technical terms are as a result of this defined for their

understanding of the research.

Ampere. Unit of electric current or electron flow rate. A one-ampere current flow

is caused by one volt through one ohm of resistance.

Battery. It is a device that stores energy through chemical reactions. Most

independent PV systems use lead-acid batteries. No electricity is generated at sunset

without a battery bank. Essentially, a battery bank is a set of batteries that are wired

together.

Battery lead-acid. A general category that includes pure lead, lead-antimony, or

lead-calcium batteries immersed in an acid electrolyte.

Conductor. The material through which electricity, such as an electrical wire or

transmission or distribution line, is transmitted.

Converter. A unit that converts a voltage from alternating current (ac) to direct

current (dc).

DC Circuit Breaker. As its name suggests, the DC circuit breaker protects

electrical devices operating with direct current. The main difference between direct

current and alternating current is that the voltage output in DC is constant, while in AC, it
 8

cycles several times per second. A DC Circuit Breaker is an electrical safety device that

provides overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit; it can provide "no damage"

protection to the facility's increasingly sensitive branch circuit components and small

motors.

Electricity. The energy comes from the flow of particles of charge, such as

electrons or ions.

Electronic Circuit. An electronic circuit consists of individual electronic

components connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can

flow, such as resistors, transistors, condensers, inductors, and diodes.

Electrical grid. An integrated distribution system for electricity, which usually

covers a large area.

Energy.   It is defined as the ability to do work, and while the various forms of

energy may be converted into other forms, the total amount of energy remains the same.

Home Automation Controller. The concept is used for isolated, autonomous

devices such as lighting, electronics, power supply, heating, and air conditioning systems

connected to a remotely operated network. Home automation provides interoperability

anywhere globally, from either a mobile device to home control systems.

kWh. The term refers to kilowatt-hour, the measure of electrical energy

equivalent to the power consumption of 1,000 watts for 1 hour.

Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT).  This means a power conditioning

unit that operates the photovoltaic generator automatically at its maximum power point

under all conditions.

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Photovoltaic ( PV) array. An interconnected PV module system that operates as

a single unit of power generation. With typical mounting or support, the modules are

mounted as a discrete structure. A single module can form an array in smaller systems.

Photovoltaic Cell. Used to collect sunlight made up of photovoltaic cells that

convert the sunlight into energy. Solar panels or photovoltaic solar panels produce

electricity from the sun more accurately. The more powerful the sun's energy, the more

power you get, though solar panels still generate small amounts of electricity in the

shade. The majority of solar panels consist of individual solar cells connected. A typical

solar cell produces only about half a volt.

Sine wave. It is necessary to mathematically describe a waveform corresponding

to a periodic single-frequency oscillation as a function of the amplitude versus the angle

at which the curve's value is equal to the sine wave angle at any point.

Sine Wave Inverter. An inverter that produces forms of utility-quality, sinusoidal

power.

Solar Charge Controller. A switch that will control between a solar panel and

the battery. It will control the electricity provided from the alternating current (AC) to

the direct current (DC). Also known as charge regulators, probably the best to describe

what this device does. Solar battery chargers limit the current being delivered to the

battery bank and protect the batteries from overcharging.

Solar energy. Transmitted electromagnetic energy from the sun (Solar radiation).

The amount reaching the earth is equal to one billionth of the total generated solar energy

or about 420 trillion kilowatt-hours.

 10

Volt (V). An electrical force unit equal to the amount of electromotive force

allows the steady current of one ampere to flow through a one-ohm resistance.

Watt. The rate of energy transfers under a one-volt electrical pressure equivalent

to one ampere. One watt is the equivalent of 1/746 horsepower or one joule per second. It

is the product (amperage) of voltage and current.

 CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter includes the relevant theories, related literature and studies, and the

study's conceptual framework.

Relevant Theories

The following theories presented herein guided the researcher in the

conceptualization of the study.

Development Theory. Development theory is an important principle in planning

and controlling the different processes of creating technological advancement. Prototype

methodology, according to Volchko (2017), is the best way to evaluate an idea. It is the

better way to determine if your concept is in conjunction with the user's expectation. This

development methodology focuses on initial requirements followed by design and

creating a prototype that can be used to evaluate the developed technology's functionality

immediately.

The Dynamic System Development Model Methodology is an iterative and

incremental approach that focuses on the user's involvement. According to Clifton, M., &

J. Dunlap. (2003), the development result of this methodology is direct and visible. This

method shows early indicators of whether the project will work or not rather than a nasty

surprise halfway through the development. The Dynamic System Development Model

Methodology is a simple and straightforward framework to start development.

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System Theory. According to Idakwoji (2010), a system is a group of things or

parts that work together in a regular relationship. The concept helps the researcher

develop a solar-powered classroom and highlight the interrelationships between

management's functional areas.

Rutgers (2010) defined a system as a unit of interrelated components interdependent to

function as a whole. The above definition is technical. It sees a system as a gadget closely

related to an electronic and mechanical device connected to interconnected components

to produce expected results. According to Onyeneho (2006), a system is defined to

encompass all existing units that interact with one another according to a regular and

observable relationship pattern.

Ullman's Theory. David Ullman (2010) is an energetic product designer who had

the idea to study the design process and later develop his theory to solve a design

problem and support the engineer's design products. He drafted four basic conclusions:

(1) The easy way to study design is design; (2) Engineering design involves three types

of knowledge to generate, evaluate ideas and structure the design process; (3) if there is

sufficient ability and expertise to generate ideas and sufficient experience and preparation

to assess them, a design process can be taught.; and (4) a design process can not only be

learned in an academic environment, an industrial reality environment must also play a

big role in learning the design process.

Through these theories, the researcher aims to manage, develop, and design a

solar-powered classroom to help the Bulacan State University-HC decide to set up an

eco-friendly classroom for the campus.

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Related Literature

The following literature aided the researcher in the conceptualization of the study:

Solar Energy. Solar energy is generated by sunlight that radiates onto

photovoltaic solar modules. Solar light can also be converted to heat. This application is

called solar thermal energy. Examples are the heating of water through a black absorber

material, which is heated in the sunlight. Also, solar energy can be converted to chemical

energy; this is called solar energy. Photovoltaics and regenerative fuel cells can be

combined to produce solar fuels. It can also be converted directly to

photoelectrochemical fuels.

Solar power is often referred to as photovoltaic or solar power. The four main

components for solar power generation, which provide 110-120 volt alternating current

for daily use, are solar modules, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters. Solar cells

charge the battery and the charge controller ensures that the battery is properly charged.

The battery supplies a DC voltage to the inverter, and the inverter converts the DC

voltage to a normal AC voltage. When 220/240 volts AC is required, either one

transformer is added, or two identical inverters are stacked in series to produce the 240

volts. (Oliveti et al., 2014)

According to K.A Thomas & AO Taiwo (2014), Africa has substantial renewable

energy sources. According to Dambudzo Muzenda (2009), renewable energy resources in

Africa include solar (thermal or solar electricity), wind power, biomass, geothermal

energy, ocean energy (thermal energy from sunlight). Except for hydropower, which is

used in most East and South African countries (except Mozambique and South Africa),

other renewable energy resources have not been fully exploited in recent years due to
 13

technical and financial barriers, limited political interest in renewable technologies, and

low costs Karekezi and Kithyoma, (2003).

It is similar to the Philippines' situation where the country uses fossil fuel and coal

primarily for electricity production, while there are many renewable sources of energy;

however that is not yet been developed. Also, the Philippines has a law concerning the

usage of renewable energy sources. The cost of conventional electricity production

methods is relatively high. It is also anticipated that the main factors affecting solar

energy implementation would be government policies, huge capital investment,

associated risks, and future planned electricity demand by consumers.

Section 2 of Republic Act No. 9513, otherwise known as the Renewable Energy

Act of 2008, states that by implementing sustainable energy growth policies to reduce the

country's dependency on fossil fuels, minimizing the country's price exposure, the

government must accelerate the discovery and development of renewable energy.

Enhance the use of renewable energy sources by legitimizing the growth of national and

local capacity in cleaner energy systems and offering financial and non-fiscal incentives

to encourage productive and cost-effective commercial use of renewable energy sources.

Focus on producing and using renewable energy sources for greenhouse gas emissions

mitigation or elimination, thus balancing economic development and growth goals with

health and environmental protection. Develop the necessary infrastructure and

mechanism to comply with the guidelines set out in this Act and other existing laws. The

law verified the government's commitment to accelerate the Philippines' renewable

energy resources research and development.

 14

This underscores the government's role in regulating the electricity sector as

crucial because it is free of government intervention and is generally seen as a very

effective way to reduce production costs, improve supply quality, and increase product

diversity. However, competition is not always feasible. Especially where natural

monopolies prevail, there can be no competition, and state regulation is necessary.

Transmission and distribution networks are such natural monopolies. A system with

multiple providers' conflicting power grids will be economically inefficient. Because of

economies of scale, power grid services can be provided at lower prices by a single

provider (the monopolist). Though expensive, solar energy can play a crucial role in the

world's energy supply now and in the future. The last five years have been a time when

PV energy has changed from a small contributor to energy supply to a more substantial

one, and the next five years look forward to a time where technology could have an even

greater impact on society.

Solar Panel. According to Uyar (2014), solar panels required reliable quantities

of sunshine to work efficiently. This means that the country of residence should be

situated in an ideal part of the world that receives adequate sunshine and that the location

of the solar panel installation receives a significant amount of sunshine. Solar cells with

old components are an issue to the newer incorporated technologies in overcoming the

worst of these effects.

This relates to the study because of the sun's efficiency to the photovoltaic cells to

support the institution's electrical needs. The difference between this literature to the

current study is that Bulacan State University-HC

 15

For a small system of up to 1,000 square feet, residential and small commercial

systems need as little as 50 square feet. Put, every thousand watts of PV For modules

using crystalline silicon; Pacific Northwest modules need 100 square feet of collector

space (currently the most common PV cell type). Per thousand watts of PV At locations

west of the Cascades and about 1.25 kWh per year east of the Cascades, modules will

produce about 1,000 kWh per year (Washington State University, 2009).

According to Bratley (2013), one of the main disadvantages is the high cost of the

equipment used to harness solar energy. Solar panels remain a costly alternative to the

use of readily available fossil fuel technologies. Although installing solar panels to your

home requires a high upfront investment, solar panels will often pay for themselves over

future years due to reduced energy bills and the possibility of selling excess electricity

back to the grid. This is relevant to the current study because the solar panel producers'

installation cost is costly. After all, few companies are manufacturing cheaper

photovoltaic (PV) systems.

According to Collier's Encyclopedia (2014), the concentration of sunlight by

mirrors, this type generally has small receiving with black surfaces on which the solar

radiation from a large surface of mirrors is concentrated. Possible different combinations

are ranging from tubular or spherical receivers that can be used with parabolic or other

curved mirror surfaces and flat receivers or with flat mirrors. This literature is related to

the current study because solar panels are the primary materials that the researcher will

use during this project's progress.

According to Nordhausen (2014), solar energy converting technology to

electricity was introduced more than 130 years ago and has been used to power PCs for
 16

over 20 years. However, until recently, using solar energy to power PCs in areas where

the electric grid is not available was prohibitively expensive: energy-hungry PCs place

too much demand on the limited solar panel generation capabilities. Although computers

have become much more energy-efficient in recent years, many people still regard solar

energy as too expensive for PC installations.

An electronic device designed to optimize a solar panel module's varying power

output so that the connected battery takes advantage of the solar panel's maximum

available power. The solar panel production is directly proportional to the degree of

sunlight incident and ambient temperature (Chu & Majumdar, 2012). This is related to

the fact that much electricity from the electric grid is needed to power the three (3)

computer laboratories of the Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus, which will

gradually reduce electricity use and reduce electricity costs.

According to Hantula (2010), a little device called a solar cell can make electricity

right from sunlight. A solar cell doesn't give off any gases and doesn't even make any

noise. A solar photovoltaic panel is a group of solar cells that work together.

According to Solartility, a solar panel will generate more electricity than what you

are capable of consuming. With net metering, homeowners or institutions can sell excess

electricity onto the utility grid instead of storing it themselves with batteries.

According to Tunto (2018), the shift from main grid electricity connectivity to

green power is an inevitable phenomenon worldwide. As the electric bills are becoming

huge and unbearable, many people turn into permanent solar panel power systems with

an initial cost and no bills to be paid. Green energy also has many health benefits since it

is purely natural, has no pollution to the environment, and is highly renewable.

 17

Installing solar cells. According to Saikly, Aead, & Abu Naser (2014), the

following statements are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing tiled surfaces

with solar panels. Taking advantage of the surface in electricity production and beautiful

than tiled surfaces does not require constant maintenance or is considered more stable

than tiled surfaces, particularly in storm surroundings. Compared to the tiled roof, solar

panel surfaces' disadvantages are a significant increase in energy production losses in

high temperature under solar panels. Tiled surface costs are less expensive than solar

panel surfaces. In the Philippines, Leandro Leviste, the president of the Solar Philippines

at his young age in November 2014, activated the SM North Edsa's solar-powered

rooftop, the world's largest kind (Olchondra, 2015).

This information is relevant for the researcher and the installation of solar cells on

roofs of buildings. In the literature as mentioned earlier, a study was carried out on the

replacement of tiled surfaces by solar collectors, in order on the one hand to protect the

environment and on the other hand to exploit the environment space on the roofs of

buildings to generate alternative energy from the sun.

Lights. While most people would call it a lamp, some others technically call it a

bulb. A bulb is a glass or plastic part that surrounds the light-emitting device or filament

in an incandescent lamp. In comparison, the lamp is the assembly that includes the

socket, bulb, and other parts, depending on the lamp's kinds. High efficacy lighting that

provides high lumens per watt is technically described as high efficacy rather than

efficient. This is related to the current study because lights are one of the materials used

for this project. This will also differ the type of bulb to evaluate this project (California

Public Utilities Commission Energy Division, 2013).

 18

A comparison chart entitled "LED lights vs. incandescent light bulbs vs. CFLs"

showed that the lifespan of light-emitting diodes (LED) has an average of 50,000 hours

compared to an incandescent light bulb of 1,200 hours only while 8,000 hours for

compact fluorescents (CFL). LED can only cost 329 kWh/year compared to an

incandescent light bulb of 3,285 kWh/year while 767 kWh/year for CFL. The light

output is based on 450 lumens: the LED used only 4-5 watts compared to an incandescent

light bulb of 40 watts, while the CFL has 9-13 watts (Patel et al. 2011).

This literature relates to the current study comparing the correct use of light bulbs

for the project evaluation. It will also compare if it is advisable to use a solar panel at the

Bulacan State University Hagonoy campus, as suggested by the researcher because the

high light levels and the high color temperatures increase the subject's alertness and

activity. Higher concentrations and motivation levels were also found when the lighting

was applied with high light levels and high color temperatures.

Ceiling Fan. A ceiling fan is a mechanical device generally powered electrically,

suspended from the ceiling of a room, which uses rotating blades mounted on the hub to

circulate air. Ceiling fans are often used in tropical regions around the world for indoor

comfort at low costs. An increase in ceiling fans' energy efficiency can directly be

reflected in the significant conservation of energy. Ceiling ventilator used for forced air

cooling to provide comfort. A ceiling fan rotates much slower than an electric desk fan,

and it efficiently cools down individuals by implementing slow motion into the warm air

of a room (Prajapati et al., 2017).

In the early 1860s and 1870s, the first ceiling fans appeared in the United States.

Since then, numerous different motors have been used to drive the ceiling fan. The
 19

motors used to develop the ceiling fan are dc motors, induction engines, heavy-duty oil

bath motors, universal motors. Now a single-phase capacitive start capacitive run motor

Induction motor is widely used for ceiling fan application. The total airflow or dispersion

is relative to the blade's size and the rpm, and it does not change because of any other

factor (Bhasme, Durge 2015).

Power Outlet. A smart home is one of the many applications in the Internet of

Things, and it will fully realize the intellectualization of all households. The smart socket

is part of the smart home application that a power supply can remotely control to monitor

all utilization conditions, communication networks, and other functions. It introduces an

intelligent electrical outlet for each hardware module. This is related to the current study

because a power outlet is one of the materials to succeed in this project (Feng, 2015).

Solar Charge Controller. In solar electricity, the PV system can be connected

directly to the load or even the battery; thus, it cannot limit its flow. Most "12 volts"

panels put out about 18 to 20 volts. Therefore, if there is no oversight, overcharging will

destroy the batteries.

Circuit Breaker. A blown fuse is the main reason for malfunction, and every

time an ampere fuse is found defective after checking the cause why the fuse has blown.

Replacing the blown fuse to install must follow the right size, type, and rating (Hatti,

2014).

A double pole connection device on the PV array cable on the DC side of a grid-

connected inverter. It requires only a load-breaking isolator in grid-connected PV

systems, but many installers use double pole DC circuit breakers because they are more

easily available. These DC circuit breakers can either be polarized or non-polarized.

 20

Polarized breakers present a concern because if they are wired incorrectly, they

are a potential hazard. If wired incorrectly and turned off under load, the circuit breakers

might not extinguish the arc, and the circuit breaker will burn out. This is related because

the researcher will use this device to protect the batteries' condition to prolong their life.

Battery. Electricity storage can be used in electricity systems with a high

penetration of wind and solar generation to balance energy supply and demand.

Stationary batteries have received particular attention in recent years, as they can be used

to provide several services in modern electricity systems (Malhotra, 2015). This is related

to the current study, as batteries can be regarded as one of the researcher's primary

materials.

Battery Energy Storage System (ESS) is an electrochemical system utilizing

batteries most common to commercial and residential establishments. Currently, there

are many different battery chemistries utilized in ESSs deployed in North America:

however, lithium-ion (Li-Ion) is the most popular and will likely continue to grow in

popularity with the planned release of new ESS products in the coming years (Blum and

Long, 2016).

According to Lombardi (2012), one or more solar panels are the first component

needed. Electricity is supplied and batteries charged. A very small system can dispose of

a few 240-watt panels, but it can be 4 to 8 for a small to a medium system. A charge

controller is required to prevent the overloading of batteries. Proper charging prevents

damage and increases battery life and performance. The power inverter is the system's

heart; it produces 120 volts of AC out of 12 volts of DC in the batteries. This is closely

linked to the technical knowledge of solar panel installations.

 21

The chemical process for the function of lead-acid batteries competes with several

chemical processes in the cell. The most familiar and desirable process is electrical

current production in the acid electrolyte due to the ion exchange. Most batteries have a

lifetime of 4 to perhaps five years, whether or not it is used. The primary mechanisms for

battery failure are overflows that buckle the lead plates to a short circuit of the cell, not

repairable. The most common failure, however, is sulfate. This is an alternative chemical

process in the cell that rains down the precipitation of snowy white sulfate flakes

accumulated at the bottom of the cell and gradually reduces its output and current zero

discharge capacity.

Generally, the voltage is used to charge a battery, a lead-acid battery used to

operate an inverter. As the solar panel also has its operating criteria, the battery is no less

and offers some strict conditions for optimum charging. The conditions are that the

battery must initially be charged at a relatively higher current, which must be gradually

reduced to near zero when the battery reaches 15 percent more voltage than its normal

rating. (Majumbar, 2015).

Wi-Fi Home Controller Today, home and building automation systems are

becoming more widely used. It gives added convenience, especially when working in a

residential home. On the other hand, automation systems installed in commercial

buildings improve comfort and allow for controlled heat and electricity, ventilation, air

conditioning, and illumination control. Therefore, it contributes to the overall cost

reduction and saving energy, which is a major issue today (Ahmed ElShafee, 2012). The

researcher included a Wi-Fi home controller device because it is one of the most recent

computer science fields depicting home control using the Wireless Application Protocol.
 22

The architecture mentioned is very complex, but it gives an initial idea about

controlling the home appliances remotely, and the system can be accessed by telephone

or over the Internet.

Functionality. Nuno (2008) report about bulk solar power generation that the

earth receives from solar radiation in ten (10) working days as more energy as all the

fossil reserves. Growing each year at a rate of 2.3 percent. This is related due to the

power of the solar that can generate electricity. The solar panel generates lots of energy

to function different appliances such as electric fan and radio, and television.

According to Solar Solutions (2006), solar is one of the alternative sources of

energy in the world today. Enough energy that comes from the sun in one hour is already

enough to power the whole world population. Sunlight can play a crucial role as long as

there is life on earth. This literature is related to the current study because they need to

use nature to save energy is the best thing to accomplish. The difference between this

literature and the current study is that not all households use solar power as their

alternative energy sources.

Reliability. Australian scientists announced a recent breakthrough in solar

panels' efficiency and reliability, which could eventually lead to cheaper renewable

energy sources in the future. University of New South Wales (UNSW) Prof. Martin

Green (2015) said that the recent modification is the most economical ever reported. The

usage of traditional solar cells, limiting sunlight's conversion to electricity to only 33

percent, splits sunlight into four different cells with the new technology, which boosts the

conversion levels. Australian company RayGen Resources is set to harness the prototype

technology, which uses sun-tracking mirrors to focus sunlight on a tall building.

 23

Green (2015) stated that recent technology could also be used on residential solar

panels, which, according to him, currently have a 15 to 18 percent efficiency rate. The

continuous strive to develop the solar industry as the higher conversion levels help drive

down renewable energy costs. In a decade, solar-generated electricity would be cheaper

than coal-produced. The need for an inexpensive source of energy, which is solar, relates

to this fact.

According to Sunderhauf (2009), PV panels generate electricity from the sunlight

and connect to the utility grid. One of the biggest disadvantages is the high cost of capital

and installation (Washington, DC is an expensive urban area with high labor costs).

Although the total contribution remains low, the use of solar energy is growing rapidly.

Usability. It works well for most items except large electrical appliances like an

electric stove and a dryer for clothes. Using solar energy for these items is not cost-

effective. It is generally recommended to convert to natural gas, propane, or other

alternatives. This relates to how solar panels contribute to the use of every household

appliance.

According to Khan (2010), energy is a property of every physical system,

describing its ability to perform work. Upon the release of energy, it is converted to

either work (which implies motion of bodies or matter) or another form of energy such as

that the sum of work. There are many forms of energy existing in this universe like (1)

Thermal, (2) Radiant; (3) Potential; (4) Nuclear; (5) Kinetic; (6) Electrical; and (7)

Chemical energy. The author suggested immediately using solar power as a source of

energy. This is related because of the solar power system's energy used to power the

basic electrical appliance in a lecture room.

 24

For most things, solar power electricity works well, except for large electrical

appliances that use an electrical heating device, such as a water heater, a clothes dryer,

and an electric stove, for example, or complete electrical home heating systems. Using

solar energy for these items is not cost-effective. It is generally recommended to convert

to natural gas, propane, or other alternatives. Solar power can be used to operate a gas

clothes dryer because the electrical requirement is limited to the drum motor and the

ignition light, but not, for example, a HEAT element for drying the clothes.

According to Velleman (2009), monocrystalline is a solar cell type that uses a

single semiconductor silicon layer. The silicone used must be extremely pure to make this

cell type, which means that It is the most costly solar cell type. It's easy to use; it's a little

better with the performance in low light conditions. The overall efficiency is about 12-15

percent on average. Most panels of this type are 20-25 years warranted. They usually

have a blue-gray color and a fairly consistent consistency. This relates to the efficiency of

solar panels for saving household electricity.

Blackouts in Europe and North America have indicated an increased risk of supra-

regional blackouts with major economic losses over the past ten years. The earthquake,

tsunami destruction, and power shortages that left thousands of idle Japanese factories in

2011 underlined its position as a key source of automotive components, graphics chips,

and other high-end components. Many manufacturers currently make use of inventories

in stock before the earthquake. This literature is related because the place where Bulacan

State University Hagonoy Campus is located sometimes experiences the loss of

electricity, and when this happens, it results in class suspensions. (Bruch, 2011).
 25

According to Prokop (2012), the green demand is very strong. An option to meet

this requirement is to convert solar energy into electricity. To maintain the working point

and maximize its use. The conversion from DC to AC power should be dedicated. This is

closely linked because the solar panel needs to be used to save energy.

Solar panels are a handy way to get electricity in very remote locations without a

public electricity system. Solar panels power path lights on the Antarctic airstrips and

spacecraft and rovers on Mars (Hantula, 2010). This relates to the study because

nowadays solar photovoltaic system comes with different accessories and needed

materials for installation.

Efficiency. According to SunPower Corp. (2008), installing a photovoltaic (PV)

system helps supply clean, renewable electricity to meet the world's energy needs. Solar

PV is also an excellent investment that can provide a long-term, stable cash flow in the

future. The choice of PV systems and a unique technology can help maximize the

economic return of investment. This is related because it discusses the cost-saving

energy provided by the photovoltaic system.

Nuno (2008) reports about bulk solar power generation that the earth receives

from solar radiation in ten (10) days as much energy as the known fossil reserves. In

2007, world energy primary consumption was at 138x10 12 kWh, but about 100x1012 kWh

of equivalent electricity was available. It will need 360,000 km2 or an area of 600 x 600

kilometers, 109 CPV dishes of 36kWp each are rising at a rate of 2.3 percent per year and

equal to the energy produced annually.

 26

Solar Solutions (2006) says that solar is today one of the world's alternative

sources. In one hour, enough energy comes from the sun to power the world's population

for one year. Sunlight plays a role as long as life remains on earth.

According to Hernandez (2015), the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)

granted the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) power rate hike petition. They

estimate an increase in power rates of 36.25 cents per kWh, lower by 11.7 cents based on

ERC estimates. To improve the degenerate financial position. Additional revenues are

projected to be P81-P112 billion. This literature is related to the current electricity price

rates dictated by the national power company.

According to Basheda (2006), the electric power industry has supplied any

country with abundant and reliable electricity for more than a century. The industry that

brought "smokeless light" to different cities. The supplies of power for more than a

million personal computers and a national network of cellular phones contribute to

industrial production and consumer comforts that enhance our standard of living. It faces

an unprecedented challenge to different power industries. As a result of record-high fuel

prices, a historical environmental problem, the nation's demand for affordable electric

power continues to rise.

Although much of the nation's power infrastructure is aging, the industry must

keep up with the need for more energy, improved efficiency and quality of power, and

lower impacts on the environment. The industry must also invest in a new generation of

power plants, environmental regulations, transmission lines, and the extension and

improvement of distribution networks. While these new investments will preserve

reliability, diversify our fuel mix and boost the climate's efficiency, they come with
 27

additional costs. Electricity price increases are occurring across the Philippines,

especially among electric providers such as Meralco.

The extent to which increasing utility costs are recovered in rates will determine

the industry's financial condition and promptly affect its ability to make a transmission,

future generation, environmental investments, and distribution. Failure to receive

adequate rate treatment could impact the quality of service, impair the utility industry's

ability to meet growing demands for clean, reliable power, and undermine the utility

industry's financial health. This is related due to the production of electricity that affects

the high electricity rate.

According to Eversource (2016), charge recovers costs incurs in providing service

to a customer is called customer charge. It includes installing, maintaining, replacing the

meter, reading the meter, maintaining account records, and the 24-hour customer service

center. They also defined distribution charge recovers costs related to the distribution

system's maintenance and operation and the power restoration and service operations. It

is based on the amount of kWh of electricity used during a billing period. This literature

is related to the electrical utility's high electricity price rate against solar panel usage.

According to SunPower Corp. (2008), by installing photovoltaic (PV) systems,

societies help supply clean, renewable electricity to meet the world's energy needs. Solar

PV is also an excellent investment that can provide a long-term, stable cash flow. The

return on investment should be central to PV systems' choice, and a unique technology

can help maximize economic return.

According to the North Carolina Solar Center (2014), innovative advances are

made because of clean energy technologies and are poised to help North Carolina
 28

residents save millions of dollars on their monthly utility bills. The cost of installing

photovoltaic (PV) panels on a building, for example, has dropped to the extent where

millions of Americans now can reduce their power bills and produce their energy more

affordably. In addition to these lower installation costs, North Carolina homeowners are

provided many federal, state, and utility financial incentives to make solar the most cost-

effective energy alternative. Because of the broad variety of solar panels use to save

electricity, this is closely related.

According to Meralco (2015), they see their customer bill reductions that range

from 5% to 15%, and these are dependent on several factors. A customer should ask the

supplier for the kWh output of the solar PV system, expected performance over varying

conditions, how this output is sustained over time, or the rate of degradation over the

solar panel's life warranties. Financial payback is also affected by the solar PV system's

performance, equipment efficiency/deterioration, expected maintenance or parts

replacement, and the customer's corresponding kWh rate. This is related because of the

expected outcome of solar power to produce electricity.

Produce electricity from solar panel cells can cost 10 to 30 cents per kWh. Most

people pay about 12.5 cents per kilowatt-hour to their energy companies for the

electricity they use, and major industrial customers pay less. Solar systems are also used

in remote areas long from electrical power lines to produce electricity (NEED.ORG,

2016). This is linked to the high electricity cost of every electrical utility; however, they

save cash due to the solar panel's availability.

According to Rajput, Sudhakar (2013), current research on PV systems'

performance and the effects of dust deposition are limited because it is a complex
 29

phenomenon influenced by different environmental and weather conditions. Electrical

parameters such as voltage and current were measured to investigate the effect of

environmental dust. The effect of dust can be measured by comparing the efficiency of

the dust-free panel. This is related to the effect of dust on the power reduction and

efficiency of the PV module on solar photovoltaic panels' performance subject to

environmental dust.

According to Komor (2009), there are many ways to measure costs; all are

imperfect. This report defines the cost of electricity production as the levelized cost of

electricity, in units of cents per kilowatt-hour. This can be interpreted as a price per kWh

covering both the technology's first costs and the continuous fuel as its operational and

maintenance costs. As such, it enables direct comparisons between generating

technologies to be made. This is linked to the cost-saving energy practices of various

businesses to achieve their goal.

The maximum voltage is generated and deteriorates when the angle varies from

90 degrees as the solar rays are perpendicular to the solar panel. The air temperature

around the panel also influences the panel's performance, which falls as the temperature

increases (Majumbar, 2015). To capture sunlight and put it to work is difficult because

the solar energy to the earth is spread out in a wider area. An area's solar energy receives

on the time of day, the season of the year, the sky's cloudiness, and how close you are to

the Earth's Equator. One of the best examples of a solar collector is a closed car on a

sunny day. It is absorbed by the car's seat covers, walls, and floor as sunlight passes

through the car's windows. The light that is absorbed turns into heat. The windows of a

car let in light, but they don't let out all the sun. It can get really hot in a closed car.
 30

Related Studies

The following studies helped in the conceptualization of the study:

In the dissertation presented by Dr. Panotes (2019), The finding revealed that the number

of panels with a total power of 437.4 kilowatts for BulSU Main Campus was one

thousand six hundred twenty parts. The use of solar photovoltaic systems has been much

cheaper and more environmentally friendly than electricity generated by electricity.

Considering that the PV system's life would be 25 years, the design system's cost per unit

of energy would result in 17,960,737.5 kilowatt hours of the total energy produced.

According to McLamb (2011), fossil fuels are available and provide a valuable

service. The use of fossil fuels for energy is not so much a concern, but the side effects of

using them are the root of all the problems. Fossil fuel burning produces carbon dioxide,

the number one greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Oil and coal pollute

people, particularly in the respiratory system, leading to health problems. Their findings

indicate that oil and coal used could be harmful to our health. This study is related to the

severity of our health in oil and coal use only to produce electricity, unlike solar energy,

which produces electricity from the sun.

Based on the study of Agarwal (2012), India offers great solar power potential.

Solar energy receives more than 5,000 billion kWh per year, much more than its total

energy consumption. The average daily solar energy incident varies from 4 to 7 kWh per

sq.m depending on the year's location and time. Irradiation data suggest that 0.5 percent

of India's solar photovoltaic land could meet all the country's electricity needs by 2030.
 31

Their findings suggest that people use electricity automatically, but some people favor

the use of solar energy. This is related to India's and the Philippines' electricity needs-

both; tropical countries have great potential for a solar power plant to harness the sun's

energy and convert it to more useful electricity.

Based on Gosh's (2010) study, as fossil fuel supplies are reduced, the focus on the

use of renewable energy sources is growing steadily. In addition to this trend, engineers

are currently developing new ways to increase the efficiency of using these renewable

energy supplies. The transition of solar power is a vital part of a global attempt to address

the many energy problems. Power conversions with photovoltaic cells are not currently

well developed, and often the cells do not operate at the maximum power output level.

The development of superior and inexpensive electronic charge control systems for solar

panels would be beneficial because it would optimize power output. Even for amateurs

who wish to have a small, reliable, portable power supply, such electronic circuits would

be suitable.

This study is related because solar electricity responds to the rapidly declining

energy source facing our country. Therefore, it is important to charge the batteries that

store the electricity used in the Hagonoy Campus classroom using an appropriate solar

charging controller for the solar PV.

Based on Srivastava and Srivastava's (2013) study, India faces an acute scarcity of

energy that hinders its industrial growth and economic progress. For tackling the energy

crisis, renewable energy resources such as biomass, solar, wind, and geothermal are

crucial. India's energy requirements are heavily dependent on fossil fuels. The majority of

power generation is carried out by coal and mineral oil-based power plants, making a
 32

significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Their findings suggest that fossil

fuels have an impact on climate change for energy use.

This is related to the fact that the Philippines used fossil fuels and coal to generate

the electricity required most of the time. Solar energy is one of the clean, zero-emission

renewable resources with enormous energy potential that can be harnessed using various

devices. With recent developments in solar energy systems for industrial and domestic

use, it is easily available with the additional advantage of minimal maintenance.

Therefore, it is strongly encouraged that the solar panel is used precisely as an electricity

source against fossil fuels.

Given this, Srivastava and Srivastava (2013) stated that most developed countries

are shifting over to solar energy as prime renewable energy sources. The actual

discipline designs make a condition for photovoltaic cells and necessary circuitry while

making building plans. This study is related to technical challenges developed from

different countries that used solar panels to produce electricity.

Based on the Hauger study (2009), solar panels aim to meet the increasing

demand for renewable energy resources while expanding the electrical engineering

curriculum. This area's current work relates to the conceptual understanding of

photovoltaic panels' functioning and their current society role. To strengthen these

concepts and show what the entire power system would include. This procedure is based

on the fundamental principles of the power distribution system. This is related to the role

of the solar energy player in need of electricity in society.

It includes solar panels in which an ideal direct current (DC) output power of

500watts or 1 Kilowatt is attached, depending on the load size. The panels are then
 33

connected to the battery charge controller's input terminals to measure whether the

battery is charged or fully charged. The battery charging controller output terminals are

connected to the solar battery terminals 12V. The same terminals for the battery are also

attached to the AC Inverter terminals for inputs. The AC inverter takes the DC power

supply and converts it to the most widely used AC power. This study is related because

mainly all the needed material for producing solar electricity is different from the usual

source of electricity.

The potential of renewable energy resources and the spread of renewable energy

technologies in rural and urban areas should be linked, according to BPDB (2008).

Bangladesh faces serious energy challenges, such as limited domestic energy resources

for electricity generation and the projected demand for electricity exceeding domestic

supply capacity. To meet this country's unprecedented energy demand. The potential for

renewable energy resources should be recognized. This is connected with the Republic

Act 9513, also known as the Renewable Energy Act, which shows that the government

uses renewable energy. The Hagonoy Campus of the Bulacan State University is a

government-owned university; it is sufficient to say that it should follow this law.

The literature and studies presented here were selected for their importance of

solar energy as a renewable energy source. Although electricity is a modern necessity, the

fossil fuel-based methods of generating electricity are harmful to the environment. The

ecological advantages of PV are among the most convincing reasons for broad

acceptance. The use of autonomous solar systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions and

local pollution, as solar power generation does not emit any emissions. Land use
 34

requirements and impacts are also relatively favorable, especially for roof-mounted PV

systems that use existing space and require little or no additional land.

A smart home is a home fitted with special facilities to allow occupants to

monitor or program various electronic devices for an automated home. A homeowner on

holiday, for example, can arm a home protection system, monitor temperature gauges,

turn on or off appliances, control lighting, schedule a home theater or entertainment

system, and perform several other tasks. If the control can be done from any remote

location, the smart home becomes smarter. (Shahriyar et al., 2008). This literature is

related because the researcher will integrate a Wi-Fi Controlled switch to control the

lightings and air-conditioning unit remotely using the Internet.

Conceptual Framework

The researcher adopted the IPO (Input-Process-Output) to design and build a

Solar Electricity Management System for the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State

University. The model serves as a guide in developing, constructing, and assessing the

project's acceptability.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Determine the Evaluation of the

required Development of
components to Solar Powered Solar Electricity
implement the Classroom in terms Management
project in terms of the following System for the
of: criterion: Bulacan State
 University Hagonoy
2. solar charge 2. reliability; Campus.
controller; 3. usability;
3, battery 4. efficiency 35

Fig. 1 Research Paradigm

Based on this paradigm, the researcher followed the IPO (Input, Process, Output)

framework. The Input shows to determine the required components to implement the

project in terms of (1) solar panel; (2) solar charge controller; and (3) battery. The

process shows the evaluation of the development of solar power classrooms in terms of

the following criterion: (1) functionality; (2) reliability; (3) usability; (4) efficiency; and

(5) portability. Lastly, the output shows the Development of a Solar Electricity

Management System for the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology used to analyze and interpret the data

requirements of the study. The methods and techniques, population and sample, the construction

and validation of research instruments, and the data processing and statistical treatment applied

are specifically included in this chapter.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

The research used the developmental or applied research method to develop a Solar

Electricity Management System for the Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus. The

methods and procedures were focused on studying, designing, and assessing the Solar Electricity

Management System for Bulacan State University -HC.

As opposed to simple educational development, developmental research has been defined

as a systematic study of the design, development, and evaluation of training programs, processes,

and products that must meet internal consistency and efficiency criteria. In the field of

educational technology, developmental research is especially important. The most popular forms

of research in development include circumstances in which product development is studied and

explained and the final product is evaluated. (2019 Richey)

For this reason, the technique mentioned above is the specific research design to

be employed in this study as this will lend itself very well for the development of a Solar

Electricity Management System in an assigned classroom in Bulacan State University-HC.

 37

Population and Sample of the Study

The study respondents consisted of students specializing in Information Technology Major and

Technology and Livelihood Education, faculty from different fields of specialization, and

administrators from different departments, such as the Information and Communication

Technology Department and Allied subjects, to evaluate the project. Only 40 percent of the

sample size of 100 respondents will be randomly selected using the fishbowl approach for a total

of 40 respondents.

Research Instrument

The research instrument used in gathering data is the standardized instrument for

evaluation, the ISO 9126 (Zeiss, & Vega 2007). Although the instrument is originally intended to

evaluate software, it will be slightly modified to suit the present study's condition. As earlier

mentioned in Chapter I, the instrument comprises several criteria: functionality, reliability,

usability, and efficiency.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher, an instructor at Bulacan State University-HC, personally administered

questionnaires to the respondents to obtain a high recovery rate. Respondents informed the

study's purpose and guided them accordingly to ensure that the questionnaire was carried out

efficiently and effectively. In the same way, be assured that their responses will be treated with

the utmost confidentiality.

 38

To obtain a cost-benefit analysis of the Solar Electricity Management System for the

Bulacan State University, the researcher subtracted the value of the upfront incentives and

rebates from the gross cost solar panel system to determine the annual benefits. Summarize the

annual financial benefits, divide the combined costs by the annual financial benefits. The result

will be the number of years it will take for the payment to be made.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The data collected was compiled manually and categorized based on the objectives set

out in Chapter I. Data processing was carried out using the Microsoft Excel Statistical Program

for Windows 10 and the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). It was presented,

analyzed, and interpreted using the following 5-point Likert Scale given below.

Rating Weighted Scores Descriptive Rating

5 4.51- 5.00 Highly Acceptable

4 3.51- 4.50 Very Acceptable

3 2.51- 3.50 Acceptable

2 1.51- 2.50 Moderately Acceptable

1 1.00- 1.50 Unacceptable

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter provides the assessment and interpretation of the information

collected during the researcher's observation and interview with the participants and the

participants' involvement in evaluating and testing the Solar Electricity Management

System for the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University.

This chapter seeks to address the issues set out in the first chapter of this research.

Part I. Phases Considered in the Solar Electricity Management System design for

Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University.

The following are the important phases considered in the Solar Electricity

Management System design for the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University.

The Planning Phase. This step is the foundation of all phases of any production of

a project. It is very important to plan, examine and assess the needs in designing a

project. The study focused on clearly defining the project's criteria. Using comprehensive

specifications, the researcher created a user-oriented definition, particularly the

specification of the materials used, the context in which it will be used, the restriction to

be established, the goals, and the evaluation to be used. Upon considering the materials'

specifications, the researcher designed and evaluated the problem and carried out a study

to determine the overall requirements for constructing a Solar Electricity Management

System for the Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University.

The Development Phase. The development phase's primary goal is defining user

requirements and developing a project that meets the requirements. The researcher must

identify all the necessary inputs, frameworks, functions, and performance during the
 41

design. It is the structured and systematic method of identifying a set of skills to provide

a specific goal containing comprehensive elements.

Solar Electricity Management System for Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State

University is designed to reduce a regular classroom's power consumption using the sun's

energy. Using photovoltaic cells to harvest the sun's energy and transform it into usable

electricity, the project would be of great help in supporting the classroom electricity

needed to power an air-conditioning unit, electric fan, lights, and several computers. This

project consists of two types of solar photovoltaic configuration. The first is the Off-Grid

Solar Set-up, which will be used in a computer lab to power at least five computer units,

a 12-volt electrical fan, and four 15 watts LED lights with the 12-volt input voltage. And

the other is the Grid-tie set up to be used for a 3⁄4 horsepower window-type air-

conditioning unit, two electric fans with 220-volt AC input, and four 220 volts LED

bulbs. The 220-volt service outlet for all AC inputs, such as laptop chargers and the like,

will also be used for both set-ups. Below is the block diagram for an Off-Grid set-up and

Grid-tie set-up in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

 42

PV Array Load

Solar
Power
Charge
Supply
Controller

Battery 1KW
bank inverter

Figure 1. Block diagram of an OFF-GRID Solar electricity set-up.

Figure 2.

Block diagram of the Grid-tie Solar Electricity set-up.

 43

The installation also incorporates the WI-FI home automation controller to

remotely control the air conditioning unit, the lights, and the electric fan connected via

the AC outlet.

The Production Phase. This phase focuses and develops on the objectives of the

projects produced during the development phase. It is a process of continuous refinement

in which the specification is set up.

Assembly and Installation Phase. It is the phase of setting the project into

operation. It includes monitoring the set-up to verify that the project is operating

properly. It must be monitored properly once the project has been set up. Monitoring

refers to the built set-up assessment.

The researcher tested whether the project built works as planned. The researcher

performed monitoring exercises to ensure that the solar-powered classroom for two

rooms functioned properly and correct any defects in the installation and testing that were

then discovered.

Assessment and Analysis Phase. The consistency of the final performance is

determined by the systematic method. It is a continuing activity undertaken at each stage

used to assess whether the goals were met and detect those components requiring

adjustment. The final phase entails the project to be tested to evaluate the adjustment

vulnerability. Analysis should then be carried out during the entire design phase of the

project even after completion to identify possible areas that still need adjustment.

According to GreenMatch (2020), Generating own power means that you will be

getting less from the utility provider. This will instantly turn into money on the energy

bill. Energy demand tends to be higher between 11:00 am -4:00 pm and early in the

evening. Electricity generated at a certain time has a higher value than if it was generated
 44

at night. With both the additional Input of electricity from solar energy, prices in those

timeframes could be brought down to a point near to that of night hours, the time when

the price of energy rises. During these hours, solar energy approaches its full production

capacity.

Compared with any other energy source, solar energy has the least negative

impact on the environment. It neither produces greenhouse gases nor pollutes water. It

takes little to no water to support it. Amongst all the benefits of solar panels, the essential

thing is that solar power is a truly clean energy source. It can be used in all parts of the

country and is obtainable daily.

Part II. Required Components for Solar Electricity Management System for

Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University

The Photovoltaic Cell. This study used the REC twin peak 345Watts Poly

Crystalline Photovoltaic Solar panel. The researcher selects the REC TwinPeak Solar

Panel for the project primarily because its advanced technology bundled into REC

TwinPeak panels offers more power output per square meter of panels mounted multi-

crystalline (poly) platform than regular 60-cell panels. The researcher uses the solar

photovoltaic REC TwinPeak technology panels because it allows electricity generation

even in a partially shaded area. This type of solar panel provides more power per square

meter. Using this type of solar panel, faster installation times and fewer parts like clamps

and racks need to be mounted, reducing the overall cost and reducing the payback period.
 45

Figure 3. Four pieces of REC TwinPeak 345 Watts Poly Crystalline Photo Voltaic

Cell was used to harness solar electricity from the sun.

Specifications:

Cell type: 120 REC HC multi-crystalline

6 strings of 20 cells

Glass: 0.12" (3.2 mm) solar glass with

anti-reflective surface treatment

Back sheet: Highly resistant polyester

polyolefin construction (black)

Frame: Anodized aluminum (black)

Junction box: IP67, 3-part with 3 bypass diodes

12 AWG (4 mm²) PV wire, 35" + 47" (0.9 + 1.2 m)

 46

Connectors: Sträubli (Multi-Contact) PV-KBT4/PV-KST4 12 AWG (4 mm)

Solar Mounting Kits. For this study, the solar array of a PV system is installed on

the building's rooftops using a solar mounting kit with a few inches gap and can be built

parallel to the roof's surface by adding support brackets for the panels before installing

the roof's materials. Solar panel construction can be carried out by the team responsible

for the roof building. If the roof is already built, retrofitting panels directly on top of

existing roofing structures is relatively easy. The researcher, for better performance,

placed the solar array facing south. In this scenario, the panel can sit in the light for

longer.

Figure 4. A typical Solar

Mounting Kit was used to

hold the Photo Voltaic

Cell on the building's roof.

(www.ener ack.com)
 47

Fig 5. Actual Roof Solar Panels Installed

MC4 Connectors. MC4 connectors are electrical single-contact connectors widely

used for solar panel attachment. The MC in the MC4 accounts for the Multi-Contact

maker and the 4 for the contact pin with a diameter of 4 mm. MC4s enables panel strings

to be conveniently assembled by pressing the connections together by hand from the

adjacent panels but include a device to remove them and ensure that they do not

inadvertently break by removing the cables.

 48

Figure 6. MC4 Connectors were used to connect the wires from the Solar Panel to

the Inverters.

The Solar Charge Controller. Essentially, the solar charge controller is a voltage

and current regulator attached to the battery and load between the solar panel. The main

function is to monitor the battery charge and discharge and maintain the battery pack in

good condition. Since most solar panels can produce more than the rated voltage, the

charge controller regulates the current and voltage flowing from the solar panel to the

battery. The researcher used two separate MPPT Solar Charge Controllers for the two

different applications for this study. The Maximum PowerPoint Tracking (MPPT) has an

indirect link between the PV collection and the battery bank. The indirect link requires a

DC/DC voltage converter capable of taking excess PV voltage and transforming it at a

lower voltage without losing power.

For the first set-up, the researcher used a 1-kilowatt SOLIS Grid Tie Inverter for

the grid-tie solar power set-up to be used together with a 220-volt outlet, the air

conditioning unit, the lighting unit, and the electric fan. The on-grid inverter

manufactured by Ginlong Technologies meets the researcher's smart grid installation

requirements.
 49

The researcher prefers Solis 4g Inverter because it has 4G technology with

several different benefits such as Built-in Export Power Limitation and a 30kHz high-

frequency transition; the inverter responds faster, contributing faster to improved

efficiency. It also has lower operating temperatures to increase efficiency, and the unit is

physically smaller and easier to handle and install.

Specifications:
 50

Dimensions(mm) 310W*543H*160D Cooling concept Natural convection

Weight (kg) 11.5 Max. operation altitude 4000m

Topology Transformerless Designed lifetime >20 years

Self-consumption (night) <10W (Night) Grid connection standard EN505049,

AS4777.2:2015, VDE0126-1-1,

Operating ambient temperature range - IEC61727, VDE N4105, G98, G99, IEC

25~60°C 62116

Relative humidity 0~100% Safety/EMC standard IEC62109-1/-2,

Ingress protection IP65 NB/T 32004, EN61000-6-2, EN61000-

Noise emission(typical) <20dBA 6-3

Figure 7. The brand Solis Grid Tie Inverters was considered to be used in the

system. (www.Ginlong.com)

Data Logging Stick, the Solis 4G inverter, is capable of 24-hour remote

monitoring linked through Wi-Fi capable of remote monitoring, and it can access the

tracking program using a smartphone. Solis monitoring system is based around the

photovoltaic power station, focused on device operation and maintenance, remote

control, plug-in, and play communication. Solis monitoring system can be centrally

controlled via WIFI and GPRS to provide consumers with precise and detailed data

analysis and fault warning at all times and places, to allow product activity to be more

secure and efficient and ensure safe operation.

 51

Figure 8. Data Logging Stick was necessary for connection to the Wi-Fi signal.

(www.Ginlong.com)

SRNE 30Ampere MPPT Solar Charge Controller. The researcher chooses the

MPPT Inverter as the SRNE SOLAR CO., LTD; the researcher used this solar charge

controller due to its limited current charging mode capability. This means that if the solar

panel power exceeds a certain level and the charging current is larger than the valued

current, the controller will immediately reduce the charging capacity and bring the

charging current to a rated level. An instant large current startup of capacitive loads is

therefore supported. This solar charge controller supports automatic battery voltage

recognition and has LED fault indicators and an LCD screen that can display abnormality

information to help users quickly identify system faults.

 52

Specifications

Place of Origin: Guangdong, China Max.input power:

Brand Name: SRNE 450W/12V;900W/24V

Model Number: SR-ML2430 Max.output power:

Application: Charger Controller 240W/12V;480W/24V

Maximum Current: 30A Warranty: 3 Years

Rated Voltage: 12V Remote monitoring USB port: RS232

System automatic identification: Working temperature: -35℃ to +45℃

12V/24V Weight: 2.5kg

Max.input voltage: 100V Material: ABS

Light control voltage: 5V/On;6V/Off

Figure 9. SRNE MPPT Solar Charge Controller was considered in an Off-Grid set-

up. (www.SRNE.com)
 53

Solar Battery. Based on the use and the product, solar batteries are available in

different types and styles. Essentially, though supplying the necessary power/voltage

performance, a solar battery must be able to withstand continuous and regular charging.

In a short time, a solar battery is not expected to fail. For the Off-Grid Solar Electricity

system, the researcher uses a deep cycle pack. The researcher also considered a storage

battery's primary functions in a photovoltaic system that includes electrical load and

appliances, energy storage capacity and autonomy, voltage and current stabilization, and

surge supply currents.

Figure 10. Solar Homes 12V-200AH Deep Cycle Battery was used to compensate for

the electricity coming from the SRNE Solar Charge Controller (www.lazada.com)

Inverter.  The researcher prefers to supply electrical power equal to that supplied

by a highly stable electrical outlet that does not produce electrical noise interference

associated with other types of inverters. Many types of equipment that are likely to
 54

require pure sine waves, such as those used in a classroom, such as laptops, electrical

fans, audio / visual equipment, and lighting, must use a pure sine wave inverter. For this

off-grid solar power set-up, the researcher selects the MURRI 1 kilowatt pure sine wave

inverter to power at least five computer units, four 12 volt electric fans, and four 12 volt

T8 LED lights as well. The researcher also uses a 30 ampere SMPS power supply to

provide the device with the necessary 12 volts

Figure 11. MURRI Inverter 1 kilowatts Pure Sine Wave was considered for

inverting the 12volts DC output electricity to a more usable 220 volts AC.

(www.uesgt.com)
 55

Figure 12. An SMPS Power supply with a 12volts 30 Ampere output is necessary to

supply the needed constant 12 volts DC output. (www.ebay.com)

Twelve volts Wall Mounted Electric Fan and Lights. The researcher also uses an

electric fan mounted on a wall with 12 volts supply voltage to provide adequate

ventilation for the Off-Grid electrical system together with a 12 volt T8 LED light that

provided continuous illumination even when power interruption occurred. Using the 1-

kilowatt MURRI inverter, the project can provide the students and faculty that will use

the rooms with continuous ventilation and lighting.

Figure 13. Wall Mounted 12volts Electric Fan and electrical Connection for the Off-

Grid Solar Powered Classroom

56
 57

Figure 14. Grid-Tie Solar Electricity Schematic and Wiring Diagram

Automatic WI-FI Controlling Switch. The researcher integrates an automatic

WI-FI controlling device called the SONOFF 4CHR2/PROR2 Wi-Fi Smart Switch. A

smart home is an automatic, connected home built and installed because of the

technologies used. Programming can result in a fully automated system where every

home device can communicate with others through sensors. A smart home can offer good

security, convenience, entertainment, good communication, economy, and information

system. The researcher used this device to control the air-conditioning unit, the lighting,

and electric fans in the classroom's grid-tied set-up.

The researcher installed three (3) PV cells in series and then connected them to

the Grid-Tie Inverter using different circuit breakers to protect the system from a short

circuit. And a one-half horsepower air-conditioning unit serves as the load for the Grid-

tie solar power together with four LED lights that automatically switched using the

Sonoff Wi-Fi switch. By doing so, the system can automatically be the turn-off and on

anywhere using an internet connection.

 58

Fig. 15. SONOFF 4CHR2/PROR2 Wi-Fi Smart Switch are considered in this

project to control the Air-conditioning unit and other electrical appliance.

Specification

Voltage range: 90-250v AC(50/60Hz)

Security Mechanism: WPA-PSK/WPA2-
Max current: 10A PSK

Max Wattage: 2200W Operating Temperature: 0ºC-40ºC(32°F-

104°F)
Dimensions: 88*38*23mm (L*W*H)
Color: White
Enclosure Material: Fire-retardant
ABSV0

Humidity: 5%-90%RH, Non-condensing

Wireless Standard: 802.11 b/g/n

 59

Part III. The Cost Analysis of Power Consumption of Solar Electricity Management

System for Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus.

To assess if the project is appropriate, the researcher performed a cost analysis by

installing a sub-meter for the two classrooms to calculate the electricity used in a standard

classroom using the two different facilities, Off-Grid Solar Powered Electricity and Grid-

Tie Solar Powered Electricity.

Fig. 16. Two Sub-meter for the different installations, namely the Off-Grid Solar

Power Set-up and the Grid-Tie Solar Power Set-up

 60

Fig 17. Off-Grid Solar Powered Classroom with 12 volts wall fan and led lights with

5 Computer units

Table 1 shows the total energy consumption in a conventional classroom using

four 220 volts' electric fan, fluorescent lights, and six computer units daily.

Table 1

Total Energy Consumption of a Typical Classroom in Bulacan State University

Hagonoy Campus

Power

No. Consumptio Average Energy

Classificatio of n use Consumption

n of load Descriptions Units (Watts) (hours) (Watt-hour)

Air-

Appliance conditioning

with motor unit 1 460 6 2760

Appliance

with motor Electric fan 4 240 6 1440

 61

Appliance 5 Laptop 1 100 6 600

Light

Appliance 6 (fluorescent) 4 160 6 960

Desktop

Appliance 10 Computer 5 500 6 3000

TOTAL 1,460 watts

Total Energy

consumption

in a day  

(Watt-hr) 8760 watts

The required energy in a typical classroom, like the first table, using the direct

electrical utility, shows that a total of 8,760 watts are needed to power all the necessary

load in a day-to-day classroom environment.

Solar Energy can provide the energy needed to supply all the electricity needed

for a typical day-to-day classroom run. A Solar Electricity Management System for

Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus shows great help in reducing the school's

electricity consumption using the Off-Grid Solar Power Setup and some load

modifications.

Table 2 presents a classroom comparison using Solar Power as its electric source.

The researcher presents the usual load modification in a typical classroom with five

computer units in the table's first section. The researchers utilize a 12-volt wall fan and a
 62

12-volt T8 LED lights instead of a usual 220-volt electric fan and lights. Using a power

supply switching mode that converts the Inverter Output of 220 volts from a Murri 1

kilowatt inverter.

Table 2

Total Energy Consumption of a Modified Classroom Using an Off-Grid Solar

Electricity Set-up

No. Power Energy

Description of Consumptio Averag Consumptio

Classificatio s Unit n e use n (Watt-

n of load s (Watts) (hours) hour)

Appliance 1 Electric fan

with motor (12 volts) 4 60 6 360

Appliance 2 Laptop 1 100 6 600

Appliance 3 Light (LED) 4 45 6 270

Desktop

Appliance 4 Computer 5 500 6 3,000

Total Energy consumption in a

day (Watt-hr) 705 4,230

Battery requirements 205Ah

Panel Requirements (1 pc of REC Twin Peak 345 Watts Poly

Crystalline) 350Watts

SCC Requirements (MPPT) 27Amps

Inverter requirements 325Amps

System Voltage 12Volts

 63

Table 3 is set-up for Grid-Tie Solar Power; this means the system is connected to the

utility grid. No matter the size of the Photo Voltaic system, the system always has the

power needed. In a Grid-Tie set-up, excess power is fed back to the utility grid when

Photovoltaic power is greater than consumed. But the utility grid kicks in when the power

consumption is greater than Photovoltaic. It also shows the Grid-tie solar set-up with a

total of 505 watts of energy requirements. The required total daily wattage per hour for

the Grid-tie Solar set-up is 3,030 watts per hour for a typical 6-hour classroom session.

But in a Grid-tie set-up, if the solar panel's electricity is insufficient to compensate for the

energy needed for the load, the energy needed will come from the direct utility.

Table 3

Total Energy Consumption of a Modified Classroom Using a Grid-Tie Solar

Electricity Set-up

No.

of Power

Classification of load Descriptions Units Consumption    

Average Energy

use Consumption

      (Watts) (hours) (Watt-hour)

air-

Appliance 1 with conditioning

motor unit 1 460 6 2760

Appliance 2 Light (LED) 4 45 6 270

Total wattage 505

 64

Total Energy consumption in a

day (Watt-hr) 3030

Panel Requirements (3 pieces REC TwinPeak 345 Watts Poly

Crystalline) 875Watts 

SCC Requirements (MPPT) 37Amps 

Inverter requirements 1650Watts

The total number of solar panels for the project 4 pcs with 345 watts per panel, as

shown in the table2 and three above, will have a total of 1,380 watts of the total energy

required for the off-grid and Grid-Tie Solar Power Set-up with a total of 2,165 watts of

energy needed each day of operation. For the Off-grid system, 705 watts are needed to

power-up the load requirements; for a typical daily operation of the classroom based on a

6-hour day session, the total wattage is 4,230 watt-hours. Table 2 shows the required

battery, solar panel, and solar charge controller for the Off-grid set-up.

Table 4

Summary of a Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State University

Hagonoy Campus Installation Cost

No. Description Quantity Amount in Peso

1. REC TwinPeak 345 Watts Poly Crystalline 4 34,000

Photo Voltaic Cell

2. Solis Grid Tie Inverters 1 25,000

3. Logger stick 1 2,500

 65

4. SRNE MPPT Solar Charge Controller 1 5,500

5. Solar Homes 12V-200AH Deep Cycle Battery 1 14,500

6. AC Cables, DC Cables, Conduit/Pipes, Circuit 12,000

Breakers, Plastic Moulding

7. Air conditioning Unit 1 7,500

8. Home Automation Wi-Fi Controller 1 2500

9. DC Wall Fan 4 5,800

10. LED lights 4 1500

11. Delivery and Installation Cost 1 7500

12. Miscellaneous 1 5700

Total Project Cost/ Cost of Investment 124,000

The total investment cost was Php124,000; the return on investment or the ROI was also

important in determining whether the project is advisable for further development and

investment.

To summarize the savings from the required kilowatt-hour generated by the off-

grid and grid-tie installation of solar electricity for two classrooms based on the cost per

kilowatt-hour from Meralco using the following formula and by combining the total

Kilowatt of the two set-ups:

Total kW-hr/day = Off-Grid Set-up 705Watts + Grid-Tie Set-up 505Watts = 1,210

Watts

Total kW-hr/day = 1.21 kW-hr x 6 hours/day

 66

Total kW-hr/day = 7.26 kilowatt-hour/day

Calculation monthly:

Total kW-hr/month= Total kW-hr/day x Total number of days per month

Total kW-hr/month= 7.26 kilowatt-hour/day x 30 days per month

Total kW-hr/month= 217.8 kW-hour/month

Accordingly, following the calculation above, the University's savings from the

Off-grid Solar set-up and Grid-tie Solar set-up are as follows:

Total Monthly Saving in Electricity Consumption in Peso= Total kW-hr/month x Cost

per kW- hour

Total Monthly Saving in Electricity Consumption in Peso= 217.8 kW-hour/month x

9.95/kW-hour

Total Monthly Saving in Electricity Consumption in Peso= Php. 2,167.11/ month

Total saving from the solar set-up= Total Monthly Electricity Consumption in Peso x 12

months

Total saving from the Off-grid solar set-up= Php. 2,167.11/ month x 12 months

Yearly total saving from the solar set-up=Php 26,005.32 per year (Maintenance for

the battery not included)

The estimate for the Return of Investment of the Solar Electricity Management System

for Hagonoy Campus of Bulacan State University follows the above calculation.

Cost of Investment

ROI. = Yearly total saving from the solar set-up

Php. 124,000
4.7 years
R.O.I . = Php. 26, 005.32/year
 67

With a lifespan of approximately 25 years for the Solar Panels, it is safe to say that after

4.7 years, the Return of Investment and all the savings will come after an estimated 20

years with a total of Php 527,908 if properly maintained, a Solar Panel will be able to

supply the required energy continuously for a good 20 years. But considering the normal

wear and tear of the materials and the maintenance costs of the battery for the off-grid

set-up, which has a life span of eight to ten years depending on the depth of the

discharge, which helps to maintain the battery life, we can subtract the battery expenses

at a price of Php. Fourteen thousand five hundred times two for twenty years after that by

subtracting the battery's cost, the total investment return will be Php 527,908 (for 20

years)-Php. 29,000 (the 20-year battery cost, considering its 10-year battery life

expectancy) = Php. 498, 908 saving for twenty years of using the Solar Electricity

Management for Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus.

Part IV. Evaluation of Acceptability of the Solar Electricity Management System for

Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus.

The evaluation of the result and acceptability of the Solar Electricity Management

System for Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus was evaluated concerning the

criteria: Functionality, reliability, usability, and efficiency. The exam was carried out

utilizing a pool assessment of 24 Faculties and Staff of Bulacan State University

Hagonoy Campus and 16 students using the classrooms.

Table 5

Evaluation of the Solar Powered Classroom in terms of functionality

      F     Mea Verbal
 68

Interpretatio

Functionality 1 2 3 4 5 n n

               

1. Suitability. Functions

are appropriate to Very

specifications. 1 1 13 13 12 3.85 Acceptable

2. Accurateness. The Very

function is correct. 1 1 11 14 13 3.93 Acceptable

3. Interoperability.

Prototype can interact          

with other components Very

or system   2 12 13 13 3.93 Acceptable

4. Compliance.

Adherence to industry

standards for similar           Very

Hardware components.   3 15 11 11 3.75 Acceptable

5. Security. Provision

for security Very

requirements. 1 3 8 17 11 3.85 Acceptable

Very

Total Mean 3.86 Acceptable

 69

The Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State University Hagonoy

Campus was evaluated in terms of functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, and

portability. The results of the evaluation were analyzed and interpreted. The functionality

of the system is shown in Table 5.

Functionality is concerned; the Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan

State University Hagonoy Campus was rated Very Acceptable with a weighted score

(3.86). In the first indicator functionality, the accuracy of the system functions is correct,

got the highest rating with the rate of (3.93). Also, a very acceptable rating in the system's

indicator interoperability can interact with other components or systems (3.93). The

functions are appropriate to specifications were rated 3.85 and in terms of. For the

indicator Security, provision for security requirements (3.85) and Compliance, adherence

to industry standards for similar hardware components (3.75);

The result of the respondents' evaluation with the set-up's reliability is shown in

Table 6.

Table 6

Evaluation of the Solar Electricity Management System in terms of reliability

    F     Verbal

Reliabilty 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Interpretation

             

1. Maturity. Absence of Very

failures 1 3 14 15 7 3.6 Acceptable

2. Fault tolerance. Ability to           3.63 Very

withstand and recover from Acceptable

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component failure 1 2 16 13 8

3. Recoverability. Ability to

bring back a failed system

to full operation.         Very

1 4 7 13 15 3.93 Acceptable

 
Very
 
 Total Mean  3.72 Acceptable

The evaluator rated the installation Very Acceptable concerning the set-up's

reliability (3.72), For recoverability indicator ability to bring back a failed system to full

operation (3.93). The weighted score for the system's reliability was (3.72), which means

that the installations are Very Acceptable for the maturity indicator absence of failures

(3.6) and for the fault tolerance indicator ability to withstand and recover from

components failure (3.63).

The result of the respondents' evaluation of the set-up's usability is shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Evaluation of the Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus in terms of usability

      F     Mean Verbal
 71

Interpretatio

Usabilty 1 2 3 4 5 n

               

1. Understandability. Ease of
       
which the system's functions

Very
can be understood.
2 9 16 13 3.95 Acceptable

2. Learnability. Learning

effort for different users, i.e. Very

Novice, expert, casual, etc. 2 11 19 8 3.78 Acceptable

3. Operability. The ability of

the prototype to be easily

operated by a given user in a

given environment. Very

1 1 9 13 16 4.05 Acceptable

4. Provision for comfort and Very

convenience. 3 7 14 16 4.08 Acceptable

Very

  Total mean 3.97 Acceptable

The usability of the Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus was rated Highly Acceptable in terms of the following

indicators with a weighted score of (3.97): The provision for comfort and convenience
 72

got the highest rating with (4.08). Operability, the prototype's ability to be easily operated

by a given user in a given environment (4.05). Understandability ease of which the

system's functions can be understood (3.95); and Learnability, learning effort for different

users, i.e., novice, expert, casual, etc. (3.78);

Table 8 shows the results of the evaluation by the respondent on the efficiency of

the system.

Table 8

Evaluation of the Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus in terms of efficiency

    F     Mean Verbal

Interpretatio

Efficiency 1 2 3 4 5 n

               

1. Response time and

processing time are in an   Very

acceptable range. 3 10 16 11 3.88 Acceptable

2. Usage of different   4 11 17 8 3.73 Very

 73

components is maximized. Acceptable

3. Capable of completing Very

several tasks without             Acceptable

experiencing deadlocks. 1 3 14 11 11 3.7  

Very

  Total mean  3.77 Acceptable

The data obtained from the respondents' evaluation of the efficiency of the set-up

represent a rating of Very Acceptable with a weighted score of (3.77). This was based on

the following parameters: the response time and processing time are in an acceptable

range (3.88), the usage of different components is maximized (3.73), and the capability of

completing several tasks without experiencing deadlocks (3.77).

Table 9

Summary of User Acceptability of the System

Criteria Mean Interpretation

Very

Functionality 3.86 Acceptable

Very

Reliability 3.72 Acceptable

Very

Usability 3.97 Acceptable

Very

Efficiency 3.77 Acceptable

 74

Very

Overall Mean 3.83 Acceptable

It is sufficient to say that, although the reliability criteria had the lowest-rated

indicator in the evaluation, they still had a very acceptable rating. All in all, however, the

Solar Electricity Management System for Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus

was found to be very acceptable, as shown by the grand mean of 3.83 and recommended

for further improvement of the system and to make use of the necessary advancement of

the solar technology currently available on the market.

 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A summary of the research conducted and its findings are presented in the final

chapter of this study. Also, this chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations

based on the specific data obtained from this research.

Summary of Findings

The following findings are summarized in the order of results achieved in the

previous chapter.

1. What phases may be considered in the design and development of a solar-

powered classroom?

The developed Solar Electricity Management System for the Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus has been made possible due to many factors that have

influenced its development design phase. A large amount of energy is used at the campus.

With lighting, ventilation devices such as electric fans and air-conditioning equipment,

and various electronics and electrical appliances, the energy-saving power outlet services

have become a big obstacle for the school administrator.

The factors considered in the study include the identification of the schematic and

wiring diagram of the system in which all necessary materials and electrical connections

are identified during this phase, followed by the assembly and installation phase where all

proper materials and wiring connections are in line with the schematic design of the

system and, finally, the assessment and analysis phase of the final performance shall be
 76

determined. It is a continuous activity at each stage used to assess whether the targets

have been met and detect those components that need to be adjusted.

2. What are the required components to implement the project in terms of solar

panel, solar charge controller, battery, circuit breaker, and inverter?

The designed and built Solar Electricity Management System for the Bulacan

State University Hagonoy Campus is installed primarily using a REC Twin Peak 345

Watts Photo Voltaic Cell to harness and transform energy from the sun into usable

electricity supplied by a Solar Charge Controller, for which the researcher uses two

separate Solar Charge Controllers and SRNE 30 ampere for the off-grid set-up used in

combination with a 200 Ah Maintenance-Free Battery that is connected to a MURRI 1 K

pure sine wave inverter to convert the 12-volt battery output to a functional 220-volt

output.

For the Grid-Tied Solar set-up, the difference is that the Photo Voltaic Cell's

energy is fed through the SOLIS Grid-tie Inverter, a power inverter that converts direct

current (DC) electricity to alternating current (AC) with the potential to synchronize to

the power line interface. The battery is not required in this set-up. Electricity is fed

directly to an AC outlet with a 220-volt output. Both the set-up uses different types of

circuit breakers to protect the system from short circuits.

1. Using a cost-benefit analysis, how could the Solar Powered Classroom help

decrease the power expenses of the Hagonoy Campus?

The researcher considers that the developed Solar Electricity Management System

for the Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus can reduce school power costs. Two

classrooms are now in use without the use of electricity from the grid. It goes to say that
 77

the electricity used in the classroom is free of charge. With the internet's integration using

the SONOFF home WI-FI to control the lights and the air-conditioning- unit in the grid-

set-the researcher can turn off the lights and the air- unit wherever there is a stable

internet connection.

As for the cost-benefit analysis, the researcher provided the calculation of the

return on investment from the calculated investment cost of PHP 124,000 divided by the

annual total savings of PHP. 26,005.32 The BulSU Hagonoy Campus will save money on

the electricity bill, with an estimated year on ROI for 4.7 years and an estimated savings

of Php 527,908 for another 20 years. The total return on investment will be PHP 527,908

(for 20 years) – PHP. 29,000 (the cost of batteries for 20 years, taking into account its life

expectancy of 10 years per battery) = Php. 498, 908 savings for 20 years from the Solar

Powered Classroom of Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus.

4. How may the use of a Solar Powered Classroom be evaluated based on, namely,

functionality, reliability, usability, and efficiency?

The system was evaluated in the following indicators: functionality, reliability,

usability, efficiency, and portability to determine the outcome of assessing the Solar

Electricity Management System for the Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus. The

evaluation described the Solar Electricity Management System for the Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus as Very Acceptable.

Conclusions

In light of the study's findings and the results discussed earlier in the previous

chapter, the following conclusions were drawn.

 78

1. The study was able to implement a Solar Powered Classroom at the Bulacan State

University Hagonoy Campus, which was used on the campus by two classrooms without

the use of grid utility electricity.

2. The implementation of all materials used in the construction of the system, such

as the Photo Voltaic Cell, Grid-Tie inverter, MPPT inverter, 200 Ah maintenance-free

battery, SONOFF Wi-Fi for home automation, the circuit breaker for protection and

proper wires and outlets, has been properly selected for the construction of the Solar

Powered Classrooms, as well as the correct use in terms of the total wattage required

which the system can handle.

3. The study was considered to be very acceptable by the evaluators. The installed

set-up had proved to be very acceptable, particularly when the campus experienced a

power outage in the off-grid solar power set-up. The Solar Powered Classroom overall

shows to be very acceptable for the responses of the evaluator.

Recommendations

1. A more environmentally friendly renewable energy source for Bulacan State

University-HC may be considered for future use to reduce the university's electrical costs.

A more advanced way of storing electricity may be considered to replace bulky solar

batteries for future use.

2. The Solar set-up can also be a mock-up set-up that can be used as a practice panel for

design and manufacturing topics such as that of the Information Technology programs for

their laboratory as well as for Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) subjects. The
 79

set-up will be a great resource for them to comprehend the actual circuitry set-up and also

the components they need to construct their solar electricity system.

3. Adding more solar panels to the system can increase the system's energy

production and save the university more in the future. And by doing so, the university

will help reduce its carbon footprint because it is a renewable energy source, thus

creating a healthy community environment.

4. While the system can be monitored using smartphone applications, a stable

internet connection is needed to help the system monitor its state. Using this proposal, the

technicians responsible for managing the system can access the solar-powered classroom

remotely.
 80

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Frankel J.R. and Wallen N.E. (2003). How to Design and Evaluate Research in

Education. 5th Edition MacGraw Hill New York.

B. Magazines, Journals and other Periodicals

Delina, L. (2016, September 6). The Case for PH transition to solar energy.

Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Dunlap Marc Clifton (2013, September). A Concise Summary of DSDM.

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APPENDICES
 87

APPENDIX A
Evaluation Tool
 88

EVALUATION INSTRUMENT FOR THE SOLAR ELECTRICITY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
HAGONOY CAMPUS

Bulacan State University

GRADUATE SCHOOL
City of Malolos, Bulacan

To the Respondents:

The undersigned is “SOLAR ELECTRICITY

currently researching
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
HAGONOY CAMPUS” as a requirement in the course Master in Industrial
Technology Management at the Bulacan State University (BSU), Malolos,
Bulacan.
Given this, may I request your time to answer my questionnaire?

Yours Truly,

LOUISITO T. CAJANDING
Master in Industrial Technology Management Candidate

Name:________________________________________ Faculty/Staff
Student
(Optional)
Company Name:
_____________________________________________________________
(Optional)
Please rate each of the items listed below. Please use the rating scale to check one of

the following.
 89

1. UNACCEPTABLE; 2. MODERATELY UNACCEPTABLE; 3. ACCEPTABLE; 4. VERY ACCEPTABLE; 5. HIGHLY

ACCEPTABLE

  INDICATORS 1 2 3 4 5
A
. Functionality          
  1. Suitability. Functions are appropriate to specifications.          
  2. Accurateness. The function is correct.          
  3. Interoperability. Prototype can interact          
  with other components or system          
  4. Compliance. Adherence to industry standards for similar          
  Hardware components.          
  5. Security. Provision for security requirements.          
B. Reliability          
  1. Maturity. Absence of failures.          
  2. Fault tolerance. Ability to withstand and recover from          
  component failure          
  3. Recoverability. Ability to bring back a failed system to          
  full operation.          
C. Usability          
1. Understandability. Ease of which the functions of the
  system          
  can be understood.          
2. Learnability. Learning effort for different users, i.e.,
  Novice, expert, casual, etc.          
3. Operability. The ability of the prototype to be easily
  operated by a given user in a given environment.          
           
  4. Provision for comfort and convenience.          
D
. Efficiency          
1. Response time and processing time are in the acceptable
  range.          
  2. Usage of different components is maximized.          
  3. Capable of completing several tasks without          
experiencing deadlocks.
           
 90

APPENDIX B
Plagiarism Checker
Certificate
 91

PLAGIARISM FREE CERTIFICATE

 92

APPENDIX C
Grammarian
Certificate
93
 94

APPENDIX D
Curriculum Vitae
 95

LOUISITO T. CAJANDING
302 Kaban Kaypian City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan| 09364651612 |
louisito.cajanding@bulsu.edu.ph

__________________________________________________________________

EDUCATION
Bulacan State University
Master in Industrial Technology Management 2021
Thesis “ SOLAR ELECTRICITY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
HAGONOY CAMPUS
Bulacan State University
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education 2000
Major in Electronics Technology

Marcelo H. del Pilar High School 1994

Atlag Elementary School 1990

__________________________________________________________________

TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Bulacan State University
Instructor 1 2002
Developed syllabus and overall course structure, and
administered all grades.
__________________________________________________________________

RELATED EXPERIENCE
Local-Faculty Association Union
President 2016 – Present

Local OSO Coordinator 2017 –2020

__________________________________________________________________

PERSONAL PROFILE
 96

Date of Birth: September 7, 1977

Place of Birth: Tondo Manila
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Married
Age: 43
Height: 5’4”
Weight: 60 kg

__________________________________________________________________

DECLARATION

I solemnly declare that all the above information is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

________________________
LOUISITO T. CAJANDING