CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Power and illumination drive development as they are essential tools for productivity.

It has paved the way for far broader quality education as it is a significant factor in enhancing

the students' and teachers' ability to focus (Boelcke, 2022). Based on a study by the

University of Georgia (1999) on academic achievement in children, inadequate luminance

restricts their access to regular practices inside the school building. Too-dim lighting can

hinder learning by affecting brain focus and visual clarity when reading, thus, reducing their

psychological well-being over time. On the other hand, extremely bright and fluorescent

lighting has been revealed to contribute to off-task behavior and further worsen hyperactive

behavior. In line with this, the results showed that learners who attended class in brightly lit

rooms obtained higher grades than those in dim rooms. Furthermore, poor lighting does not

cause impairment to the eyes but can diminish how effectively the brain collects information.

If the learning pattern in poor lighting persists, the brain can perform slower at absorbing new

information. Thus, it is essential to establish adequate lighting on school grounds to

administer enhanced focus and productivity. However, although lighting is one of the

necessities found and needed within any quarter, it is prevalent that the overconsumption of

electricity due to excessive and unsuitable lighting increases annually, directly affecting costs

and limiting its usability range, hence, rendering a major global threat (Our World in Data,

2020).

On a global scale, the need for electricity, primarily lighting upgrades in schools, is

growing as modernization takes hold. According to the US Energy Information

Administration, more than half of the electricity used in higher-ed facilities such as schools

goes toward lighting. Moreover, colleges and universities in the United States consume an

1
average of 18.9 kWh of energy and 17 cubic feet of natural gas per square foot (ft2) of floor

space each year as the peak demand for lighting increases daily due to its consumption. Thus,

lighting accounts for 17% of total exports as the 3rd most utilized feature in electricity on

school grounds. With this contribution, an average American higher-education facility of

approximately 50,000 ft2 wastes more than $100,000 in energy each year (E Source, 2020).

In the Philippines, according to Dela Peña (2020), 84% of the energy audit for

consumption was utilized by lighting in the school buildings of Surigao del Sur. The

fluctuation of records of a high increase in energy consumption in school buildings

significantly affected the energy operation cost budget, which rendered the Department of

Education (DepEd) to adopt the campaign "Power Patrol," which primarily aims to transform

Filipino schools into more energy-efficient units promoting the wise and efficient use of

electricity. Accordingly, it targets to at least reduce power demand by 10% in the

educational, household, and industrial sectors.

In Calbayog City National High School, the Samar Electric Company I (SAMELCO)

compensated for increasing electric consumption, wherein the compensation rose annually

from PHP 58,800.00 to PHP 63,300.00 from 2018 to 2019. Furthermore, when the pandemic

outbreak of COVID-19 started to emerge in 2020 and 2021, electricity compensation was

reduced to a significant sum ranging from PHP 28,200.00 to PHP 46,700.00 annually as

consumers diminished due to restrictions. However, once the schools opened up last year, in

late 2022, it peaked at its highest from the previous four years, compensating PHP 83,400.00.

For this reason, the Youth for Environmental Schools Organization (YES-O), which aims to

maintain the environmental health of the school grounds, implemented a project whose

objective is to conserve energy and minimize electrical consumption. In this project,

electrical outlets are mandatorily unplugged, and lights are turned off from 12:00 p.m. until

2
1:00 p.m. daily to conserve electricity. This further shows that electricity and lighting are

essential in the quality of education modified by the inhabitants of the school campus, yet

consumption fluctuates at uncontrolled rates, which leads to overconsumption, thus

aggravating the necessity to eradicate this crisis.

Based on the cited literature, Asry et al. (2019) described a technique of producing

electricity using locomotive motions, explicitly walking, by means of piezoelectric

transducers. When the pressure from the footstep is delivered to the piezoelectric transducer,

the force is converted into electrical energy in an AC waveform. Based on the results, the

piezoelectric tile can generate more voltage; the longer the time, the more footsteps/force are

applied to the tile. Moreover, the voltage produced and the elapsed time are found to be

linearly related.

Another study by Lowattanamart et al. (2020) presents a design to develop an energy-

harvesting floor that can convert the mechanical energy of footsteps into electricity. A

translational to rotational conversion mechanism, an EM generator, and a power management

circuit system were utilized to create electricity from people's footsteps. The linear translation

to rotation conversion mechanism employs a rack and pinion mechanism that transmits

energy through a gear system that converts low-speed to high-speed power. Based on the

results, the prototype generates an average energy of 199 mJ or 331 mW, a maximum voltage

of 19.1 V, and a maximum current of 131 mA per footstep in 0.6 s. The efficiency of the EM

generator in the study is 16.6%, determined by the force exerted by a human's heel strike of

2W per step. However, the design of the research includes a displacement of 2.0 cm, making

it unconventional for humans to walk continuously.

3
 Given the preceding circumstances, the researchers opted to develop and test the PLS

B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb that can serve as an equivalent source of electricity by

means of piezoelectric tiles to provide an alternative light source that is sensitive to its

environment.

In the researchers' study, the researchers integrated the concept of footstep power

generation using piezoelectric discs to power an automated light-sensitive light source

employing a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). In line with this, a wooden platform with

springs at each corner was chosen by the researchers so that the device could be stepped on

and release pressure to the piezoelectric discs. The researcher also made use of a Light

Dependent Resistor to change the luminosity of the light depending on the brightness of the

environment. Furthermore, this study aims to provide an alternative source of electricity

utilizing the pressure exerted by footsteps to power a light-sensitive bulb to automatically

adjust its lighting depending on the classroom's environment to reduce electrical consumption

further.

4
 Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to develop and power an energy-efficient integrated light

source utilizing the effects of piezoelectricity with an embedded light-dependent resistor to

provide an alternative source of electricity as well as to produce an environment-sensitive

bulb. Moreover, this study was tested in Calbayog City National High School from School

Year: 2022-2023. Specifically, it sought to answer the following:

1. What is the average electrical energy that can be generated using the PLS B:

Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb?

2. What is the maximum operating time of the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive

Bulb?

3. How sensitive is the light-dependent resistor in adjusting the brightness of the light

bulb?

5
 CHAPTER 2

Materials and Methods

This section presents the methods and procedures employed in the conduct of the

study. This chapter includes the research design, time and locale of the study,

instrumentation, validation of the instrument, data gathering procedure, product development,

and statistical treatment.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers made use of a developmental research design.

Developmental research has been defined as the systematic study of the design, development,

and evaluation that must initially be assessed for programs, processes, and products to fulfill

the requirements for validity, practicality, and effectiveness. In line with this, the study

satisfies the criteria for developmental research since it aims to improve the efficacy,

efficiency, and quality of an existing research product by producing a new product while

drawing on previously published research resources (Richey & Klein, 2014). Therefore, this

study employed said research design to develop and test the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-

Sensitive Bulb according to its effectiveness in providing an alternative source of electricity

to power a light-sensitive bulb with regard to the average electrical energy generated,

maximum operating time, and light-dependent resistor sensitivity.

6
 Furthermore, a mixed-method research design was also utilized in this study to

interpret further the data collected during the assessment of the product. According to the

National Institutes of Health, as cited by the Harvard Catalyst (n.d.), mixed-method

purposefully integrates or combines rigorous quantitative and qualitative research

methodologies to capitalize on each other's advantages. This complimentary approach

optimizes the strengths of each data type and promotes a more thorough understanding.

Correspondingly, it provides a strong description and interpretation of the data to make

quantitative results more intelligible or to comprehend the broader relevance of small-sample

qualitative findings; mixed techniques were used. Ergo, this mixed-method approach is

crucial for the interpretation of the results in the conduct of the study as it combines

qualitative and quantitative research methodologies and tries to gather data concurrently to

address and better comprehend the study topic through generalizability, contextualization,

and credibility.

Time and Locale of the Study

The Calbayog City National High School served as the study's area of focus during

the school year 2022 to 2023. This location was chosen primarily due to the school's ever-

increasing electrical bill and consumption, wherein the researchers conceded that the chosen

locale is the most appropriate environment for the study to be conducted and the product to

be applied since it promotes the product's significance to minimize electrical consumption.

Moreover, the chosen area is highly favorable due to the mass amounts of students entering

the school, which is beneficial to the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb since students serve

as catalysts by applying ample amount of pressure to generate enough energy for the product

to operate. Furthermore, the study was also carried out in one of the researcher's residences,

7
located at Narcisa Hills Subdivision, for the reason that the house is well equipped,

researchers have free access to fast internet, and it can accommodate all of them.

Instrumentation

This research focused on using the following tool:

Data Gathering Sheets. which consists of three major parts.

Electrical Output. The data gathered by the researchers during this examination is

presented in the table found below. The data disclosed within the table below serves as the

product's significant electrical output findings based on the different fixed weight ranges that

were exerted on the piezo discs in a given amount of time.

Maximum Operating Time. The data collected by the researchers during this

examination can be found listed in the table below, this data solely includes the maximum

operating time of the product.

Sensitivity of LDR. The data gathered by the researchers during this examination is

presented in the table below. The data disclosed within the table below serves as the light-

dependent resistor’s sensitivity findings based on different lighting conditions.

8
Validation of Instrument

For the validity of the instrument utilized in gathering data for the PLS B:

Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb, the average electrical output data collection sheet was

adapted from a validated study sourced from Asry et al. (2019), wherein four specified

weights, specifically at 45kg, 50kg, 55kg, and 60 kg of body weight were respectively asked

to apply pressure replicating the motion of wiping one’s feet on the rug in order to test the

piezoelectric’s functionality on each of the time ranges recorded which are 5 secs, 10 secs, 15

secs, and 20 secs. In line with this, the researchers utilized the four weight ranges and

included three individuals of the same weight for each weight range to ensure accurate data.

Computing the average electrical output by its given weight range and time.

While the maximum operating time test of the product will be measured through an

adapted data collection sheet from a study conducted by Roño (2021). In parallel with this,

the researchers utilized the environmental condition specifying the start time and end time to

get the duration of the product.

The sensitivity test has been adapted from a validated experiment from the same study

conducted by Roño (2021). The researchers made use of a Likert scale wherein four will be

the most successful and one would be the least successful with their corresponding lux level.

The format of the tests is significant and linked to assessing the product’s average electrical

output, the maximum operating time, and the sensitivity of the light-dependent resistor in

adjusting the brightness of the light bulb.

Data Gathering Procedure

To determine the data needed for the average electrical output, an examination was

conducted wherein a weighing scale was utilized to measure the subjects' weight. For each

9
weight range, three (3) subjects were utilized for a total of 12 subjects. For testing, each

subject was given 20 seconds to stand on the product and simulate motion replicating wiping

one's feet; during this test, the voltage value for every 5 seconds that the multimeter shown

was recorded and analyzed on the data gathering sheet to determine the average electrical

output (Refer to Table 1.).

In acquiring the data for the maximum operating time of the PLS B:

Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb, two different environmental conditions were used for the

experiments; daylight and dark room, each having three attempts. The researchers made use

of a clock to determine the duration of the product. The researchers then noted the time

started when the light started to illuminate and the time ended when the bulb's luminosity ran

out of power (Refer to Table 2.).

To get the light-dependent resistor's (LDR) data regarding its sensitivity, two

experiments were conducted utilizing two different environmental conditions, in daylight and

in a dark room. The researchers took hold of the judgment wherein for each environmental

condition, there would be a basis as to whether or not the LDR is successful, in daylight the

sensitivity of the LDR is only efficient when the bulb does not illuminate, as in the dark

room, the sensitivity would only be successful if the bulb illuminated. The researchers then

observed its lux value utilizing a digital lux meter. The data gathered from the meter was then

recorded and classified in different ratings of lux levels in accordance with the data gathering

sheet (Refer to Table 3.).

Product Development

A. Materials

The primary components for the product to be functional are the 24 pieces of 35 mm

piezoelectric discs, which were utilized to generate electricity from the pressure exerted on

10
them. For durability, a circular Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer foam (EVA foam) with a

circumference of 1 x 3 cm was placed above the piezo discs, and an inch of the same material

on the top of the piezoelectric discs, while underneath, a hollow pole cut 1 inch in size with a

circumference of 9.42 cm had its interior stuffed with foam of the exact measurement.

Upon making the circuitry, an etched, printed circuit board (PCB board) was utilized

by the researchers to place the electrical components following the rectifier's design.

To improve the electrical output, a rectifier was used, which consists of four 1N4001

Diodes to convert the Alternating Current to Direct Current coming from the circuit to charge

the battery sufficiently. The researchers also utilized a 0.75 mm x2c hyper-tech wire that can

be connected to a 32650 LiFePo4 3.2V 5500mAh Rechargeable Battery and then also

connected to a 5-watt light bulb.

A 45.72 x 91.44 cm plywood was also utilized to serve as the base platform for the

doormat, wherein it is the area where individuals can wipe their feet. A spring measuring 40

millimeters long was utilized to retract the platform from its original position. A Metal sheet

with a circumference of 18.85 cm, a Metal holder with a circumference of 15.71 cm, and a

metal rod 1 inch in size were utilized to create a stopper for the spring to ensure that it is held

in place and prevent it from moving sideways.

In making the battery level indicator that monitors the current power the battery holds.

The researchers utilized a simple circuit consisting of 12 White LEDs that will visually show

the capacitance of the battery over time, 12 1k Ohm Resistors, and 12 1N4001 Diodes and

Wires.

In making the automation for the light to dim and brighten depending on the

environmental conditions, the researchers utilized the following materials; one BC547 NPN

Transistor, one 100k Ohm Resistor, and a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), which is the

11
main component that indicates the presence and absence of light that serves as a signal for the

automation.

B. Methods

Structuring the Wooden Platform

The researchers identified the perimeter of the classroom entryway where the

platform would be mounted to structure the product's proportions. The researchers cut the

wooden plywood to the same dimensions as the measurements they took. The researchers

also painted the trimmed wood in black paint.

Stabilizing the Spring

The stainless-steel rod was anchored in the center of the metal sheet, while the spring

was linked to the top of the metal holder. These two independent components are integrated

together wherein the stainless-steel rod was inserted inside the area of the spring to create a

more durable spring. Six stabilized springs were developed, four for each corner and two for

the top and bottom centers of the platform's lengthy sides.

Piezoelectric Amplification and Connection

For the connection of the piezoelectric discs, three piezoelectric discs were connected

in parallel to produce a single array. Given that eight arrays were employed, a total of 24

piezoelectric discs were used.

Each piezoelectric disc was accompanied by a hollow cylinder pole at the bottom

stuffed with EVA foam to support the piezo and prevent it from being damaged. At the top of

each piezo disc, two EVA foams were layered so that when pressure is applied on the

platform the pressure generated will indirectly hit the piezo discs, thus, will only conduct the

pressure to the piezo as well as preventing the discs from getting damaged.

Making and Connection of Rectifiers

12
 Each PCB board contains two full-bridge rectifiers for two arrays of piezoelectric

discs to be contained. A design was planned out for the rectifier's circuit on masking tape

which is attached to the PCB board. The PCB board was etched out to remove unwanted

copper as well as to make the circuitry more defined and functional for the components that

are to be connected.

The researchers drilled eight holes for each individual full-bridge rectifier in small

sizes just for the lead of the components to be inserted and soldered on the copper.

Four holes are supplied with diodes to make a rectifier, below these are supplied two

holes for the input in which the end wires of each piezoelectric array are attached, and the

remaining two holes are supplied with the output wires for the connection of all the rectifiers.

In each rectifier, the output wires are connected together to form a main wire for the

current to pass through the battery. Then the exposed copper from the main wire is covered

with a shrink tube, using a heat blower to tighten the wrapping.

Making the Battery Level Indicator

The researchers lined the LEDs in horizontally matter connecting all the cathodes in 1

line, then the researchers connected the 1k ohm resistor to the anode of the LEDs and the

researchers connected the 1N4001 Diodes in line direction to 1 way connecting the anode

with the 1st line of LEDs and resistors array to the next until the end.

Lastly, the researchers connected wires connecting the negative side of the battery to

the negative array of the LEDs and connecting the positive side of the battery to the 1st diode

in line with its anode.

Making of the LDR Circuit

The researchers connected a black wire from the battery to the Emitter terminal of the

BC547 Transistor and also one of the terminals of the Light Dependent Resistor, after that the

researchers connected the 2nd terminal of the Light Dependent Resistor to the Base terminal

13
of the BC547 Transistor and also the 1st terminal of the 10k Ohm Resistor and connecting

the other with a wire directing to the positive side of the LED Bulb, and lastly the researchers

connected the Collector terminal of the BC547 Transistor to the negative terminal of the LED

Bulb.

Assembling Parts

The initial step in assembling the product's overall part is to first place and secure the

piezo discs on the lower plywood base by using epoxy glue. Next is by attaching the springs

onto the same plywood base. Then, the side panels would be secured onto the lower plywood

base ensuring that the top plate would still be movable.

14
C. Flowchart Procedure

Figure 1: Flowchart of the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s Procedure

15
Product Design

A. Final Perspective View (Exterior)

(Top View) (Bottom View)

(3/4 View)

Final Perspective View (Interior)

(Top View) (Bottom View)

16
 (3/4 View)

Figure 2: Final Perspective Views of the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

B. Schematic Diagram

17
Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

18
C. Circuit Diagram

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram of the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Testing of the Product

A. Materials for Testing the Product

In testing and assessing the product, to evaluate the value of energy produced by

applying pressure, a TMT46001 digital multimeter was utilized then an analog multimeter to

get rapid results and more accurate data.

For the duration of the product’s battery, a digital clock that is installed in mobile

devices was used to keep track of the time when the battery began discharging or the bulb

began to illuminate and the time when the bulb had completely run out of power.

The researchers used a digital lux meter to measure the lumen count on the bulb when

the light-dependent resistor was exposed to various light conditions in order to test the

sensitivity of the light-dependent resistor.

B. Methods for Testing the Product

19
 In assessing the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s average electrical output

each subject was tasked to simulate wiping their feet on the platform for a set amount of time

wherein a digital multimeter was attached to both ends of the wire of the product to measure

the voltage produced.

In evaluating the LDR's sensitivity in correctly adjusting the bulb's brightness a lux

meter was utilized to measure the bulb’s luminance at different environmental conditions, its

brightness determines the LDR’s successful adjustment in different environmental conditions.

Data Analysis

A. Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s Average Electrical Energy

For the data analysis of PLS B's electrical output, the researchers aimed in getting the

table's overall electrical output trend by utilizing the formula of the arithmetic mean:

A = ∑ xi / n
Where:

A = Arithmetic Mean

∑ xi = Summation of ith Variable

n = Number of Variables in the Data Set

The researchers measured the average voltage of the three subjects per time interval

for each weight, then the average voltage of all the time intervals was calculated using the

same formula. With the data calculated, the average voltage that a campus inhabitant can

produce in different time intervals are the following:

In 5 seconds the average voltage produced is roughly 0.709V

In 10 seconds the average voltage produced is roughly 1.139V

In 15 seconds the average voltage produced is roughly 1.4865V

20
 In 20 seconds the average voltage produced is roughly 1.717V

B. Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s Maximum Operating Time

The results of the light-sensitive bulb’s maximum operating time made use of the

following formula, to get the maximum average operating time that the product can operate.

A = ∑ xi / n
Where:

A = Arithmetic Mean

∑ xi = Summation of ith Variable

n = Number of Variables in the Data Set

In order to obtain the product’s average operation time, the average duration time for

each environmental condition was computed, then, the average of both duration times was

processed resulting in the product's average operating time. Hence, the product’s maximum

average operating time would be approximately 7 hours and 6 min.

C. Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s Sensitivity

The results of the light-sensitive bulb’s sensitivity made use of the following formula

to get the average value of lux in different environmental conditions to classify it according

to the Likert scale.

A = ∑ xi / n
Where:

A = Arithmetic Mean

∑ xi = Summation of ith Variable

n = Number of Variables in the Data Set

With the data measured, the average lux that the bulb emits in daylight is 0 lx, while

in a dark room, it emits for about 16, 584 lx.

21
 CHAPTER 3

Results and Discussions

1. The average electrical energy that can be generated using the Piezoelectric Light-
Sensitive Bulb

Weight Subject Time (sec)

(Kg)
5 sec 10 sec 15 sec 20 sec

Subject 1 0.63V 0.92V 1.13V 1.34V

45 kg Subject 2 0.79V 1.14V 1.40V 1.69V

Subject 3 0.68V 1.12V 1.34V 1.49V

Subject 1 0.56V 0.94V 1.14V 1.40V

50 kg Subject 2 0.57V 0.85V 1.26V 1.39V

Subject 3 0.50V 1.49V 2.30V 2.60V

Subject 1 0.63V 0.92V 1.21V 1.52V

55 kg Subject 2 0.61V 1.02V 1.53V 1.90V

Subject 3 0.77V 1.13V 1.44V 1.74V

Subject 1 0.53V 0.78V 1.04V 1.20V

60 kg Subject 2 1.39V 1.81V 2.35V 2.57V

Subject 3 0.85V 1.55V 1.72V 1.77V

Comment Avg. volt 0.709V 1.139V 1.4865V 1.717V

per time
interval
Table 1: Average Electrical Output of the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

22
 Figure 5: Electrical Output’s Trend of the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

The graph above shows the trend of electrical outputs that the Piezoelectric Light-

Sensitive Bulb can produce for four weight ranges that are recorded at four different time

intervals; each weight includes three (3) subjects that are averaged for a more accurate

reading. Each of the four (4) time intervals demonstrated a fluctuating electrical output for

each weight range, showing a constant rise in output as time increased while occasionally

subsiding. The results show that the graph's overall trend is seen in a rising frequency.

Wherein as the amount of time for each weight range increases, the amount of voltage output

also increases. Concluding that both time and voltage are directly proportional regardless of

the weight range used.

With the average voltage that the product can produce in different intervals of time,

the researchers concluded that it is sufficient enough to charge its battery.

23
 2. Maximum operating time of the Piezoelectric Electrical System

Environment Sample Start Time End Time Duration Comment

condition data

Daylight Attempt 1 12:00 P.M. 6:00 P.M. 360 mins Daylight

Duration
Attempt 2 9:30 A.M. 6:00 P.M. 510 mins (Average)=
8 hrs and 15
Attempt 3 7:44 A.M. 6:00 P.M. 616 mins min

Dark Room Attempt 1 7:35 P.M. 1:48 A.M. 673 mins Dark Room
Duration
Attempt 2 12:01 A.M. 5:59 A.M. 358 mins (Average) =
5 hrs and 57
Attempt 3 11:07 P.M. 4:48 A.M. 341 mins min

Average Maximum Operating Time

Table 2: Maximum Operating Time of the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

The table above contains data regarding the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s

maximum operating time in two different environmental conditions, each condition having

three (3) different initial start times that were randomly chosen between specific time ranges,

whereas their end times would be taken note of after the bulb loses power concluding each

attempt. For the daylight environment condition, each initial starting time was randomly

chosen within the time range between 7 AM to 12 PM. In contrast,

they all concluded at the same exact time of 6 PM, averaging a total duration of 8

hours and 15 mins. For the darkroom environment condition, each initial start time was

chosen within the time range of 11 PM and 12 AM, wherein their end times fall within the

time ranges between 1 AM and 6 AM accumulating an average duration of 6 hours and 11

mins. After calculations, the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb’s maximum average

operating time accumulated approximately 7 hours and 6 mins of uptime.

24
 With the time accumulated roughly about 7 hours and 6 minutes, the product can

operate during most days of classes where each session occupying around 8-9 hrs each day;

since most of the time, classes are held during the day, this means that the bulb will not

illuminate which leads to energy conservation and thus, the product can maximize its

duration more than it is predetermined time.

25
 3. Sensitivity of the Light-Dependent Resistor

Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment

condition data 0-200 lx 201- 2,001- 20,001-
2,000 lx 20,000 200,000
lx

Daylight Attempt     Daylight

1 Sensitivity
(Average lx) = 0
Attempt    
2

Attempt    
3

Attempt    
4

Attempt    
5

Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment

condition data 200,000- 20,000- 2,000- 200-0 lm
20,001 lm 2,001 lm 201 lm

Dark Room Attempt     Dark Room

1 Sensitivity
(Average lx) =
Attempt     16,584 lx
2

Attempt    
3

Attempt    
4

Attempt    
5
Table 3: Light-Dependent Resistor Sensitivity of the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

The table above contains information regarding the light dependent resistor’s (LDR)

sensitivity in accurately adjusting itself in relation to the level of brightness of its

environment. Two environmental conditions were utilized in testing, namely daylight and

dark room. For the first environmental condition which is daylight, the LDR was successful

in adjusting itself to prevent electrical flow to the bulb, and thus the researchers took hold of

26
the judgment that it was 100% successful during the first experiment. For the dark room

condition, the average lux that the LDR could accurately operate on is roughly 16,584 lux

falling within the very good remark, with this the researchers concluded that the LDR had a

75% success rate in adjusting itself in accordance to its environment.

27
 Summary of Findings

The researchers were able to summarize their findings after gathering the study's data.

The researchers' conclusions were as follows:

The voltage produced in different intervals shows an increasing pattern, by exerting

force on the platform, in a duration of time the product generated 0.709V in 5 seconds

increasing up to 1.717V in 20 seconds which is efficient for the battery to charge. For its

operating time, when the product is used when daylight is evident, it operates for about 8 hrs.

and 15 min, since no luminance is shown, it conserves energy leading to a longer duration

than in a dark environment that only operates for about 5 hrs. and 57 min since it uses more

energy to emit more luminance. And for testing the light-dependent resistor’s sensitivity it

achieved a 75% success rate in adapting for in a dark room, while in daylight, its sensitivity

achieved a 100% success rate.

28
 Conclusion

With the assistance of numerous industry professionals, the researchers

were able to create the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb and reached

the following conclusions:

All of the materials used in the product and for testing were efficient. PLS

B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb satisfied all test criteria that were set out by

the research. However, the structure's bulky appearance and the noise it makes

when pressure is applied make it a nuisance. The study subsequently concluded

that using thinner plywood is preferable, improving the structure overall in the

process.

Although the device produced a respectable level of voltage, a higher

voltage output would be preferable to further increase its efficacy.

29
 Recommendations

The researchers provided the following recommendations for improving the study

after conducting multiple experiments on the PLS B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb.

1. When applying pressure on the platform, it produces noise that in turn creates

a disturbance from the spring’s durability, thus further improvement of the

structure and its robustness is recommended.

2. Since voltage is not in the standard, the researchers recommend further

research regarding ways to increase the voltage produced.

3. Because of the bulky appearance, its comfortability when being used gets

hindered, thus, the researchers recommend making the structure more

comfortable whilst maintaining its durability.

30
 Appendices

Appendix A (Consultation/Authorization/Approval Letters)

31
Appendix B (Sample Data Collection Sheets)

Weight Subject Time (sec)

(Kg)
5 sec 10 sec 15 sec 20 sec

Subject 1

45 kg Subject 2

Subject 3

Subject 1

50 kg Subject 2

Subject 3

Subject 1

55 kg Subject 2

Subject 3

Subject 1

60 kg Subject 2

Subject 3

Comment Avg. volt W X Y Z

per time
interval
Table 1: Electrical Output Test Sheet for Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Appendix B (Sample Data Collection Sheets)

Environmen Sample data Start Time End Time Duration Comment

t condition

Daylight Attempt 1 Daylight

Duration
Attempt 2

32
 Environmen Sample data Start Time End Time Duration Comment
t condition

Attempt 3 (Average) =
X

Dark Room Attempt 1 Dark Room

Duration
Attempt 2 (Average) =
Y
Attempt 3

Average Maximum Operating Time

Table 2: Maximum Operating Time Test Sheet for Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Appendix B (Sample Data Collection Sheets)

Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment

condition data 0-200 lm 201-2,000 2,001- 20,001-
lm 20,000 lm 200,000 lx

Daylight Attempt ● ● ● Daylight

1 Sensitivity

33
 Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment
condition data 0-200 lm 201-2,000 2,001- 20,001-
lm 20,000 lm 200,000 lx

Attempt ● ● ● ● =X
2

Attempt ● ● ● ●
3

Attempt ● ● ● ●
4

Attempt ● ● ● ●
5

Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment

condition data 20,001- 2,001- 201-2,000 0-200 lx
200,000 lx 20,000 lx lx

Dark room Attempt ● ● ● ● Dark

1 Room
Sensitivity
Attempt ● ● ● ● =Y
2

Attempt ● ● ● ●
3

Attempt ● ● ● ●
4

Attempt ● ● ● ●
5

Table 3: Light-Dependent Resistor Sensitivity Test Sheet for Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Appendix C (Accomplished Data Collection Sheets)

Weight Subject Time (sec) Comment

(Kg)
5 sec 10 sec 15 sec 20 sec

34
 Subject 1 0.63V 0.92V 1.13V 1.34V Average
EO 45 kg
45 kg Subject 2 0.79V 1.14V 1.40V 1.69V =W
Subject 3 0.68V 1.12V 1.34V 1.49V

Subject 1 0.56V 0.94V 1.14V 1.40V Average

EO 50kg
50 kg Subject 2 0.57V 0.85V 1.26V 1.39V =X
Subject 3 0.50V 1.49V 2.30V 2.60V

Subject 1 0.63V 0.92V 1.21V 1.52V Average

EO 55 kg
55 kg Subject 2 0.61V 1.02V 1.53V 1.90V =Y
Subject 3 0.77V 1.13V 1.44V 1.74V

Subject 1 0.53V 0.78V 1.04V 1.20V Average

EO
60 kg Subject 2 1.39V 1.81V 2.35V 2.57V 60kg = Z
Subject 3 0.85V 1.55V 1.72V 1.77V
Table 1: Average Electrical Output of the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Appendix C (Accomplished Data Collection Sheets)

Environmen Sample data Start Time End Time Duration Comment

t condition

Daylight Attempt 1 12:00 P.M. 6:00 P.M. 6 hrs Daylight

Duration =
Attempt 2 9:30 A.M. 6:00 P.M 8 hrs 30 X
mins

Attempt 3 7:44 A.M. 6:00 P.M. 10 hrs 16

mins

Dark Room Attempt 1 7:35 P.M. 1:48 A.M. 6 hrs 13 Dark Room
mins Duration =

35
 Environmen Sample data Start Time End Time Duration Comment
t condition

Attempt 2 12:01 A.M. 5:59 A.M. 5 hrs 58 Y

mins

Attempt 3 11:07 P.M. 4:48 A.M. 5 hrs 41

mins

Average Maximum Operating time = (X+Y)/2

Table 2: Maximum Operating Time of the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Appendix C (Accomplished Data Collection Sheets)

Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment

condition data 0-200 lx 201- 2,001- 20,001-
2,000 lx 20,000 200,000
lx

Daylight Attempt     Daylight

1 Sensitivity
(Average lx) = 0
Attempt    
2

36
 Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment
condition data 0-200 lx 201- 2,001- 20,001-
2,000 lx 20,000 200,000
lx

Attempt    
3

Attempt    
4

Attempt    
5

Environment Sample 4 3 2 1 Comment

condition data 200,000- 20,000- 2,000- 200-0 lm
20,001 lm 2,001 lm 201 lm

Dark Room Attempt     Dark Room

1 Sensitivity
(Average lx) =
Attempt     16,584 lx
2

Attempt    
3

Attempt    
4

Attempt    
5
Table 3: Light-Dependent Resistor Sensitivity of the Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb

Appendix D (Photo Documentation)

37
Figure 1: Forming Connections of Piezoelectric Discs Figure 2: Assembling Arrays of Piezoelectric Discs

Figure 3: Top-Down View of the Circuitry Figure 4: Attachment of the Springs in the Platform

Figure 5: Top-Down View of the Piezoelectric Figure 6: Data Gathering for the Product’s Electrical

Connections Output

Appendix E (Patent Search Report)

SEARCH REPORT

Title: PLS B: PIEZOELECTRIC LIGHT-SENSITIVE BULB

38
Abstract

Light and electricity fuel sustainable development. Congruently, adequate lighting is

crucial to enhance focus and productivity, driving them as basic human necessities in the

academic field. However, as the demand for lighting proliferates, increased electricity bills

impose a global threat among consumers. According to E Source (2020), lighting accounts

for 17% of the total electricity exports, which wastes approximately $100,000 in

universities in the United States annually. Accordingly, 4% of the energy audit for

consumption in the Philippines was utilized by lighting in the school buildings of Surigao

del Sur (Enteria & Peña, 2020). Furthermore, Calbayog City National High School

compensated PHP 83,400 in 2022, making it the highest bill from the prior four years

(SAMELCO I). With the situation cited, the researchers opted to develop and test the PLS

B: Piezoelectric Light-Sensitive Bulb to provide an alternative source of energy to power a

light-sensitive bulb by converting mechanical stress, most specifically footsteps, into

electrical energy employing piezoelectricity. Given how the study is developmental in

nature, the researchers assessed the effectiveness of the product using a data collection

sheet to gauge the following variables: average electrical energy generated, maximum

operating time, and light-dependent resistor sensitivity. Consequently, results showed that

the product effectively produces electrical energy to power the light-sensitive bulb, where

the accumulated voltage is directly proportional to the weight and time assessed.

Furthermore, it showed that the battery lasted more in daylight than in a darkroom.

Ultimately, the product was also sensitive to adapt to its different lighting conditions, both

in daylight and in a dark room.

39
International Patent Classification

H02N 2/00 ELECTRIC MACHINES IN GENERAL USING PIEZOELECTRIC

EFFECT FOR GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER

Keywords

PIEZOELECTRIC, FOOTSTEPS TO ELECTRICITY, LIGHT-DEPENDENT

BULB, ENERGY CONVERSION

Database Search String Number of

Hits

Espacenet TITLE OR ABSTRACT: PLS B: 310

PIEZOELECTRIC LIGHT-SENSITIVE BULB

IPOPHIL TITLE OR ABSTRACT: PLS B: 0

PIEZOELECTRIC LIGHT-SENSITIVE BULB

WIPO TITLE OR ABSTRACT: PLS B: 0

PIEZOELECTRIC LIGHT-SENSITIVE BULB

DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT

40
 Category* Citation of Documents

A US3726195A; WAGNER K; GANSER J. PHOTOFLASHUNIT FOR

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS. The photo flashbulb is fired by the

voltage generated by a piezoelectric crystal when the crystal is struck by a

hammer released by a shutter when the latter is operated. Shunted across

the crystal and bulb is a photoresistor, the resistance of which is

sufficiently small, when scene brightness is adequate to permit taking

pictures without the flash of the bulb, to dampen the crystal so that the

voltage generated is too small to fire the bulb. In a second embodiment the

conductivity of a transistor, connected in shunt with the crystal, is

controlled by the photoresistor, the transistor being conductive whenever

the scene brightness is adequate.

* Special Categories of Cited Documents:

A document defining the general state of the art which is not considered to be of particular

relevance

X document of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be considered

novel or cannot be considered to involve an inventive step when the document

is taken alone

Y document of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be considered

to involve an inventive step when the document is combined with one or more

other such documents, such combination being obvious to a person skilled in

41
 the art

Note: Further references not indicated in this search report may be cited during

substantive examination.

SEARCH REVIEWED BY

Arma, Rajin Fritz F. Macasalabang, Blessy June Q.

Guarda, Riane Lei V. Masecampo, Miel N.

Gullas, Viann Febrielle B. Mecono, Kiara Nicole L.

Isanan, Venice Fatima L. Tocayon, Christian Jezer T.

Labro, Rossy Mae Ann M. Trinidad, John Rafael C.

Lauderes, Mary Bernadine Tumandao, Paul Bernard

Verzosa, Kurt Harem C.

SEARCH CONDUCTED BY

Mr. Robert Anthony Ygrubay

RESEARCH ADVISER

References:

Asry, Anis Mohammad Mohd et al.(2019).Study on footstep power generation using

piezoelectric tile. Retrieved from researchgate.net:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339802422_Study_on_footstep_power_generation_

using_piezoelectric_tile

42
Boelcke, A.(n.d.).How Does Lighting Affect Learning. Retrieved from visualedgesb.com:

https://visualedgesb.com/how-does-lighting-affect-learning

Dela Peña, Albert S. & (2020).Energy Consumption Analysis in Rural School Buildings in

Surigao Del Sur, Mindanao Philippines. Retrieved from

journaljenrr.comhttps://journaljenrr.com/index.php/JENRR/article/view/112

E Source.(2020). Colleges and Universities. Retrieved from esource.bizenergyadvisor.com:

https://esource.bizenergyadvisor.com/article/colleges-and-universities

Harvard Catalyst.(n.d.).Mixed Methods Research. Retrieved from catalyst.harvard.edu:

https://catalyst.harvard.edu/community-engagement/mmr/

Lowattanamart et al.(2020).Feasibility on development of kinetic-energy harvesting floors.

Retrieved from iopsciene.iop.org https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-

1315/463/1/012107/pdf

Richey, Rita C. & Klein, J.D.(2014).Design and development. Retrieved from

researchgate.netresearch.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

319460269_Design_and_development_research

Roño, Jose Miguel A.(2021).Microcontroller Based Eye Blinking Communicator.

43