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Microbial Fuel Cell for charging mobile phones and power lamps
______________
A Project Study
Presented to
The Faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering
Pangasinan State University
Urdaneta City Campus
______________
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
______________
By:
Dela Cruz, Clark Irvin B.
Paguyo, Miguel II J.
Ravelaz, Mark Axxel G.
Samson, John Paul E.
Valenzuela, Vincent Ulrich T.
Harvesting and Storing Electrical Energy from Hydroponic plants by Microbial
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
framework in which the analysis of the study was focused on. Moreover, the
problem statement, scope, and delimitations, and definition of terms are also
examined.
Philippines faces three energy insecurity problems, 1) the demand for electricity
demand; 3) the disparity in the rate of electrification in urban and rural areas. As
The world is suffering from an energy crisis, and almost all our primary
energy sources come from fossil fuels such as (oils, gases, and coal) which make
about 81% contribution to our energy supply (Smil, 2010). Using fossil fuels
resulting in a phenomenon like acid rain and affecting soil fertility and portability.
It also produces carbon dioxide that causes global warming (PA Matusevich –
2021).
possible. Promoting net-zero energy means replacing polluting coal, gas, and oil-
fired power with energy from a renewable and environmentally friendly source
reducing carbon emissions and averting the worst effects of climate change.
Renewable energy such as wind, solar, and biomass are the top and most
well-known sources of alternatives to fossil fuels. However, it can get costly, and
The most convenient form of energy to use is solar power, which is also
compact. However, there are a few issues with solar panel production and
disposal waste, which causes more pollutants than the fossil fuels they are
meant to replace. The majority of solar recycling facilities only recycle the
contaminated glass and plastic casing by burning them in cement ovens after
removing the valuable silver and copper from the cells, which is terrible for the
dump the dead panels in landfills or export them to developing countries. It's
properly dispose of garbage from imported solar panels. Public health issues
could arise from the potential leaking of heavy metals into the environment,
during the UBD Pesta Konvo 2016, in which they used Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell
Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as solar energy and wind
energy, which are costly (Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 145 (2014)),
this project aims to plant more crops and trees to harvest electricity, which the
This technique can be integrated into food production to solve the food
and energy balance problem. This study can reduce the land spaces used in
land can be used to build a greener and more environmental-friendly system that
As the researchers are in the field of Electrical Engineering, they have the
responsibility to research and find the best practices to harvest electricity while
where plants do not need soil to grow. These allow the people to harvest food
and, at the same time, electrical energy in the comfort of their backyards.
The researchers hope to contribute to Net Zero Energy. The energy
department will develop Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) at Mariano Marcos
State University (MMSU), which will enable the university to use renewable
energy as its source of power and fuel while reducing the usage of non-
change, energy security, and energy access as part of the country's low-emission
development policy.
Theoretical Framework
common, easier to assemble, and more eco-friendly source of energy. The plant-
microbial cells (PMFCs) can produce free and clean energy, also called green
energy. It is a method that harvests DC current and voltage from plants which
can be potentially used to turn on ultra-low power devices (Chong et al., 2019).
agricultural food production, Strik et al. (2008) introduced the Plant Microbial
photosynthesis.
A study by Chong et al. (2019) stated that photosynthesis is a process in
which plants use daylight, water, and carbon dioxide to turn into oxygen. This
difference between the leaves and roots when exposed to light. The periodic
variations in light and darkness from the light source cause these phenomena in
for plants. The chemical processes induce the flow of electrons. The rate of
as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the air and nutrients supplies.
Chong et al. (2019) also said that mechanical stress from wounding,
temperature variation, and watering disparity, the intercellular process within the
external stimuli other than sunlight. These reactions are caused by the
physiological activities of plants at the microscopic level in the cellular cell. The
develops on a self-sustaining microbial fuel cell that runs on light rather than
around the plant root break down the rhizodeposits. The bacteria oxidize the
rhizodeposits into carbon dioxide and protons, which they then donate to the
anode.
source of electrons and electricity generation is from the roots, which is the
process occurs that converts the chemical energy into electrical energy through
2014).
Rhizobacteria and plants interact in the rhizosphere in different ways, and this
can influence plant growth. Soil organic carbon compound was released from the
achieved higher absolute power and power densities. Stainless steel systems had
a longer time lag than graphite systems, likely due to the hostile nature of
stainless steel to bacteria. The initial moderate inclination in the process of
revealed that a single PMFC might provide power densities of 0.35 mW/m 2 and
0.12 mW/m2. Stainless steel minimizes internal resistance and improves the
power density of PMFCs. Plants in the PMFCs setups grew quicker, were taller,
the generated power density indicates that the system is in equilibrium and that
the environmental conditions are stable enough for energy generation. This
electricity using living plants, has gotten a lot of attention and has been explored
Moqsud et al. (2014) stated that microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio-
move from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit in these devices,
which take advantage of the natural potential differential between the sediment
and higher poisonous water. Planting living plants in MFCs (PMFCs) is another
option to generate green energy. Plant roots excrete rhizodeposits, which directly
There are tons of research about microbial fuel cell technology applying it
to plants, but most of it can only run devices that run at a low voltage, such as
calculators and micro motors. The surroundings of a plant have a great effect on
the voltage output of the plant (Chong et al., 2019). The process of
photosynthesis will transport the electrons inside the plants, which can have an
impact on the potential difference under the exposure of light between the
leaves and the root. A plant can generate a potential difference of 50mV with
connection harvest much higher voltage and current compared to the series
et al. (2019) also stated that the succulent family of plants is the most promising
type of plant in terms of producing more electrons. Succulent plants are water-
retaining plants that can store water in their leaves, stems, and roots to survive
in a dry climate.
The method for harvesting electrical energy from plants will have an
the reduction of the cathode electrode make electrons flow from the anode to
electrodes are thought to yield the maximum voltage, around 0.8V. Cu-Fe (0.5V),
Cu-Al (0.4V), and Al-Zn are the lowest voltages (0.38V). In the electrochemical
series, the copper and zinc combination is more reactive than the other
combinations of electrodes.
It can be noted that Chong et al. said that the electrochemical series of
copper and zinc is better than other electrode combinations for obtaining voltage
and current from the plant. The ease of oxidation level between two electrodes
determines the direction of electron flow. The electron flows from the zinc
electrode to the copper electrode because zinc is more reactive than copper and
has a higher tendency to lose electrons. The oxidation process which occurs in
the zinc electrode (Zn(s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-) causes the Zn atom to change into
Zn2+ ion and releases electrons which flow through the external wire to the load
The researchers examined seven recent papers published for this study.
Each one shows the ability to collect electrical energy from a living plant. The
studies used Microbial Fuel Cell to power the electrical energy harvesting
equipment.
throughout the plants and produce rhizodeposits, commonly called the substrate
the plant roots. The rhizobacteria are microorganisms that inhabit the plant
roots. These rhizobacteria are a type of anaerobic bacteria, which do not need
oxygen to live. The rhizodeposits, or the substrate that the plant produces,
provide the microorganism fuel, which causes the breakdown of the substrate
redox reaction, by putting an anode and cathode into the rhizosphere, electrons
flow from the anode to the cathode electrode, resulting in the production of
electricity.
The copper and zinc combination is more reactive for collecting voltage
and current from the plant than other electrode combinations in the
electrochemical series. As zinc is more reactive than copper and tends to lose
electrons, the electron travels from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode
store electrical energy from hydroponic plants via Microbial Fuel Cell. Figure 1
shows the paradigm of the study, which serves as the guide of the study. It
consists of three elements: input, process, and output. The input of the study is
the data gathering from various references and determining the different
project. The study process covers the actual design of the research project, the
research project's construction, and the research project testing. Finally, the
electrical energy from Hydroponic plants by microbial fuel cells and utilizing it for
INPUT
1. GATHERING OF DATA
2. MATERIALS
a. Electrical components,
b. Hydroponic plants
c. Tap water
3. DESIGN / PROTOTYPE
PROCESS
1. CONSTRUCTION
OF PROTOTYPE
2. TESTING
3. EVALUATION
OUTPUT
Harvesting and Storing Electrical Energy
from Hydroponic plants by Microbial Fuel
Cell, utilizing it for charging mobile
phones and power lamps.
This study aims to design and construct a system to harvest and store
Electrical Energy from hydroponic plants via microbial fuel cells for charging
mobile phones and power lamps. Consequently, the researchers seek to provide
a. Plant type,
b. Size of container,
across
a. Plant type,
b. Size of container,
Research Hypotheses
The following serve as the hypotheses of the study. Moreover, they will be
should put plants into good use. This study will prove that plants can generate
Hydroponic gardeners. This study will help them generate free energy
that can be utilized in small applications and reduce their electricity bills from the
grid. It also grants them the opportunity to harvest food and, at the same time,
friendly system that less fortunate people without electric power can use and
researchers for further research regarding topics related to the study. The
students could get relevant information that will also support their ideas and
projects.
If the study is proven right, the researchers can help generate electricity
by using energy found in the environment and producing free and clean energy
and minimizing the land spaces that were used in building an infrastructure for
electric generation.
The main focus of this study was to design and construct a system to
harvest and store Electrical Energy from hydroponic plants via microbial fuel cells
objective was to provide free and clean electricity from hydroponic plants. This
As for the materials of the project, the researchers will only focus on three
(Pistia stratiotes). These are the chosen plants due to their abundance in
Pangasinan and their succulent nature. The researchers will be using tap water
for the project experiment. As for the electrical components of the project, the
circuit for the output. For the anode and cathode, the researchers will be using
copper as the cathode and zinc as the anode. The dimensions of the copper and
zinc will be a length, width, and thickness of 5 cm, 3 cm, and 0.5 cm,
respectively. This material aims to have a better and more stable result in the
This study did not aim to have an output involving aquaponics, plants on
soil, creating a bigger version of the project, and will not use different types of
water.
Definition of terms
The key terms are defined operationally by the researchers based on how
supplies nutrients for plants grown hydroponically, which in turn purify the
water.
Bioelectrochemical Process. The process of electrical power generation or
Case for Project. The researchers will use a stair-type case of containers per
system for the dimensions of total height, step height, the width of each step,
the passage of an electric current and involves, in most cases, the transfer of
circuit.
relationship between the relative motion of two phases (generally a liquid and a
substrates. Generally, the MFC consists of two parts, an anode, and a cathode,
Organic Matter. Anything that contains carbon compounds that were formed
by living organisms
sustainable bioelectricity and help meet the increasing energy demand. The
Plant type. The researchers will investigate the three varieties of Hydroponic
output.
different number of plants in a container from one, two, and three plants in one
container.
plants.
Rhizodeposits. It is defined as all material lost from plant roots, including
Rhizosphere. The region of soil surrounding plant roots that is under the
Size of the container. The researchers will gather data from different
container dimensions: small, medium, and large. The dimension for small
rectangle container is length, width, and height of 7.6 cm, 15.28 cm, and 10.16
cm, respectively, with a volume of 1100 ml, as for the medium rectangle
container, the dimensions are length, width, and height of 12.2 cm, 15.24
inches, and 10.16 inches, respectively, with the volume of 1800 ml, and as for
the large square container, the dimensions are length, width, and height of
15.24 cm, 15.24 cm, and 10.16 cm, respectively, with a volume of 2300 ml.
the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulfides and sulfate minerals and even
Time of the Day. The researchers will collect data on the power output during
the daytime (5:01 am - 5:00 pm) and nighttime (5:01 pm - 5:00 am).
Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
study, research design, data sources, and statistical treatment to assist the
researchers in achieving the objectives of the study and attaining the necessary
results.
Research Design
The design and methodology of the study follow the quantitative research
study will investigate the power output of the three types of hydroponic plants,
Sources of Data
the research problem and serve as the basis for making the charging station
articles and related studies concerning the procedure and design of the charging
station.
Library Research. The researchers will also use the knowledge from
previous studies and other related articles to develop the charging station.
system, the researchers will conduct trials and experiments on the ideal design
of the system.
the electrical consumption, voltage, current, and power output used in this
study.
Statistical Treatment
analyze the data gathered after the experimentations. Descriptive statistics like
characterize the resulting dataset. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used
different independent variables. The following are taken into consideration for
Replications
(Dracaena sanderiana)
Water Spinach 3
(Ipomoea aquatica)
Water Lettuce
(Pistia stratiotes)
Medium 3
Large
container Two 3
Three
Nighttime
Choo YY, Dayou J. Increasing the Energy Output from Living-plants Fuel
Cells with Natural Photosynthesis. Presented in International Conference
on Environmental and Biological Sciences. 2014.
Helder M, Chen W-S, van der Harst EJM, Strik DPBTB, Hamelers HBVM,
Buisman CJN, Potting J (2013a) Electricity production with living plants on
a green roof: environmental performance of the plant-microbial fuel cell.
Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 7(1):52–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/ bbb.1373
Lee, Ming Foong & Zain, M.N.N. & Lai, Chee sern. (2018). Lighting system
design using green energy from living plants. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. 1019. 012019. 10.1088/1742-6596/1019/1/012019.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1019/1/012019/pdf
Ruud Timmers. Generating Electricity from Living Plants by Dyg Chai Jia
Rong Electricity generation by living plants in a plant microbial fuel cell.
THE PROS AND CONS OF SOLAR ENERGY IN POLAND Eng. BSc Barbara
Dziedzic, 4-th year student, Speciality «Pro-quality Production
Management”, Institute of Quality Sciencesand Product Management,
Cracow University of Economics Eng. M.Sc Michał Jurczyk, Department of
Power Engineering and Environmental Protection, AGH University of
Science and Technology in Krakow, Kraków, Poland (2019)
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technology ready? An economic answer towards industrial
commercialization, Appl. Energy 185:698–707.
Zhuwei Du, Haoran Li, Tingyue Gu. A state of the art review on microbial
fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and
bioenergy.