A Comparative Study between the Efficiency of Natural &

Artificial (LED) Light as Primary Energy Sources of an

Algae-powered Biological Photovoltaic Cell Based on Their

Electrical Output

Daclan, John Rafael L., Grade 10 - Galilei

Delos Santos, Genalyn G., Grade 10 - Joule

Elamparo, Jochelle G., Grade 10 - Galilei

Guab, Michelia Alba T., Grade 10 - Joule

Mariano Floyd Renzo S., Grade 10 - Newton

Researchers

Mrs. Corazon Trinidad Bautista

Research Adviser
1 Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

Over the past years, there has been an increasing demand for alternative renewable

sources of energy, preferably sustainable ones, with very little environmental footprint. This

stems from the ever-going global issues related to energy production and consumption, such as

the emission of greenhouse gasses, depletion of fossil fuel reserves, different forms of pollution,

solid waste disposal issues, global warming, etc. 

Biobatteries are defined as energy-storing devices that use biological matter as their

principal fuel for electrical energy production. On that note, biobatteries are cost-effective and

are ecologically sound alternative solutions to the demand for energy sources.  According to

Janodi (2014), as cited by Hussain et al (2021), these biological batteries can be classified into

three. There are (1) batteries that use biochemical agents (or enzymes) to break down a substrate

during redox reactions, (2) batteries that operate by coupling oxidizable and reducible organic

compounds, and (3) batteries that utilize microorganisms to generate electric current. This study

will employ the third classification mentioned above, in the form of a biological photovoltaic

system (BPV).

To provide context, a photovoltaic (PV) system is a type of technology that converts

sunlight into usable electrical energy. These systems work by means of the photovoltaic effect:

the generation of voltage and current in an apparatus upon its exposure to a light source (i.e., the

Sun). Biological photovoltaic systems work under the same principles as PVs, utilizing light to

generate electricity. But instead of using photovoltaics (PV) – composed of semiconducting

materials like silicon - to convert light, BPVs harness the photosynthetic abilities of

photoautotrophic microorganisms. For instance, photosynthetic algae. 

Such classification of algae utilizes light energy to catalyze a series of intracellular

reactions, in order to produce organic compounds or biomolecules. When they photosynthesize,

energy from the light source is absorbed by the organisms. Said energy will stimulate the

oxidation of water, leading to the separation of hydrogen ions and oxygen molecules, and the

release of free electrons. Some of those electrons, that have made it out of the cells, would be the

source of electric current.

1.2. Problem Statement (Objectives)

The study is focused on simulating an algae-fueled biophotovoltaic (BPV) cell. It aims to

evaluate the efficiency of the BPV cells under artificial and natural light. 

Specifically, it is designed to:

1. Construct a biobattery that utilizes algae as an effective source of bioenergy.

2. Determine the effects of manipulating light sources on the electrical output of

algae-based BPV cells.

3. Introduce a renewable energy source to secluded and local communities. 

4. Mitigate current global environmental issues such as global warming and

depletion of fossil fuels.

1.3. Hypothesis

There will be an observable difference between algae-based biophotovoltaic (BPV) cells

powered under natural light and artificial light. Our study hypothesizes that an algae-based BPV

cell dependent on sunlight would show greater efficiency in terms of generating energy

compared to a BPV cell using artificial lighting.

1.4. Scope and Delimitation

The study utilizes algae as an energy provider for a biobattery through photosynthetic

activity. The energy is transferred to the biophotovoltaic device (BPV) and is measured by a

voltmeter lent by Caloocan National Science and Technology High School. It is accumulated

from the cathode and will serve as storage for later use.

The locale of this study will occur in one of the researcher’s premises. We will be

collecting data from the energy activity accumulated by the algae-based BPV as of early June.

The algae-based BPV cell will only power devices of small wattage. High-end equipment

required for a more structured experiment will not be accessible and economical for the study’s

benefit. 

1.5. Significance of the Study

The focus of this research is to prove that sunlight is sufficient to power an algae-based

biobattery. It also intends to compare the power generation efficiency of algae-powered

biological photovoltaic (BPV) cells under different sources of light.

Furthermore, the results of the study will be significant for the following:
Students. The study's findings will be critical in raising students' understanding of the use of

organic materials that are easier to manufacture for the production of renewable energy sources.

Agriculturist. Algae producers will gain from farming several varieties of algae that provide

more energy. Utilizing algae to harness its photosynthetic power, which could be more cost-

effective and practical to use.

People. The result of this study aims to produce an alternative source of energy for marginalized

communities. This energy source is more cost-effective, accessible, and safe.

Global Issues. The findings of this study will benefit the looming challenge of global warming.

Bio Batteries made of algae can offer energy without the adverse effects of burning fossil fuels.

Renewable energy is frequently at the top of the list of adjustments the world can make to

mitigate the worst effects of rising temperatures involving climate change.

Future Researchers. Future researchers will benefit from the findings of this study since it will

serve as a guide for manipulating and adding more variables to future research. This could be a

useful source for them as they explore more about algae-based research.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

1.6. Definition of Terms

Ammeter. An instrument for measuring either direct or alternating electric current, in amperes

Anaerobic. It means 'without air' and refers to the object producing energy without oxygen.

Anode. An electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical

device. 

Anodic Chamber. In anode chamber, microorganisms act as electrochemically active bacteria to

oxidize the substrates through PEM. From: Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy

and Bioproducts, 2020.

ATP. Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells.

It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of

photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular

respiration, and fermentation.

Biochemical Reactions. The transformation of one molecule to a different molecule inside a cell

Bioethanol. A high octane biofuel which is produced from fermentation of corn, potatoes, grain

(wheat, barley and rye), sugar beet, sugar cane and vegetable residues.

Biofilm. A complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of

cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in extracellular polymeric

substances, a matrix which is generally composed of eDNA, proteins and polysaccharides,

showing high resistance to antibiotics.

Biological Batteries. A bio-battery is an energy storing device that is powered by organic

compounds, usually being glucose, such as the glucose in human blood.

Biological Electrochemical Systems. Revolutionary new bioengineering technologies which

integrate microorganisms or enzymes with the electrochemical method to improve the reducing

or oxidizing metabolism.

Biological Photovoltaic System. A clean energy-generating technology that uses biological

photosynthetic material to capture solar energy and directly produce electrical power.

Biomethanol. It is considered an alternative energy source because of its high octane number.

Biomolecules.  A chemical compound found in living organisms. 

Carbon Fixation. The process wherein photosynthetic organisms (such as plants) turn inorganic

carbon into organic compounds (carbohydrates).

Catalysis.  The process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance

known as a catalyst. 

Cathode. A negative terminal or electrode through which electrons enter a direct current load,

such as an electrolytic cell or an electron tube, and the positive terminal of a battery or other

source of electrical energy through which they return.

Cathode Catalysts. Electrochemical reduction of molecular O2 at the cathode surface is an

important reaction for the power generation in different types of fuel cells including MFC

(Khilari et al. 2014). 

Cathodic Chamber. Are placed adjutants to either side of each desalination chamber where

CEMs are used.

Cellular Respiration. A set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of

organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine

triphosphate, and then release waste products.

Chlorophyll. The natural compound present in green plants, that gives them their color.
Current.  The rate at which electrons flow past a point in a complete electrical circuit.

Electrolytes. A medium containing ions that is electrically conducting through the movement of

ions, but not conducting electrons.

Electronic Mediators.  A confidential mediation is used for the purpose of resolving disputes

arising from electronically stored information or e-discovery.

Environmental Footprint. These are quantitative measures showing the appropriation of natural

resources by humans (Hoekstra, 2008).

Enzymatic Bio Batteries. A sugar-digesting enzyme is immobilized on the anode, and oxygen-

reducing enzymes are immobilized on the cathode.

Enzymes. Proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

Exogenous Artificial Electron Mediators. These are artificial carriers that facilitate the transport

of electrons from the photosynthetic cell to the anode.

Extracellular Electron Transport. The process by which some microorganisms exchange

intracellular electrons with an extracellular electron donor/acceptor, including naturally

occurring metal compounds and artificial electrodes, across the cell membrane (Lovley, 2008;

Kato, 2015).

Intracellular Processes. It includes the genetic regulatory architecture of the cell.

Intracellular Reactions. Cellular reaction wherein biological processes occur inside the cell.

Ionic Bridges.  A strong non-covalent attraction between 2 charged molecules (ions), a

negatively charged ion (anion), and a positively-charged one (cation).

Ions. An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.

Light waves. An electromagnetic wave that travels through the vacuum of outer space. 
Marginalized Communities. Those excluded from mainstream social, economic, educational,

and/or cultural life.

Microbes. Organisms that are too small to be seen without using a microscope, so they include

things like bacteria, archaea, and single cell eukaryotes — cells that have a nucleus, like an

amoeba or a paramecium. 

NADPH. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is an essential electron donor in all

organisms, and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance.

Non-Arable. Not suitable for the growing of crops.

Organic Compounds. These are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-

hydrogen bonds. 

Oxidation. The loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.

Oxygen-Reducing Enzymes. Enzymes that aid in the process of Oxygen reduction.

PETC. Converts free and abundant solar energy into reducing power and chemical energy for

producing biomass and biofuels through transferring electrons sequentially from H2O through

Photosystem II and then Photosystem I to NADP+ in chloroplasts of higher plants and

photosynthetic algae. 

Photoautotrophs. Organisms that use light energy and inorganic carbon to produce organic

materials.

Reduction. Any process in which electrons are gained by an atom or an ion. Always occurs

accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.

2 Review of Related Literature

2.1. General structure and mechanism of bio batteries

 A biobattery has three components stacked onto each other that work relative to each

other. Those are cathode, anode, and separator. The separator has an organic fluid known as

electrolytes. It is advisable to use aluminum foils or cellophane to divide sections of the

components. The energy flow starts from the anode where we put our principal fuel (algae).

Current will travel to the cathode until it releases its by-product, water, and oxygen. The

separator has electrolytes found in the middle of the two terminals that prevent any short circuit.

Common sources of energy for a biobattery to work are organic (sugar, starch) or inorganic

(metals). Bio-battery is not the same as a traditional battery. Anode and cathode catalysts are

biological enzymes in this case. On both the cathode and anode terminals, enzymes and

electronic mediators are placed.

2.2. Classifications of biobatteries

Biobatteries can be identified into three different types. They are classified with accords

to the nature of electrode and biochemical reactions (Janodi, 2014). (1) Enzymatic biobatteries

make use of redox reactions similar to the process of cellular respiration. Enzymes immobilized

on the anode break down sugar and release energy. The energy travels to the cathode with

oxygen-reducing enzymes, producing oxygen and water as byproducts. (2) Microbial-based

biobatteries are batteries that utilize microbes such as cyanobacteria, Escherichia coli, etc. to

generate electrical power. Biocatalysts in the anode will break glucose down, releasing electrons

that will flow to the cathode. (3) Other forms of bio batteries integrate oxidizable and reducible

biomolecules or organic compounds to generate bioenergy similar to the processes that the

former two underwent. 

2.3. Algae as a source of energy

Algae is a good source of renewable energy, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and

biomethanol (Najafi et al., 2011). It shows significant potential as a biofuel due to its rapid

growth rate and cultivation in non-arable areas, which helps it not compete for food production.

Oils that algae store as energy are extracted to fuel modern vehicles (cars, planes, trucks, etc.).

Algae biomass is anaerobically digested or burned like wood to yield heat and electricity (Wen et

al., 2019). It serves substantially in sustainable energy development and environment

conservation due to factors such as the harmful effects of fossil fuels, the instability of energy

prices, and the dependence on energy from foreign nations.

2.4. Photosynthetic activity of algae

Most algae are considered photoautotrophs, organisms that synthesize organic material

by using light energy. They do not greatly contrast plants despite their lack of a vascular system

for nutrient mobility, roots, stems, and leaves. Algae like cyanobacteria have chlorophyll A

responsible for photosynthesis, the natural method of converting light energy to chemical energy

in the form of sugars. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gains electrons (reduction) to transform into

glucose, while water (H2O) loses electrons (oxidation) and releases oxygen as a byproduct.

Relatively, marine algae produce 70% of oxygen in our atmosphere (Nelson, 2015).

Photosynthesis has two phases, the light-dependent or light reaction and the light-

independent or dark reaction. Under light reaction, chlorophyll absorbs light waves from any

light source—typically solar energy from sunlight—and converts them into chemical energy as

energy-rich molecules, namely ATP and NADPH. Consequently, carbohydrate molecules

(glucose) are produced in the dark reaction using the energy stored as ATP and NADPH
molecules which serve as food. Underwater, where algae widely thrive, photosynthetic activity

can occur as long as enough light is available for the chlorophyll to absorb. 

2.5. Algae under an artificial light source

Algae-organisms are unicellular or simple multicellular body plants that can manufacture

their food material by photosynthesis. Algae can be cultivated under certain conditions of

temperature, light, and sufficient nutrients to produce biodiesel. Algae show higher efficiency in

converting solar energy to produce biodiesel than other crops. That's because algae need less area

for cultivation in the case of indoor or outdoor systems in comparison with crops. To produce a

certain amount of biodiesel in an indoor system algae needs 1000 times less water than crops.

In an experiment prepared in a flask volume of 1 L, it was reported that it has an

excellent condition for the growth of C. Vulgaris under red LED illumination. It was revealed

that the intensity of light influences algae development and the type of light source has a

significant impact on algae growth. They also discovered that algae cultivated under LED light

had a different development rate than algae cultivated under fluorescent light. Growing

microalgae under red wavelengths have a higher growth rate than growing microalgae under

white, yellow, purple, blue, and green wavelengths, according to a prior study. C. Vulgaris grows

best when exposed to red light.

2.6. Sunlight to electricity

First introduced in industrial applications in 1954, a photovoltaic system is a technology

that can directly convert light into electrical energy. This type of system employs the concept of

the photovoltaic effect, which is defined as the generation of electric current and potential

difference in an electrical system when exposed to a light source. Likewise, biological

photovoltaics (BPVs) utilize light to perform the same function. However, BPVs are biological

electrochemical systems that use photoautotrophic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria (blue-

green algae), to convert light into electricity (Zhu et al., 2019), rather than the toxic and barely

recyclable semiconducting materials that are commonly found in PV systems.

Photoautotrophic microorganisms are capable of performing the process of

photosynthesis, hence the name. In an article by Howe & Bombelli (2020), they explained how

electricity is produced during intracellular processes of the said type of organisms. During

photosynthesis, energy from the sun (or other light sources) is absorbed by photosynthetic

organisms. Within the cell, the light stimulates the oxidation of water, resulting in the release of

hydrogen ions (H+), oxygen molecules (O2), and electrons (e-). Some of those electrons would

make it out of the cell through a process called extracellular electron transport (EET), and would

then be attracted to an anode (positively charged electrode). Those electrons would then flow

from the anode, through an external circuit, and towards the cathode (negatively charged

electrode). Meanwhile, other electrons would follow the photosynthetic electron transport chain

(PETC). They are needed to produce NADPH and ATP, which are, in turn, crucial for the

process of carbon fixation or the process where inorganic carbons are converted into organic

compounds (carbohydrates) during photosynthesis. 

It is important to note that BPV systems produce energy with zero net carbon dioxide

emission. Rather, carbon dioxide from the environment is converted into oxygen and biomass

during the process of photosynthesis. Zhu et al (2019) also emphasized in their study that BPV

systems can potentially continuously supply electricity throughout the day and night, even in

absence of light. This is a significant advantage over PVs and possibly other forms of bio
batteries. Howe & Bombelli (2020) explained that this electric current produced in the absence

of a light source is a result of the metabolism of organic compounds that are produced and stored

during photosynthesis; this occurs in a process called cellular respiration.

Additionally, in conventional BPV systems, a culture of certain photosynthetic

microorganism biofilm is immobilized on the anodes for a direct EET (Tschortner et al., 2019).

Or, exogenous artificial electron mediators that can penetrate cell walls and/or membranes (e.g.,

ferricyanide, cytochrome, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, etc.) are used for an indirect EET

(Saper, et al., 2018). However, according to Zhu et al. (2019), the weak EET function of

cyanobacteria – which are widely used in BPV systems – may hinder the exchange of electrons

between the cell and electrodes. 

3 Methodology

3.1. Research Design

This study aims to identify the more efficient source of light for an algae-based biobattery

—artificial or natural. The researchers will consider the time exposure, volume of water, and

amount of energy source (algae) to produce an objective result. These variables will be utilized

in conducting an experiment and creating an algal-based biobattery wherein two certain sets of

algae are involved. One is subjected to a natural source of light or sunlight and the other one is

exposed to an LED light source.

The researchers will conduct the study using a quantitative design to find answers to the

preceding problem, meet the research objectives, and produce a logical and compelling

conclusion concerning the hypothesis. Quantitative research, according to R. Watson (2014), can
be seen as a way of making sense of the world. This particular research design covers and

encompasses an entire spectrum of measurement and perception.

Because of its unique feature, the capacity to test theories explicitly by developing

hypotheses and conducting statistical analysis, a quantitative research approach was chosen. The

researchers will also use an experimental quantitative research approach to compare, contrast,

and determine the most efficient light source for an algal-based biological photovoltaic cell.

3.2. Subject Selection

Algae chosen as subjects must have the ability to perform a photosynthetic activity.

Gathered samples are expected to show signs of growth inside small containers with adequate

moisture. Important factors to consider are the accessibility, survivability, and growth speed of

the specimen. 

3.3. Methods of Data Collection

Pre-experimental procedures. Algae, transparent containers, electrodes, circuit wires,

ionic bridges, LED lights, and water sources are the materials and components needed to

assemble a prototype of the biological photovoltaic (BPV) and to set up the experiment. The

inside of the transparent container, which will act as the main body of the BPV, will be separated

into two parts: the anodic and cathodic chamber. The algae specimens will be suspended inside

the anodic chamber, which is filled with water that contains optimal amounts of nutrients needed

by the microorganism to thrive. The cathodic chamber, on the other hand, will be filled with

uncontaminated water (H2O). Both chambers would be connected by an ionic bridge, to allow

the hydrogen ions to cross towards the cathodic chamber.

 Experimental procedures. The researchers would conduct two sets of experiments – one

being the exposure of the BPV under natural light, and the other being under artificial light –

each consisting of two phases. During the first phase of each experiment, the BPV would be

subjected to the light source for 7 hours. And in the second phase, the BPV would be deprived of

light. Other conditions, such as the volume of water in the two chambers and the number of algae

placed, will be kept constant in both sets of experiments and will therefore be labeled as the

controlled variables of the study.

Data gathering. To measure the electrical output of the two BPVs when subjected to the

light of different types, the researchers would use an instrument called a voltmeter. The

voltmeter will be used to measure the voltage (V) or the potential difference between the anode

and cathode of the BPV. The measurement shall be recorded every passing hour of phase I

(while the BPV is still exposed to the light source). And if the availability of resources permits,

an ammeter will be connected to the external circuit to measure the electron flow or current (I)

generated.

Moreover, given the capacity of BPVs to generate electrical activity even in the absence of a

light source as a result of a process called cellular respiration, the electrical output will also be

measured during the phase II of the experiments. However, this time, we will be monitoring how

long the generation of electricity lasts when there is a lack of light sources.

3.4. Method and Data Analysis

Numerous methods shall be used to measure the power supply and voltage output of an

algae-based biophotovoltaic (BPV) cell under exposure to natural and artificial lighting. This

study would employ the following criteria to analyze and compare the data (electrical output):
Voltage output. The intensity of the potential difference will be used to indicate how high or low

the energy is generated from the light source. The voltage output of the BPV will be recorded

and observed every hour for seven hours. The results will help reflect the most efficient light

source between natural and artificial.

Electrical Sustainability. During the second phase of the experiment, the BPV will no longer be

exposed to a light source. It will be set-up to power and sustain a 3-watt light bulb. The time it

takes for the lightbulb to dim will be observed as an indicator of the energy stored in the

biobattery from the two different given light sources.

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