Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Calape Campus

San Isidro, Calape, Bohol

ATTENDANCE MONITORING USING FACIAL FACE

DETECTION AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHM

Jonalyn R. Planos

Arah Mae Orillos

Shaira Jane Castro

Joyce Anthony Piodos

BSCS 3A

2
 Table of Contents
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………… i
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..iii
CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background of the study…………………………………………………1
1.2 Literature Review…………………………………………………………2
Review of Related
Literature……………………………………..2
Review of Related
Study………………………………………….4
Legal Basis…………………………………………………………
7
1.3 Significance of the Study………………………………………………..9
CHAPTER 2
2.0 Objectives of the Study
………………………………………………….10
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Methodology………………………………………………………………
3.1 Design…………………………………………………………
3.2 Instrument…………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 4
4.0 Results and Discussion………………………………………………….
4.1 Requirements………………………………………………….
4.2 System Design…………………………………………………
4.3 Algorithm……………………………………………………….

2
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 1

1.0 Introduction

1.1 PROBLEM BACKGROUND

Today, attendance is the most important thing to record the presence of

someone. The presence of someone in an organization is a sign that the person
is carrying out their obligations to come to the agency or organization. Usually,
attendance is done manually. One of this institution or organization on having a
problem of checking attendance is in barangay assembly meeting. The Barangay
is a very essential place where it contains information about people living. Every
barangays takes its responsibilities towards monitoring people’s attendance very
seriously. Most of the attendances in barangay meetings are still recorded
manually by calling out the name one by one that carried on by the secretary.
This seems to be wasting time specially with the number of person is huge.
There is also the other way that is the secretary in the barangay will pass the
attendance sheet to a person one by one to sign beside their name.
However, this way will lead to one drawback which is the person can help
to sign for the person that are absence. Not only checking attendance is the
problem in barangay but also all the information of the people that can only found
in barangay. With only manual processing it would take time to search
information. This problem needed to be solve effectively, faster and automatically
record the attendance and search information of a person through computer or a
system. It would greatly improve the time and result you will get compared to
manual labor or work done by hand. A system that can record attendance
through show their faces of every persons and it will automatically record their
attendance. With this proposed system, it will help them save time. The
secretary will not be wasting her/his time to record the names of every person

2
who can attend the meetings. The system is a simple program designed to make
their jobs accurate, faster and more reliable.
The face recognition approach is for the automatic attendance of a person
in the institution without person’s intervention. This attendance is recorded by
using a camera a touch in the barangay which captures image of a persons,
detect the faces in images and compare the detected faces with the person’s
database and mark the attendance.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Review of Related Literature

According to this research publication, A Smart attendance system based

on face recognition was introduced by Chauhan et al., [60], the proposed system
can be used to take attendance of the students sitting in a classroom all at once.
The proposed system involves four steps. Firstly, face detection. Secondly, face
alignment. Thirdly, face encoding. Each face is encoded with unique 128 values.
Finally, SVM classifier is trained with these 128 dimension values for each face.
The system also makes a report of attendance with the date and then it is
automatically mailed to the faculty.
The programming languages utilized in this work are ASP.NET
programming language. The programming language is chosen relying on the
languages features which make them more suitable for this work. In the
proposed system, the user starts with login interface and the user has to enter
the information required. If the information is found correct by the system search
in the database, it displays to the user the system homepage and allows the user
to make use of the proposed system. However, if it’s not valid, the user will be
redirected to the login page.
Aquilan (2004) made a comparable thesis on the automation of time
attendance that records the time in and time out of every employee using Key
card system. It tends to eliminate the manual recording system of time and
attendance and also include salary computation of each employee based on the

2
time and attendance reports. Ramon Faloran (2005) wrote in the article “The
Computer Edge of the New Employment and Opportunities “in the Philippine
Daily Inquirer. He stated that computer gives you a different feeling about what is
happening in the company. Business will be highly competitive and innovative
because the computer provides instant information. Study by Cantoma (2004) in
her thesis entitled “Computer Library System for St. James Academy” stated that,
in manual system in retrieving, maintaining security and piling records take place
because of the years gone by. Furthermore, these files were only kept in
envelopes and folders in wooden rocks.

Based on the statement posted at ijert.org (2018), Face Database is the

collection of face images and extracted features at the time of enrollment and the
second attendance database contains the information about the teachers and
students and also use to mark attendance. Including to this, model also provide
several features such as Automatic attendance percentage calculation and if a
student absent for one class automatic message will be sent to the respective
proctors and if a student absent for consecutive three classes automatic
message will send to the respective proctors as well as parents. Status of
attendance will be sent to the parents as well as students for every month. This
system is more secure than the existing system and also requires less time to
take the attendance.

“With the help of an attendance system, institutions and other

organizations can save time and money. About an attendance management
system, it is not specifically only for schools or companies. It can be used
everywhere where people in large number work. Apart from saving time this
system also helps in saving money of the organization which was otherwise lost
in monitoring, tracing and updating information.
Cost spent on buying supplies like ink, paper, files, sheets, pens, punching
machines, and many more all can be saved with the use of automated systems.
This system benefits teachers, management staffs in schools and colleges and
managers in companies to easily view all the collected data within a single click.

2
This stored data is stored in a database and hence is safely stored for years
together. The same data is stored in documents are sure to get misplaced so on
in the near future. To avoid all such problems all, the organizations are using this
system for a peaceful maintenance. This system can be very beneficial for
human resource departments too as they can view the records of their
employees and then provide salary to them. With this system issuing the salary
would not at all be tough for companies as they can very easily check the record
of employees and issue the salary. This system if used can be used for a long
term process. Archive data too can be obtained as the data base is updated
every year with a fresh set of important information and records.” (G.
Radhakrishnan, 2012)
Review of related studies

In the study conducted by Kawaguchi (2005) introduced a lecture

attendance system with a new method called continuous monitoring, and the
student’s attendance marked automatically by the camera which captures the
photo of the student in the class. The architecture of the system is simple since
two cameras equipped with the wall of the class. The first one is a capturing
camera used to capture the image of the student in the class and the second
camera is sensor camera is used to getting the seat of a student inside the class
and the camera capturing will snap the image of the student. The system
captures the picture taking from a camera capturing images and face in the
database done much time to perfect the attendance. Other paper proposed by
introduced a real-time computer vision algorithm in automatic attendance
management system. The system installed the camera with non-intrusive, which
can snap images in the classroom and compared the extracted face from the
image of the camera capturing with faces inside the system. This system also
used machine learning algorithm which are usually used in computer vision. Also,
HAAR CLASSIFIERS used to train the images from the camera capturing. The
face snap by the camera capturing will convert to grayscale and do subtraction
on the images; then the image is transferred to store on the server and
processing later.

2
 Nandhini R, Duraimurugan N, S.P.Chokkalingam (2019) proposed a paper
about the idea of two technologies namely Student Attendance and Feedback
system has been implemented with a machine learning approach. This system
automatically detects the student performance and maintains the student's
records like attendance and their feedback on the subjects like Science, English,
etc. Therefore, the attendance of the student can be made available by
recognizing the face. On recognizing, the attendance details and details about
the marks of the student is obtained as feedback. Automated Attendance System
using Face Recognition proposes that the system is based on face detection and
recognition algorithms, which is used to automatically detects the student face
when he/she enters the class and the system is capable to marks the attendance
by recognizing him. Viola-Jones Algorithm has been used for face detection
which detect human face using cascade classifier and Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) algorithm for feature selection and Support Vector Machines
(SVM) for classification. When it is compared to traditional attendance marking
this system saves the time and also helps to monitor the students. In this
proposed system the student is requested to stand in front of the camera to
detect and recognize the iris, for the system to mark attendance for the student.
Some algorithms like Gray Scale Conversion, Six Segment Rectangular Filter,
Skin Pixel Detection is being used to detect the iris. It helps in preventing the
proxy issues and it maintains the attendance of the student in an effective
manner, but in one of the time-consuming process for a student or a staff to wait
until the completion of the previous members. This paper proposes that the
system takes the attendance automatically recognition obtained by continuous
observation. Continuous observation helps in estimating and improving the
performance of the attendance. To obtain the attendance, positions and face
images of the students present in the class room are captured. Through
continuous observation and recording the system estimates seating position and
location of each student for attendance marking. The work is focused on the
method to obtain the different weights of each focused seat according to its

2
location. The effectiveness of the picture is also being discussed to enable the
faster recognition of the image.

Lastly, another study conducted by Viola and Jones (2001) algorithm for
face detection and correlations formulas for face recognition. Viola and Jones
algorithm is used for face detection. Where it is used in both creating database
and face recognition process. Where in case creating database it takes input
image through a web camera continuously. Captured image undergoes face
detection. Detected face will be cropped and stored in database. Where in case
of face recognition if there is any movement video surveillance will be used to
detect the moving object. The captured image undergoes face detection and
further processed later by face recognition. To locate face region, instead of
locating the fiducial points in the face region, we propose an end-to-end
framework, in which spatial transformer network is applied (prior to the
classification network) to learn face alignment parameters. The spatial
transformer network learns spatial transformation for an image or a feature map.
The transformation includes scaling, cropping, rotation and non-rigid deformation.
By adding a spatial transformer layer between input layer and classification
layers, every input sample is transformed before classified. For example, plane
rotated images are transformed to frontal face images, and face regions at the
edge of images are transformed to the center area.

Legal basis
This study is anchored by section no. 4 of the REPUBLIC ACT No. 2067”
AN ACT TO INTEGRATE, COORDINATE, AND INTENSIFY SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND TO FOSTER
INVENTION; TO PROVIDE FUNDS THEREFOR; AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.”
Section 1. This Act shall be known as the "Science Act of 1958."
Section 2. In consonance with the provisions of section four, Article XIV of the
Constitution, it is hereby declared to be the policy of the state to promote
scientific and technological research and development, foster invention, and

2
utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument for the promotion of
national progress.
Section 3. In the implementation of the foregoing policy, the Government shall,
in accordance with the provisions of this Act:

(1) Stimulate and guide scientific, engineering and technological efforts

towards filling the basic and immediate needs of the people;
(2) Survey the scientific, engineering and technological resources of the
country and formulate a comprehensive program for the development and
maximum utilization of such resources in the solution of the country's
problems;
(3) Strengthen the educational system of the country so that the same will
provide a steady source of competent scientific and technological
manpower;
(4) Furnish incentives to private and individual initiative in scientific work,
as a fundamental basis for the advancement of science;
(5) Promote and encourage the dissemination of the results of scientific
and technological research and the general application thereof;
(6) Encourage and facilitate the active participation of domestic and
foreign sectors in furnishing financial, technical and other forms of
assistance for scientific and technological activities;
Section 4. To carry out the provisions of the preceding section, there is hereby
created a National Science Development Board, hereinafter referred to as the
Board, with the following functions, powers and duties:
(1) To coordinate and promote cooperation in the scientific research and
development activities of government agencies and private enterprises;

(2) With the approval of the President of the Philippines, to formulate

consistent and specific national scientific policies and prepare
comprehensive scientific and technological programs which shall be
observed and implemented by the Government and all its subdivisions,
agencies and instrumentalities;

2
 (3) To establish a system of priorities for scientific and technological
projects;

(4) To review and analyze scientific and technological projects, schedules

of activities, programs and project proposals, including the progress of
project being undertaken, and to take such measures as may be
necessary to accomplish the objectives and policies involved in these
activities;

(5) To develop a program for the effective training and utilization of

scientific and technological manpower;
Section 5. The Board shall be composed of a Chairman; a Vice-Chairman, who
shall concurrently be the Executive Director of the Board; and the following
members: the Chairman of the National Research Council of the Philippines, the
Commissioner of the National Institute of Science and Technology, the
Commissioner of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, the Director of the
Office of National Planning of the National Economic Council, a representative
from the University of the Philippines to be designated by the President of the
University, one member representing industry, one member representing
scientific and/or technological associations or societies, one member
representing agriculture, and one member representing education.
Section 6. The Chairman of the Board, who shall have cabinet rank, shall be
appointed by the President of the Philippines, subject to the confirmation of the
Commission on Appointments. He shall be a citizen of the Philippines with
proven executive ability who shall have distinguished himself in science,
technology and/or his chosen profession or field of activity. He shall hold office
for six years and shall not be removed therefrom except for cause. He shall
receive an annual compensation of twenty-four thousand pesos.
Section 7. The member of the Board, except the Commissioner of the National
Institute of Science and Technology and the Commissioner of the Philippine
Atomic Energy Commission who shall serve as ex officio members without extra
compensation, shall receive a per diem of fifty pesos each per session of the

2
Board: Provided, That the monthly total of such per diems for each member shall
not exceed two hundred pesos.
Section 8. The Board shall have the following divisions: the Division of
Programming and Evaluation, the Division of Development and Assistance, the
Administrative Division, the Legal Division and such other divisions which the
Board may deem necessary to create.
Section 9. The Board shall have, for all legal purposes, all the duties, powers
and prerogatives of a Board of Directors and shall function as such, unless
otherwise provided for in this Act. The Board shall promulgate such rules and
regulations as may be necessary for the conduct and exercise of its functions,
duties, and powers under this Act: Provided, That the concurrence of at least six
members is required for the approval of any resolution: And provided, further,
that only the members of the Board who have passed the necessary security
clearance shall deliberate and act on classified matters relating to atomic energy
and/or nuclear science.
1.3 Significance of the study
This research is being carried out in order to design and establish a new
system that would benefit the assembly attendance in barangay, researchers,
citizens, and the future researchers. This research would help the barangay to
process the attendance faster, easier and effectively output generation, resulting
in timely report attendance. The citizens will be beneficial to the citizens who
lives in Barangay in terms of monitoring and securing their records in a database.
Researchers will be able to work the system independently as a result of the
study. Future researcher will serve as a guide for other researchers who intend to
explore along the same line of the study.

2
 Chapter 2

2.0 Objectives of the Study

This proposed system aims to develop an automated system that records

the student's attendance by using facial recognition technology. The main
objective of this work is to make the attendance marking and management
system efficient, time saving, simple and easy.

This study is guided by the following objectives:

1. What is the design of the Attendance Monitoring system in terms

of?
a. Materials
b. Mechanism
c. Procedure
2. What is the mechanism of the proposed system from developer to
the end-users?
3. What is the performance of the components used in the proposed
system?

2
 a. Camera
b. AVR ATMEGA-32
c. Display Unit
d. GSM Module
e. Power supply design
4. What is the program flow design of the proposed Attendance
Monitoring system?

Chapter 3

3.0 Methodology

3.1 Design

Hardware Design

Hardware design begins with selection of proper equipment required to do

the various jobs. Selection is mainly on the basis of current and voltage ratings,
IC packages, clock rate and cost. Power supply is designed for the various
components according to their ratings.

 A. Camera

The camera used here is a PC web camera that captures the images of
students for both database creation and test images.

B. AVR ATMEGA-32

Controller The high-performance, low-power Microchip 8-bit AVR RISC-

based microcontroller combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write
capabilities, 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 54/69 general purpose I/O lines, 32

2
general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for boundary-scan and on-
chip debugging/programming, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a universal serial
interface (USI) with start condition detector, an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter,
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, SPI serial port, and five
software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5
volts.

C. Display Unit

 The LCD is used as a display unit in the system to display the results. A
16x2 display and 4 data pins are being used. The operating voltage of LCD is
5V. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data.

D.GSM Module

  A GSM 900 module is a self-contained dual-band modem. This modem

supports transmissions like data, fax, Short Messages (Point to point and cell
broadcast) and voice calls. The total symbol rate for GSM at 1 bit per symbol in
GMSK produces 270.833 K symbols/second. The gross transmission rate of a
timeslot is 22.8 Kbps. GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270
kbps. The main features of the modem are as follows:

2 watts E-GSM 900 radio section

1 Watt GSM1800 radio section.

Echo Cancellation and noise reduction.

Full GSM or GSM / GPRS software stack. It also comprises several interfaces
like

LED function indicating the operating status.

External antenna (via SMA connector).

2
RS232 Serial (via 9-pin SUB HD connector).

Power supply (via 2.5mm DC power jack).

SIM card holder.

E. Power supply design

An ideal regulated power supply is an electronic circuit designed to

provide a predetermined voltage Voltage, which is independent of load current,
temperature and also of anyvariations is line voltage. The power supply consists
of:

Step-down transformer

Bridge Rectifier

Filter

IC Regulator

Power supply is a vital part of all electronic systems. This circuit is required to
drive the various components on the board. It is normal voltage regulator built
with ubiquitous Transformer-Bridge Rectifier-Filter-Regulator assembly. We
required a v supply for digital IC’s.

 A step down transformer in the block diagram decreases the value of

primary mains voltage at 50 Hz and applies a pure sign wave with 0 average
values to a rectifier circuit. The circuit converts such wave forms to a pulsating
DC waveforms having a non-zero average or DC value. Such a ripple containing
DC waveform is applied to a filter which reduces the ripple factor and improves
the DC contents in the waveform. If the output waveform across filter is directly
connected to a load, without the regulator block, the load is said to be connected
to an unregulated power supply.

Software Design

2
 The name MATLAB is expanded as Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB is a high
performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming environment. It has sophisticated data structures,
contains built-in editing and debugging tools, and supports object oriented
programming. These factors make MATLAB an excellent tool for teaching
and research. There are tool boxes in MATLAB for signal processing, image
processing, symbolic computation, control theory, simulation, optimization, and
several other applied sciences. The software part of this system is implemented
using MATLAB version R2013a.

https://www.academia.edu/33549605/
Attendance_Monitoring_System_using_Face_Recognition

3.2 Instrument

In order to gather data, this study is using guided questions which

respondents will use the application developed by the researchers and assess
the application by answering the questionnaire on system usability and web
usability which is the instrument or research tool for checking the application’s
usability and effectiveness.

The system usability questionnaire is a conduct kind of review adopted

from Lewis, J.R in 1995 consists of 19 questions with a scale from 1-7
interpreted as: 7- The respondent strongly believed in the usability of the
system,6- The respondent believed in the usability of the system,5- The
respondent tends to believe in the usability of the system, 4- The respondent
is neutral in trusting that the system is usable, 3- The respondent tends not to
trust that the system is usable, 2- The respondent believes that the system is
not usable, 1- The respondent strongly believed that the system is not
usable.

Whereas, web usability questionnaire is developed by Massachusetts

2
Institute of Technology consists of 8 parts namely: I. Navigation with 5
questions, II. Functionality with 3 questions, III. User Control with 5 questions,
IV. Language and Content with 7 questions, V. Online Help and User Guides
with 6 questions, VI. Consistency with 3 questions, VII. Error Prevention and
Correction with 7 questions and VIII. Architectural and Visual Clarity with 7
questions with a scale from 1-5 interpreted as: 5- The respondents strongly
believe and confident that the website is excellent in all aspects in design,
development and implementation, 4- The respondents believe and are
confident that the system is very usable. They are also confident that if ever
the website may have minor inconsistencies and aesthetic issues, these are
manageable and will not affect the performance of the proposed system,3-
The respondents believe and are confident that the system is usable. They are
also confident that if ever the website may have problems, these are non-
critical and will not cause major confusion or irritation, 2- The respondents are
neutral in trusting that the website is usable.

Chapter 4
4.0 Results and Discussion

4.1 Requirements

It is integrated software for identifying an individual's face image from a

database of facial images. The software can tolerate pose, intensity and
expression variation within a limit. The software is tested with field condition
image set. Textural features around 14 fiducially points and Shape features of
eye and eyebrows are used to develop signature of the image.

Applications:

 Access Control

 Airport Security

 Financial Services

 Law Enforcement

2
  Driver’s Licenses & Passport

System Requirements:

 4 GB RAM

 80 GB HDD

 Dual Core processor

 CDROM (installation only). VGA resolution monitor

 Microsoft Windows 98/2000/NT with service pack 6 / XP with service

pack2

 SQL Server 2005

In this method the camera is fixed in the classroom and it will capture the
image, the faces are detected and then it is recognized with the database
and finally the attendance is marked. If the attendance is marked as absent
the message.

4.2 System Design

2
4.3 Algorithm
Face detection is usually the first step towards many face-related
technologies, such as face recognition or verification. However, face detection
itself can have very useful applications. The most successful applications of face
detection would probably be photo taking. When you take a photo of your friends,

2
the face detection algorithm built into your digital camera detects where the faces
are and adjusts the focus accordingly.

Face Recognition is a computer application that is capable of detecting,

tracking, identifying or verifying human faces from an image or video captured
using a digital camera. Although lot of progress has been made in domain of face
detection and recognition for security, identification and attendance purpose, but
still there are issues hindering the progress to reach or surpass human level
accuracy. These issues are variations in human facial appearance such as;
varying lighting condition, noise in face images, scale, pose etc.

In this face recognition, many algorithms are performed to dissect and

capture images of someone’s face, such as Image Processing Algorithm. With
this algorithm, the system can recognize a person’s face and record attendance
from that person so that attendance activities are more efficient and faster. Facial
recognition technology is one of biometric recognition technology based on
processing information of facial features, mainly used to automatically detect and
track face then process each faces image in still images and video streams that
captured by webcams or cameras and identify user’s identity. Facial face
detection has a lot of pros, such as unique, last forever anti fake and everyone
know how to use it. Face recognition is a technique of biometric recognition. It is
considered to be one of the most successful application of image analysis and
processing.

2
 Bibliography

Chauhan et al., A Smart attendance system based on face recognition

Ramon Faloran (2005) “The Computer Edge of the New Employment and
Opportunities “
Cantoma (2004) “Computer Library System for St. James Academy”
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i1/IRJET-V6I189.pdf

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Attendance-Monitoring-Using-Keycard-
System-Chapter-904863.html

https://www.ijert.org/attendance-monitoring-system-using-face-recognition

https://www.academia.edu/34737457/
Attendance_Monitoring_System_CHAPTER_I_THE_PROBLEM_AND_ITS_BACKGROUND

https://eirai.org/images/proceedings_pdf/IAE1017211.pdf

https://www.ijeat.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i3S/C11230283S19.pdf

http://ijiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/15.pdf

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1958/ra_2067_1958.html#:~:text=Republic
%20Act%20No.,2067&text=AN%20ACT%20TO%20INTEGRATE%2C
%20COORDINATE,THEREFOR%3B%20AND%20FOR%20OTHER
%20PURPOSES.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/face-detection

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590005619300141