CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

This analysis discusses a complex issue, which must take into account coastal
dynamics, including climate change, and the protection of natural and cultural
landscapes, while providing public access and use of the coast.
From a technical perspective, the identification of the high-water mark line - and
the size of the retreat behind it - must depend on erosion rates and the exposure to
storms using specific return periods for extreme events (eg hurricane 1 in 100 years).
In addition, if current climate change projections are correct, sea level rise and
changes in erosion and storm patterns will most likely shift the ward's position from
the high water mark line by several meters.
The 100 m setback policy (behind the high watermark) currently included in the
ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean provides a mean value based on it an analysis
of current practice at the international level and dynamic study results and it will
play a relevant role in implementing the general precautionary principle across the
basin, particularly in pristine areas. This issue is fully considered in the text of the
Protocol, because no retroactive rule will be applied to developed coastal stretches.
The reported case studies suggest that the identification of high water marks may
be underestimated by the impact of coastal erosion and major storms and adapted to
an urbanized environment. Problems such as these are likely to increase in the future
and a line containment policy can be implemented if: the costs of the planned retreat
are much higher than the engineering solutions designed to protect coastal
communities.
Completeness in action to address identified threats to coastal sustainability is
weakest at local scale; However, the local scale of musical instruments is often
considered a wider range of impacts affecting coastal values than country level
instruments. While state-level concrete instruments outline actions to address
identified threats, just under half of these instruments are guidelines or manuals.
Thus, they provide direction for determining actions that will respond to threats, but
the applicability of these actions and their effectiveness is not implicit.
The authors focused on coastal regulation in Latin America and the Caribbean
(LAC) to suggest possible measures to alleviate this problem. The currently leading
global LAC regulations for beaches are analyzed and conclusions drawn about a
 series of governance measures to mitigate this problem. These proposals focus on
unifying fragmented and overlapping policies for trolling plastic pollution, focus
attention on industrial plastics regulation, enable an economic loop, and increase
public awareness and stakeholder perceptions about ocean plastic pollution.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

The conclusion drawn from this journal is that the decline coast in most Spanish
Mediterranean urban coasts only plays an administrative role with public and private
domains. Thus, during extreme storms, waves are able to pass over the coast and
promenade and, to temporarily inundate adjacent infrastructure inland towards the
MTPD boundary.

Fig 4 . Inundation of the promenade and adjacent street - landwards of the legally defined high water mark - in the Lloret de Mar beach
during a storm in November 2001.

This implies that their application to this environment has the following
characteristics: (i) the identification of coastal decline is not carried out strictly by
applying a formal definition, but by adapting it to an urbanized environment, and/or
(ii) its validity having been replaced by a coastal dynamics and evolution. This
situation is likely to be exacerbated by climate change.
Conclusions are drawn about a series of governance measures to mitigate this
problem. This proposal focuses on unifying fragmented and overlapping policies to
control plastic pollution, focuses on regulating the plastics industry, enabling a
circular economy, and increasing public awareness and risk perception of marine
plastic pollution.
Institutional instruments play an important role in guiding how coastal areas are
managed. As a result, instruments that: (i) focus on the coast; (ii) good at speaking
coastal values; (I I I) recognize the threat; and (iv) identify actions, needed to
achieve good coastal management practices. Despite the important role played by
institutional instruments in defining outcomes it comes to coastal areas.