Data Transmission on the Local Loop —

a crosstalk-dominated medium
John A.C. Binham

History of DSL

History of DMT and DSL

DSL for Internet access

Future of xDSL

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History of DSL

Basic Rule Access DSL (a.k.a. ISDN and BRI)

160 kbits/s one-pair full-duplex.G.961 has a region-generic main body and

three region-specific appendices:

Appendix 1 : 2B1Q coding with EC; used in North America and much of Europe
Appendix 2 : 4B3T coding with EC; used in some parts of Europe
Appendix 3 : Bipolar (a.k.a. AMI(coding with TDD; used in Japan

T1
1.544 Mbits/s dual simplex on two pairs using AMI and repeaters

High-speed DSL (HDSL, G.99.1)

1.536 Mbit/s two-pair and 2.048 Mbit/s two -and three-pair full-duplex systems
using 2B1Q coding and EC. Repeaters are sometimes used (contrary to
original intention) to extend range

Assymetric DSL (ADSL, G.992.1)

Downstream and upstream rates as high as 6.8 and 0.64 Mbit/s. DMT coding
with FDD and optional EC.G.992.1 has a region-generic main body and three
region-specific annexes

ADSL “lite” (G.992.2)

A simplified version of G.92.1 offered for Internet access with speeds up to
1.536/0.384 Mbit/s

Non-standard ADSL
There are also some non-standard CAP units deployed

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Very high-speed DSL (VDSL)
Downstream and upstream rates as high as 52/6.4 and 34/34 Mbit/s for
asymmetric and symmetric services are expected. Used with fibre-optic
systems in FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, etc. systems. Will almost certainly be FDD,
but modulation is not yet decided.

HDSL2 (G.991.2)
1.536 Mbit/s one-pair (!) full-duplex systems using FDD and EC

SDSL
Various unstandardized on-pair symmetric systems typically at 0.768 and 0.384
Mbit/s

History of DMT and DSL

March 1993 : DMT ADSL system approved for US standard

June 1995 : ANSI standard T1.413 published
? 1999 : ITU standard G.992.1 published

The main advantages of multi- over single-carrier systems on DSL are

(1) the ability to tolerate the very severe distortion, and
(2) the ability to adapt to a very wide range of SNRs and usable
bandwidths

(A)DSL fo``r Internet access

Data will all be ATM, and probably very asymmetrical. This suggests an EC
system with upper limit of upstream band lowered (to reduce kindred
NEXT). System management to take advantage of widely varying
crosstalk levels and tolerance to a variation in data speeds will be
essential.
System management to control PSDs to and from close ATU-Rs will be
desirable

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Future of xDSL

PMD Layer

DMT should improve equalization techniques and reduce overall noise margin
Improve system tolerance of POTS-induced transients and state changes

TC and higher layers

Develop more flexible traffic contracts

Deal with seamless Dynamic Rate Adaptation(DRA)