ECV 302

HYDRAULICS I
LECTURE #: 2
LECTURER: Eng. J. M. ONDARI
DATE: 11TH May, 2022
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021/2022
SEMESTER: Y3S1
 Outline

• Flow in open channels

• Most Economical section of channels
• Most economical Trapezoidal Channel
• Flow through circular channel
• Most Economical circular section
• Worked examples
• Assignment

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 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS
1.4.2. Most Economical Trapezoidal Channel
• The trapezoidal section of a channel will be most economical when its
wetted perimeter is minimum.
• Consider a trapezoidal section of a channel as shown;
Let, b = width of channel at bottom
d =depth of flow
𝜃 = angle made by the sides
with horizontal

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 Most economical Trapezoidal Channel
• (i) The side slope is given as 1 vertical to n horizontal:

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 Most economical Trapezoidal Channel

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 Most economical Trapezoidal Channel
• (ii) Hydraulic mean depth, 𝑚=
𝐴
𝑃

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 Most economical Trapezoidal Channel
• (iii) The three sides of the trapezoidal section of most economical section
are tangential to the semi-circle described on the water line.
• This is proven as follows;

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 Worked example 1
• A trapezoidal channel has sides slopes of 1 horizontal to 2 vertical and the slope of
the bed is 1 in 1500. The area of the section is 40 m2. Find the dimensions of the
section if it is most economical. Determine the discharge of the most economical
section if C=50.

• .

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 Worked example 1 (contd)

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Best side slope of most economical Trapezoidal
section

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 Worked example 2

• For excavation of the canal at the least cost, the trapezoidal section should be most
economical.
• Here, side slope (i.e., value of n) is not given.
• Hence, the best side slope for most economical trapezoidal section (i.e., n value) is given by
equation (16.14) as:
1
𝑛=
3
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 Flow through circular channel
• Flow of a liquid through a circular pipe, when the level of liquid of liquid in
the pipe is below the top of the pipe is classified as an open channel flow.
• The rate of flow through the circular channel is determined from the depth
of flow and angle subtended by the liquid surface at the centre of the
circular channel.

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 Flow through circular channel

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 Worked example 3

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 Most economical circular section
• Other sections as discussed earlier, for a most economical section, the
discharge for a constant cross-sectional area, slope bed and resistance co-
efficient, is maximum.
• In the case of circular channels, the area of flow cannot be maintained
constant.
• With the change in depth of flow in a circular channel of any radius, the
wetted area and wetted perimeter changes.
• Thus in case of circular channels, for most economical section, two separate
conditions are obtained;
• Condition for maximum velocity
• Condition for maximum discharge

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 1. Condition for
maximum velocity
for circular section

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 1. Condition for
maximum velocity
for circular section
(contd…)

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 2. Condition for maximum discharge
• The discharge through a channel is given by:
𝐴 𝐴3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑚𝑖 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑖=𝐶 𝑖
𝑃 𝑃

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 2. Condition for maximum discharge

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 Worked example 4

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 References

• FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES (Revised 9th Edition), by

Dr. R.K. Bansal

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 QUESTIONS!!!

THANK YOU

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