Chapter 8: Flow in Conduits

(INTERNAL FLOWS)
-Dr.Syed Yousufuddin

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 Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow

(a) Apparatus.
(b) Laminar flow of dye in tube.
Figure (c) Turbulent flow of dye in tube.
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(d) Eddies in turbulent flow.
 Flow in a conduit is classified as being either laminar or
turbulent, depending on the magnitude of the Reynolds
number. The original research involved visualizing flow in a
glass tube as shown in Fig. a.
Reynolds in the 1880s injected dye into the center of the
tube and observed the following:
• When the velocity was low, the streak of dye flowed down
the tube with little expansion, as shown in Fig. b. However,
if the water in the tank was disturbed, the streak would shift
about in the tube.
• If velocity was increased, at some point in the tube, the
dye would all at once mix with the water as shown in Fig. c.
• When the dye exhibited rapid mixing (Fig. c), illumination
with an electric spark revealed eddies in the mixed fluid as
shown in Fig. d. 3
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Consider laminar fluid entering a pipe from a reservoir. As the fluid moves down the pipe, the
velocity distribution changes in the streamwise direction as viscous effects cause the plug-type
profile to gradually change into a parabolic profile. This region of changing velocity profile is called
developing flow. After the parabolic distribution is achieved, the flow profile remains unchanged 5
in
the streamwise direction, and flow is called fully developed flow.
The distance required for flow to develop is called the entrance length (Le) This
length depends on the shear stress that acts on the pipe wall.

Problem 1: CLASSIFYING FLOW IN CONDUITS

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7
Different losses in a pipe flow

Friction Loss (Major Loss) : Energy loss due to friction is due to

roughness of the inner surface of the pipe.

The friction loss depends up on

1 . The material and nature of the inner surface of the pipe.
2. Diameter of the pipe, velocity of flow through pipe and
3. The length of the pipe. 2 This equation is called
fLv Darcy – Weisbach
Head loss due to friction hf  equation for head loss
2 gD in circular pipes

f : Friction factor, a constant depending upon material and nature of pipe

l : Length of the pipe
v : Velocity of flow through the pipe
d : Diameter of the pipe

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 Laminar Flow in a Round Tube

laminar flow occurs when Re ≤ 2000

head loss in a pipe

To derive an equation for the friction factor f, combining Equation of head

loss in a pipe with the Darcy- Weisbach equation

Equation shows that the friction factor for laminar flow depends only on Reynolds
number.
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 Problem 2: HEAD LOSS FOR LAMINAR FLOW

An alternative way to calculate head loss for laminar flow is to use the Darcy-Weisbach equation

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Problem 3: Air (20°C) is flowing from a large tank, through a horizontal pipe, and then
discharging to ambient. The pipe length is L = 50 m, and the pipe is schedule 40 PVC
with a nominal diameter of 26.6 mm. The mean velocity in the pipe is 10 m/s, and f =
0.015. Determine the pressure (in Pa) that needs to be maintained in the tank. Take: Air
(20 ◦C, 1 atm), Table A.3, ρ = 1.2 kg /m3 , KE correction factor (α2 )= 1.0

Problem 4: Water (15°C) flows through a garden hose (ID = 18 mm) with a mean
velocity of 1.5 m/s. Find the pressure drop for a section of hose that is 20 meters
long and situated horizontally. Assume that f = 0.012.
◦
Properties: Water (15 C), Table A.5, ρ = 999 kg /m3 .
Problem 5: Glycerine (T = 20°C) flows through a funnel as shown. Calculate the
mean velocity of the glycerine exiting the tube. Assume the only head loss is due to
friction in the tube. Assume laminar flow (α2 = 2.0). Take: Glycerin (20 ◦C) ,Table A.4:
ρ = 1260 kg /m3, γ = 12, 300N/m3.
μ = 1.41N· s /m2, ν = 1.12 × 10−3 m2 / s.

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 ME 313: ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS

Open Channel Flow - chapter 13

- Dr.Syed Yousufuddin

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 Open Channel Flow

Open Channel Flow OR Gravity Flow

Properties of Open Channels

 The flow is under gravity.

 There will be a free surface for the flow open to atmosphere

 The position of the free surface can change in space and time

Many different types

River, stream, canal, flume, ditch, culverts

Many different Cross sectional types

Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Circular, Triangular
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Definition of Geometric Elements of a Channel

y = depth of flow A = flow area

T = top width R = hydraulic radius = A/P

P = wetted perimeter D = hydraulic depth = A/T

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 Flow Classification

• Uniform (normal) flow:

Depth is constant at every section along length of channel
• Non-uniform (varied) flow:
Depth changes along channel

Two Types
– Rapidly-varied flow: Depth changes suddenly

– Gradually-varied flow: Depth changes gradually

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 Equations of Motion
• There are three general principles used in solving
problems of flow in open channels:
– Continuity (conservation of mass)
– Energy
– Momentum

• For problems involving steady uniform flow, continuity

and energy principles are sufficient

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 Continuity Equation (Conservation of Mass)
• Since water is essentially incompressible, conservation of
mass (continuity) reduces to the following:

Discharge in = Discharge out

• Stated in terms of velocity and area:

Q = V1A1 = V2A2

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 Uniform Flow Computations
• Equations are developed for steady-state conditions
– Depth, discharge, area, velocity all constant along channel
length

• Rarely occurs in natural channels (even for constant

geometry) since it implies a perfect balance of all forces

• Two general equations are in use:

- Chezy and Manning formulas

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Chezy Equation
V  C RS

V is mean velocity
R is hydraulic radius (area/wetted perimeter)
S is the slope of energy gradeline, and
C is the Chezy coefficient

C is a function of the roughness of the channel bottom

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Manning Equation
• The Manning equation is given as:
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V R S
n

V is mean velocity (m/s)

R is hydraulic radius (m)
S is the slope of the energy gradeline (m/m)
n is the Manning’s roughness coefficient

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 Manning’s Roughness Coefficient(n)
• Roughness coefficient (n) is a function of:

– Channel material
– Surface irregularities
– Variation in shape
– Vegetation
– Flow conditions
– Channel obstructions
– Degree of meandering

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Manning’s n

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 Discharge Equation
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q  AR S
n

For uniform flow, A, R and n are constants, thus

Q  KS1 / 2
The term K is conveyance, given as

1
K  AR 2 / 3
n

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Problem 5.1

A rectangular channel is 2.5 m wide and has a uniform bed slope

of 1 in 500. If the depth of flow is constant at 1.7 m, calculate (a)
the hydraulic mean depth, (b) the velocity of flow, ( c ) the volume
rate of flow. Assume that the value of the coefficient C in Chezy’s
formula is 50 in SI units.

Rectangle trapezium

A =by A=y(b+y/tanƟ)
P=b+2y P = b+2y/sinƟ
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Problem 5.2

An open channel has a vee shaped cross section with sides

inclined at an angle of 600 to the vertical. If the rate of flow is 80
dm3 s-1 when the depth at the centre is 0.25 m, what must be the
slope of the channel assuming Chezy’s constant is 45 in SI units.

Problem 5.3

A rectangular channel is 6 m wide and will carry a discharge of 22.5

m3 s-1 of water. Determine the necessary slopes to achieve uniform
flow at (a) a depth of 3 m (b) a depth of 0.6 m. Assume manning’s n
= 0.02
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 Measurement of Discharge in Open Channel
Notches or weirs are used to measure discharge in an open channel

A notch is an opening in the vertical side of a tank or in a

channel, such that the free surface of the liquid in the tank or
channel is below the top edge of the opening

A weir is a concrete or masonry dam built across an open

channel (river, canal etc.) over which water overflows

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Measurement of Discharge in Open Channel

A Triangular Notch

(Also Called as V Notch)

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 Discharge Equations

2
1. Rectangular Notch Qth  .b. 2 g  h 3 / 2
3

8  
2. V - Notch Qth  . 2 g  tan h 5 / 2
15 2
Note : Qact = Cd x Qth

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Exercise 5. 5

The width of a rectangular Notch is 2 m and the height of water

surface above the crest is 30 cm. Determine the discharge through
the Notch. Take Cd = 0.62

Exercise 5. 6

In a rectangular notch, the discharge of water is 0.25 m3/s. If width of

the Notch is 3m, determine the head above the sill. Assume Cd =
0.6
Exercise 5. 7

Determine the height of water surface above the crest of a V- Notch

when the flow rate is 0.135 m3/s. Take Cd = 0.6 and the angle of the
Notch as 600 .
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