CE 305

Hydraulics

26 October 2020 – Week 04

 Steady laminar flow in a pipe of diameter D
l

p1 p2 = p1 - Δp

Shear stress structure Velocity structure Vc: velocity at

within the pipe within the pipe pipe centerline

Average velocity Discharge

 Nonhorizontal pipes

θ (positive)

Replace with

* θ is positive for uphill slopes

* θ is negative for downhill slopes

* : specific weight
 Solution for velocity profile in laminar pipe flow for given
pressure gradient, fluid viscosity, pipe geometry

No such analytical solution is possible for turbulent flow in pipes.

Instead, empirical formulae and parametrizations are introduced.
Pipe wall
Velocity profile in Relatively
turbulent pipe flow high shear

n = f(Re)
n=7 is reasonable
for most pipe applications

Pipe centerline
Another parametrization: friction velocity (u* )

Dimensionless
velocity
Dimensionless
distance
Velocity profile in from pipe wall
turbulent pipe flow
Matches the flow data well
except near the boundary (pipe wall),
i.e.,at the viscous sublayer

Average velocity
 Viscous sublayer

Narrow layer near the boundary (pipe wall)

where laminar stress dominates turbulent stress
and turbulent velocity profile is inaccurate
Dimensionless
velocity

Thickness of viscous sublayer

Dimensionless
distance
from pipe wall

Velocity profile
within the viscous sublayer
 Pipe “roughness” (ks, ε)

Roughness of a pipe is a measure of the

unevenness and irregularities on its interior walls
(varies with material type and time, i.e., corrosion, rusting)

Friction on flow and associated pressure (energy) losses

 Pipe “roughness” (ks, ε)

ε1
ε2

ε1 >> ε2 → different friction effect on flow

Quantification of roughness effect on turbulent pipe flow

Table courtesy: Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch, Rothmayer

Quantification of roughness effect on turbulent pipe flow
Hydraulically smooth Hydraulically rough
turbulent pipe flow turbulent pipe flow

Velocity
profile

Average
velocity
Losses in pipe flow
There are two types of losses in pipe flow

Frictional losses Local losses

Frictional losses
in pipe flow
 Frictional losses

- Frictional loss in pipe flow is a pressure drop and reduction in flow energy
due to friction at the interior walls of the pipe.

- Frictional losses vary with type and status of pipe material, and also flow
conditions.
 Bernoulli equation governs the process
z1
Steady, incompressible
fully developed flow
z2
from section 1 to 2
along a pipe

Head loss from 1 to 2

Based on dimensional analysis for pressure loss:
z1
Le
D ng
th
(l)
z2
Darcy-Weisbach equation
for head loss in pipe flow

Friction factor that varies with:

* flow conditions

* hydraulic diameter (for a pipe, equal to its diameter)

* roughness height (ε,ks)

In horizontal pipes with constant diameter:
Quantification of the friction factor: Moody chart

Friction
factor Relative
pipe
roughness

Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Find friction factor for Re=60000 and relative roughness=0.001
f=0.024

0.001

6x104
Problem 06
Problem 06: Water is supplied at an average velocity of 1 m/s through a
pipe of 0.2 m diameter. The hydraulic roughness of the pipe is measured as
8 mm. Find the continuous head loss per unit distance along the pipe.

ε/D

Re
Problem 07
Problem 07: Water (kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s) is supplied through a
horizontal pipe of 0.15 m diameter. The pressure drop between two cross-
sections of the pipe that are 350 m apart is 200 kPa. Determine the
flowrate and flow regime for a friction factor of f=0.02 .

Re>4000 ; Turbulent flow

Problem 08
Problem 08: Water discharges to the atmosphere from Point 2 of the pipe
section shown below. Relative pressure at Point 1 is 200 kPa. Friction
factor of the pipe wall is estimated to be 0.04. What is the pipe diameter
required to achieve a flow rate of 0.76 m3/s ?
Problem 08: Water discharges to the atmosphere from Point 2 of the pipe
section shown below. Relative pressure at Point 1 is 200 kPa. Friction
factor of the pipe wall is estimated to be 0.04. What is the pipe diameter
required to achieve a flow rate of 0.76 m3/s ?
Bernoulli equation for steady, incompressible, fully developed flow
Problem 09
Problem 09: Determine the maximum flow rate through a cast iron pipe of
2 km length and 0.3 m diameter, if the maximum head loss is 4.6 m. (Take
Kinematic viscosity of water 1.31 x 10-6 m2/s.
Problem 09: Determine the maximum flow rate through a cast iron pipe of
2 km length and 0.3 m diameter, if the maximum head loss is 4.6 m. (Take
Kinematic viscosity of water 1.31 x 10-6 m2/s.
Constraint

Condition for the constraint

Make an initial guess

Problem 10
Problem 10: The air tunnel in the figure below has a cross-section of a
quarter circle with radius of 1 m. The air flows through the tunnel at an
average velocity of 5 m/s. The kinematic viscosity and the density of the air
are 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s and 1.18 x 10-3 g/cm3, respectively. The roughness of the
interior of the tunnel is given as 0.5 mm. Calculate the pressure drop along
1 km length of this tunnel.

The pipe is non-circular! So...

Our length scale is hydraulic diameter, Dh
Problem 10: The air tunnel in the figure below has a cross-section of a
quarter circle with radius of 1 m. The air flows through the tunnel at an
average velocity of 5 m/s. The kinematic viscosity and the density of the air
are 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s and 1.18 x 10-3 g/cm3, respectively. The roughness of the
interior of the tunnel is given as 0.5 mm. Calculate the pressure drop along
1 km length of this tunnel.
Problem 11
Problem 11: Determine the behavior and type of flow of water (kinematic
viscosity and density of 10-6 m2/s and 1000 kg/m3, respectively) through a
horizontal pipe of diameter 0.25 m and roughness of 0.0003 m for average
velocity of
a) 0.15 m/s ; b) 1.5 m/s ; c) 15 m/s
and by computing friction factor with the following formula:

Question: Are the flows

hydraulically smooth or rough?

Comparison of viscous sublayer

thicknesses to roughness
Problem 11: Determine the behavior and type of flow of water (kinematic
viscosity and density of 10-6 m2/s and 1000 kg/m3, respectively) through a
horizontal pipe of diameter 0.25 m and roughness of 0.0003 m for average
velocity of
a) 0.15 m/s ; b) 1.5 m/s ; c) 15 m/s

viscous
sublayer
thickness

Parametrization of shear stress at pipe wall using friction velocity

Problem 11: Determine the behavior and type of flow of water (kinematic
viscosity and density of 10-6 m2/s and 1000 kg/m3, respectively) through a
horizontal pipe of diameter 0.25 m and roughness of 0.0003 m for average
velocity of
a) 0.15 m/s ; b) 1.5 m/s ; c) 15 m/s

Parametrization of shear stress at pipe wall using friction velocity

Parametrization of shear stress

at pipe wall using friction factor
Problem 11: Determine the behavior and type of flow of water (kinematic
viscosity and density of 10-6 m2/s and 1000 kg/m3, respectively) through a
horizontal pipe of diameter 0.25 m and roughness of 0.0003 m for average
velocity of
a) 0.15 m/s ; b) 1.5 m/s ; c) 15 m/s

smooth
trans.

rough
 Thanks.
Any comments and questions?
 Next:
Local losses
in pipe flow due to geometry and
components of pipe system
 Problem Solving Quiz:

is starting on Learn at 11:35 AM today and is due 11:50 AM