LEARNING & TEACHING

LEARNING AND TEACHING – NATURE, RELEVANCE AND RELATIONSHIP,

NATURE AND NURTURE, GROWTH AND MATURATION

PREPARED BY: DR. NEHA GOYAL

 MEANING OF LEARNING

• LEARNING IS SAID TO BE EQUIVALENT TO CHANGE, MODIFICATION, DEVELOPMENT,

IMPROVEMENT AND ADJUSTMENT.
• IT IS NOT CONFINED TO SCHOOL LEARNING, CYCLING, READING, WRITING OR TYPING BUT
IT IS A COMPREHENSIVE TERM WHICH LEAVES PERMANENT EFFECTS OR IMPRESSIONS ON THE
INDIVIDUAL.
• LEARNING PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN DETERMINING THE BEHAVIOR OF AN INDIVIDUAL.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 DEFINITIONS
• GATES SAYS, "LEARNING IS MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOUR THROUGH EXPERIENCE AND
TRAINING”.
• CROW AND CROW ARE OF THE VIEW THAT "LEARNING INVOLVES THE ACQUISITION OF HABITS,
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES.
• SKINNER DEFINES "LEARNING AS ACQUISITION AND RETENTION”.
• ACCORDING TO GARRY AND KINGSLEY, "LEARNING IS A PROCESS BY WHICH BEHAVIOUR IS
ORIGINATED OR CHANGED THROUGH PRACTICE OR TRAINING.
• TRAVER'S VIEW: "LEARNING IS A PROCESS THAT RESULTS IN THE MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOUR
• CRONBACH'S VIEW : "LEARNING IS SHOWN BY A CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR AS A RESULT OF
EXPERIENCE."

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 NATURE OF LEARNING
• LEARNING IS UNIVERSAL
• LEARNING IS EXPERIENCE
• LEARNING IS GROWTH
• LEARNING IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS
• LEARNING RESULTS IN CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR
• LEARNING IS A PROCESS AND A PRODUCT BOTH
• LEARNING IS PURPOSEFUL AND GOAL DIRECTED.
• LEARNING IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS
• LEARNING IS A PRODUCT OF ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENT
• LEARNING IS TRANSFERABLE
• LEARNING IS THE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS OF LIFE

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 RELEVANCE OF LEARNING
• LEARNING DEVELOPS KNOWLEDGE
• LEARNING HELPS IN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
• LEARNING BRINGS ABOUT DESIRABLE CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR
• LEARNING HELPS IN ADJUSTMENT
• LEARNING HELPS IN DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 MEANING OF TEACHING
• TEACHING IS A PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY.
• TEACHING IS A COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS WHICH MIGHT BE VERBAL OR NON VERBAL.
• TEACHING IS A BIPOLAR PROCESS.
• TEACHING IS DIAGNOSTIC AS WELL AS REMEDIAL.
• TEACHING IS A LOGICAL ACTIVITY CENTERED AROUND PLANNING, PRESENTATION, EVALUATION
IN A LOGICAL SEQUENCE.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 DEFINITIONS
• ACCORDING TO MORRISON, TEACHING IS A DISCIPLINED SOCIAL PROCESS IN WHICH TEACHER
INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE LESS EXPERIENCED PUPIL AND HELPS HI DEVELOP ACCORDING
TO THE NEEDS AND IDEAS OF THE SOCIETY.
• GAGE (1963): “TEACHING IS A FORM OF INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE AIMED AT CHANGING THE
BEHAVIOUR POTENTIAL OF ANOTHER PERSON.”
• EDMUND AMIDON (1967): “TEACHING IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS, PRIMARILY INVOLVING
CLASSROOM TALK WHICH TAKES PLACE BETWEEN TEACHER AND PUPIL AND OCCURS DURING
CERTAIN DEFINABLE ACTIVITIES.
• CLARKE (1970): TEACHING REFERS TO “ACTIVITIES THAT ARE DESIGNED AND. PERFORMED TO
PRODUCE CHANGE IN PUPILS BEHAVIOUR”

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 NATURE OF TEACHING
• TEACHING IS A COMPLEX, SOCIAL PROCESS.
• TEACHING IS BOTH ART AND SCIENCE.
• TEACHING IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS.
• TEACHING IS A TRIPOLAR PROCESS.
• TEACHING HAS THREE PHASES.
• TEACHING HAS MANY TYPES: FORMAL, INFORMAL & NON FORMAL.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 RELEVANCE OF TEACHING
• TEACHING BRINGS ABOUT DESIRABLE CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR OF LEARNERS
• TEACHING FULFILS EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF LEARNER
• TEACHING FULFILS THE GOALS OF EDUCATION
• TEACHING IMPARTS KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GENERATIONS

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING AND TEACHING
• LEARNING & TEACHING ARE VERY CLOSELY RELATED TO EACH OTHER.
• THERE IS A CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHING AND LEARNING.
• TEACHING IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF LEARNING.
• IT IS NOT NECESSARY THAT EVERY TEACHING MAY PRODUCE LEARNING.
• LEARNING MAY TAKE PLACE WITHOUT TEACHING.
• TEACHING ESSENTIALLY REQUIRES INTERACTION BUT LEARNING MAY BE ONE SIDED.
• TEACHING AND LEARNING ARE TWO SIDES OF GETTING EDUCATION AND THESE NEED TO
GO TOGETHER AS TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 NATURE
• NATURE IS WHAT WE THINK OF AS PRE-WIRING AND IS INFLUENCED BY GENETIC
INHERITANCE AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL FACTORS.
• NATURE REFERS TO ALL OF THE GENES AND HEREDITARY FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WHO WE
ARE—FROM OUR PHYSICAL APPEARANCE TO OUR PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS.
• THE DEGREE TO WHICH HUMAN BEHAVIOR, TRAITS, INTELLIGENCE, PERSONALITY,
DEVELOPMENT ETC ARE DETERMINED BY GENETIC OR BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IS KNOWN AS
NATURE.
• IT IS A BIOLOGICAL APPROACH.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 NURTURE
• NURTURE REFERS TO ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES THAT IMPACT WHO WE ARE,
INCLUDING OUR EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, HOW WE WERE RAISED, OUR SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS, AND OUR SURROUNDING CULTURE.
• NURTURE IS GENERALLY TAKEN AS THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS AFTER
CONCEPTION, E.G., THE PRODUCT OF EXPOSURE, EXPERIENCE AND LEARNING ON AN
INDIVIDUAL.
• THE DEGREE TO WHICH HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IS INFLUENCED BY THE INTERACTION WITH
THE ENVIRONMENT IS KNOWN AS NURTURE.
• IT IS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LIKE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, SCHOOL
ENVIRONMENT, ETC.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 GROWTH
• GROWTH IS THE PHYSICAL PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT, PARTICULARLY THE PROCESS OF
BECOMING PHYSICALLY LARGER.
• IT IS QUANTIFIABLE, MEANING THAT IT CAN BE MEASURED, AND IT IS MOSTLY INFLUENCED BY
GENETICS.
• GROWTH MEANS AN INCREASE IN BODILY DIMENSIONS SUCH AS HEIGHT, WEIGHT, ETC
WHICH ARE GENERALLY QUANTITATIVE IN NATURE.
• GROWTH REFERS TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.
• IT REFERS TO CHANGE IN SIZE.
• GROWTH IS EXTERNAL IN NATURE AND STOPS AT A CERTAIN STAGE.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

 MATURATION
• MATURATION IS THE PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, OR EMOTIONAL PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT.
• MATURATION IS THE PROCESS OF BECOMING MATURE; THE EMERGENCE OF PERSONAL AND
BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH GROWTH PROCESSES.
• MATURATION IS OFTEN NOT QUANTIFIABLE, AND IT TOO IS MOSTLY INFLUENCED BY
GENETICS.
• ALONG WITH GROWTH AND LEARNING, MATURATION IS ONE OF THREE PROCESSES THAT
PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN A PERSON'S DEVELOPMENT.
• MATURATION DOES NOT NECESSARILY HAPPEN ALONG WITH AGING OR PHYSICAL
GROWTH, BUT IS A PART OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
• IN PSYCHOLOGY, MATURATION IS THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WHICH AN
INDIVIDUAL MATURES OR REACHES FULL FUNCTIONALITY.

Prepared By: Dr. Neha Goyal

THANK YOU