AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Chapter 3 几何综合 I-三角形、四边形与多边形

Geometry I: Triangle, Quadrilateral, and Polygon

OVERVIEWS

Basic Knowledge

Trigonometry 三角函数-锐角三角函数，特殊三角形

Triangle, Quadrilateral and Polygon -三角形，四边形和多边形-概念，性质

Core Concept

Similar Triangle, Congruent Triangle 相似三角形，全等三角形

Theorem 三角形相关定理-角平分线定理，正弦定理，余弦定理，勾股定理，射影定理

Area 三角形面积计算-正多边形公式，海伦公式，割补法，等面积替换

Advanced Strategy

Triangle Centers 三角形的心-重心，内心，外心，垂心，旁心

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Basic Knowledge: Trigonometry

1. Definition by Triangle

Let  be an acute angle of a right triangle. Then the six trigonometric functions of 

are as follows:
side opposite  side adjacent to  side opposite 
sin  = , cos  = , tan  = ,
hypotenuse hypotenuse side adjacent to 
hypotenuse hypotenuse side adjacent to 
csc = , sec  = , cot  =
side opposite  side adjacent to  side opposite 

For any angle, the cosecant, secant, and cotangent values are the reciprocals of the sine,

cosine, and tangent function values, respectively.

2. Special Triangles:

  1   3   3  
sin = cos = , sin = cos = , tan = cot = , tan = cot = 3 ,
6 3 2 3 6 2 6 3 3 3 6
  2  
sin = cos = , tan = cot =1.
4 4 2 4 4
tan15 = cot 75 = 2 − 3 tan 75 = cot15 = 2 + 3

1 6− 2
sin15 = =
6+ 2 4

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Examples
1. (2012 AMC10B Question 14) Two equilateral triangles are contained in a square whose side

length is 2 3 . The bases of these triangles are the opposite sides of the square, and their

intersection is a rhombus. What is the area of the rhombus?

3 4 3
(A) (B) 3 (C) 2 2 − 1 (D) 8 3 − 12 (E)
2 3

2. (2014 AMC10B Question 15) In rectangle ABCD , DC = 2CB and points E and F lie on AB so

that ED and FD trisect ADC as shown. What is the ratio of the area of DEF to the area of

rectangle ABCD?

3 6 3 3 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
6 8 16 3 4

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

3. (2012 AMC10B Question 21) Four distinct points are arranged in a plane so that the segments

connecting them has lengths a, a, a, a, 2a, and b . What is the ratio of b to a ?

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 3 (E) 

4. (2014 AMC10A Question 22) In rectangle ABCD, AB = 20 and BC = 10. Let E be a point on

CD such that CBE = 15 .What is AE?

20 3
(A) (B) 10 3 (C)18 (D) 11 3 (E)20
3

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Basic Knowledge: Triangle, quadrilateral and polygon

1. Triangle

(1)Definition: A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices.

(2)Properties: The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle in Euclidean space

is always 180 degrees.

(3)Exterior Angle System: The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of

the measures of the two interior angles that are not adjacent to it.

(4)Triangle Inequality: The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater

than the length of the third side. The difference of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle

must be less than the length of the third side.

2. Quadrilateral

(1)Definition: A quadrilateral is a polygon with four edges and four vertices or corners.

(2) Properties: The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral in Euclidean

space is always 360 degrees.

3.Polygon

(1)Definition: a polygon is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line

segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.

(2)Properties: The sum of the interior angles of a simple n-gon is (n − 2) × 180 degrees.

(3)Properties: The exterior angle is the supplementary angle to the interior angle, so the sum of

the exterior angles of a simple n-gon is 360 degrees.

n(n − 3)
(iv)Properties: For a simple n-gon, there are diagonals.
2

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Examples
5. (2017 AMC10A Question 10) Joy has 30 thin rods, one each of every integer length from 1 cm

through 30 cm. She places the rods with lengths 3 cm, 7 cm, and 15 cm on a table. She then wants

to choose a fourth rod that she can put with these three to form a quadrilateral with positive area.

How many of the remaining rods can she choose as the fourth rod?

(A) 16 (B) 17 (C) 18 (D) 19 (E) 20

Core Concept: Similar Triangle, Congruent Triangle

1. Similar Triangle

(1)Definition: Two triangles are similar if and only if corresponding angles have the same

measure and the lengths of corresponding sides are proportional.

(2) There are several statements each of which is necessary and sufficient for two triangles to

be similar:

(i) The triangles have two congruent angles, which in Euclidean geometry implies that all

their angles are congruent;

(ii) All the corresponding sides have lengths in the same ratio;

(iii) Two sides have lengths in the same ratio, and the angles included between these sides

have the same measure.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

(3)Other Properties:

(i)Any two equilateral triangles are similar;

(ii) Two triangles, both similar to a third triangle, are similar to each other (transitivity of

similarity of triangles);

(iii) Corresponding altitudes of similar triangles have the same ratio as the corresponding

sides;

(iv) The ratio between the areas of similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of

corresponding sides;

(v) Two right triangles are similar if the hypotenuse and one other side have lengths in the

same ratio.

2.Congruent Triangle

(1)Definition: Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides are equal in length, in

which case their corresponding angles are equal in measure.

(2)Determining congruence

(i) SAS (Side-Angle-Side): If two pairs of sides of two triangles are equal in length, and

the included angles are equal in measurement, then the triangles are congruent.

(ii) SSS (Side-Side-Side): If three pairs of sides of two triangles are equal in length, then

the triangles are congruent.

(iii)ASA(Angle-Side-Angle): If two pairs of angles of two triangles are equal in

measurement, and the included sides are equal in length, then the triangles are congruent.

(iv)AAS (Angle-Angle-Side): If two pairs of angles of two triangles are equal in

measurement, and a pair of corresponding non-included sides are equal in length, then the

triangles are congruent.

(v)HL(Hypotenuse-Leg): If two right-angled triangles have their hypotenuses equal in

length, and a pair of shorter sides are equal in length, then the triangles are congruent.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Examples
6. (2013AMC10A Question 12)In ABC , AB = AC = 28 , and BC = 20 . Points D, E, and F are

on sides AB, BC, and AC , respectively, such that DE and EF are parallel to AC and AB ,

respectively. What is the perimeter of parallelogram ADEF ?

(A)48 (B)52 (C)56 (D)60 (E)72

7. (2012 AMC10A Question 15) Three unit squares and two line segments connecting two pairs of

vertices are shown. What is the area of ABC ?

1 1 2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
6 5 9 3 4

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

8. (2014 AMC10A Question 16) In rectangle ABCD, AB = 1, BC = 2, and points E, F , and G are

midpoints of BC , CD , and AD , respectively. Point H is the midpoint of GE . What is the area of

the shaded region?

1 3 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
12 18 12 12 6

9. (2016 AMC10A Question 19) In rectangle ABCD, AB = 6 and BC = 3. Point E between B and
C, and point F between E and C are such that BE = EF = FC. Segments AE and AF intersect BD
at P and Q, respectively. The ratio BP : PQ : QD can be written as r : s : t , where the greatest
common factor of r, s and t is 1. What is r + s + t ?
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 15 (E) 20

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

10. (2016 AMC10B Question 19) Rectangle ABCD has AB = 5 and BC = 4. Point E lies on AB

so that EB = 1, point G lies on BC so that CG = 1. and point F lies on CD so that DF = 2.

PQ
Segments AG and AC intersect EF at Q and P , respectively. What is the value of ?
EF

13 2 9 10 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
16 13 82 91 9

11. (2012 AMC10B Question 19) In rectangle ABCD , AB = 6, AD = 30, and G is the midpoint of

AD . Segment AB is extended 2 units beyond B to point E , and F is the intersection of ED

and BC . What is the area of BFDG ?

133 135 137
(A) (B) 67 (C) (D) 68 (E)
2 2 2

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

12. (2017 AMC10A Question 21) A square with side length x is inscribed in a right triangle with

sides of length 3, 4, and 5 so that one vertex of the square coincides with the right-angle vertex of

the triangle. A square with side length y is inscribed so that one side of the square lies on the
x
hypotenuse of the triangle. What is ?
y
12 35 37 13
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) (E)
13 37 35 12

13. (2015 AMC10B Question 22) In the figure shown below, ABCDE is a regular pentagon and

AG = 1. What is FG + JH + CD?

5+2 5 11 5
(A) 3 (B) 12 − 4 5 (C) (D) 1 + 5 (E)
3 10

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Core Concept: Theorems

1. Angle Bisector Theorem: If the ray AM bisects ABC , then the attitude on AB and AC are the
AB BM
same, and we have the proportion =
AC CM

a b c
2. Law of Sines: = = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
3. Law of Cosines: a 2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A

b2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B

c2 = a 2 + b2 − 2ab cos C

4. Pythagorean Theorem: the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal

to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The theorem can be written as an equation relating

the lengths of the sides a, b and c: a 2 + b2 = c2 .

5. Projection Theorem: ABD ∽ CAD  AD2 = BD  CD

ABD ∽ CBA  AB 2 = BD  BC

ACD ∽ BCA  AC 2 = CD  BC

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Examples

14. (2013 AMC10B Question 7) Six points are equally spaced around a circle of radius 1. Three of

these points are the vertices of a triangle that is neither equilateral nor isosceles. What is the area

of this triangle?
3 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) 2
3 2

15. (2014 AMC10A Question 9) The two legs of a right triangle, which are altitudes, have

lengths 2 3 and 6. How long is the third altitude of the triangle?

(A) 1 (B)2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

16. (2015AMC10A Question 11) The ratio of the length to the width of a rectangle is 4 : 3. If the

rectangle has diagonal of length d, then the area may be expressed as kd 2 for some constant k .

What is k ?
2 3 12 16 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
7 7 25 25 4

17. (2012AMC10B Question 12) Point B is due east of point A . Point C is due north of point B .

The distance between points A and C is 10 2 meters, and BAC = 45 . Point D is 20

meters due north of point C . The distance AD is between which two integers?

(A) 30 and 31 (B) 31 and 32 (C) 32 and 33 (D) 33 and 34 (E) 34 and 35

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

18. (2017 AMC10B Question 15) Rectangle ABCD has AB = 3 and BC = 4 . Point E is the

foot of the perpendicular from B to diagonal AC . What is the area of AED ?

42 28 54
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 2 (E)
25 15 25

19. (2014 AMC10B Question 21) Trapezoid ABCD has parallel sides AB of length 33 and CD

of length 21. The other two sides are of lengths 10 and 14. The angles at A and B are acute. What

is the length of the shorter diagonal of ABCD?

(A) 10 6 (B)25 (C) 8 10 (D) 18 2 (E)26

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

20. (2013 AMC10B Question 23) In triangle ABC , AB = 13, BC = 14, and CA = 15 . Distinct points

D, E, and F lie on segments BC, CA, And DE , respectively, such that AD ⊥ BC, DE ⊥ AC,

m
and AF ⊥ BF . The length of segment DF can be written as , where m and n are
n
relatively prime positive integers. What is m + n ?

(A) 18 (B) 21 (C) 24 (D 27 (E) 30

21. (2015 AMC10A Question 19) The isosceles right triangle ABC has right angle at C and area

12.5. The rays trisecting ∠ACB intersect AB at D and E. What is the area of △CDE?
5 2 50 3 − 75 15 3 50 − 25 3 25
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
3 4 8 2 6

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Core Concept: Area

1. Area of regular polygon

3 2
(1)Regular Triangle: a ;
4
3 3 2
(2)Regular Hexagon: a .
2

2. Heron’s Formula: Area = p ( p − a )( p − b )( p − c ) , p = (a + b + c) / 2

3. Strategies of Calculating Area

(1)Cut and Paste

(i)Cut: Cut the figure into several pieces of simple shapes, calculate all the areas, and

then add them together.

(ii)Paste: Put the figure into a larger simple shape, subtract all the additional area from

the larger one.

(2)Substitution: The area of a triangle can be calculated by different pairs of base and altitude.

(3)Triangles with a same base and equal heights have the same area.

Examples
22. (2016AMC10A Question 11) What is the area of the shaded region of the given 8 × 5
rectangle?

3 1 1
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 8
5 4 2

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

23. (2014AMC10A Question 13) Equilateral ABC has side length 1, and squares ABDE, BCHI,

CAFG lie outside the triangle. What is the area of hexagon DEFGHI?

12 + 3 3 9 6+3 3
(A) (B) (C) 3 + 3 (D) (E) 6
4 2 2

24. (2014AMC10B Question 13) Six regular hexagons surround a regular hexagon of side length

1 as shown. What is the area of ABC ?

(A) 2 3 (B) 3 3 (C) 1 + 3 2 (D) 2 + 2 3 (E) 3 + 2 3

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

25. (2013 AMC10A Question 15) Two sides of a triangle have lengths 10 and 15. The length of the

altitude to the third side is the average of the lengths of the altitudes to the two given sides. How

long is the third side?

(A)6 (B)8 (C)9 (D)12 (E)18

26. (2013 AMC10B Question 15) A wire is cut into two pieces, one of length a and the other of

length b . The piece of length a is bent to form an equilateral triangle, and the piece of length b
a
is bent to form a regular hexagon. The triangle and the hexagon have equal area. What is ?
b
6 3 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) 3 (D) 2 (E)
2 2

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

27. (2017 AMC10B Question 19)Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. Extend side AB beyond B

to a point B ' so that BB ' = 3AB . Similarly, extend side BC beyond C to a point C ' so that

CC ' = 3BC , and extend side CA beyond A to a point A ' so that AA' = 3CA . What is the ratio

of the area of A' B ' C ' to the area of ABC ?

(A) 9 :1 (B) 16:1 (C) 25 :1 (D) 36:1 (E) 37 :1

28. (2016 AMC10B Question 23) In regular hexagon ABCDEF , points W , X, Y , and Z are

chosen on sides BC , CD , EF , and FA respectively, so lines AB, ZW, YX, and ED are parallel

and equally spaced. What is the ratio of the area of hexagon WCXY FZ to the area of hexagon

ABCDEF ?
1 10 11 4 13
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
3 27 27 9 27

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

29. (2014 AMC10A Question 23) A rectangular piece of paper whose length is 3 times the

width has area A. The paper is divided into three sections along the opposite lengths, and then a

dotted line is drawn from the first divider to the second divider on the opposite side as shown. The

paper is then folded flat along this dotted line to create a new shape with area B. What is the ratio

B : A?

(A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 5 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 4 (E)4 : 5

Advanced Strategy: Triangle Centers

For any ABC , a,b,c are the three sides of the triangle, R is the radius of the circumcircle of

ABC , r is the radius of the inscribed circle of ABC , ra is the radius of the escribed circle of

ABC .

1. Centroid (重心): The three medians intersect in a single point, called the centroid of the triangle.

(1)Property:

(i)The ratio of vertex-centroid distance to midpoint-centroid distance is 2:1 .

(ii)Triangles composed of centroid and two vertices have the same area.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

(iii)The coordinate of centroid is the arithmetic mean of the coordinates of three vertices.
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G=( , ).
3 3
(2)Area: SABC = 3SABG = 3SBCG = 3SACG .

2. Incenter (内心):The three internal angle bisectors intersect in a single point, called the incenter

of the triangle. The center may be equivalently defined as the center point of the inscribed circle

of the triangle.

(1)Property: The distances from incenter to sides of the triangle are equal.
1 a+b+c
(2)Area: S = (a + b + c)r = pr , where p = .
2 2
3. Circumcenter (外心): The three perpendicular bisectors intersect in a single point, called the

circumcenter of the triangle. The center may be equivalently defined as the center point of the

circumscribed circle of the triangle.

(1) Property: The distances from circumcenter to vertices of the triangle are equal.
1 1 1 abc
(2)Area: SABC = ab sin C = ac sin B = bc sin A = .
2 2 2 4R
4. Orthocenter (垂心): The three (possibly extended) altitudes intersect in a single point, called the

orthocenter of the triangle.

5. Excenter (旁心): An internal angle bisector and the other two external angle bisectors intersect

in a single point, called the excenter of the triangle. The center may be equivalently defined as the

center point of the excircles of the triangle.

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

Examples
30. (2013 AMC10B Question 16) In ABC , medians AD and CE intersect at P ，

PE = 1.5, PD = 2, and DE = 2.5 . What is the area of AEDC ?

(A) 13 (B) 13.5 (C) 14 (D) 14.5 (E) 15

31. (2017 AMC10B Question 21) In ABC, AB = 6, AC = 8, BC = 10 , and D is the midpoint of

BC . What is the sum of the radii of the circles inscribed in ADB and ADC ?

11 17
(A) 5 (B) (C) 2 2 (D) (E) 3
4 6

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 AMC 10 学生版讲义 Chapter 3 Geometry I 几何综合 I

32. (2017 AMC10B Question 24) The vertices of an equilateral triangle lie on the hyperbola

xy = 1 , and a vertex of this hyperbola is the centroid of the triangle. What is the square of the area

of the triangle?

(A) 48 (B) 60 (C) 108 (D) 120 (E) 169

33. (2012 AMC12A Question 18) Triangle ABC has AB = 27 , AC = 26 , and BC = 25 . Let I

denote the intersection of the internal angle bisectors of ABC . What is BI ?

2
(A) 15 (B) 5 + 26 + 3 3 (C) 3 26 (D) 546 (E) 9 3
3

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