Guiamalon, Armina Guiamad BS-Ed English 4-B

Stylistics and Discourse Analysis

Examination: Explanation Answers

 How do characters be determined through transitivity?

Character may for instance be determined by degree of influence on narrative incidents, by

degree of active involvement in the forward momentum of the plot. Alternatively, character
may be determined by detachment from narrative incident, by the positioning, say, of an
individual as a passive observer of the events that unfold around them. In my own
understanding in determining characters through transitivity you need to first, identify the
process pattern of clauses so that you would be able to know the happenings or states of affairs
represented in a clause. Second, you need to identify associated participants and the roles
those participants play. So that you would be able to determine the characters throuh analyzing
every details on what you have read.

 Distinguish Direct speech from indirect speech

In distinguishing Direct speech from Indirect speech is we need to check on, first is the use of
the exact words of the speaker. As against, the indirect speech it narrates what is said by the
speaker. Second, Direct Speech is from the speaker’s standpoint, whereas indirect speech is
from the listener’s standpoint. Third, is Direct speech is when we use the exact rendition of the
words of the speaker. Conversely, in an indirect speech own words are used to report the
speaker’s statement. And lastly, The inverted comma is used in direct speech, but not in
indirect speech. So in other words in distinguishing direct speech into indirect speech is you just
simply use inverted commas and state the exact words of the speaker while reporting it.

For instance,

Indirect speech: He said that he felt great.

Direct speech: He said, "I feel great."

 Explain the following briefly and comprehensively

A. Lexical Deviation B. Phonological Deviation
C. Syntactic Deviation D. Morphological Deviation
 a) Lexical Deviation
In lexical deviation it accounts for the poets transgression of the normal limits of the
lexical resources of his language. It is presented by neologism (newly coined
word/expression) an example of this neologism which means newly coined
word/expressions is 'nonce-formations' this nonce-formations is what we called newly
created words. And also this lexical deviation is composed of the following: like
(affixation, compounding and conversion). In affixation, it is the addition of a prefix or a
suffix to an item already in the language. In compounding, it accounts for joining
together of two or more items to form a single compound one. While in Conversion, it
means to shift an item from one part of speech to antoher to adapt it to a new
grammatical function without changing it's form.

For instance,

' if learned darkness from our searched world should wrest the rare unwisdom of the eyes '

Here is wisdom is used to describe the state of eyes and unwisdom is coined as an abstract
noun denoting the property of haziness.

b) Phonological Deviation

It is the process of converting a word from one grammatical class to another. Sometimes “slip
of the tongue” or “speech error” in which one deviates in some way from the intended
utterance to form a new word, can be considered another example of lexical deviation. Or in its
other term It refers to the misuse of words which comes when one says "reprehend" for
"apprehend", "derangement" for "arrangement" and so on (Clark, 1977: 287).

There are types of Phonological deviation like: (Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance and
Rhyme). In alliteration, it is the repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of
words that are in close proximity to each other. In assonance, it is the repetition of a vowel
sound pr diphthong in non-rhyming words. To qualify as assonance, the words must be close
enough for the repetition of the sound is noticeable. In consonance, it refers to repetitive
sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. And while in rhyme, it is a popular
literary device in which the repetition of the same or similar soundsoccurs in two or more
words, usually at the end of lines in poems or songs.

For instance,

Ne' er , o' er , pow' r

In this, the words that was been used like ne'er was still can be understood and read even the '
v' is missing the same also as the other words.

c) Syntactic Deviation

According to Plett (2010) syntactic deviation is the "transformational operations of addition,

deletion, rearrangement and replacement of sentence components." So syntactic deviation is a
process of relocate, cancellation, rearrangement and substitution of syntactic components in
sentence. The syntactic deviation is bad or incorrect grammar or replacement which means
mismatches between subjects and main verb, or the sentence maybe lack of cohesion and finite
elements, or use the tense of the sentence in wrong way, or the use of Tag question in wrong
way, or the use of parentheses and dashes and commas in poetry. Jaafar (2014)

For instance,

"maggie and milly and molly and may" by e. e cummings

2- went down to the beach (to play one day)

6- whose rays five languid fingers were;

10- as small as a world and as large as alone.

11-for whatever we lose (like a you or a me)

In this example, in line 2, there is a deviate from punctuation rules because of the using of
parentheses, and in line 6, there is a deviate from Location (were) so this is a dislocation of
grammar rule, and in line 10, deals with (alone) as an object of comparison, in line 11 we can
notice the grammatical deviation (lika a you or me) he deals with the personal pronoun as a
head of noun phrase. And also in the same line (11) there is a use indefinite article to modifying
the pronoun "you" and "me".

d) Graphological Deviation

Is the deviation in which poets disregard the rules of writing. They write the words in such a
way without any boundaries in lines, space or rhymes. It is also considered as most superficial
level of linguistic deviation wherein it is a line by line arrangement of poetry on the printed
page. Morphological deviation can be practiced through following shape of text, capitalization
or decapitalization and punctuation.

For instance, in the poem by e.e cumming

collision

Collapse As

peacefully, lifted

into the awful beauty

of sunset

the young city

In this example, 'As' is capitalized at the end of the line where it is supposed to be decapitalized,
so the clause introduce by 'As' empahasizes the peaceful scene of sunset in the young city.