FEASIBILITY OF UNDERWATER ARCHITECTURE FOR

HUMAN HABITAT
INTRODUCTION : Since from the
starting we humans have always been
curious about marine. It provides us food,
water and many resources on which we
still depend. It’s from 1960 when humans
have started to build marine research
centers and submarines to explore the
depths of water which is covering 70% of
the EARTH and previously it was for only
exploration but now it seems for survival
too.
DON’T YOU THINK SO?

Lets check it out together.

 SOCIAL NEED
1) Understanding the present scenarios by climatic conditions.
a) Water stress by country.

https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/world-s-36-most-water-stressed-countries https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-for-
food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change

b) Population of the world by region.

d) Median variant projections of world population 2015–2100.

FAOSTAT
stands for
Food
and
c) Median variant projections of world population 2015–2100. Agriculture
Organization
Corporate
Statistical
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalin Database
ation-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-
demand-for-food-and-water-the-
consequences-of-climate-change
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/
world-s-demand-for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
 SOCIAL NEED
e) Evolution of world food demand during 1980–2009 and Projections in 2050. f) Top 20 countries contributing around 77.5% of total world CE food demand.

FAOSTAT stands for

Food and Agriculture
Organization Corporate
Statistical Database

g) Projection of per capita calorie intake from animal products Per capita calorie
intake up to 2013 FAOSTAT and forecasts up to 2050 are authors’ estimates.

https://www.intechopen.co
m/books/desalination-
challenges-and-
opportunities/world-s- OECD stands for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
demand-for-food-and-
water-the-consequences-
of-climate-change
i) Projection world water demand in 2050

h) Share of major food items in total calorie intake per capita.

https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-
for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
 SOCIAL NEED
j) Projections for the 2081–2100 period under the scenarios. l) Irrigation water demand for rice production in Bangladesh in 2030 and 2050.

(a) Change in annual mean

surface temperature

(b) Change in annual

mean precipitation, in
percentages
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-for-food-
(c) Change in average sea and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
level
n) Estimation of Overall Land Supply and Demand up to 2046. ( Hong Kong )
https://www.intechopen.com/b
ooks/desalination-challenges-
and opportunities/world-s-
demand-for-food-and-water-
the-consequences-of-climate-
change

k) Prevalence of undernourishment in the world.

o) Estimation of Supply and Demand for Land for Residential Uses up to 2046. ( Hong Kong)

https://www.la
ndforhongkon
g.hk/en/dema
nd_supply/
land_demand.
php

2) Establishing the need of under water architecture by comparing the other kinds of construction possibilities with respect to the previous
climatic data.
a) What are the possible ways of construction and what are their advantages and disadvantages?
i) Horizontal Construction
Advantages:-
- Low cost construction.
- Keeps a healthy social life.
Disadvantages:-
- Deforestation.
- Consumes lots of land.
- Wastage of water during and
after construction.
- Causes land and air pollution.
SOCIAL NEED
ii) Vertical Construction
Advantages:-
- Higher number of accommodation
with lesser foot print
- Well organized community with
better security.
Disadvantages:-
- High cost construction.
- Cause deforestation and global
warming.
- Isolation.
- Causes land and air pollution.
- Earthquake prone.
- Maybe in future it will consume
large amount of land too.
iii) Underground Construction
Advantages:-
- Its is very useful to create metro station, car parks, recreational facilities, museums and aquariums,
protective structures, pipeline systems, water line, tunnels, etc.
- Low maintenance due to less activity compared to surface and ease for preservation.
Disadvantages:-
- High cost construction.
- Loss of connection with the natural world.
- Noise and Disturbance while construction for transportation as well as the community.
- Dewatering of the groundwater resource and associated reduced flow of surface water features are
potential negative impacts when constructing underground facilities.
- Development of positive pressure during fire can reduce the fire resisting capabilities of construction
materials.
- In case of explosions, deep underground facilities have limited points of connection to the surface.
- Lack of sunlight and ventilation with the fear of entrapment.
 SOCIAL NEED

iv) On and Underwater Construction

Advantages:-

- Abundance of space since 70 % of earth is water. CONCLUSION :-

- It can give us space in land for agriculture for food and other resources.
- Gives a possibility to explore marine life and have a better understanding of it
With the increasing population Horizontal Construction won’t be
possible.
Disadvantages:-

- High cost construction.

- Issue of sunlight underwater. Vertical Construction is not a long term solution due to the
- Prone to tsunami have a better understanding of it. sinking of land.

Underground Construction has the same issue of land as Vertical.

Underwater Construction can be a solution with respect to the

climatic conditions if we are able to take care of the services and
resist the Tsunami
 CHAPTERIZATION :-

1) Construction Techniques ( Tremie Method and Coffer Dams) and Submarine Floating Mechanics

2) Restaurants/Resort Case Studies supporting different survival parameters of the Underwater Habitat Design without any economical problems.

a) Accessibility b) Foundation c) Form & Structure d) Material e) Process of Construction f) Maintenance

3) Case study of a structure with short term (emergency) living aspects that is SUBMARINE and its different parameters.

a) Sanitary System b) Oxygen Supply c) Carbon dioxide Control

4) Case study of two hypothetical structure (concept) for the living of a larger community and their survival parameters.

a) Energy Production b) Water Purification c) Fuel production through CO2 d) Air Circulation e) Temperature Control

f) Structural Stability g) Construction Steps h) Resistance from Tsunami

5) Inferences after every Case Study

FLOATING MECHANICS:-
Buoyancy Force

Engine
Self Weight + Water in the blast tank Force

SECTION OF A
SUBMARINE

FLOATINGMECHANICS OF A SUBMARINE
COFFER DAM:-
TREMIE METHOD:-
PILE FOUNDATION:-
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT

Supported on four 750mm

diameter steel pipes

4-5 meter deep pile

foundation.
FORM & STRUCTURE:-
SKELETON OF DEEP MARINE CREATURES

Skeleton of a Dolphin Skeleton of a Sperm Whale

Shape of a Submarine Skeleton of a Turtle

FORM & STRUCTURE:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT
Submarine Shape
Disk Shape

ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT

2 steel arches
makes the
structure
vault shaped
FORM & STRUCTURE:-
OCEAN SPIRAL
FORM & STRUCTURE:-
OCEAN SPIRAL

Triangular
Chain Units
MATERIALS:- Concrete Ballast Tank ( 85
Ton Sand)
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT Transparent
Plexi Glass
3 Acrylic
surfaces 5m
width and
3m length
1) The whole structure is 9m x 5m which is formed by 3 acrylic surfaces
from acrylic
and 2 steel arches.
of 125mm
2) As explained for submarines steel arches stiffened the structures.
thickness
3) Each surface has 5m width and 3m length of acrylic sheet of 125mm
thickness.
4) Acrylic surfaces are sealed to each other and the steel structure with a
special underwater silicon sealant and the steel structure is protected by a
Wooden special high quality marine paint system and zinc anodes.
Flooring 5) The flooring and skirting have been made out of wood.
6) The entire structural frame of the superstructure was made up of coated
carbon steel which can resist sea water corrosion.
7) The ballast tank is made up of concrete as concrete can hold water
and resist corrosion.
8) The part of the restaurant above water has thatch roof which keep the
interiors cool and the skin is made up of bamboo and mud.
MATERIALS:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT
1) Main units which are at the end of
the central passage have a
curvilinear wall and a dome made
from acrylic.
2) The main central passage is a steel
cylinder in 2.5 diameter.
3) The suites are 10m x 5.1m and
EXTERIOR VIEW INTERIOR VIEW MODULE comprise 51 sq.m of floor space.
4) The wall structure is 25mm carbon
2.5 diameter passage 10m x 5.1m Suites steel plate and followed the same
curve as acrylic in 100 mm thick.
5) The acrylic window sections were
set into a steel frame which was
3.05m in length around the curve
and 1.75m wide. The floor consists
of two sheets of 50mm steel plate set
600mm apart.
MATERIALS:-
OCEAN SPIRAL
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:-
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT

PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION – The structure had been made outside water in Singapore and was imported to the site of the
installation. With the help of ship and cranes and other machines the building is placed in water where it had to be installed in
the site where the foundation piles were inserted. The part of the building is submerged due to its weight. The buildings had
empty tanks which were filled by the sea water to increase the weight of the Ithaa Undersea Restaurant. The weight of the
structure was 175 tons and 85 tons of sand had been placed into the ballast tank to sink it into the sea. The building was
carefully placed on the piles and anchored. The internal furniture, service cables and the flooring was done after attaching the
building to its foundation piles.
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT

PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION – Designer Bruce Jones has planned to negate the hazard of the underwater construction by
assembling the entire structure in a Portland, Oregon shipyard, then transporting it by a heavy lift ship to the Fiji. To install the
resort 12m below sea level, the structure will be floated off the ship in one massive piece. Divers will thread small metal rings
which have been bolted to the structure’s exterior onto guidance pilings which have been driven into the sea floor. The pilings
will keep Poseidon properly aligned while divers pin the building’s steel legs to the reef. Finally the entire structure will be
ballasted until it sinks into place on the seabed.

Each suit has an integral high-tech carbon fiber door that opens outward to maintain the units water tight integrity during
installation or removal. All unit is neutral buoyant (Neutral Buoyancy is a condition in which a physical body’s average density is
equal to the density of the fluid in which it is immersed).
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:- ACCESSIBILITY:-
OCEAN SPIRAL ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT

Thatched roof entrance.

Access by long bridge (wooden

jetty) is supported by vertical post.

Access by long bridge

of wooden flooring is
supported by vertical
post.
ACCESSIBILITY:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT OCEAN SPIRAL

Access by
BOAT to the
reception.

Reception

Service Lift Lift

MAINTENANCE:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT Poseidon's window are arguably the hotel’s greatest
attraction and the most difficult thing to maintain as the
sea water produces foul around the structure within a
day. The provisions of automatic cleaning system will
prevent barnacles , algae and other sea life from
blocking the view. Much like an automated car wash,
high-powered, water jets will travel along the tracks
mounted to the sides of the building and spray the
windows with high-pressure sea water.
The Poseidon Undersea Resort has designed each
rooms as a separate module that can be detached from
the main body of the resort and brought to the surface
of the repair work. Workers will be able to loosen the
joint connecting a guest module to the resort’s spine by
sealing the watertight doors between the pumping
sections and pumping sea water into the joint. The
increased hydrostatic pressure, inside the coupling will
force the module from its and an overhead crane will
then be able to lift it from the water.
DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE:-
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT OCEAN SPIRAL

POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT

SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
A - DRAIN VALVE
(TOP TANK)

B - INTERMIDEATE
VALVE (FLAP)

C - HULL VALVE
(SLUICE)

D - COMBINED
VENT AND BLOW
SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
a) NO.1 Slop Drain Tank is located in the Coxswain’s store and collect the drainage of the Chief and P.O.’s
bathroom, pantry, shower and garbage ejector vent.

b) NO.2 Slop Drain Tank is located below the W.R. pantry, and collects the drainage of W.R. pantry sink and CO’s
wash basin.

c) NO.3 Slop Drain Tank, this is the main tank and is situated under the deck of the ACS immediately forward of the
E.R. bulkhead, collects drainage from W.R. and crews bathrooms and galley.

d) NO.4 Slop Drain Tank is fitted in the Engineers Store and takes the drainage from the after mess pantry.

e) Sewage Tank, located immediately forward of Slop Drain Tank NO. 3.

f) Each of the five tanks is self contained and have their own blowing arrangements, except NO.3 Slop Drain and
the sewage tank which share the same blowing station.

g) All Tanks are emptied by blowing to sea, each through it’s own hull and intermediate valve.
SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE:-
If a group of men are enclosed in a space to which no outside air can gain access the percentage of oxygen in the space will gradually decrease and the
percentage of carbon dioxide will gradually increase. The effects on this on personnel are shown below.

PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN WITH ITS PERCENTAGE OF CARBONDIOXIDE WITH ITS

EFFECTS EFFECTS
a) 18% impairment of night vision, judgment begins to be a) 3% increase in depth of respiration and power of
impaired. exertion is limited.

b) 15% judgment very seriously impaired. b) 4% noticeable increase in depth of respiration even at
rest and flushing and palpitations.
c) 11% unconsciousness.
c) 6% hard work virtually impossible.

d) 8% - 10% unconsciousness.

It should be noted that an increase of CO2 produces recognizable physical symptoms while a lack of O2 is not readily apparent from observation of
affected personnel. The figure of 18% oxygen and 3% carbon dioxide are defined as the limit of alertness. If this time is reached for either gas, air
purification must be started. In practice, graphs are available which indicate the time when air purification should be started for a given number of
men on board. It is started with accordance with the graphs, or if the percentage of CO 2 rises to 3%, whichever occurs first.

Initial Oxygen – 20.8% Initial Carbon dioxide – 0.2% Nitrogen – 78.8% Other Gas – 0.2%
EMERGENCYC CO2 ABSORPTION UNIT :-
a) CO2 Canisters : To hold soda lime (protester). Canister are sealed. When required for use the tops and
bottoms are opened by special tin cutter. Canister sit on rubber seats and are held in position by
spring clips. Partly used canisters can be temporarily sealed by fitting a special blank which clips on
to the rim of the canister.

b) Fan : To draw air through the CO2 canisters. Electrically driven and designed for silent running.

c) Flexible Hose : To connect the unit to ships ventilation system.

d) Vacuum Gauge : To indicate that the fan is drawing air through the canister at the correct rate. Gauge
is connected to space beneath the canister and will register the reduction in pressure (vacuum). The
dial has a small green section where the needle must point for correct air flow.
e) Fan Regulator : To adjust speed of the fan.

f) Rotating Head : To ensure that each canister is used and replaced in rotation.

g) Air Motor and Turbine : To rotate the fan should electric power fail. Air Motor (eccentric Vane type) gives sufficient power. If air motor is at dead
center turbine is used for initial start and then shut off.

h) Reducing Valves : To reduce H.P. air fed direct from bottles ups. Reduce in two stages.

i) CO2 Gauge: To indicate the pressure of air in the sub urine and the maximum allowable proportion (%) of CO 2 content. CO2 content is measured
on the Ringrose CO2 Indicator.
EMERGENCY OXYGEN GENERATOR :-
a) Oxygen Candle : Produces oxygen by self burning action. Kept in air tight container until required for
use.

b) Burning Chamber : To contain candle whilst burning. Air cooling assisted by air space formed by outer
cylinder.

c) Dropping Cover : To close end of burning chamber and provided convenient platform for loading
candle when in lowered position. Cover, with copper asbestos joint, secured tight by screwed handle.

d) Heater Element ( Electric ) : To start burning action on candle. Glows red hot.

e) Switch : To switch on heater.

f) Cooling Fins : To cool hot oxygen as it leaves the burning chamber.

g) Filter : To extract traces of salt given off by burning candle. Safety disc fitted on inlet side in case of blockage.

h) Flow Indicator: To indicate that the candle is generating. Forked by plungers which rotates the indicator to show a green portion. The green portion
will not show until the plunger has moved enough to allow escape of oxygen into the submarine ( after about 5min. ). Movement of the plunger
also switches of the heater.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND WATER PURIFICATION:-
OCEAN SPIRAL
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND WATER PURIFICATION:-
THE ARK
METHANE PRODUCTION FOR FUEL & AVAILABILITY OF OTHER
RESOURCES:-
OCEAN SPIRAL
AIR CIRCULATION , SUNLIGHT, TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY CONTROL :-
OCEAN SPIRAL
RESISTANCE FROM TSUNAMI:- DETAIL OF ANCHOR WITH THE PILE IN
CASE OF TUNNELS:-
OCEAN SPIRAL

ANCHOR IN CASE OF OIL MINING

ANCHOR IN CASE OF TUNNEL

CONSTRUCTION
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM:-
a) Every day, 2 million tons of sewage and industrial and agricultural waste are discharged into the world’s water (UN WWAP 2003), the
equivalent of the weight of the entire human population of 6.8 billion people.

b) The UN estimates that the amount of wastewater produced annually is about 1,500 km3, six times more water than exists in all the rivers of the
world. (UN WWAP 2003)

c) Lack of adequate sanitation contaminates water courses worldwide and is one of the most significant forms of water pollution. Worldwide, 2.5
billion people live without improved sanitation. (UNICEF WHO 2008)

d) Over 70% of these people who lack sanitation, or 1.8 billion people, live in Asia.

e) Sub-Saharan Africa is slowest of the world’s regions in achieving improved sanitation: only 31 percent of residents had access to improved
sanitation in 2006.

f) 18% of the world’s population, or 1.2 billion people (1 out of 3 in rural areas), defecate in the open. Open defecation significantly compromises
quality in nearby water bodies and poses an extreme human health risk. (UNICEF WHO 2008)

g) In Southern Asia, 63% of rural people – 778 million people – practice open defecation.

h) In 2015, a report by the United Nations Environment Programmed said that Ocean Pollution was quite high in India. The report informed that
India dumped 0.6 tones of plastic waste into oceans annually. It ranked 12th among the top 20 countries responsible for marine pollution. The
numbers showed how marine pollution had climbed up to become one of India’s critical pollution problems apart from land and air pollution.
Discarded plastic and debris continues to be dumped in India’s oceans and the lack of an overarching system to monitor levels of pollution in
the ocean was one of the deterrents to combat ocean pollution in India, but not any longer.
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM:-
CONTAMINATI NOISE POLLUTION DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
ON OF MARINE WHICH WILL AGAIN LEAD TO THE DEATH OF
LIFE DUE TO MARINE CREATURES
WATER
POLLUTION
DURING
CONSTRUCTIO
N WHICH WILL
LEAD TO THE
DEATH OF
MARINE
CREATURES

What will happen to It will increase

the water if a big void in sea level
or some small voids are
created in water?
INFERENCES :-
1) If the structure is constructed somewhere outside of the water body then they only have to install it underwater through welding
and few fishes will die with minimum noise pollution but if the whole construction is done underwater or on the water surface
then due to the huge amount of noise pollution most of the fishes surround that area will die which will be very harmful for the
marine life. Even if some fishes will die in the welding scenario in the previous case and we still have to go with that option since
the first priority of humans is to prioritize their own survival instead of others.

2) The water pollution which will take place due to the construction can be reduced by using coffer dam method as a covering of the
main construction which will give us the opportunity to remove the water to another place where the construction is suppose to
occur.
SOLUTION :-

COFFER DAM
INSTALATION

PANNEL
DETAIL
SOLUTION :-

WARTER OUT WARTER IN

CHANGE OF WATER LEVEL INSIDE COFFER DAM

SOLUTION :-

SIZE OF THE COFFER DAM IS INCREASED ALL THE WATTER IS PULLED OUT, NOW THE COFFER DAM IS
EMPTY
SOLUTION :-

AFTER CONSTRUCTION AND CLEANING AFTER CLEANING THE COFFER DAM WILL BE FILLED WITH
WATER
SOLUTION :-

BOTH THE WATER LEVELS WILL BECOME SAME FINALLY THE COFFER DAM WILL BE REMOVED
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA ITHAA UNDERSEA OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
RESORT RESTAURANT

PROCESS OF Constructed outside and Constructed outside and On site through 3D

CONSTRUCTION then installed underwater then installed underwater printer and advanced
equipments
-
ACCESSIBILITY From land to reception From land to reception From land to the surface From land to the floating
dock by boat & then by jetty & then through of the structure by boat structure by boat
through lift stairs
FOUNDATION Pile Foundation Pile Foundation Pile Foundation and
tension cables are
attached to the main
-
structure
FORM & STRUCTURE Submarine & Disk Shape Arched Vault Shape Spherical Shape Curvilinear

MATERIAL Carbon Steel, Acrylic Carbon Steel, Acrylic Resin Concrete,

Glass Glass, Wooden Flooring,
Concrete
Recycled PET Beverage
Containers, Rustproof
-
Resin Bars, Acrylic Glass
MAINTENANCE Modular Structure easy Heavy Monolithic Combination of
to maintain Structure thus not easy
to maintain
monolithic and modular
structures
-
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA ITHAA UNDERSEA OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
RESORT RESTAURANT

RESOURCES – Provided from the land Provided from the Reverse osmosis
DRINKING WATER reception dock -
TEMPERATURE Maintained through the Taken care through the Dehumidified Air Distribution of wind
CONTROL land by AC service shaft which is conditioning based on through the central shaft
connected to the the cooling sources of
reception dock deep sea water
ELECTRICITY / Provided from the land Provided from the land Ocean Thermal Energy Ocean Thermal Energy
ENERGY Conservation Conservation / Wind
Energy
TYPE OF STRUCTURE Fully Submerged Fully Submerged Partially Floating and Floating
partially submerged
AIR CIRCULATION Oxygen tanks provided Oxygen tanks provided Through the openings on Through the Central
through the surface through the surface the upper edges on the Shaft
structure
RESISTANCE FROM No possibility of No possibility of Prevented by ballast No possibility of
TSUNAMI prevention prevention tank and tensile cables prevention
attached to the anchors
BETTER OPTIONS FROM THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA ITHAA UNDERSEA OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
RESORT RESTAURANT

PROCESS OF
CONSTRUCTION + + - -
ACCESSIBILITY
+ + + +
FOUNDATION
- - + -
FORM & STRUCTURE
- - + -
MATERIAL
- - + -
MAINTENANCE
+ - - -
BETTER OPTIONS FROM THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA ITHAA UNDERSEA OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
RESORT RESTAURANT

RESOURCES –
DRINKING WATER - - + -
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL - - + +
ELECTRICITY /
ENERGY - - + +
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
- - + -
AIR CIRCULATION
- - + +
RESISTANCE FROM
TSUNAMI - - + -
INFERENCES :-

1) The expense of creating such structure will be very high compared to any other structure and it is possible to create under water
structures even in case of a whole community.

2) The community can live on water instead of underwater but the biggest problem will be Tsunami since the effect of Tsunami is less
underwater and its much more on water.
CONCLUSION :-

The biggest problem to create underwater structures is the expense and hi-tech technologies but
as we have seen in the past that whenever any new approach is taken in the beginning it is
uncomfortable but as we move forward things become easy and even the technology becomes
affordable to the majority of people. Looking at the climatic conditions soon we will face land
deficiency which will leave us no other option except on water and underwater structures and
now we know that architecture on water is not the best solution to resist big problems such as
Tsunami so anyways we will need under water architecture and the parameters given in this
report will help to proceed further.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/world-s-36-most-water-stressed-countries

https://maritime.org/doc/oberon/misc/index.htm

https://www.slideshare.net/pranaykumar5095/underwater-construction-44807778?from_action=save

https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608583/index.pdf

https://www.wri.org/publication/natural-infrastructure

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1688e.pdf

https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/residential/india-needs-additional-25-million-affordable-houses-by-2030-report/70450083

https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change

https://www.landforhongkong.hk/en/demand_supply/land_demand.php

https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v3i2/V3I2-1577.pdf

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/74300
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
OCEAN SPIRAL

https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/topics/dream/content01/

SUBMARINE SYSTEM

https://maritime.org/doc/oberon/misc/index.htm

THE ARK

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/559290847444425338/

POSEIDONS RESORT

https://www.slideshare.net/adibanisar/dissertation-report-on-underwater-structures-with-proposal

ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT

https://issuu.com/riddhimadeka/docs/final_draft

http://materiability.com/portfolio/fluid-cast/
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
WATER POLLUTION REPORT

https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/water_quality_facts_and_stats3.pdf

https://letmebreathe.in/2019/06/08/world-oceans-day-2019-gender-and-
oceans/#:~:text=Many%20industries%20dump%20their%20waste%20materials%20and%20chemicals%20into%20the%20ocean%20waters.
&text=Lack%20of%20oxygen%20in%20the,another%20source%20of%20ocean%20pollution.

your overall inference ll have to be more holistic on all points. and pointing to the potential advantages and disadvantages of aqua structures