Class Participation 5: Musculoskeletal System

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Paget’s Disease 1. Is a disorder of localized increased bone remodelling, most commonly affecting the
skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones and vertebrae

17cm 2. Due to kyphosis and the bowing of legs, the patient’s height may be reduced to how much?

3-4. Action of Calcitonin to paget’s disease

 Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption

 Lowers fecal calcium and produced net retention of calcium

(Other possible answers: increases urinary sodium transiently, Reduces hydroxyproline excretion

5-6. Action of Disodium etidronate (EHDP) to paget’s disease

 It provides effective control of the biochemical manifestations of very active Paget’s disease.
Inhibits bone resorption, increasing the mineral density of bones and reducing the incidence
of fractures. When used for Paget’s disease, bisphosphonates slow the accelerated bone
turnover associated with the desease.

Osteomyelitis 7. Is an infection of the bone

8. What is sequestrectomy?

- A sequestrectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of a sequestrum—a fragment of

dead bone or other tissue that has separated from healthy tissue as a result of injury or disease.

Osteochondromas 9. Is the most common benign bone tumor, usually occurring as a large projection of
bone at the end of long bones (at the knee or shoulder)

Chondrosarcoma 10. Is a common tumor of the hyaline cartilage that develops in the hand, ribs, femur,
tibia, humerus, or pelvis

Contusion 11. Is an injury of the soft tissues, produced by blunt force

Muscle strain 12. Is a “muscle pull” due to overuse, overstretching or excessive stress

Sprain 13. Is an injury to the ligamentous structures surrounding a joint, caused by a wrenching or
twisting motion

14. What is avulsion fracture?

 An avulsion fracture occurs when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets
pulled away from the main part of the bone. The hip, elbow and ankle are the most common
locations for avulsion fractures in the young athlete.

Describe the different types of dislocation

15-16. Congenital = Congenital dislocation or subluxation of the hip (congenital acetabular dysplasia) is
a complete or partial displacement of the femoral head out of the acetabulum. The physical signs
essential for diagnosis are age related. In newborns the tests for instability are the most sensitive.
Congenital hip dislocation (CHD) occurs when a child is born with an unstable hip. It's caused by
abnormal formation of the hip joint during their early stages of fetal development. Another name for
this condition is “developmental dysplasia of the hip.” This instability worsens as the child grows.

17-18. Spontaneous or pathologic = Patients with chronic instability, i.e. if the joint has not formed
properly or if the ligamentous apparatus of the shoulder joint has become lax, may suffer
spontaneous dislocation (habitual dislocation) without any external influence. A pathological
dislocation occurs as the result of a disease, such as Marfan's syndrome, which weakens the capsule
and ligaments about the joint. Symptoms of dislocation include pain and tenderness at the site, a
sensation of grating or grinding on attempting to use the part, and inability to use the part.

19-20. Traumatic = Traumatic dislocation of the knee usually occurs with significant blunt trauma such
as motor vehicle collisions, falls from height, and pedestrians struck by vehicles, although the injury
can rarely occur with sports mechanisms such as football injuries and even with simple falls. Other
form of traumatic dislocation is hip dislocation. In a normal hip joint, the rounded top of the thigh
bone (femur) fits into a cup-shaped socket in the pelvis called the acetabulum. This type of joint is
called a ball-and-socket joint. When the top of the femur moves out of its normal position in the
socket, the hip is said to be dislocated. A hip can become dislocated during many kinds of accidents,
including falls from high places and motorcycle or car accidents. When this injury occurs in a head-on
car crash, it is often nicknamed a "dashboard dislocation," because it happens when the knee strikes
the dashboard.

21-22. Signs and symptoms of traumatic joint dislocation

  Pain.
 Swelling.
 Bruising.
 Instability of the joint.
 Loss of ability to move the joint.
 Visibly deformed joint (bone looks out of place)

Hemarthrosis 23. Blood in the joint