Fire Damage Assessment Nex

Fire damage assessment
in concrete structures
Politecnico di Milano
Department of Structural Engineering
Non-Destructive Methods for Damage Assessment in Concrete after Fire - Roberto Felicetti
summary
 introduction
the scale of observation
current approaches to damage assessment
 a series of reference cases
to check the effectiveness of the available techniques
to develop new assessment techniques
 some new NDT techniques
analysis of the UPV test results
simplyfied approach to colorimetry
the drilling resistance
 future developments
 conclusion
why more attention is payed to concrete structures?

a steel beam: damaged !! a concrete beam: damaged ??
● for concrete beams the residual deformations have to be measured

● relatively simple measuring devices are of help
● the judgement of a fire/structural-engineer is required
introduction to the problem:

effects of fire on concrete structures
at which scale the structure is observed?
identification of the fire scenario

structure collapse of parts of the structure
global effects of exposure to fire residual deformations
member cross section cracking

effects of thermal gradients spalling
delamination
and reinforcement-concrete interaction
rebar buckling
material properties concrete

local damage steel
steel-concrete interface
the visible effects of fire allow to distinguish

the room where the flashover was reached or not
severely damaged upper floor several materials survived the fire
flashover reached in the room where in the remaining rooms

the fire developed the flashover condition was not reached
numerical tools are of help in the interpretation of the fire scenario

- flashover is hardly reached

- the available numerical tools are not
real fire in a precast RC structure suited to this kind of compartment
observation at the structural scale: identification of the fire scenario

roof examination
observation at the structural scale

example #1: condition of the ceiling windows
A1 G1
E1 F1
E2 F2
A2 G2
E3 F3
A3 H3
E4 F4
A4 H4
B5 C5 D5 E5 F5
A5 H5
E6 F6
A6 H6
E7 F7
A7 H7
E8
A8 H8
E9
A9 H9
lucernai A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 B4
the residual deformation is the outcome

of the irreversible strain in the heated materials
- creep strain in steel rebars
- transient creep in concrete
stress-strain of rebars

example #2: geometry of the beams (via a laser theodolite)
A1 G1 A1 G1
E1 F1 E1 F1
(mm)
A2
vertical deflection
E2 F2 -4
0
0 4 (m)
G2 A2
horizontal E2
40
20
0
B2
G2
-4 0 4 (m)
(sagging) -20
-40
(mm)
B2 F2
(mm)
40 B3
E3 F3
A3 -8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
H3 E3 20
0 A3 0
(m)
H3
-8 -4 0 4 8
-20
-40
B3 F3
(mm)
(mm)
40 B4
E4 F4 20
A4 -8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
H4 E4
0
A4 0
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
H4
-20
-40
B4 F4
(mm)
(mm)
F5 40 B5
(m)
A5 0
-8 -4 0 4 8
H5 20
B5 C5 D5 E5 A5 0
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
H5
-20
B5 B5 C5 D5 E5 F5
-40
(mm)
(mm) (mm)
(m)
E6 F6 (m)
40 A6 40 B6
A6 0 -8 -4 0 4 8 -8
0
-4 0 4 8
H6 20 20
-20 -20
A6 0 (m) -8
0
-4 0 4 (m) 8
H6
-8 -4 0 4 8
-40
A6
-40
B6 E6 F6
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
(m)
E7 F7
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
40 A7 40 B7
A7 0 -8 -4 0 4 8
0 H7 20 20
-20 -20 A7 0
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
0
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
H7
-40
A7
-40
B7 E7 F7
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
E8 -8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
40 A8 40 B8
A8 0 0 H8 20 20
-20
A8
-20
B8
A8 0 -8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
0
-8 -4 0 4 (m) 8
H8
E8
HOT
-40 -40
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
A9 0 -8 -4 0 4 (m) 8 E9 H9 40 A9 40 B9
20 20
-20
A9
A9 0 (m)
0
(m)
H9
-8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8
-40
(mm) E9
COLD
residual deflection of a beam (span / depth  10)
-8 -4 0 4 coordinate (m)
0
elastic deflection
-20
-40 beam A6
(mm)
ssteel = 150 N/mm2
accuracy
± 1 mm
cracks at the lower cord

example #3: geometry of the roofing elements (via image analysis)
A1 G1
E1 F1
E2 F2
A2 G2
0 2 4 (m) 6
0
-40
-80
residual deflection A3
(mm)
E3 F3
H3
0 2 4 (m) 6 0 2 4 (m) 6 4 2 (m) 0
0 0 0
-80 -40 -40
-160 -80 -80
(mm)
E4 F4 (mm) (mm)
A4 H4
0 2 4 (m) 6 0 2 4 (m) 6 4 2 (m) 0
0 0 0
-80 -40 -40
-160 -80 -80
(mm) (mm)
B5 C5 D5 E5 F5 (mm)
A5 H5
0 2 4 (m) 6 6 4 2 (m) 0 0 2 4 (m) 6 4 2 (m) 0
0 0 0 0
-40 -40 -40 -40
-80 -80 -80 -80
(mm) (mm)
E6 F6 (mm) (mm)
A6 H6
0 2 4 (m) 6 6 4 2 (m) 0 0 2 4 (m)
0 0 0
-40 -40 -40
-80 -80 -80
(mm) (mm)
E7 F7 (mm)
A7 H7
E8
A8 H8
E9
A9 H9
lucernai A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 B4
residual deflection of roofing elements
(span / depth  35 - elastic deflection  10 mm)
ssteel = 170 N/mm2 residual

deflection
digital image analysis

laser level (± 2 mm) hydrostatic level (± 1 mm) (± 3 mm)
assessment at the structural scale

example #4: dynamic response of the beams
damaged
covercrete
FEM model - dynamic analysis

observation at the member cross section scale: cracking

spalling
delamination
rebar buckling
crack patterns of the main beams

observation at the member cross section scale:

uniform crack pattern on the beam web
colder
cooling
heating
assessment of thermal stress in the web
s smax Tmax
(N/mm2) 200°C (N/mm2)
20 min
2.0 4.0 Tmax = 300°C
10
t
5 10 min
0.0 t = 5, 10, 20 min
2.0
-2.0 200°C
x
-4.0 100°C - 10 min
0.0
0 10 20 30 0 30 60 90
ascissa x (mm) tempo (min)
Concrete crazing in tunnel linings

depth
0.6 - 0.3 m
0.4
+
20 h
depth (mm)
shotcrete shell
0.4
concrete lining Crack pattern over 1 m2 lining
soil
in the Mont Blanc tunnel
7.5 h
3.0 hours
0.2
1.5 h
0.3 h
0.1 h
0.0
0 10 20 30
circumferential stress (N/mm2)
thermal stress and inelastic strain Shape of the irregular cells

(transient creep, plasticity) highlighted via digital image processing
within the lining thickness (skeletonization and filtering)
(Pichler et Al, 2006) Their size decreases with damage
(and the size variance increases)
observation at the member cross section scale:

shear cracks at the supports
assessment at the material scale:

Fire damaged concrete is a strongly layered material !!
temperature profile
low thermal diffusivity
in a concrete wall
1200
1000  strong thermal gradients

Temperature °C)
800  possible occurrence of spalling

and formation of cracks
600
400
 only small samples
180’ can be regarded as “homogeneous”
200
 the damage depth
0
15’
is governed by the fire duration
0 100 200 300 400
depth(mm)
Assessment of fire damaged concrete at the material scale

1000 100%
residual
°C
f c /f c
800 T 20 80% strength
profile
600 60%
400 40%
maximum
200 temperature profile 20% temperature
after a 90’ ISO fire depth (mm)
envelope
0 0%
0 20 40 60 80 100
- the temperature keeps rising in the early cooling phase

- strong gradients of the residual mechanical properties
- a wide set of properties is affected concurrently
…a wide set of properties is affected concurrently

chemo-physical transformations
1.0
density compressive strength
Young's modulus
0.8
tensile strength
fracture energy
0.6 compressive
tensile strength
strength density
0.4
porosity (total volume and average size)
EC2 - part 1.2
density of microcracks (m/m2)
0.2
siliceous colour
concrete moisture
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 electric conductivity
Temperature (°C)
this evidence casts the base for Non Destructive assessment. However…
the traditional NDT techniques are generally not suitable

for the inspection of such a highly heterogeneous material
a recognized reference 1 Introduction

2 General views on repairability
for assessment at the material scale 3 Literature survey
4 Event data
5 Effect of temperature on materials properties
6 Measuring methods for material and structural properties
6.1 Concrete
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Core tests
6.1.3 Schmuidt hammer test
6.1.4 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
6.1.5 Windsor probe
6.1.6 BRE internal fracture test
6.1.7 Thermoluminescence tests
6.1.8 Carbonation test
6.1.9 Chemical analyses
6.1.10 Other tests
6.2 Steel
6.2.1 Tests on reinforcement
6.2.2 Hardness
6.2.3 Microstructure
6.2.4 Steel members well organized overview
6.3 Tests on buildings
7 Damage assessment
on the subject
8 Damage classification system
9 Repair criteria
10 Repair methods
not very deep discussion
on specific techniques
The Concrete Society (1990)

Assessment and repair of fire-damaged concrete structures
Table Of Contents
1 Assessment of damage
1.1 General
1.2 Effects of high temperature upon structural materials
1.3 Effects of high temperature upon structural members
1.4 Available data
1.5 Caution: temporary falsework
1.6 Collection and presentation of data
1.7 Correlation of evidence
2 Design
2.1 Design philosophy
2.2 Design procedure
3 Repair methods
3.1 General
3.2 Reconstruction
3.3 Sprayed concrete (the gunite process)
3.4 Resin repairs
3.5 Over cladding
3.6 Other techniques
References
Appendices ...a somewhat
subjective perspective
Publisher: The Concrete Society

Assessment, Design and Repair of
Fire-damaged Concrete Structures
Catalogue ID: TR68 CCIP-040
80 pages
Price: £80.00
updatet version
more detailed discussion

on test implementation
Current approaches to damage assessment

at the cross-section and local scales
fast but sketchy accurate but a specific expertise

time consuming
on NDT techniques
is needed
some methods allow to analyse a core as it is (viable approach)
point by point - example #1

sonic profile of a core
other methods require to cut a core in slices

and to repeat the tests on each slice (quite demanding)
1200
1000
Temperature °C)
800
600
400
200
0
0 100 200 300 400
depth(mm)
some tests to be performed on cores, slices or powdered concrete

visual inspection splitting micro-crack density
colour measurement punching porosity
ultrasonic scan dynamic Young's mod air permeability
petrographic examination ultrasonic scan thermal analyses
point by point - example #3

Young’s modulus profile
the splitting test
the disk punching test

Benedetti e Mangoni, 2004
J. R. dos Santos, F. A. Branco

and J. de Brito
correlation with UPV Instituto Superior Ténico,
Lisbon, Portugal
correlation with strength ??
Non-Destructive Methods for Damage Assessment in Concrete after Fire - Roberto Felicetti 35
some analyses require to reduce the sample into a powder

other analyses may be alternatively performed also on the powder
a special device for collecting

a sorted powder sample while drilling the hole
transparent test tube
www.carbontest.it
preliminary tests to check the ability of the device

to preserve the order of the powder extraction
1.0
test 1 test 2
0.8
colour
0.6
A
A
er
er
er
0.4
lay
lay
lay
0.2
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
depth (mm)
the lateral friction of the drill bit may affect the results beyond 50 mm
most of the degradation phenomena occur within this range
a common application: determining the carbonation depth

core vs powder sample
+ the complete test on the powder takes about 30 s

+ the inherent material heterogeneity is averaged in the powdered material
- the conversion factor to the hole depth has to be considered
de-alkalinization of fire exposed concrete

decomposition of portlandite Ca(OH)2 = CaO + H2O
800
temperature (°C)
600
cold face
hot face
V
400
depth
200
26 mm
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
depth (mm)
powder to depth scale = 2 : 1 - de-alkalinization depth = 26 mm
in these first tests this depth corresponds to the attainment of ~475°C
Multiple Differential Thermal Analysis

of the sorted sample of powder
powder sample Al2O3
perforated nickel-chrome pipe

thermocouples
the pipe in a split-tube furnace
T Tmax = 850°C
(°C)
0.0
Ca(OH)2
depth Tmax 500°C

-5.0 plot (mm) (°C)
14 850 360°C
a number of tests 92 500
124 360 Ca(CO)3
are performed in one take -10.0
0 200 400 600 800
the influence of the coarse aggregate
temperature (°C)
cannot be controlled
DTA at different depths in a heated panel
Current approaches to the assessment of concrete damage
fast but sketchy accurate but time consuming expertise needed

Advanced techniques which may have some potential
impact echo
impulse response
through thickness UPV
indirect UPV
sonic refraction
surface wave velocity and transmission
SASW
MASW
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Wide Angle Reflection Refraction (WARR)
common Middle Point (CMP)
electric resistivity
electric capacity
quantitative impulse-thermography
colorimetry
drilling resistance
an European Community
research programme focused on:
Cost-effective, Sustainable and Innovative

Upgrading Methods for Fire Safety in Existing Tunnels
Work Pakage 4 Fire effects and tunnel performance:

System structural response
Technical Task 4.3 Innovative damage assessment,

repair, recovery and retrofitting
Objectives of the research programme

performed at Politecnico di Milano:
a) to check the viability of some well-known NDT techniques
b) to propose new fast and easy NDT methods

 assessing the thermal damage profile in one single test
 based on inexpensive devices
 not requiring demanding laboratory analyses
5 thermal damage conditions: from the material to the structure

A) calibration tests: slow heating and cooling on concrete cubes

effect of the uniform thermal damage on the decay of the physical properties
60
Compressive strength (N/mm )

ordinary
2
50
Eurocode 2 lightweight
40
30
20
10 residual tests
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (°C)
Investigated materials: ordinary + lightweight concretes

average cubic strength = 50 N/mm2
max aggregate size = 16 mm
e
f a ce fac
t d
ho col
depth
B) concrete panels heated only on one side
benchmark for the assessment of a layered concrete member
800
°C
Ordinary
600
Lightweight
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80
the specimen replaces the furnace door Depth (mm)
measured max temperature profiles

C) concrete wall submitted to a ISO 834 fire (90’)
Rebound index
A
exposed area B
D
protected area
E
0 10 20 30
the damage pattern resulting from a severe fire is not uniform

D) real fire in a precast RC structure
• unknown thermal load

• easy to reach structural members
• plenty of time available for testing
• cutting cores is not recommended
structural element parameter method

main beams of the roof residual deflection laser theodolite
1st mode frequency (torsional) accelerometer
shrinkage cracks opening microscope
rebound index Schmidt's hammer
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity indirect UPV
drilling resistance modified drill
thin webbed roof elements residual deflection digital image analysis
rebound index Schmidt's hammer
columns rebound index Schmidt's hammer
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity indirect UPV
drilling resistance modified drill
E) concrete tunnel submitted to hydrocarbon-pool fire tests

Virgolo tunnel - Bolzano - February 2005 - UPTUN Work Package 6
• 6 different concrete liners

• several fire tests (up to 30 MW)
• accurate temperature monitoring
gas: 28 points
concrete: 52 points
relevant aspects in the analysis of the tunnel
id fc fct Ec rebound std

(MPa) (MPa) (GPa) index dev
A 34.8 4.7 18.4 35 3.7
B 49.0 4.3 28.3 19 5.0
C 13.5 1.1 6.9 20 1.8
D 85.5 3.0 35.5 31 3.6
E 37.0 7.6 22.6 33 2.7
F 3.7 1.1 2.5 13 0.83
• roughly finished shotcrete surface

• hard to approach test points
• interfering research teams
• short time available for testing
The “mini tunnel” test

concrete temperature gas temperature
°C °C
100
2 / 25 1000
4 / 25 mini-tunnel test
80 800
2 / 50
60 600
4 / 50 panel # / depth
40 400
1 / 25
20 1 / 50 200
gas
0 0
0 30 60 90 time (min)
• 4 different lining samples

UPV
panel #
(m/s) • severe 10 MW fire
1 2840 • debonding may occur
2 4530
3 1580
4 1620
a summary of the tests

performed within this research project
Pulse Velocity
Colorimetry
Resistance
Ultrasonic
Capo-test
Rebound
hammer
Drilling
A) calibration     
B) lab benchmark     
C) ISO 834 fire   
D) real fire   
E) Virgolo tunnel    
average response of the concrete cover

(any delamination is to be ruled out!!!)
the Schmidt rebound hammer
relative
rebound decay of the rebound index rebound
sensitivity of the method
index index Ordinary
Politecnico 70%
100% decay Lightweight
di Milano Aston
60% OPC/BFS
(150mm cubes)
University OPC/PFA
80% 50% OPC
Granite
40% Limestone
60%
Ordinary 30%
Lightweight
40% 20%
OPC/BFS
Aston University
OPC/PFA (100mm cubes) 10%
Politecnico
20% OPC di Milano
Granite
0%
Limestone
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
0% -10%
0 200 400 600 800
strength decay
Temperature [°C]
the material drying partially offsets the effect of the thermal damage
e relative
f a ce fac rebound
t d 800 index
ho col °C 100%
Politecnico
di Milano
depth application 600
Ordinary
Lightweight 80%
(150mm cubes)
to the heated panels 400
200
60%
40%
Ordinary
Lightweight
OPC/BFS
Aston University
OPC/PFA (100mm cubes)
20% OPC
0
Granite
0 20 40 60 80 Limestone
0%
Depth (mm)
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature [°C]
temperature profile + rebound index decay = profile of the expected rebound index
Relative Relative
rebound ordinary concrete rebound lightweight concrete
index index
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
expected expected
rebound rebound
40% profile 40%
profile
average average
20% rebound on 20% rebound on
surface surface
0%
0%
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
Depth (mm) Depth (mm)
it provides the average rebound index within the first 30 - 40 mm

application to full scale structures

application to full scale structures
39 45
19 49
F3
15 42
cover 16 24
splitting
average response of the concrete cover

the Cut And Pull-Out test (CAPO test)
pullout of an undercut anchor:
A) development of a conical fracture
B) compressive crushing of the concrete cone
application of the CAPO test

to uniformly heated concrete cubes
relative
relative decay pull-out
sensitivity
pull-out
resistance of the pull-out force resistance of the method
100%
100%
Ordinary
Lightweight 80% Ordinary
80%
Lightweight
60%
60%
40%
40%
20%
20%
0%
0% 0% 50% 100%
0 200 400 600 800 strength decay
Temperature [°C]
the effect of thermal damage

is similar to reducing the concrete grade
application of the CAPO test to the heated panels
temperature profile + pull-out force decay = profile of the expected pull-out force
ordinary concrete lightweight concrete

25 25
pull-out resistance (kN)
pull-out resistance (kN)

20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
depth (mm) depth (mm)
• it provides the resistance of the outer concrete layer

• the test is not suitable for systematic analyses
the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity method

 the Young’s modulus is quite temperature sensitive
 the UP Velocity is decreased by the material drying
relative decay of the UP Velocity UPV sensitivity of the method

UPV decay
Ordinary
100% 100%
Lightweight
Aston Univ.
80% Handoo et al. 80%
60% 60%
Politecnico Politecnico
di Milano di Milano
(150mm cubes) 40%
40%
Ordinary
(500x100x100mm beams)
Lightweight
20% 20%
Aston Univ.
Handoo et al.
(100mm cubes)
0% 0%
0 200 400 600 800 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Temperature [°C] strength decay
Ultrasonic Pulse refraction (indirect UPV)
T Vasym
1
D
intercept C
B
A
X
source receiver Non-destructive testing
A DAMAGED CONCRETE V(z) of fired tunnel walls:
z B the Mont-Blanc Tunnel case study
C D
Odile Abraham, Xavier Dérobert
Vasym
LCPC - Nantes, France
- the emitter radiates waves in all direction

(but with reduced intensity at the sides)
- a wave ray is refracted according to
the Snell's law: sin (qi) / Vi = const
directivity
characteristics
of the transducer
a good reference
on elastic wave refraction
principle of the UPV indirect method: X – t curves

X
E R1 R2 R3 R4 Velocity
damaged too slow minimum
material travel time crack
pristine too long V20
material
z
T = time 4
1
3
V20
2 1
the slope is governed
1
by the UP Velocity
of the deepest layer
X = distance
shape parameters (mm)
of the X - t curves:
a) the intercept
(mm)
250
Z80 (mm) 200
V = 80% V20 150
100
50
depth
of the damaged layer 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
intercept (mm)
shape parameters
of the X - t curves:
b) the X = 100 mm intercept
representative
thickness
V20 9
average 8
Vmin 7
min velocity 6
5
maximum damage 4
3
2
1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
TV20 @ X = 100 mm
e ce
t fac d fa
ho col
depth
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity:

application to the heated panels
V1 ordinary V1 lightweight
V20 V20
0,8 0,8
ordinary 0,6 0,6
0,4 0,4
lightweight
0,2 Vmin 0,2
0 0
0 40 80 0 40 80
known depth (mm) depth (mm)
temperature representative
profiles thickness
E R1 R2 R3 R4
application to the concrete wall
crack
after a 90’ ISO 834 fire
the possible occurrence of cracks has to be considered

(the X – t curves must be convex)
2000
TV20
data to be
1500
neglected
spalling 1000
500
0
0 200 400 600
X

application to the concrete wall
velocity profile
1,2 when the burners
VT were turned off
1
V20
0,8 velocity profile
after cooling
0,6
0,4 assessed values

0,2
0
0 50 100 150 200
depth (mm)

application to the precast RC structure
after a real fire
a consistency check is needed !!
1600
T·Vasym
(mm)
1200
intercept
800 Vasym = 3600 m/s
400
X (mm)
0
0 200 400 600 800
assessed damage depth = 130 mm (?)


application to the “mini tunnel” panels
travel time T·Vasym (mm)
600
E R
Vasym = 3400 m/s
400 the liner is softer
than the base
200
panel #1
0
0 200 400
probes distance X (mm)
travel time T·Vasym (mm)
600 after fire

(Vasym = 3780 m/s) E R
400
before fire
200 (V20 = 4530 m/s)
panel #2 the base panel

0
0 200 400 may affect the results
probes distance X (mm)
ultrasonic and radar pulse response

identification of delamination cracks
t0
t1
Non-destructive testing of fired tunnel walls:

the Mont-Blanc Tunnel case study
Odile Abraham, Xavier Dérobert
LCPC - Nantes, France
dispersive waves (Rayleigh and Lamb)

- penetration depth ~ wavelength l
- in a layered material: velocity = f(l)
- spectrum and modes depend on damage
Surface waves testing in the Mont-Blanc tunnel

M. Karray, G. Lefebvre and R.M. Faure
Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
Centre d’Études des Tunnels (CETU), Bron, France
Automated analysis of surface waves
le "robot"
Marc Goueygou, Bogdan Piwakowski, Abdelilah Fnine, François Buyle-Bodin,
Pawel Safinowski, Arkadiusz Kosecki - UMR CNRS - Ecole Centrale de Lille, France
spectrophotometer
concrete colorimetry
concrete is known to change its colour upon heating
300 - 600°C pink or red
600 - 900°C whitish grey
900 -1000°C buff 50
fattore di riflessione (%)

40 200
400
20°C 600
30 800°C
malta cementizia
20 Øobiettivo = 8 mm
media di 12 misure
deviazione std = 3-5%
10
blue verde rosso

0
400 500 600 700
lunghezza d'onda (nm)
a core cut into slices – the Mont Blanc Tunnel expensive devices
FAURE R.-M. and HEMOND G. (CETU)
demanding sample preparation
can we obtain similar results

via a commonly available
low-cost digital camera ?
a digital image: millions of colour measurements
differenza
immagineRosso-Blu
Red-Blue originaria
difference
color variation (x - y)
0.25 0.008
ordinary concrete
R-B
R-B / R+B (masked aggregate)
0.20 0.006
average
0.15 0.004
breakpoint
0.10 0.002
0.05 0.000
depth (mm)
0.00 -0.002
0 20 40 60 80
1
physical colour samples

the NCS atlas the colour
of concrete
light
not
saturated
saturated
dark
least saturated physical colour samples

1.0 0.36
whiteness colorimeter
y w = 5 -10 y auto wb 0.40 F2
0.8
spectrum
locus manual wb y (fluorescent)
chromaticness 0.35 0.38
c = 5 - 90
G D65
0.6
0.36
c = 90 0.34
50
0.4 30
5 R 0.34
D65 w=5 w=5
D65
0.33 c=5
0.2 0.32 D65 c=5
B x x x
0.0 0.32 0.30
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.30 0.34 0.38
 the absolute colour measure is strongly affected by the illuminant

 the sensitivity to colour changes is almost constant
concrete is 10x10 pixel masked

windows aggregates
a heterogeneous material
0.35
NCS atlas (c = 5 - w = 5)
y colorimeter
camera
(flash - auto wb)
ordinary concrete
0.34 masked aggregate
10x10 pixel / point
flash - auto wb
0.33 D65
masked
standard
deviation
full ellipses x
0.32
0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33
effect of heating on the colour of concrete
ordinary concrete ordinary + lightweight

0.35 0.35
full image
y masked aggregate
y ordinary concrete mortar
LWC mortar
std dev ellipse (masked aggr.) LWC full image
Mont Blanc tunnel [4]
yellow
0.34 (l = 575 nm)
0.34 1 800°C 20°C
600 200
1 400
D65 400 600
ordinary 800
concrete flash illuminant
0.33 20 0.33
flash illuminant auto white balance
auto white balance D65
200 red
x (l = 780 nm) x
0.31 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35

1000 100%
T 20
°C  c /R
R c LWC
800 80%
e T 65%
f a ce fac ordinary
t d 600 60%
ho col concrete
depth 470°C
400 40%
LWC
200 20%
depth (mm)
0 0%
0 20 40 60 80
color variation (x - y)

0.008
ordinary concrete
(masked aggregate)
0.006
average
0.004
breakpoint
0.002
0.000
depth (mm)
-0.002
0 20 40 60 80
colur variation = red - blue
application to the “mini tunnel” panels
depth (mm)
5
10
Mini-tunnel
panel #2
15
side view of a hole -0.005 0 0.005
colour variation (x-y)
core vs powder sample
e
f a ce fac
t d
ho col
depth
750°C 200°C
the concrete panel (x-y)

heated on one side 0.008
the influence
0.004
of the coarse aggregate core
cannot be ruled out
0.000
in the powder sample
powder
-0.004
0 20 40 60
depth (mm)
visual inspection of a drilled hole

unwrapping of the endoscopic images of the drilled hole
e
p lan X R cos(q)
ge x = f Z = f 
ima Y Z
Y R sin(q)
y = f Z = f 
Z
X
x
y
f 0
center of R
projection q
Z rolled unwrapped
pinhole-model of the graph paper endoscopic image
endoscopic image projection
merging of the unwrapped frames

remarks on the endoscopic visual inspection

- the small diameter of the hole doesn't allow to recognize the material texture
- the recognition of small features is made difficult by the roughness of surface
+ an averaged measurement of the colour changes is possible
colorimetric analysis of the drilled hole (by processing the digital images)
discoloration due to fire exposure
discoloration profiles
0.010
corresponding (°C)
shift to pink = (x-y)CIE 1931

depth range 900
drilled
holes relevant
0.005 temperature
cores range
inside view of a drilled hole 600
0.000 ma
xt
em
pe
ra t
ure 300
-0.005
0 50 100 150
depth (mm)
side view of a core
taking an unwrapped image of the drilled hole is quite a demanding operation

Drilling techniques for material assessment

the material response is scanned at increasing depth
drilling resistance indicators:
- feed rate at constant thrust
- thrust or torque at constant feed rate
- dissipated energy
Rinn Gucci and Barsotti
Tersis
DRMS
Tersis 2
the drilling resistance method for fire damage assessment

measured parameters
motor rotation
current
DC tension
hole depth
worked out parameters

total electric power
idle power consumption
net drilling work
specific drilling work (J/mm)
acquired and displayed

in real time
battery hammer drill max power = 375 W
stroke energy = 1.5J
definition of the operational parameters

a) the exerted thrust
6.0 80
Thrust
Drilling Resistance (J/mm)

70 N pristine concrete pristine concrete
0.3
170 N
Net drilling work (kJ)
Drilling Time (s/mm)

60
cm  60 N/mm
R 20 2
4.0 pristine
Øbit = 10 mm concrete
0.2
1 mm heated heated up to T= 600°C
40
up to T= 600°C
DR
heated up to
2.0 (J/mm)
T= 600°C
0.1
20
cm  60 N/mm
R 20 cm  60 N/mm
R 20
2 2
Øbit = 10 mm Øbit = 10 mm
Depth (mm) Thrust (N) Thrust (N)
0.0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200
the hammering action offsets the influence of the exerted thrust

definition of the operational parameters

b) the drill bit diameter
Torque
Torque
6.0 1.2
deviation
(Nm) RMS (Nm)
5.0 1
Ø= 66mm
mm
4.0 0.8
max
3.0 0.6
2.0 0.4
Ø==10
10mm
mm
min
1.0 0.2
0.0 0
0 20 40 60 80
6 8 10 12 14
Hole depth (mm) Bit diameter (mm)
a medium size drill bit (Ø = 10 mm)

allows to limit the effect of the inherent etherogeneity
DRT / DR20 decay onset sensitivity to thermal damage

550°C
100%
400°C
50%
ordinary
lightweight
T(°C)
0%
0 200 400 600 800
chipping milling
the material weakening
is masked until fc / fc20 < 70%
e
f a ce fac
t d
ho col
depth
the Drillling Resistance:

ordinary concrete Drilling50

lightweight concrete
Drilling average resistance
average
resistance (J/mm)
150
(J/mm) 40
30
100
20
50
10
lightweight concrete
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth (mm) Depth (mm)
averaging
waving effect due to the aggregate
filtering
800
540°C
600
Temperature (°C)
400 temperature profiles

430°C
200
0
0 20 40 60
150%
Relative drilling resistance
100%
drilling resistance profiles
50%
Ordinary
Lightweight
0%
0 20 40 60
Depth (mm)
the Drilling Resistance:

application to the concrete wall after a 90’ ISO 834 fire
DR
30 (J/mm)
20
A
B
C
10 D
E
depth (mm)
0
0 20 40 60
the Drilling Resistance:

application to the precast RC structure
39 45
19 49
Rebound Index
15 42
16 24
50 50
average
drilling resistance (J/mm)

40 40
30 average 30
20 20
concrete concrete
10 10
column F3 column F3
(0.45 x 0.45 m) (0.45 x 0.45 m)
0 0
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
Mini-tunnel test: average drilling resistance profiles
20 60
mini tunnel panels (middle height)
mini tunnel

panel #1 50
2 1
15
reference 40
(before fire)
10 30
base 4
panel
20 3
5 top
middle 10
bottom
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Mini-tunnel test: damage depth and max damage
50
mini tunnel panels (middle height) mini tunnel panels (middle height)

30 reference
DR
damage depth (mm)
40 (before fire)
ref
20 DR at the 30
surface
damage 20
depth at the surface
10 (after fire)
10 31%
43% 51% 53%

0 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
panel # panel #
Tunnel test: average profiles and max damage

20 40
tunnel lining reference
before fire

(h = 3.0 m) at the surface

(h = 1.2 m)
15 30 B D
A
after fire E
10 (h = 3.0 m) 20
C
55%
5 10 F
53%
31%
21%
tunnel lining C 24% 37%
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 panel #
depth (mm)
• about 40 holes in 7 minutes

• no surface preparation
• no laboratory analyses
New principle 1: concrete hardness
hammer + rebound =
drill hammer
measuring
point
10
compression
amplitude (kN)
5
Ai the transmitted share of the pulse
0 goes with the material quality
Ar
-5 hardness index = (Ai - Ar) / Ai
tension drill bit
-10
New principle 2: pulse velocity
hammer
+ ultrasonic
=
drill probes
10
amplitude (kN)
drill bit
5
0
AIC picker
-5
-10
4 ultrasonic sensor
amplitude (V)
2
t0 t1 t2
0
-2 bit delay time
AIC picker
the velocity of elastic waves -4 (26 s) of flight
is one of the most fire sensitive parameters 0 50 100 150

time (s)
Implementation of the two principles
wide band amplifier (200kHz)

strain gauge full bridge
dry point contact sensor chuck fitted with a slip ring

ACSys - L1803 (100kHz)
USB scope
2 channels, 12 bit,
The problem of not monotonic change of contact stiffness

2.0
uniformly damaged indentation
stiffness
residual value
concrete cubes 1.5
rebound index
1.0
stre
ng
th
0.5 Ultrasonic
Pulse
Velocity
0.0
T = 20, 200, 400, 600, 800°C 0 200 400 600 800
temperature (°C)
200°C 20°C 800°C

4.0
3.0
load (kN) 2.0
1.0
static
indentation 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
tests displacement (mm)
Test results - concrete hardness

0.8 30
pristine concrete (20°C) 800°C
transmitted pulse (1- Ar / Ai)
20
response decay (%)

0.6
rebound
10
hammer
0.4
600°C
0
0.2 hammer-drill
severely damaged concrete (800°C) -10
transmitted share of pulses
200-400°C
0.0 -20
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
hole depth (mm) cubic strength decay (%)
some limitations are evident

- not very sensitive to thermal damage
- sizeable scatter
- local influence of the aggregate
Test results - pulse velocity

200
1
80 hammer-drill 1:
pulse velocity
response decay (%)

150 800°C 800°C
time of flight (s)
60 600°C
ultrasonic
600°C pulse
100
40 velocity
400°C
50 20
20°C
200°C
0 0
80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80
bit-sensor distance (mm) cubic strength decay (%)
some valuable features are evident

- very sensitive to thermal damage
- reasonable scatter (std deviation = 3-8 s)
- insensitive to the inherent heterogeneity (frequency ~15 kHz)
Assessment of damage gradients
4.0 °C
c e ace
t a
f df expected 800
ho col
pulse velocity (km/s)

3.0 velocity
profile
cold face
hot face
depth
V 600
2.0
400
depth
1.0 tem
pera 200
t u re
V 0.0
0 20 40 60 80
depth (mm)
100 120
0
the specimen replaces the furnace door

4.0
3.0
T
pulse velocity decay 2.0
in uniformly heated 1.0 Hammer-Drill

Pulse Velocity
concrete cubes 0.0
0 200 400 600 800
temperature (°C)
Pulse velocity through the panel

4.0 °C
expected 800
HDPV profile

3.0
cold face
600
hot face
V
2.0
400
depth
1.0
te m 200
pera
t u re
0.0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
depth (mm)
- sensitive and reliable method

- high definition of the results (10-20 pulses/mm)
- not influenced by the inherent heterogeneity of the material
- remarkable repeatability of the results
105
Future developments
extension to indirect transmission

(drill and sensor on the same side)
useful for walls, plates and tunnels
Analogies with Seismic While Drilling in geophysical exploration
reverse Vertical Seismic Profile

Drilling a core
is itself a way to scan the cover response
the instrumented core-drill
1.0 4.0
specific time
specific (s/mm)
work
(J/mm3) work
0.5 2.0
drilling
time
thrust  1.36 N/mm2

0.0 0.0
40 60 80 100
bit diameter (mm)
the drilling work (J/mm3) is less affected

by the operating parameters
the drilling time (s/mm) is sensitive to the core
diameter, the exerted thrust and the rotation rate
Sensitivity to the material decay
ultrasonic
concrete cubes (150 mm) pulse
velocity
uniformly heated up to 800°C
rebound capo
1.0 hammer
test
co m U P V
residual value
s tr e p r .
coring ngth coring
rebound hammer
time work
capo test
0.5 ordinary concrete @ 20°C

compressive strength Rcm = 50.4N/mm2
ultrasonic pulse vel. V = 4290 m/s
rebound hammer RI (= 0°) = 47.9
capo test F = 33.4 kN
drilling (Ø = 10 mm) time = 0.154 s/mm work = 33.6 J/mm
coring (Ø = 44 mm) time = 2.00 s/mm work = 700 J/mm
0.0
0 200 400 600 800
temperature (°C)
Comparison with hammer-drilling
drilling
time work
rebound
1.0 hammer
co m U P V
residual value
s tr e p r .
coring ngth coring
time work
capo test
0.5 ordinary concrete @ 20°C

compressive strength Rcm = 50.4N/mm2
ultrasonic pulse vel. V = 4290 m/s
rebound hammer
capo test
RI (= 0°) = 47.9
F = 33.4 kN
chipping milling
drilling (Ø = 10 mm) time = 0.154 s/mm work = 33.6 J/mm
coring (Ø = 44 mm) time = 2.00 s/mm work = 700 J/mm
0.0
0 200 400 600 800
temperature (°C)
+ fast and easy implementation
+ no need for thrust control
+ minor damage to the structure brittle soft
pristine damaged
- poor sensitivity to low damage levels
concrete concrete
- results affected by local heterogeneities
a feature common to the drilling techniques

is the ability to continuously scan of the deteriorated cover
(even in the presence of gradients or cracks)
e
f a ce fac
t d
ho col
depth
a concrete panel heated on one side
core- vs hammer- drilling
1.5
hammer drill
(Ø bit = 10 mm)
600
residual fraction
1.0
strength
400
0.5 tem
core drill pe
(Ø bit = 44 mm) rat
mesured ure
expected
0.0 200
0 20 40 60 80
depth (mm)
one possible extension: thrust-controlled micro-core drilling
ball
bearings
coring time (s/mm)

1.5
1
air jack
microcorer 0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20
depth (mm)
potential added value provided by combination of different techniques
 the temperature/damage range is extended

 the results pertain to different depths
 more reliable results at a point
 different parameters are needed to work out the result
 more tests in one single operation
core drilling resistance + core analysis
drilling resistance + powder analysis

(or hole inspection)
a simple history case faced with commonly available tools

Precast concrete building with TT roofing elements
localized fire (one truck + stored materials)
interpretation via the localized fire model

Eurocode 1 - part 1.2 - annex C
h(r)
T(z)
a) short flames b) long flames
the Heat Release Rate is the governing parameter to be provided

useful model for severe local fires before the flashover or in case
the flashover condition is not reached (e.g. a car parking)
Precast concrete building

post-fire assessment of the fire load
D=6m - H=5m - r=0
Qmax = 17 MW
Q(t) = (t / 300)2 fino a Qmax
E = 40 GJ
Tmax = 850°C
40 1000
T(°C)
potenza termica Q (MW)

800
30 T
600
20 Q
400
10
200
E = 40 GJ
0 0
0 20 40 60 80
tempo (min)
the RHR is unknown there is a worst combination

of intensity and duration for a given fire load
Precast building with TT roofing elements

colour change and foreseen themperature maps
T max
(°C) foreseen
800 temperature
profiles
600
470°C
400
corner
200
side
0
0 20 40 60
depth (mm)
0.008
colour variation  (x-y)CIE 1931

0.006
2b
2b
0.004
0.002
3b
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.002
depth (mm)
The results are confirmed by the

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity analysis
direct method (through transmission)
1.0
V / V20°C
0.8
Vmax = 59% V20

0.6
Vmed = 49% V20

measured
0.4 80 mm computed
0.2
web
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
coordinate (mm)
Assessment of the residual strength of steel rebars

via the dynamic hardness test (Leeb method)
tests on Tempcore, carbon,

micro-alloyed, stainless steels
700 1.20
20°C 500°C
600 1.00
600°C
Leeb index
relative decay
500
stress (N/mm )
700°C
2
800°C 0.80
400 ft
1000°C 0.60
300 2
[Leeb index] fy
0.40
200
Tempcore Tempcore
100 0.20
0 0.00
0 10 20 30 40 400 600 800 1000
strain (% ) temperature (°C)
tempcore (termex)
Ø = 10 and 16 mm
stainless steel (AISI 304)

cold worked
Ø = 12 mm
the residual performance of cold worked is remakably poor

compared to hot rolled stainless steel rebars
cold worked hot rolled

900 800
200 °C 200 °C 850 °C
800 700 20 °C
20 °C
700 400 °C
400 °C 600 700 °C
Stress [MPa]
Stress [MPa]
600 700 °C 700 °C 200 °C
500 550 °C
500 550 °C
850 °C 400
400
300
300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Strain [%] Strain [%]
micro-alloyed
Ø = 10 mm
carbon steel
(produced in the 50s-70s)
side = 12 and 20 mm
general features of the residual s- e curve
increasing hardening ft / fy
increasing strain at peak

Dynamic hardness tests (Leeb method)

tester scheme rebar clamped and milled rebar polished and tested
 Leeb index = velocity ratio V2 / V1 x 1000

 test performed via a compact handheld device (no external restraint)
 a flat and smooth surface is required
 the sample should be firmly restrained
Decay of the Leeb index

Acciaio Tempcore Ø10 Acciaio microlegato
600 600
550 average ± std dev 550
500 500
450 450
400 400
350 350
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)
Acciaio al carbonio Acciaio inossidabile

600 600
550 550
500 500
450 450
400 400
350
350
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)
a simple interpretation of the results

the proportionality between the relative decay

of the yield stress and the relative decay of the Leeb index squared
seems to be confirmed up to 700-800°C
stainless steel exhibits a different trend,
but its response can be hardly assumed elasto-plastic
tempcore
Ø = 16 mm cold
0.4
worked
b) 2
stainless
e
Le
1- (LT/ L20)2
za
ez
ur
0.2 microalloyed
(d
tempcore
~
Ø = 10 mm
fy
carbon
section 
0.0
T = 500-1000°C 800°C
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 1- f T / f 20

 y y
the apparent hardness recovery at high temperature may lead
to wrong conclusions about the actual weakening of the material
influence of the restraint stiffness
600
hand-held
acceleration peak (m/s )

500 clamp
2
clamp+soft foils
400
300
200
100
0
380 400 420 440 460 480
Leeb number
 the influence of restraint doesn't exceed 10%

 linear relation with the acceleration peak of the instrument body
numerical analyses
contact force vs. displacement curves
800
strain rate
700
model 2
600
500
Forza (N)
400
strain rate
model 1 no strain
300
rate ABAQUS 6.7
200
100
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Spostamento (mm)
the strain rate effect is the main aspect to be tackled

in order to find a relationship between the Leeb index
and the mecanical response in absolute terms
Drilling resistance tests on metals
1999
constant feed rate

(0.01mm/rev)
Ø = 2 mm TiCN bits
5 tests for each case
measured parameters
- rotational speed
- exerted thrust
- dissipated energy
influence of the bit wearing

90
80
70
prova 1
60 prova 10
Spinta (N)
50 prova 20
prova 30
40 end of
settlement prova 40
30 drilling prova 50
20 of the bit prova 60

prova 70
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Profondità (mm)
no sizeable effect up to 50 tests with TiCN coated carbide drill bits

the adopted diameter is 2 mm
about 3 mm depth is needed for one measurement
typical plots of the thrust at increasing depth

Acciaio microlegato
70
60
800°C
50
Spinta (N)
20°C
40
end of 500°C
600°C
30
20
settlement 20°C drilling 700°C
800°C
10
of the bit
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Profondità (mm)
the thrust is an increasing function of the thermal decay

metal chips are difficult to be cut in a very ductile strain-hardening steel
average thrust vs temperature
the stainless steel (≥600°C) and the carbon steel (≥800°C)

are very difficult to drill: an appropriate bit should be used
thrust increase vs yield stress decay

1
0.8
Inossidabile
(Spinta /Spinta )-1
20
0.6 Tempcore
Ø10
0.4 Microlegato
T
Carbonio
0.2
Serie3
0
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
-0.2
1-(fyT/fy20)
there is a range in which the technique is very sensitive

but an unpredictable response is observed for a little damage
and a high rise of the thrust characterizes the high temperature range
Conclusions
• some new ND testing techniques have been proposed
• their in situ viability has been checked
by investigating two full-scale RC structures
interpretation of • it is a sensitive method

indirect UPV • the interpretation is fast, but a test takes 15-20 min
• a flat surface is needed (shotcrete? spalling?)
• effect of cracks, delamination, distinct layers
digital camera • it allows to detect very slight colour variations

colorimetry • thousands of colour measurements in one shot
• a core has to be cut
drilling resistance • fast and easy to perform (up to 5 tests/min)

• the results are immediately available
• it is not sensitive to cracks and delamination
further improvements may be achieved by combining different NDT techniques

Fire Damage Assessment Nex

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Fire Damage Assessment Nex

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Fire damage assessment

why more attention is payed to concrete structures?

● for concrete beams the residual deformations have to be measured

introduction to the problem:

identification of the fire scenario

member cross section cracking

material properties concrete

the visible effects of fire allow to distinguish

flashover reached in the room where in the remaining rooms

numerical tools are of help in the interpretation of the fire scenario

- flashover is hardly reached

observation at the structural scale: identification of the fire scenario

observation at the structural scale

the residual deformation is the outcome

observation at the structural scale

residual deflection of a beam (span / depth  10)

ssteel = 150 N/mm2

observation at the structural scale

ssteel = 170 N/mm2 residual

digital image analysis

assessment at the structural scale

FEM model - dynamic analysis

observation at the member cross section scale: cracking

crack patterns of the main beams

observation at the member cross section scale:

assessment of thermal stress in the web

Concrete crazing in tunnel linings

thermal stress and inelastic strain Shape of the irregular cells

observation at the member cross section scale:

assessment at the material scale:

1000  strong thermal gradients

800  possible occurrence of spalling

Assessment of fire damaged concrete at the material scale

- the temperature keeps rising in the early cooling phase

…a wide set of properties is affected concurrently

the traditional NDT techniques are generally not suitable

a recognized reference 1 Introduction

The Concrete Society (1990)

Publisher: The Concrete Society

more detailed discussion

Current approaches to damage assessment

fast but sketchy accurate but a specific expertise

some methods allow to analyse a core as it is (viable approach)

point by point - example #1

other methods require to cut a core in slices

some tests to be performed on cores, slices or powdered concrete

point by point - example #3

the splitting test

the disk punching test

J. R. dos Santos, F. A. Branco

some analyses require to reduce the sample into a powder

a special device for collecting

transparent test tube

preliminary tests to check the ability of the device

a common application: determining the carbonation depth

+ the complete test on the powder takes about 30 s

de-alkalinization of fire exposed concrete

Multiple Differential Thermal Analysis

perforated nickel-chrome pipe

the pipe in a split-tube furnace

depth Tmax 500°C

Current approaches to the assessment of concrete damage