SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

2020 – 2021 Academic Year

10th Grade
Chemistry Lecture Notes

Unit 2

MIXTURES

Name & Surname

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Class & Number

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 MIXTURES
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

In chemistry, a mixture is a
material system made up of
two or more different
substances which are
mixed but are not
combined chemically.

________ ________ ________ ________ (examples)

- Pure Substance: A substance that has the same properties in any sample you choose. There are
two kinds of pure substances: Elements and Compounds.
a) Element: A substance that contains only one type of atom and cannot be broken down by simple
means. They are represented by symbols.

Fe, Mg, He (Monoatomic element) Ex H2, O2 (Diatomic-Molecular element)

b) Compound: A combination of two or more atoms of different elements in a definite proportion by

mass. In a compound, different atoms are held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds
(ionic or covalent) and cannot be separated by physical means. They are represented by formulas.

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- Mixture: Matter that has two or more kinds of particles and thus may have different properties in
different samples.

a) Homogeneous Mixture (or Solution): A homogeneous mixture has the

same uniform appearance and composition throughout (where the
components that make up the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the
mixture).

Examples: air, salty water, steel (alloy), vinegar, dishwashing detergent etc.

 There is only one phase of matter observed in a homogeneous mixture.

o You can’t pick out components of a homogeneous mixture or use simple
mechanical means to separate them.
o You can’t see individual chemicals or ingredients in this type of mixture.

 Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as SOLUTIONS.

o The individual components have distinct chemical properties and solutions can be
separated by physical means.

b) Heterogeneous Mixture: It is a mixture where the components are not

uniform or have localized regions with different properties.

Examples include mixtures of “salt and sand”, “oil and water”, “cereal in milk”,
“vegetable soup”, “pizza”, “blood”, “ice in soda”, “salad dressing”, “mixed nuts”,
“soil” etc.

 A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phase.

o Different samples from the mixture are not identical to each other. There are
always two or more phases in a heterogeneous mixture, where you can identify
a region with properties that are distinct from those of another region, even if they
are the same state of matter (e.g., liquid, solid).

 Usually, it’s possible to physically separate components of a heterogeneous mixture. (WE WILL
SEE LATER)
o For example, you can centrifuge (spin out) solid blood cells to separate them from the plasma of
blood.
o You can separate candies according to their colors.
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Properties of Mixtures
 Mixtures are not pure substances; they can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
 Mixtures include different types of atoms and (or) molecules.
 Mixtures are not shown by symbols or formulas.
 The amounts of substances (components) in a mixture can vary.
 Mixtures can change in appearance but this does not mean that any substance has changed
its chemical composition.
 Density of mixtures varies according to the proportion of interfering substances.
 A mixture has no definite melting point, boiling point, etc.
 Mixtures can be separated into its components by physical means.

Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture

Clear solution. Transparent and will not settle.
Solutes and solvent cannot be separated by
filtration.
Light passes through the solution without any
obstruction.
Individual components can be separated only by
fractional crystallization or distillation.
Saltwater, air, alloys are examples of
homogeneous solutions.
Translucent or opaque, the solution may settle in
some cases.
It can be separated by filtration or semipermeable
membrane.
Light is blocked or refracted when passed through
the solution.
Individual components can be separated by
physical methods or by filtration.
Smoke, milk, muddy water are examples of
heterogeneous solutions.

TYPES of Heterogeneous Mixtures

In heterogeneous mixtures, components are not uniformly spread.

a) Suspension: If a solid is partially dispersed in a liquid to form a heterogeneous mixture, it is
called a suspension.

 The dispersed particles in a suspension are usually visible.

 Particles are relatively large.

 Dispersed particle size > 10-6 m.

 Particles settle out or can be filtered.

Examples are; ayran, sand + water, naphthalene + water, orange juice, muddy water etc.
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b) Emulsion: is a heterogeneous mixture that involves the combining of two liquids.

A good example of this is oil and water.

 An emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by

increasing its kinetic stability. One class of emulsifiers is known
as “surface-active agents”, or surfactants.

c) Colloid: It is a heterogeneous mixture in which one component is dispersed as very tiny particles

in another component, so distinct phases are not easy to see.

Colloid particles may be seen in a beam of light such as dust in the air in
a “shaft” of sunlight. Milk, fog, and jello are examples of colloids.

 Dispersed particle size is between 10-9 m and 10-6 m.

 The dispersed particles in a colloid are usually not visible.

 Particles are relatively small.
 Particles cannot be filtered.

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Tyndall Effect: It is the scattering of light as a light beam passes through a colloid. The individual
suspension particles scatter and reflect light, making the beam visible. The amount of scattering depends
on the frequency of the light and density of the particles.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXoKZPLb6Qo&t=25s
d) Aerosol: If a liquid or solid is dispersed in a gas, it is called aerosol.

Examples of aerosols:
Liquid Aerosols Solid Aerosols
Cloud, Fog, Sprays and Deodorants Smoke, Dusty air, Volcanic pollutes

SOLUTIONS
Homogeneous mixtures are called “Solutions”.

A solution of copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) forms as particles of solute dissolve and become evenly
dispersed among the solvent (water) molecules.

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 Solute: The substance that dissolves in a solvent
to produce a homogeneous mixture.

Solvent: The substance in which a solute dissolve

to produce a homogeneous mixture.

Note that the SOLVENT is the substance that

is present in the greatest amount.

 Generally, in solutions, water is used as a ________________.

o WATER
 is one of the most common solvents in nature.
 is a polar molecule because of polar O—H bonds.
 molecules form hydrogen bonds important in many biological compounds.

Mixing of water and sugar is a solution. In this solution ________ is solute and ________ is solvent.
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TYPES of Solutions: Solution can be classified in many ways.
a) According to the ‘Physical States’ of Matter: Many different kinds of solutions exist. For
example, a solute can be a gas, a liquid or a solid. Solvents can also be gases, liquids or solids.
 Gaseous mixtures are all homogeneous and all gas mixtures are gas-gas solutions.
o ________ is a natural gas solution.
 When molecules of gas, solid or liquid are dispersed and mixed with those of liquid, the
homogeneous (uniform) states are called liquid solutions.
 Many alloys, ceramics, and polymer blends are solid solutions.
o Alloys are types of solid–solid homogeneous mixtures (solutions).
o Bronze, tin plate, brass, steel, amalgam, solder and coins are some examples of alloys.

b) According to “Electrical Conductivity”:

IONIC Solutions: Acid, base and salt solutions are called ionic solutions.
o They conduct electricity  “electrolytes”

 HCl  H+ + Cl- (in water)

 NaOH(s) + H2O(l)  Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

 NaCl(s) + H2O(l)  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

MOLECULAR Solutions: Molecular compounds such as sugar, C6H12O6, alcohol (CH3OH) in

water.

 They don’t conduct electricity  “non-electrolytes”

 Electrolyte solutions contain ions    

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 c) According to “Solubility of Solutes”:
Unsaturated Solution: Solutions, which have less amount of solute they can dissolve is an
unsaturated solution.
 For example, let’s say that we know 36 g of NaCl can be dissolved in 100 g (or mL) of water.
o If we dissolve less than 36 g NaCl in 100 mL water (30 g of NaCl), this solution is called an
unsaturated solution.

Saturated Solution: Solutions, which dissolve the maximum amount of solute they can dissolve is
a saturated solution.
 For example, let’s say that we know 36 g of NaCl can be dissolved in 100 g (or mL) of water.
o If we dissolve exactly 36 g NaCl in 100 mL water, this solution is called a saturated solution.

Note: If we add more than 36 g NaCl in 100 mL water (for example; 40 g of NaCl), this solution is still a

saturated solution with ____ g of NaCl undissolved solute.

Supersaturated Solution: Solutions that dissolve more than the maximum amount of solute they
can dissolve is a supersaturated solution.

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 Supersaturated solutions are extremely unstable.
o They can be easily destroyed by slightly changing temperature or condition.

d) According to “Amount of Solutes”:

Diluted Solution: Solutions, which contain a relatively small amount of solute.
Concentrated Solution: Solutions, which contain a relatively high amount of solute.

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 FORMATION of SOLUTIONS & SOLUBILITY
 Solutions form when the solute–solvent interactions are large enough to overcome the solute–
solute interactions and the solvent–solvent interactions.
o Any intermolecular force of attraction (IMF) can be the attraction between solute and
solvent molecules.

 Remember the solubility rule: “Likes Dissolve Likes”

o Substances such as H2, O2, N2, CH4, CCl4 etc. are called non-polar compounds,
o Whereas H2O, NH3, CH3OH, NO, CO, HCl, H2S, PH3 etc. are called polar compounds.

(1)

(1) Miscible: mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances.
(2) Immiscible: of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances miscible.
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 SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume (or mass) of the solvent is called
solubility. Often, the solubility in water is expressed as “gram/100 mL” or “gram/100 gram”.

For example, the solubility of NaCl is “44 g/100 g H2O” at 30 oC means;

at maximum, 44 g NaCl salt may dissolve in 100 g water at 30 oC.

Exercise: When 40 g of NaCl is added in 60 g water, 4 g NaCl remains undissolved.

What is the solubility of NaCl in 100 g water at this temperature?

Exercise: The solubility of KNO3 at 60 °C is 120 g/100 g water. How many grams of KNO3 are there in
660 g saturated solution of KNO3 at this temperature?

Exercise: The solubility of X is 25 g in 100 g water at 20 °C. How many grams of X, at least, must be
added to saturate a solution which contains 400 g water and 70 g of salt X?

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 FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY

1) Type of solute and solvent:

 Water; a polar molecule, dissolves ethanol, which is also polar, but does not dissolve hexane and
dichloromethane, which are both nonpolar.
o Ethanol and water are miscible—completely soluble in each other in all proportions.
o Hexane and water are immiscible—they do not mix at all.
o Hexane and dichloromethane are miscible with each other.
 The general rule in solubility is that “like dissolves like”.
Exercise: Indicate whether the followings are soluble (S) /insoluble (IS) in or miscible (M) /immiscible (IM)
with water:
a. Vegetable oil : ……… b. Ammonia : ………
c. Vinegar : ……... d. CCl4 (liquid, nonpolar) : ………
e. NaCl (table salt) : ……… f. Grease : ………
g. Sand : ……… h. Chalk : ………
i. Alcohol : ……… j. Sugar : ………

2) Temperature:
a) Solid Solubility and Temperature (T):
 As T increases, the solubility of a solid in liquid increases, too (in most cases).
o Endothermic solutions; X(s) + Heat  X(aq)
 E.g. we can dissolve more sugar in a cup of hot tea than in a glass of iced tea.

This graph shows how the solubility of several solids changes with temperature.

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b) Gas solubility and Temperature (T):
 As T increases, the solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases.
o Exothermic solutions; Y(g)  Y(aq) + Heat

The solubilities of these gases in water decrease as the temperature increases.

 Examples:
o (a) The small bubbles of air in this glass of chilled water formed when the water warmed to
room temperature and the solubility of its dissolved air decreased.
o (b) The decreased solubility of oxygen in natural waters subjected to thermal pollution can
result in large-scale fish kills.

As a RESULT:

--  endothermic

 exothermic

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3) Pressure:
 Solid and liquid solubility is not affected by pressure.

Solids or liquids

 But solubility of gas increases when the partial pressure of the gas above liquid increases.

Gases

o Opening the bottle of carbonated beverage reduces the pressure of the gaseous carbon dioxide
above the beverage. The solubility of CO2 is thus lowered, and some dissolved carbon dioxide may
be seen leaving the solution as small gas bubbles.

4) Common Ion Effect:

 Sometimes some ions of the solute & solvent can be the same (common) in a solution.
o If there are common ions in solution, they decrease solubility.

KNO3 solubility in water > KNO3 solubility in K2SO4 solution > KNO3 solubility in KNO3 solution

 As the common ion concentration increases, solubility decreases.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUBILITY RATE

1) Size of the particles:

 When the total surface area of the solute particles is increased, the solute dissolves more rapidly.

2) Stirring (Mixing):
 With liquid and solid solutes, stirring brings fresh portions of
the solvent in contact with the solute, so increases the rate of
formation of a solution.

3) Temperature:
 For liquids and solid solutes, increasing the temperature not only increases the amount of solute
that will dissolve but also increases the rate of solution.

Cold Water Hot Water

The sugar cube will dissolve much more quickly in hot water.
As a RESULT:

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Exercise: The solubility of KCl at 10 °C and 90 °C in 100 g water are 31 and 54
grams. 262 g saturated solution of KCl is prepared at 10 °C and then the temperature
is increased to 90°C. At least, how many grams of KCl should be added to make
the solution saturated at 90°C?

Exercise: The solubility of KI at 10 °C and 30 °C in 100 g water are 95 and 152 grams.
126 g saturated solution of Kl is prepared at 30 °C and then the temperature is
decreased to 10 °C. At least, how many grams of water should be added to dissolve
the precipitated KI at 10 °C?

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 CONCENTRATION
 Concentration is a general term to express “how much solute is dissolved in a given
quantity of solvent (or solution)”.
 There are many ways to describe the concentration of a solution. The common terms used to
express concentrations of solutions are:
o Percent Concentration (mass percentage, volume percentage, ppm, ppb)
o Mole Fraction
o Molar Concentration (will not be mentioned)
o Molal Concentration (will not be mentioned)

1) Mass percentage:

mass of solution

2) Volume percentage:

volume of solution

Exercise: Calculate the percentage by mass of solute in each of the following

solutions.
a) A solution prepared by dissolving 40 g sugar in 160 g of water.

b) A solution prepared by dissolving 45 ml of ethyl alcohol (d=0,8 g/ml) in enough water to produce 400 ml
of a solution with a density of 0,9 g/ml.

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 Exercise: Calculate each of the following.

a) Grams of NaOH in 800 g solution that is 20% NaOH by mass.

b) The mass percentage concentration of the solution resulted by mixing 150 g solution that is 20%
sugar by mass, 50 g of solution that is 30% by mass, 85 g water and 15 g sugar.

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3) ppm – part per million:

4) ppb – part per billion:

Exercise: Calculate each of the following.

a) 2 liters of groundwater was found to contain 20 mg of Zn+2 ion. What is the

concentration of Zn+2 ion in ppm?

5) Mole Fraction:

Exercise: If a mixture of gases contains 2 g H2, 3×1023 N2 molecule and 16 g O2,

what is the mole fraction of H2 gas? (H=1, O=16)

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 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES of SOLUTIONS
 Properties that depend on the amount (concentration) of a dissolved solute particle but not on its
chemical identity are called “Colligative Properties”. They are:
o Freezing-Point Depression, Boiling-Point Elevation, Osmotic Pressure.

Salt lowers the freezing point of water and melts the ice.
Anti-freeze is put into the radiator of the car in winter.

1) Freezing-Point Depression:
The freezing point of a solution is LOWER than that of the pure solvent.

Note: Freezing-point of a solution decreases when the concentration of dissolved

solute increases.
For example:
 If 1 mol of sugar is dissolved in 1 kg of water the solution begins to freeze at -1,86 °C.
 If 2 mol of sugar is dissolved in 1 kg of water the solution begins to freeze at -3,72 °C (2 x -1,86).

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 If 1 mol of NaCl is dissolved in water the solution begins to freeze at -3,72 °C (not -1,86 °C)

o Because 1 mol NaCl produces 2 moles of particles in water (1 mol Na+, and 1 mol Cl-).
 2x1,86 °C = 3,72 °C

NaCl  Na+ + Cl-

 If 1 mol of CaCl2 is dissolved in water the solution begins to freeze at -5,58 °C.

o Because 1 mol CaCl2 produces 3 moles of particles in water (1 mol Ca+2, and 2 mol Cl-).
 3x1,86 °C = 5,58 °C

CaCl2  Ca+2 + 2 Cl-

Exercise: Order the freezing point of solutions at STP given below.
Solution Freezing Point (°C)
1 mol NaCl in 1 L of solution F1
1 mol MgCl2 in 1 L of solution F2
1 mol AlCl3 in 1 L of solution F3

2) Boiling-Point Elevation:
The boiling point of a solution which contains a nonvolatile solute is HIGHER than that of the
pure solvent.

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 Exercise: Order the boiling point of solutions at STP given below.
Solution Boiling Point (°C)
1 mol NaCl in 1 L of solution B1
1 mol MgCl2 in 1 L of solution B2
1 mol AlCl3 in 2 L of solution B3

3) Osmotic Pressure:
 The movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower solute
concentration to the side of higher solute concentration is “osmosis”.

 “Osmotic pressure” is the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis.

o Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration difference between solutions increases.

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 SEPARATION of MIXTURES

In general, a mixture can be separated into its components by making use of the difference in the
physical properties of the components of the mixture.
Let us see how these properties can be used for separating mixtures.

 SEPARATION METHODS BY USING PARTICLE SIZE DIFFERENCES:

1) Separation by Picking Up:

Examples:
 If the sizes of the pepper pieces are big enough, they can be picked up using forceps.
 The procedure is the same as picking up the stones out of the rice.

2) Separation by Sieving:
 A mixture composed of finer and coarser parts like table salt and red pepper may be separated by
using a sieve.
o Sieving is probably the oldest and widely used method for solid-solid separation.

3) Separation by Filtration:
 Some of the solids do not dissolve in water or other solvents.
 They disperse throughout the liquid and form heterogeneous
mixtures. This kind of mixtures can be separated by filtration.

o Consider a heterogeneous mixture of water and powdered

chalk.

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4) Separation by Dialysis:
 Dialysis works on the principles of the diffusion and osmosis of particles across a semi-permeable
membrane.
 You know that cell membrane is semi-permeable that allows some molecules or ions to diffuse into
or out of the cell. Water, oxygen and carbon dioxide gases, food and other materials that are small
enough can diffuse through the cell membrane.
 Dialysis may be used for the separation of small solute molecules or ions from macromolecules by
virtue of their differing rates of diffusion.
 Smaller particles can pass through the membrane but larger ones cannot.

 When the kidneys of person do not function properly,

toxic wastes build up in his/her blood and tissues and they
cannot be filtered out by the ailing kidneys.

 This condition is known as uremia.

 The blood of such a person can be cleaned by the

process of dialysis.

5) Separation by Electrification:
 Some substances may easily be attracted to electrified objects. Red pepper is such a substance.
 This property can be used to separate red pepper from the mixture.

6) Separation by Magnet:
 Iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic elements.

 Magnet is used to separate these metals from the mixture.

o We can separate iron from a mixture of sand and

iron, as only iron attracts to the magnet.
o Or sulphur and iron fillings      

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  SEPARATION METHODS BY USING DENSITY DIFFERENCES:

1) Separation by Floatation:
 Flotation is a process of separating mixtures which involves separating substances by whether
they sink or float.
 The flotation process is also widely used in industrial wastewater treatment plants, where it is
applied to remove fats, oil, grease and suspended solids from wastewater.

2) Separation by Precipitation:
 When two solutions are mixed, they react with each other and can form water-insoluble solid.
This phenomenon is called “precipitation” and the resulting solid is “precipitate”.

3) Separation by Separatory Funnel:

 A mixture of two liquids that do not dissolve in each other and have different
densities can also be separated by the help of these properties.
o When two immiscible liquids are placed in a separatory funnel, two layers
are seen.
o The denser solvent will be the bottom layer.
 These layers can be separated by draining them from the separatory funnel
using the stopcock to control the flow.

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 4) Separation by Chuck Away:
 The solids with different densities can be
separated without using a liquid.

 If the mixture is thrown into the air, the lighter one

goes far away.

5) Separation by Decantation:
 The act of pouring off a clear liquid gently from its sediment, or from one vessel into another is
called decantation.
o It is a very quick method for separating a heterogeneous mixture of liquid and a heavier
solid.

 SEPARATION METHODS BY USING SOLUBILITY DIFFERENCE:

If only one component of a mixture dissolves in a solvent, this solvent may be used for separating
the soluble component from the mixture. Such as naphthalene and salt mixture, naphthalene is not soluble
in water but salt is soluble.

1) Separation by Crystallization:
 You can separate many solids contained in saturated solutions by leaving them to form crystals.
This process is called crystallization.

Crystallization of sugar in water

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2) Separation by Fractional Crystallization:
 If both solids forming the mixture are soluble in the same solvent,
the separation method uses the change in their solubilities with
temperature.
o In this method, the solution is filtered at different
temperatures by lowering the temperature of the solution.

3) Separation by Extraction:

 Extraction is used for the separation of substances from mixtures

that occur in nature, for the isolation of dissolved substances from
solutions, and the removal of soluble impurities from mixtures.

 SEPARATION METHODS BY USING BOILING POINT DIFFERENCE:

1) Separation by Simple Distillation:

 Soluble solid is separated from the liquid by

using a boiling point difference.

2) Separation by Fractional Distillation:

 This is the technique used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids

with different boiling points.

 Example: water and alcohol

The standard boiling point of alcohol  76 oC

The standard boiling point of water  100 oC

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 Exercises – MIXTURES
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1) A combination of two or more substances in 4) The following image represents which kind of
which they no longer retain their chemical matter?
properties is called a(n) ________.

A) compound
B) mixture
C) suspension
D) periodic trend
E) heterogeneous mixture

A) an element
2) The following image represents which kind of B) a mixture
matter? C) a compound
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

5) What is the difference between a compound

and a mixture?

A) The components of a compound have

the same properties individually as
A) an element they do when mixed
B) a mixture B) A compound is just a mixture of
C) a compound elements
D) none of them C) A compound can be physically
E) all of them separated into its components; a
mixture cannot be physically
separated into its components
3) Which of the following is a mixture? D) A mixture can be physically separated
into its components; a compound
A) salt cannot be physically separated into its
B) helium components
C) gold E) The components of a mixture do not
D) iron have the same properties individually
E) air as they do when mixed
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6) What is the difference between a compound 8) Classify the following as element, compound,
and a mixture? or mixture, and justify your classifications:

A) The components of a mixture are not sodium chloride, stainless steel, sugar,
chemically bonded together aluminum, ice.
B) The way in which their atoms are
bonded together
C) One is a solid and the other is a liquid A) mixture; element; compound; element;
D) They both consist of atoms from element
different elements B) mixture; compound; mixture; element;
E) Mixtures can only be homogeneous compound
C) compound; element; compound; element;
compound
7) Each circle represents an atom. Which of the D) compound; compound; element; element;
following boxes contains mixture
an element, a compound, a mixture? E) compound; mixture; compound; element;
compound

9) Which of the following would be considered a

heterogeneous mixture?

A) element: A, C
A) vegetable oil
compound: A, B
B) salad dressing
mixture: A, B
C) water
D) vinegar
B) element: C
E) milk
compound: A, B
mixture: B

10) How would you classify the swimming pool

C) element: A, C
water?
compound: A, B
mixture: A
A) depends on how many children have
been in it
D) element: A, C
B) a pure compound
compound: A, B, C
C) heterogeneous mixture
mixture: A, B
D) homogeneous mixture
E) a pure element

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11) Which of the following would be considered a 15) Which of the following boxes represents a
homogeneous mixture? suspension?

A) wine
B) rusty iron
C) sugar A
D) hydrogen cyanide
E) hydrogen

12) When blue food coloring is dissolved in water,

the result is a ________.
B
A) heterogeneous mixture called a
suspension
B) pure liquid
C) homogeneous mixture called a solution
D) homogeneous mixture called a
suspension
E) heterogeneous mixture called a solution C

13) If you filter seawater to remove all of the

particles you would be left with a clear _____.

A) heterogeneous mixture called a A) All of the boxes represent a suspension

suspension B) Only B represents a suspension
B) homogeneous mixture called a C) Only C represents a suspension
suspension D) Only A represents a suspension
C) pure liquid E) None of them
D) heterogeneous mixture called a solution
E) homogeneous mixture called a solution
16) How would you classify a cappuccino (with
foam)?
14) How would you classify the Turkish coffee?
A) a heterogeneous mixture
A) a solution B) an element
B) a suspension C) a compound
C) a compound D) an aerosol
D) an emulsion E) a solution
E) an element

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17) How does a suspension differ from a 20) In a solution of 77 percent nitrogen and 23
solution? percent oxygen, which is the solvent?

A) oxygen
A) The difference between a suspension and
B) both
a solution can only be determined by
C) neither of them
chemical means
D) nitrogen
B) Although a solution and suspension are
E) Gases cannot form solutions
both homogeneous mixtures, only the
components of a suspension will separate
21) In a solution made from one teaspoon of
by spinning the mixture in a centrifuge
sugar and one liter of water, which is the
C) A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture solute?
whose components can be separated by
A) Sugar
simple filtration. A solution is a
B) Water
homogeneous mixture which cannot be
C) the teaspoon
separated by simple filtration
D) both sugar and water
D) A suspension is a homogeneous mixture
E) none of the above
consisting of different phases whereas a
solution is a heterogeneous mixture
22) A sample of steel is composed of 5 percent
consisting of a single phase
carbon and 95 percent iron. Which is the
solvent?
18) What do chicken noodle soup and garden soil
have in common? A) steel
B) carbon
A) They are both examples of compounds C) iron
B) They both contain elements D) Steel is not a solution, it is a mixture
C) Nothing E) A solid cannot be a solvent
D) They both are compounds
E) They are both examples of ordinary 23) What happens when “the molecule-to-
heterogeneous mixtures molecule attractions in the solute are
comparable to those in the solvent”?

19) What is the term for the scattering of a beam A) The solution will become saturated
of light by colloidal-size particles? B) The solute does not dissolve in the
solvent
A) dispersion effect C) The material has only limited solubility in
B) Tyndall effect the solvent
C) Henry's law D) The solution will become concentrated
D) colloidal scattering E) The solute can have infinite solubility in
E) none of the above the solvent

31
24) How are intermolecular forces and solubility 27) What is the term that refers to liquids that do
related? not dissolve in one another and separate into
two layers?
A) Solubility is a measure of how weak the
intermolecular forces in the solute are
A) soluble
B) Solubility depends on the solvent's ability
to overcome the intermolecular forces in B) insoluble
a solid C) immiscible
C) Solubility depends on the solute's ability
D) miscible
to overcome the intermolecular forces in
the solvent E) none of the above
D) Solubility is a measure of how strong a
solvent's intermolecular forces are
E) none of the above
28) Which of the following solutions is the most
dilute?

25) How can you tell whether a sugar solution is

A) one liter of water with 5 grams of sugar
saturated or not?
B) one liter of water with 10 grams of sugar
C) one liter of water with 20 gram of sugar
A) Add more sugar, if it dissolves, it is
D) one liter of water with 2 grams of sugar
saturated
E) one liter of water with 1 gram of sugar
B) As long as there are more water
molecules than sugar molecules, there is
a saturated solution
29) Which of the following solutions is the most
C) There will be a precipitate if the water is
concentrated?
heated
D) Add more sugar. If it does not dissolve
A) one liter of water with 1 gram of sugar
after mixing, the solution is saturated
B) one liter of water with 10 grams of sugar
E) It is not possible to understand
C) one liter of water with 5 grams of sugar
D) one liter of water with 2 grams of sugar
E) They all have the same volume
26) What is the term that refers to liquids that
dissolve in one another?

30) Which of the following solutions is the most

A) miscible
dilute?
B) soluble
C) insoluble
A) 2 liter of water with 2 grams of sugar
D) immiscible
B) 5 liter of water with 5 grams of sugar
E) none of the above
C) 10 liter of water with 10 grams of sugar
D) They all have the same concentration

32
31) Which of the following describes the term
concentration?
A) It is the amount of solute in a given
amount of solution
34) The Colorado River water in Colorado has a
salinity of about 50 ppm. By the time this
water passes into Mexico, its salinity has
increased to about 1000 ppm. How many
milligrams of salts have been added to each
liter of water?

B) It is the given amount of solution in a given

A) 9.5 milligrams have been added to each
container
liter of water
C) It is the given amount of solvent per
B) 950 milligrams have been added to each
amount of solute
liter of water
D) It is the amount of solvent in a given
C) 9500 milligrams have been added to each
amount of solution
liter of water
E) It is what you are doing now to answer this
D) 95 milligrams have been added to each
question
liter of water

35) How is the solubility of a gas affected by

32) What is the term for the concentration temperature?
expression that relates the mass of solute in
A) As the temperature goes down, the
grams dissolved in each 100 grams of
solubility goes down
solution?
B) As the temperature goes up, the solubility
stays the same
A) parts per million (ppm)
C) As the temperature goes up, the solubility
B) molarity (M)
goes up
C) mass/mass percent (m/m %)
D) As the temperature goes down, the
D) molality (m)
solubility goes up
E) parts per billion (ppb)
E) both A and B

36) If you were to increase the pressure of a gas

33) What is the term for the concentration above a liquid (such as by pressing a piston
above a liquid) what happens?
expression that relates the mass of solute in

grams dissolved in each 106 grams of A) The gas is forced into the solution and the
solution? solubility increases
B) The pressure goes down and the gas
A) mass/mass percent (m/m %) goes into the solvent
B) molarity (M) C) The solution is compressed and the gas
C) molality (m) is forced out of the solvent
D) volume/ volume percent (V/V %) D) The pressure goes down and the gas
E) parts per million (ppm) moves out of the solvent
E) The amount of gas in the solution would
stay the same
33
37) How is the solubility of a solid (generally)
affected by temperature (T)?
A) As T goes up, the solubility goes up
B) As T goes down, the solubility goes down
C) both A and B
D) As T goes up, the solubility goes down
E) As T goes down, the solubility goes up
38) Under which of the following conditions would
you expect the highest solubility of oxygen
gas in the water?
A) high temperature and high O2 pressure
above the solution
B) high temperature and low O2 pressure
above the solution
C) low temperature and low O2 pressure
above the solution
D) The O2 solubility is independent of
temperature and pressure
E) low temperature and high O2 pressure
above the solution
39) Yeast and sugar are added to champagne to
give the sparkle of carbonation. Under what
conditions is carbon dioxide gas most
soluble?
A) high temperature, low pressure
B) low temperature, high pressure
C) high temperature, high pressure
D) low temperature, low pressure
E) none of the above
34
40) Fish don't live very long in water that has just
been boiled and brought back to room
temperature. Suggest why.
A) Since some of the water was evaporated
while boiling, the salts in the water are
now more concentrated. This has a
negative effect on the fish
B) There is now a higher concentration of
dissolved CO2 in the water
C) The nutrients in the water have been
destroyed
D) The boiling process removes the air that
was dissolved in the water. Upon cooling
the water is void (free) of its usual air
content, hence, the fish drown
41) Which solute graphed below has a solubility
in water that does not markedly increase
with increasing temperature?
A) NaCl
B) KCl
C) LiCl
D) NaNO3
42) At given temperatures below, which is more
concentrated?
(Use the figure shown below)
43) Why can't the elements of a compound be
separated from one another by physical
means?
A) Elements tend not to be soluble in water
B) Elements found within a compound tend
to be inert
C) They are too homogeneous when found
within a compound
D) Both elements and compounds are pure
substances
E) Their atoms are too tightly bound to one
another

44) Mixtures can be separated into their

components by taking advantage of
A) At 20°C, a saturated solution of KCl is differences in the chemical properties of the
more concentrated than a saturated components. Why might this separation
solution of NaCl method be less convenient than taking
advantage of differences in the physical
properties of the components?
B) At 60°C, a saturated solution of LiCl is
more concentrated than a saturated A) Chemical properties are not as apparent
solution of NaNO3 as are physical properties
B) A chemical property involves a chemical
C) At 90°C, a saturated solution of KCl is change so that you no longer have what
more concentrated than a saturated you had
solution of NaCl C) The chemical properties of the
components of a mixture are too different
D) At 100°C, a saturated solution of NaCl is from each other
more concentrated than a saturated D) The chemical properties of the
solution of NaNO3 components of a mixture are too similar to
each other
E) At 55°C, a saturated solution of NaCl is
45) How might you separate a mixture of sand
more concentrated than a saturated
and salt?
solution of KCl

A) use magnet
B) chuck away
C) just add water
D) add water, filter and evaporate the
water
E) just heat
35