A Mini Project Report on

“smart green house system”

Project Associates
Miss. GIRIJA YARAGUNTI (2VD19EE005)
Miss. POOJA KERWADKAR (2VD19EE019)
Miss. S SWATI (2VD19EE014)

Under the guidance

Prof. Kirankumar.H

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’s

Vishwanathrao Deshpande Institute of Technology,
Haliyal 581 329
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
(APPROVED BY AICTE NEW DELHI)
2021-2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Hard work, perseverance and determination to reach

the goal to lead to ultimate success.But no project is envisaged the help and
guidance of an experienced person respected in the field of the concerned
subject. As the saying goes, coming together is beginning,,keeping together is
progress and working together in success. Though the benefit achieved from
them can never be adequately valued, we should like to express our heartily
gratitude towards them.
We express our sincere and heartfelt thanks to Dr.V.A Kulkarni, Principal
KLS's VDIT, Haliyal.
We wish to express our profound sense of deepest gratitude to
Prof.A.V.Kolaki, Head of Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering KLS's VDIT, Haliyal for approving our work with great interest.
We sincerely express our thanks to our guides Prof. Kirankumar.H and
Prof.Subrahmanyam.Hegde, Department of Electrical and Electronics, who
have always been a constant motivation and guiding factor throughout the
project time in and out as well. It has been agreat pleasure or us to get an
opportunity to work under them and complete the project successfully
We wish to convey our sincere gratitude to the entire faculty, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KLS's VDIT Haliyal. The facilities and
co-operation received from the technical staff is thankfully acknowledged.
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays due to different climatic changes taking place on our

planet and affecting agriculture. It is immediately applicable to the optimization
of agricultural production in greenhouses and contributes to slowing down the
phenomenon of climate change through water and energy savings.As the proper
nutrition and all the essential parameters required for the healthy growth of the
plants are not so efficiently and exactly provided by the human inspection ,As a
man cant have all the time monitoring hence for such kind of drawbacks we
need a automatic montoring and controlling the internel environment
conditions of a greenhouse can be implemented using microcontroller (Arduino)
and the development of the appropriate software. Although it did not exist at
initial objectives of the work, at the process, export of automated crop yield
measurements was achieved. But the most important addition would be the use
of machine learning so that the unit can continuously improve the settings of the
environmental conditions, therefore without external intervention to apply the
ideal conditions for each type of crop and soil.
 CONTENTS

Title Page no
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2

2.1: Green house

CHAPTER 3: COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.1: Arduino 7 4

3.1.1: Programming 5

3.1.2 : Warnings 6

3.1.3 : Power 7

3.1.4 : Memory
8
3.1.5 : Input and Output

3.1.6 : Communication 9

3.1.7 : Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility

3.1.8 :Automatic (Software) 10

3.1.9 : Revisions

3.2: LCD 11

3.2.1 Arduino with lcd

12

3.2.2 working
13

3.2.3 interfacing lcd with arduino

3.3 Termistor 14

3.3.1 working
3.3.2 how does termistor read temperature
15

3.3.3 Difference between termistor and other sensors

3.3.4 advantages 16

3.3.5 Disadvantages

3.4 Soil sensor 17

3.4.1 Pin diagram 18

3.4.2 working 19

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED WORK

20
4.1: block diagram
21
4.2: Model
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5.1: Advantages 22

5.2: Disadvantages

5.3:Furture scope 23

CONCLUSION 24

REFERENCES 25
 Smart green house system

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture plays a prominent role in supplying the food for overgrowing
population. Latest technology and innovations are replacing the traditional
methods in other fields, yet agriculture is stuck with traditional methods,
especially in India and other under developed countries. Traditional methods in
agriculture are more efficient only in ideal weather conditions but now, it is
unreliable weather due to global warming. Along with climate changes farmers
are also facing the problems. Eventually the number of farmers will decrease
and so does the productivity. These factors can be eliminated with help of the
greenhouse. In greenhouse, it is possible to create an artificial environment
irrespective of climatic conditions. A miniature greenhouse having dimensions
1.5m×1m×1m is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent
material in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. A
more scientific definition is “a covered structure that protects the plants from
extensive external climate conditions and diseases, creates optimal growth
microenvironment, and offers a flexible solution for sustainable and efficient
yearround cultivation.” This greenhouse operates as a system and is also
referred as controlled environment plant production system (CEPPS). The
greenhouse is filled with equipments including heating, cooling, lighting,
humidity and weather regulating devices controlled by an Arduino
microcontroller to optimize conditions for plant growth. These are used to
evaluate optimality degrees and comfort ratio of greenhouse micro-climate
(i.e., air temperature, relative humidity and weather conditions) in order to
reduce production risk prior to cultivation of a specific crop [1]. Every person
doesn’t have exact knowledge of quantity and time to apply to crop. The
designed system presently developed can precisely monitor the
humidity,temperature and watering facility for crops using Arduino
microcontroller. The objective of the project is to design an automated
greenhouse monitoring and controlling system which is purely sensor based
and can manage everything with minimum labour and cost. By using output
signals given by different sensors Arduino microcontroller will maintain pre-
defined conditions for proper growth of plants in green house. The purpose of
project is to grow a crop in any climatic conditions at any time. This is the
future of small, medium and large agriculture setor

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 Smart green house system

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Greenhouses
A greenhouse is a structure covering ground frequently
used for growth and development of plants that will return the owner’s risk
time and capital [5]. The main purposes of the usage of greenhouses are to
protect crops from extreme conditions and provide them better environment for
efficient production. Unlike the conventional agriculture, where the conditions
of the crops depends on the environment in the surrounding, greenhouse
control the environments parameters such as temperature, humidity, water and
light intensity to give the crops perfect conditions to grow. With better
environment, the quality of the crops will be much better and will increase the
profit for the seller. However, to achieve the purposes stated and to have a
better control in horticulture development, a control system with monitoring
features is being applied. Normally the temperature maintained on daytime is
different compared to temperature falls at night. Besides, it varies with the
condition of the weather itself either it is cloudy or sunny day. This assumes
that the temperature at which the plants grown can actually be controlled [6].
Even though the implementations of greenhouse protect the crops from
unwanted elements, it still can cause several other problems such as fungus and
excessive humidity. This is due to the structure of the greenhouse itself.
Therefore, the application of control system with constant monitoring is very
crucial to the greenhouse to achieve the best productivity and quality. With
better control, the cost of operations can be reduced with minimal workers
needed and controlled usage of raw materials such as water, soil and fertilizer.
The main elements involved a greenhouse control system are temperature,
humidity, CO2, concentration, radiation, water and nutrients [5]. 7 While these
elements feature separately in the environment, they are related and influence
each other. The heating requirements of a greenhouse rely on the desired
temperature for the plants grown, the location and construction of the
greenhouse, and the total outside exposed area of the structure. As much as
25% of the daily heat requirement may come from the sun, but a lightly
insulated greenhouse structure will need a great deal of heat on a cold winter
night. The heating system must be sufficient to maintain the desired day or
night temperature. Regularly the home heating system is not ample to heat a
neighboring greenhouse. Small gas or oil heaters designed to be installed
through a masonary wall may work well [7]. Installing circulation fans in the
greenhouse is a good venture. During the winter when the greenhouse is
heated, the air circulation needs to be sustained so that the temperature remains
uniform throughout the greenhouse.

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 Smart green house system

Without air-mixing fans, the warm air rises to the top and cool air settles
around the plant on the floor.
Ventilation is the interchange of inside air for outside air to control
temperature, remove moisture, or replenish carbon dioxide. Regular ventilation
uses roof vents on the ridge line with side inlet vents. Warm air rises on the
convective streams to outflow through the top, drawing cool air in through the
sides. Mechanical ventilation uses an exhaust fan to move air out one end
while outside air enters the other end [7]. Water supply into the greenhouse is
one of the important aspects of the system. In the conventional system, hand
watering is the only possible way to keep the plants receive sufficient amount
of water at times. This uses lot of manpower, and time. If the greenhouse have
a variety plants in it, each plant may need different amount of water, and soil
mixes and else. Currently, there are several methods of semi-automatic system
available to conduct the task in a set time. Sprinkler is a popular method, with
the covering area is big enough but with no automatic system for different
plants. Time clocks and moisture evaporation can be used to stop the sprinkler
and create an automatic system

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 Smart green house system

Chapter 3
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
3.1 ARDUINO

Fig 3.1: Arduino

The Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has

54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16
analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with most shields designed
for the Uno and the former boards.

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 Smart green house system

Features of Arduino Uno ATmega328

 The operating voltage is 5V

 The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V
 The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V
 Digital input/output pins are 14
 Analog i/p pins are 6
 DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 Ma
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
 Flash Memory is 32 KB
 SRAM is 2 KB
 EEPROM is 1 KB
 CLK Speed is 16 MHz
 Arduino Uno Pin Diagram
The Arduino Uno board can be built with power pins, analog pins,
ATmegs328, ICSP header, Reset button, power LED, digital pins, test led 13,
TX/RX pins, USB interface, an external power supply.
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3.1.1 Programming

The Mega 2560 board can be programmed with the Arduino Software
(IDE). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega2560 on the
Mega 2560 comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer.
It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header
files). You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller
through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or
similar; see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the
rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino
repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which
can be activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2
HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use
Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firm ware. Or you can use the ISP header with an
external programmer (overwriting the DFU boot loader). See this
usercontributed tutorial for more information.

3.1.2 Warnings

The Mega 2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's
USB ports from shorts and over current. Although most computers provide
their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If
more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically
break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
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SMART GREEN HOUSE

3.1.3 Power

The Mega 2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the
GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on
an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the
5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as
follows:
Vin: The input voltage to the board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V),
the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage
via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board.
We don't advise it.
3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA. GND: Ground pins
IOREF: This pin on the board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators
on the outputs for working with the 5V

3.1.4 Memory
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of
which 8 KB is used for the boot loader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

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 SMART GREEN HOUSE SYSTEM

3.1.5 Input and Output

See the mapping between Arduino pins and Atmega2560

ports: Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or
output, using pin Mode(),digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They
operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended
operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50 k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be
exceeded to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. In
addition,some pins have specialized functions .
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17
(RX) and 16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX)
and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to
the corresponding pins of the ATmega16U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5),
19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins
can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low level, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in level. See the attach Interrupt () function
for details.
 PWM: 2 to 13 and 44 to 46. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analog Write() function.
 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (53 (SS). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken
out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible with the
Arduino /Genuino Uno and the old Duemilanove and Diecimila
Arduino boards.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When
the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 TWI: 20 and 21 (SCL). Support TWI communication using the Wire
library. Note that these pins are not in the same location as the TWI
pins on the old Duemilanove or Diecimila Arduino boards. See also
the mapping Arduino Mega 2560 PIN diagram.
The Mega 2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution.By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREFPIN and
analog Reference() function.
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SMART GREEN HOUSE SYSTEM

3.1.6 Communication
The Mega 2560 board has a number of facilities for
communicating with a computer, another board, or other microcontrollers.
The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial
communication. An ATmega16U2 (AT mega 8U2 on the revision 1 and revision
2 boards) on the board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual
com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .in file,
but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port
automatically. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX
LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
ATmega8U2/ATmega16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not
for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for
serial communication on any of the Mega 2560's digital pins. The Mega 2560
also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino Software (IDE)
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see the documentation
for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

3.1.7 Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility

The maximum length and width of the Mega 2560 PCB are 4
and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending
beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be
attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the
other pins. The Mega 2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields
designed for the Uno and the older Diecimila or Duemilanove Arduino boards.
Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to
5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations.
Furthermore, the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and
1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is
available through the ICSP header on both the Mega 2560 and Duemilanove /
Diecimila boards. Please note that I2C is not located on the same pins on the
Mega 2560 board (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila boards (analog
inputs 4 and 5).

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SMART GREEEN HOUSE SYSTEM
3.1.8 Automatic

(Software) Reset Rather than requiring a physical press of the

reset button before an upload, the Mega 2560 is designed in a way that
allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of
the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this line is
asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The
Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to upload code by
simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means
that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can
be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other
implications. When the Mega 2560 board is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is
running on the ATMega2560. While it is programmed to ignore malformed
data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first
few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it
first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a
second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

3.1.9 Revisions

The Mega 2560 does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip used in past
designs. Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 in the revision 1
and revision 2 Arduino boards) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Mega 2560 board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the Arduino
board and the current Genuino Mega 2560 has the following improved
features:
 .pinout:SDA and SCL pins –near to the AREF pin –and two other
new pins placed near to the RESET pin,the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board .In
future,shields will be compatible both with the board that use the
 AVR,which operate with 5V and with the board that uses
ATSAM3X8E,that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not
connected pin that is reserved for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.

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3.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

The LCD panel used in this block interfaced with micro-

controller through output port. This is a 16 character × 2Line LCD module,
capable of display numbers, characters, and graphics. The display contains
two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second
for character to be displayed (RS=1). It also contains a user programmed
Ram area (the character RAM) character that can be formed using dot
matrix that can be programmed to generate any desired. Two distinguished
between these areas, the hex command byte will be signify that the display
RAM address 00h is chosen. LCD can add a lot to our application in terms of
providing a useful interface for the user, debugging an application or just
giving it a “professional” look. The most common type of LCD controller is
the Hitachi 44780 which provides a relatively simple interface between a
processor and an LCD. Using this inter is often not attempted by
inexperienced designers and programmers because it is difficult to find good
documentation on the interface, initializing the interface can be problem
and the displays themselves are expensive. Connection to a PC parallel port
is mostly simple. These displays can handle eight bit input directly. They also
need two extra lines to control which kind of data has just arrived and when
the data is meant to be stable. Those signals are also called RS (Register
Select, instruction or data register) and EN (enable). So it has to control ten
data lines (8 bits + RS + EN) and one common ground (GND) line, which
make eleven lines to the parallel port. Data read back is not supported by
the driver and so it does not require extra line for this. The following table
shows the needed connection.

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3.2.1 ARDUINO WITH LCD

LCD1
13
12

10
11

9
8

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

LM016L
DUINO1
AREF

PB4/MISO

PB0/ICP1/CLKO

PD7/AIN1
~ PD6/AIN0
PD5/T1

~ PD3/INT1
PD2/INT0
TX PD1/TXD
RX PD0/RXD
PB5/SCK

~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
~ PB1/OC1A

PD4/T0/XCK

ARDUINO UNO R3
~

DIGITAL (~PWM)
VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

microcontrolandos.blogspot.com
PC4/ADC4/SDA
PC5/ADC5/SCL

ANALOG IN
PC0/ADC0
PC1/ADC1
PC2/ADC2
PC3/ADC3
RESET

A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. Arduino board
 2. LCD

3. Resistor 1k

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3.2.2 Working
 LCD can be used in two modes- 4 bit mode or 8 bit mode. In 8 bit mode we
require 8 data pins and 3 control pins whereas in 4 bit mode, data is sent using
4 data pins and 3 control pins.
 R/W pin is always grounded so we require only 6 pins in 4 bit mode, thus
saving no of pins.
 First initialize the library and then define pins using the command
LiquidCrystallcd(RS, E, D4, D5, D6, D7), pins are assigned in this order.
 LiquidCrystallcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2), here RS pin to 12, Enable pin to 11, D4 pin
to 5, D5 pin to 4, D6 pin to 3 and D7 pin to 2 respectively.
 Then in setup function write the message to display as lcd .print
 We can print message anywhere in the LCD by selecting column and row, it’s
done by writing lcd.setCursor(column, row). However there is one thing to
consider, that’s the number of columns and rows start from zero. For example,
to print a message on 2nd row 1st column, write “lcd.setCursor(0,1);” before
the print command. Similarly for 5th column and 3rd row, we write
lcd.setCursor(4,2).
 You can use “lcd.write()” to send characters. To print zero on 2nd colum 2nd
row, type lcd.setCursor(1,1); lcd.write(48); where 48 is the decimal equivalent
for ACII ‘0’.
3.2.3 Interfacing LCD with Arduino programming
Let’s summarize our program into the following steps.
Step1: Initialize the library for LCD.
 Step2: Define LCD columns and rows in setup function.
Step3: Write the data to display.
Step4: If you want to display variables on LCD, write it in loop
function. Loop function is a must for all arduino sketches.Dept

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3.3 THERMISTER

A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance

is dependent on temperature. The term is a combination of “thermal” and
“resistor”. It is made of metallic oxides, pressed into a bead, disk, or
cylindrical shape and then encapsulated with an impermeable material such
as epoxy or glass.

There are two types of thermistors: Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC)

and Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC). With an NTC thermistor, when
the temperature increases, resistance decreases. Conversely, when
temperature decreases, resistance increases. This type of thermistor is used
the most.

A PTC thermistor works a little differently. When temperature increases, the

resistance increases, and when temperature decreases, resistance decreases.
This type of thermistor is generally used as a fuse.

Typically, a thermistor achieves high precision within a limited temperature

range of about 50ºC around the target temperature. This range is dependent
on the base resistance.

3.3.1: Thermistor Symbol — US and Japan

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3.3.2 HOW DOES THE THERMISTOR “READ” TEMPERATURE?

A thermistor does not actually “read” anything, instead the resistance of a
thermistor changes with temperature. How much the resistance changes
depends on the type of material used in the thermistor.

Unlike other sensors, thermistors are nonlinear, meaning the points on a

graph representing the relationship between resistance and temperature will
not form a straight line. The location of the line and how much it changes is
determined by the construction of the thermistor. A typical thermistor graph
looks like this:

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A THERMISTOR AND OTHER

SENSORS?
In addition to thermistors, several other types of temperature sensors are
used. The most common are Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) and
integrated circuits (IC), such as the LM335 and AD590 types. Which
sensor works best for a particular use is based on many factors. The table
below gives a brief comparison of the benefits and drawbacks of each.

PARAMETER
THERMISTOR
RTD
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3.3.3 ADVANTAGES
 Durable
 Long lasting
 Highly sensitive
 Small size
 Lowest cost
 Best for measuring single point temperature
 Best response time
 Linear output
 Widest operating temperature range
 Best for measuring a range of temperatures
 Moderately expensive
 Linear output
 Moderately expensive
 Linear output

3.3.4 Disadvantages

 Nonlinear output
 Limited temperature range
 Slow response time
 Expensive
 Low sensitivity
 Limited temperature range
 Low sensitivity
 Large size
 Slowest response time
 Limited temperature range
 Low sensitivity
 Large size
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3.4 Soil Moisture Sensor

What is a Soil Moisture Sensor?

The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric
content of water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil
moisture needs eliminating, drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors
measure the volumetric water content not directly with the help of some other
rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise interaction
with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content.

The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should
be adjusted & may change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of
soil, otherwise electric conductivity. The microwave emission which is
reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as mainly used in
agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology.
 These sensors normally used to check volumetric water content, and another
group of sensors calculates a new property of moisture within soils named
water potential. Generally, these sensors are named as soil water potential
sensors which include gypsum blocks and tensiometer.

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3.4.1 Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration

The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins

 VCC pin is used for power

 A0 pin is an analog output
 D0 pin is a digital output
 GND pin is a Ground

This module also includes a potentiometer that will fix the threshold value, &
the value can be evaluated by the comparator-LM393. The LED will turn
on/off based on the threshold value.

How the Sensor Works

The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity

of the surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the
water content. The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric
permittivity, and therefore the water content of the soil.The sensor averages
the water content over the entire length of the sensor. There is a 2 cm zone of
influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little or no
 sensitivity at the extreme edges. The figure above shows the electromagnetic
field lines along a cross-section of the sensor, illustrating the 2 cm zone of
influence.

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3.4.2 Working Principle

This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil
(dielectric permittivity). The working of this sensor can be done by inserting
this sensor into the earth and the status of the water content in the soil can
be reported in the form of a percent.

This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses

like environmental science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany,
and horticulture.

Specifications

 The required voltage for working is 5V

 The required current for working is <20mA
 Type of interface is analog
 The required working temperature of this sensor is 10°C~30°C

Soil Moisture Sensor Applications

 Agriculture
 Landscape irrigation
 Research
 Simple sensors for gardeners
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SMART GREEN HOUSE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED WORK

POWER SUPPLY

TERMISTOR BATTERY

LCD
ARDUINO
UNO

RELAY
SOIL MOISTURE
SENSOR
 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM

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4.1.1 MODEL

System component and connection

 Side view

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Front view
 LCD display

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CHAPTER 5

5.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5 .1 Advantages :

 10-12% increase in yield depending upon the type of greenhouse, type of

crop, environmental control facilities
 Reliability of crop increases in green house cultivation
 Expands your growing season
 Expanding the variety among your produce

5.2 Disadvantages

 High upfront and operating expenses

 Lack of pollination
 Careful precautions must be taken to eliminate any pest or diseases to
make sure your next crop won’t be affected

It is possible to get back the investment on greenhouse within a period of 3-5

years period. The success of green house depends on the scale of the project. 
 Minimum recommended project with right economic viability and long term
sustainability is around 1 to 2 years.

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5.3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

The main objective is to build a cost effective automation

system for greenhouse which is equipped with sensors and microcontroller to
control the parameters. It helps in reducing the need of labor requirement
and helps in growing any crop more efficiently in any weather changing
conditions. It also reduces the human error and increases the productivity.
This system reduces the drawbacks of the conventional farming and brings
the change to our conventional agricultural procedures. It is nothing but a
small initiative of a huge upcoming success of our agricultural and scientific
sector. This project has large emerging scope in unseasonal farming. Solar
Panels can also be used for electricity generation.
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CONCLUSION

This system helps in overcoming the agricultural traditional

methods and helps in growing crops efficiently with no errors. The
greenhouse automation is done with aim of providing specific consistent
environment for plants, and prevents plants damaging from fluctuating
environmental conditions. Automation in greenhouse will help to reduce
labor work with efficient output. The main aim of the project is to provide
healthy atmosphere to unseasonal farming and have control over changing
environmental conditions by using various components.
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REFERENCES

[1] Prof. D.O.Shirsath, Punam Kamble, Rohini Mane, Ashwini Kolap,

Prof.R.S.More, “ smart greenhouse automation using Arduino”, International
Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST).
ISSN: 2347-5552, Volume-5, Issue-2, March 2017
[2] B. VidyaSagar,“Greenhouse Monitoring and Automation using GSM”,
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue
5, May 2012
[3] Asst.Prof. Khaldun I.Arif, Hind Fadhil Abbas, “Design and Implementation a
Smart Greenhouse”, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile
Computing
[4] T. Saha, M. K. H. Jewel, M. N. Mostakim, N. H. Bhuiyan, M. S. Ali and M. K.
Rahman, “Construction and Development of an Automated Greenhouse
System Using Arduino Uno”, I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic
Business, 2017, 3, 1-8
[5] Prof. Vibha Wali, Yogesh Dalvi, Vishnu Subhash, Hemantkumar Sharma &
Varun Nair, “Automated Greenhouse”, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary
Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017
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