GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
Bhagwan Arihant Institutes
Of Technology

Affiliated with GTU

Academic year (2021)
A
Project Report on

TOPIC: -
COAGULATION
 Group Submitted by:
SR.NO NAME ENROLLMENT

1 PATEL ZEEL DEVENDRABHAI 191390105007

2 PATEL JAY PRAFULCHANDRA 201390105501

3 MALI RAJESHKUMAR ATMARAM 201390105502

4 KADAM SANDESH 201390105506

RAJENDRABHAI

5 MODI VEDANT VIJAYKUMAR 201390105508

Wastewater Treatment chart:-
WHAT IS COAGULATION ?

 Coagulation process involves adding iron or aluminum salts, such as aluminum sulphate.

 Ferric sulphate, ferric chloride or polymers, to the water. These chemicals are called
coagulants, and have a positive charge.

 The positive charge of the coagulant neutralizes the negative charge of dissolved and
suspended particles in the water.

 When this reaction occurs, the particles bind together, or coagulate (this process is
sometimes also called flocculation).
The following diagram illustrates the basic reactions and processes
that occur during coagulation.
 TYPES OF COAGULATION:-

 Chemicals Coagulation

 Natural coagulation

 Chemicals Coagulation:-Coagulant chemicals come in two main types - primary

coagulants and coagulant aids.

 Primary coagulants:-Neutralize the electrical charges of particles in the water which

causes the particles to clump together.

 Coagulant aids:-Add density to slow-settling flocs and add toughness to the flocs so that
they will not break up during the mixing and settling processes.
 Chemical Name Primary Coagulant Coagulant Aid
Aluminium sulphate Aluminium sulphate (Alum) Cationic polymer
(Alum)
Ferrous sulphate Ferrous sulphate Calcium hydroxide (Lime)

Ferric sulphate Ferric sulphate Calcium oxide (Quicklime

Ferric chloride Ferric chloride Sodium aluminate

Cationic polymer Cationic polymer Bentonite
Calcium hydroxide (Lime) Calcium hydroxide (Lime) Calcium carbonate
Calcium oxide (Quicklime Calcium oxide (Quicklime Sodium silicate
Sodium aluminate
Bentonite
Calcium carbonate
Sodium silicate
Primary coagulants:-
 Alum:-
 There are a variety of primary coagulants which can be used in a water treatment plant.
One of the earliest, and still the most extensively used, is aluminum sulfate, also known as alum.
 Alum can be bought in liquid form with a concentration of 8.3%, or in dry form with a concentration of
17%.
 When alum is added to water, it reacts with the water and results in positively charged ions.
Coagulant aids:-
 Nearly all coagulant aids are very expensive, so care must be taken to use the proper amount of these
chemicals.
 coagulant aids are not required during the normal operation of the treatment plant, but are used during
emergency treatment of water which has not been adequately treated in the flocculation and
sedimentation basin. A couple of coagulant aids will be considered below.
 Lime:-
 Is a coagulant aid used to increase the alkalinity of the water.
 The increase in alkalinity results in an increase in ions (electrically charged particles) in the water,
some of which are positively charged.
 These positively charged particles attract the colloidal particles in the water, forming floc.
Natural Coagulants:-

 Natural or green coagulants and their application for water and wastewater treatment have received
attention, as they do not conserve alkalinity and maintain ph.
 In addition, natural coagulants do not add metals to the effluent, as chemical coagulants do; a lower sludge
volume is produced, and thus, the cost of disposal is lower .
 Natural coagulants are classified into plant-based coagulants and non-plant-based coagulants.
 Plant-based coagulants can be prepared from leaves, seeds, fruit wastes, the bark of trees, and other
sources. Plant-based coagulants have been more widely investigated than.
 Non-plant-based coagulants due to their greater affordability.

Natural coagulants:-
1. Moringa seeds,
2. Banana peel,
3. Watermelon
4. Neems leaves
Comparison between Chemicals Coagulation & Natural coagulation:-
Experiment is based on the natural coagulation process:-
RAW MATEIRAL:-

 50g of grind moringa

 50g of neemleaves
 100mlsample of waste water

EXPERIMENT, SETUP & PROCEDURE:-

 Take two beaker of 500 ml and take 100mlsample of waste water in both the beaker.
 Now grind 50g of moringa and 50g of neemleaves and make paste of it.
 Add the paste in both the sample separately and leave it for 24h.
 After 24h when the coagulation is done remove the color by using charcoal.
 Check the pH in, initial, after coagulation and final after removing color.
Experiment Images:-

Fig:-2 Filtration Setup

Fig:-1 Raw Material Setup

Fig:-3 Filtration
Result image:-
 Initial pH = 9.8-9.9

Fig:-4 pH Before Treatment Fig:-5 pH After Treatment

 Final pH = 7.8-8

Fig:-6 Final pH
CONCLUSION

The project aims to provide easy availability and economical availability of Treated water. Coagulation
is applicable for removal of containment in waste water like organic pollutant such as dyes and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Beside it has the ability to produce natural fertilizer by the waste
collated from the process. Thus, this project titled “COAGULATION“ was successfully complete.
THANK YOU